An Overview of Challenges of Unemployment in South Sudan, Theoretical and Empirical Review

Abstract

The problem of unemployment in South Sudan is a national issue that should be handled with care. The rate of unemployment in South Sudan since 2011 has been growing in a geometric progression. Its source could be traced to the diversification of South Sudan economy into oil sector, agriculture, construction etc. that provides less employment opportunity to its labor force. The main aim of this article is to illustrate the major challenges of unemployed people in South Sudan and around the world in general, through various studies conducted in the country and around the globe. The performance and problems of government functioning varies regionally based on the implication of system by state governments and the central, hence this article would give a holistic picture of major problems in creating employment opportunity in the country. The assessment of previous studies represents, corruption, less efficiency in the day to day functioning of the public, private and bilateral bodies in formulating and implementing policies to regulate in reducing unemployment in the country.

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International Journal of Research and Review
Vol.7; Issue: 6; June 2020
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Review Paper E-ISSN: 2349-9788; P-ISSN: 2454-2237
International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 57
Vol.7; Issue: 6; June 2020
An Overview of Challenges of Unemployment in
South Sudan, Theoretical and Empirical Review
Akashraj. D. P1, Kom Kom Geng Atem2
1Associate Professor, Department of Economics, University of Juba, South Sudan.
2MSc Student, Department of Economics, University of Juba, South Sudan.
Corresponding Author: Akashraj. D. P
ABSTRACT
The problem of unemployment in South Sudan
is a national issue that should be handled with
care. The rate of unemployment in South Sudan
since 2011 has been growing in a geometric
progression. Its source could be traced to the
diversification of South Sudan economy into oil
sector, agriculture, construction etc. that
provides less employment opportunity to its
labor force. The main aim of this article is to
illustrate the major challenges of unemployed
people in South Sudan and around the world in
general, through various studies conducted in
the country and around the globe. The
performance and problems of government
functioning varies regionally based on the
implication of system by state governments and
the central, hence this article would give a
holistic picture of major problems in creating
employment opportunity in the country. The
assessment of previous studies represents,
corruption, less efficiency in the day to day
functioning of the public, private and bi-lateral
bodies in formulating and implementing policies
to regulate in reducing unemployment in the
country.
Key words: Unemployment, Classical Theory,
Demand Theory, Innovations Theory
INTRODUCTION
As noted by Bello (2003), from time
immemorial, the subject of unemployment
has always been an issue of great concern to
the economists, policy makers and
economic managers alike given the
devastating effect of this phenomenon on
individuals, the society and the economy at
large. The classical school of thought that
provided the earliest thinking on economic
issues did not fail to give a central point of
reflection on the undesirability of
unemployment. The Keynesian revolution
of the 1930’s, which commandeered the
explosive attack on economic orthodoxy
apparently, treated unemployment as a
central issue of great concern. Following the
path of the predecessors, economists at all
times and in all ages have expressed various
degrees of concern over the threat of the
monster called unemployment.
Thus, the population of every
economy is divided into two categories, the
economically active and the economically
inactive. The economically active
population (labor force) or working
population refers to the population that is
willing and able to work, including those
actively engaged in the production of goods
and services (employed) and those who are
unemployed. Whereas unemployed refers to
people who are willing and capable to work
but are unable to find suitable paid
employment. The next category to the
economically inactive population refers to
people who are neither working nor looking
for jobs. There seems to be a consensus on
the definition of unemployment.
The International Labor
Organization (ILO) defined unemployment
as the people who are out of work, want a
job, have actively sought for work in the
previous four weeks and are available to
start work within the next fortnight; or out
of work and have accepted a job that they
are waiting to start in the next fortnight

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(ILO, 2005). The unemployment definition
can differ from one country to another
according to how it is measured and
implemented. Unemployment can also be
described according to region, sex,
educational level, age, and economic
conditions.
Here our focus is on the classification of
unemployment according to educational
level (graduate unemployment).
However, graduate unemployment is
unemployment among people with
academic degrees. It is a situation where
tertiary institution graduates do not get jobs
after going through the academic ladder
successfully. One of the major causes of this
is the mismatch between the aspirations of
graduates and employment opportunities
available to them.
According to Juan Ramón (2011), graduate
unemployment is an evidence of serious
shortcomings in educational system and
labor market in developing economy, which
explains the country's relative high rate of
youth unemployment and the imbalance
between job supply and demand at the
different educational levels attained, which
also complicates graduates access to the
labor market and has a negative impact on
their professional career.
Confirming this, three out of ten graduates
of higher education cannot find work, the
reason being that high education does not
increase the chance of finding job; many
graduates of higher education who find
work are not usually gainfully employed.
They are forced to accept marginal jobs that
do not use their qualification, for instance,
in sales, agriculture and manual labor.
Therefore, graduate unemployment requires
coordinated action between education and
the labor market.
I. Theoretical Literature
1. Theories of Unemployment
Scholars have propounded various
theories relating to employment,
underemployment and unemployment.
These include those of the Classical theory
of unemployment, Innovations theory of
unemployment and Effective Demand
theory of unemployment.
a. Classical Theory of Unemployment
In line with Hayek theory of
unemployment, Trehan (2001) provides an
important explanation of the search theory
of unemployment. Firms search for the
productive workers and workers search for
high-paying jobs, so both agents continue
searching until matches are reached at the
point a worker will leave the unemployment
pool. But if a worker realizes later on that
her productivity is worth higher wages and
firms are paying high wages on the average,
then the worker’s reservation wage will
increase. Consequently, the unemployment
rate will start rising gradually, indicating
that a mismatch has occurred again.
Hayek contends that unemployment
is due “to a discrepancy between the
distribution of labor and industries, and the
distribution of demand among their
producers. This discrepancy is caused by a
distortion of the system of relative prices
and wages.” In other words, the
unemployment is caused by “a deviation
from the equilibrium prices and wages
which would establish them with a free
market and stable money.” This is actually a
mismatch between demand and supply of
labor, which is usually caused by
expansionary monetary and fiscal policies
and powerful trade unions. These policies
create economic dislocation and structural
changes in an economy which misdirect
labor and other economic resources to other
alternatives. Unions are also able to set
higher wages compared to market wages,
which generate unemployment, particularly
in industries that become less profitable. In
short, for Hayek the unemployment problem
is caused by resources being in the wrong
places at the wrong time and can be
corrected if wages and prices are determined
by the equilibrium of supply and demand.
(Nishhiyama and Leube 1984)
The classical theory, as analyzed by
Pigou (1933) and Solow (1981), argues that
the labor market consists of demand and
supply of labor. Demand for labor is a

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derived demand, obtained from the
declining portion of the marginal product of
labor. The demand curve is a negative
function of real wage in that if wages
increase, the quantity demand for labor will
decline and the opposite is correct. The
supply of labor is derived from worker's
choice whether to spend part of their time
working or not working (leisure). Supply of
hours worked is a positive function of the
real wage, because if the real wage rises,
workers supply more hours of work. In
equilibrium, demand and supply of labor are
intersected at a clearing point that
determines the equilibrium real wage rate
and full employment.
Essentially, for Wick sell the
cyclical unemployment was due to the
wrong investment of capital. Capital was
invested in areas where rates of return were
low. He concluded that public works is the
best measure to fight cyclical
unemployment. After World War I,
Wicksell thinks that the boom and the rise in
prices induced by the war would come to an
end. Thus, unemployment would rise.
Workers would have to accept lower wages.
He also thought that government should
provide financial support to the unemployed
who could not find jobs. After 1921,
Wicksell turns to Malthus. He thought that
the causes of the unemployment are the
surplus people, shortage of capital brought
about by the war, and the disorganized state
of the monetary system. For the third cause,
after the war prices were falling and
producers decided to produce lower
amounts of production because they knew
they would receive lower prices for their
products. Thus, they let their money lie idle
in banks and workers became unemployed.
These causes suggest that emigration
became one of the important policies for
solving the unemployment problem.
Wage reduction is not a competent
policy to increase employment. The increase
in wages is most likely due to increased
labor productivity and wage reduction will
reduce work intensity and productivity.
Wage reduction will not force some capital
intensive firms to switch to labor intensive
techniques in the short run. Higher wages
should stimulate the substitution effect by
employing more machines for labor. And
this substitution will increase labor
productivity and employment in the long-
run.
b. Innovations Theory of
Unemployment
Originally, this theory was
developed by the German economist Von
Mangoldt in 1855 in a book of
entrepreneurial profits which connected
profits to risk but this theory was refined in
2007 by Ekelund and Hebert. They provided
several ways by which the entrepreneur can
make profits. These ways are (1) finding
particular markets, (2) acquisition of
productive agents, (3) skillful combination
of factors of production, (4) successful sales
policy, and (5) innovations. It is a well
understood proposition that entrepreneurial
profits will increase employment
(Mohammed 2010).
According to Schumpeter (2004:
64), economic development generates
changes in the socio-economic environment,
including the existing equilibrium. As he
puts it, “Development is spontaneous and
discontinuous change in the channels of the
flow, disturbance of equilibrium, which
forever alters and displaces the equilibrium
state previously existing.” The essential
driving force for generating development is
innovations introduced by the entrepreneurs
whose leadership becomes the triggering
device for the discontinuous dynamic
changes. Innovations start by “the producer
[not consumer] who as a rule initiates
economic change and consumers are
educated by him if necessary” (Schumpeter
1934: 65).
The concept of innovation which creates
changes according to Schumpeter (1934:
66) covers the following five areas of
development:
“(1) the introduction of new good...or of a
new quality of a good.
(2) The introduction of a new method of
production,

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(3) The opening of a new market,
(4) The conquest of a new source of supply
of raw materials, or manufactured goods,
(5) The carrying out of the new organization
of any industry, like the creation of a
monopoly position or the breaking up of a
monopoly position.” The new combinations
are usually embodied in new productive
enterprises which start by utilizing the
unemployed working people, the unsold raw
materials, the new technologies, and the
unused productive capacity.
Schumpeter (1934) does not provide
explicitly a theory of unemployment but his
theory of the business cycle does
demonstrate clearly how unemployment can
be reduced. Innovation (Vecchi 1995) which
creates more jobs relative to job destruction
is the basic force beyond the increases in
employment and the decreases in
unemployment. When entrepreneurs
innovate something new such as the
production of a new product, the finding of
a new market, the finding of a new method
of production, and the introduction of new
technologies and a new organization they
increase investments to materialize those
innovations. Domestic investment
expenditures will increase demand on
economic resources and will increase their
prices. Other entrepreneurs will imitate the
leaders by adopting the new innovations.
Labor and materials will be employed to
produce the new items. Consequently,
wages will be increasing and unemployment
will be declining, assuming that
employment creation will outweigh
employment destruction due to the new
innovations (see also Mortensen (2000).
c. Effective Demand Theory of
Unemployment
The level of aggregate demand will
provide the necessary increases in total
revenues. On the other side, the cost of
production has to decline. If revenue rises
and cost declines, then the reasonable level
of profits can be found. There are various
forces in Veblen’s work that reduce the cost
of production. Technology increases
production and reduce the cost of inputs
used in the production process, and
enterprises cut wages and increase
productivity in order to cut cost per unit of
output. Better technology can reduce the
prices of capital goods, and government can
cut taxes. Banks can reduce the interest rates
as well. Administrative and insurance cost
can be declined in order to stimulate
business enterprises. The decline in costs,
given rising revenues, will increase the
profit level according to Veblen.
Consequently, higher profits will force the
business enterprises to expand and employ
more workers. Thus, employment will
increase and the rate of unemployment will
decline.
Keynes (2006) considers
unemployment as an involuntary
phenomenon. He thinks that employment is
cyclical, generated by the deficiency of
aggregate demand (Mohammed, 2010).
Capitalists hire workers and invest to
produce output when the expectations about
the economy and profits are favorable. If
expectations about the future are supported
by reality, investments and employment
continue rising until equilibrium is reached.
This equilibrium is attained by the
intersection of the aggregate demand and
supply the point of the effective demand
which may be less than the full employment
equilibrium. If expectations about the future
of the economy are not favorable, capitalists
invest less and employ less number of
workers. Hence, the equilibrium is achieved
where cyclical unemployment exists. This
unemployment is due to the deficiency of
the aggregate demand, particularly
investment expenditures.
II. Empirical Literature
A number of empirical literatures on
the drivers of employment and labor
demand exist both in country and cross-
countries.
Broersma and Butter (2012)
examined the influence of labor market
flows on wage formation and they applied
the Johansen multivariate cointegration
analysis for Netherlands. The estimation

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results suggest the combination of the
outflow from employment to unemployment
and the outflow of vacancies as indicators of
labor market tightness, qualifying for
inclusion into the wages equation.
Puhani (2012) estimated the changes
in the Polish wage and unemployment
structures between the years 1994 and 1998
in order to identify the labor market
characteristics associated with increasing
and decreasing relative demand as well as
relative wage rigidities. The evidence from
his paper showed that the relative demand
for workers with a low level of education
has decreased.
Turunen (2008) presented
disaggregated wage curve results by
individual characteristics, occupations,
industries and regions in the United States,
using a panel data set of young workers.
The results suggest that instead of a
strong aggregate wage curve there are a
number of different wage curves over time
and for different workers groups. The slope
of the aggregate wage curve varies over
time, with the strongest wage curves
appearing in the late 1980s. Wage curves
exist for most labor market groups: the
wages of the least educated, those in
relatively low-skill occupations or service
industries are most sensitive to changes in
unemployment. Wages of government
workers and those in the mining industry
increase with unemployment.
According to the qualitative results
they suggest that although there have been
some important changes in the labor
markets of these three examined economies
taking into account a greater degree of
flexibility, there are no common
characteristics among them. Indeed, this is
rationale if someone takes into
consideration the different starting points
and policies followed in the three examined
economies.
Shapiro and Stieglitz (2004) state
that unemployment plays the role of a
macroeconomic ‘‘discipline device’’ in
order to induce employees to intensify their
efforts in their job. They are based on the
shirking models, where the firm,
differentiating from the unemployment
salaries, increases the dismissal cost for the
employee, thus inducing him to intensify his
effort. Hsing (2001), based on the
augmented Phillips curve and the
autoregressive conditional heteroscedas-
ticity model, studied the impact of the union
wage increases to non-union wages and
found that the growth of non-union wages is
positively associated with the expected
inflation productivity growth and negatively
correlated with the unemployment rate
Manolas (2000) investigated the relationship
between employment, growth rate, labor
productivity and wages rate in the case of
Greece for the period 1970-93. This period
is divided into two sub-periods 1970-1980
and 1981- 1993. In the first period they
indicate that the employment level is
positively related to the growth rate and
wages rates are negatively related to the
labor productivity. The reverse result is
observed in the second period, which is
characterized by the restructuring of the
Greek economy.
III. The extent of youth
unemployment problem in South
Sudan
Nadia Ilyas, (2015) also argues that,
unemployment may not only affect an
individual’s life but it has an adverse
consequence on the whole economy of the
nation. Additionally, society can also
become a prey to unemployment because
people without any work can create many
problems for the people of specific society.
This can be true given the case of South
Sudan. One fear is that by becoming
unemployed in the future the impact is that
it may lower a young person’s subjective
wellbeing, injure self-esteem and foster
feelings of helplessness among young
people. Regarding population participation
in South Sudan it is reflected that male
participation in the labour force is generally
higher than that of females. Some findings
from the Understanding

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The Africa Development Bank
(2014) reported that the poor population rate
as a share of South Sudan’s larger
population in percentages in urban area is
7.5% and in rural areas is 92.5%. Based on
these percentages it can be said that the
affected population by unemployment is
mostly in rural areas compared to urban.
Further, indicators show that the labor force
participation is higher in rural areas than in
urban places across almost the whole 15–64
years’ age spectrum in
South Sudan. Looking at the nature
and extent of youth unemployment problem
in South Sudan the reasons given is that the
problem is associated by the impact of
existing labor-intensive agriculture in
absorbing the rural work force which is not
productive at all (South Sudan Statistical
Yearbook, 2011).
The above argument has also been
qualified by Dhillon and Yousef (2012) as
they indicated through their literature on
youth unemployment that, unemployment is
associated with increase in the gap between
education, skills and jobs. It has also been
suggested that; a speedy school-to work
transition for young people can also provide
work experiences and help develop
interpersonal skills, improving individuals’
productivity and employability in later life.
It can be stressed that this situation is not
different from South Sudan. The nature and
extent of youth unemployment problem in
South Sudan requires a better understanding
of the situation.
In the situation focusing in
agriculture is important as it plays a critical
role in South Sudan’s economy; it also
represents an important sector for youth. As
this is particularly true in other countries of
the world according to Guletal (2012) the
private and social effects of unemployment
include “rigorous financial suffering,
poverty, debt, homelessness and housing
stress, family tensions and breakdown,
boredom, alienation, shame and stigma,
increased social isolation, crime, erosion of
confidence and self-esteem.” (p.26).
As observed that, unemployment has
a profound consequence for poverty
reduction, equity, social stability and the
self-worth of individuals (African Economic
Outlook, 2012).
Children Work report revealed that even
though there is a high participation of males
in the rural work force it is not the case
among young people (15–24-year-old)
(Understanding Children Work Report,
2011). The literature gives differences
between states in labor force participation
and status and this can be said to be large.
The results underscore the importance of
state government specific approaches in
dealing with this issue.
The literature review on the nature
of the youth unemployment problem facing
South Sudan is not a country specific issue.
Evidence from most development
practitioners and scholars tend to indicate
that this is a global issue. As reflected by
development practitioners, researchers and
scholars this unemployment problem brings
about the lack of inclusive growth,
reduction in the absorption of young people
into the labor market and lack of
participation of youth in the economy,
retarding economic growth and resulting in
a high tendency for youth to join extremist
movements, as currently noted from the
number of youth joining the current conflict
in South Sudan and any in the future. Such
indication is attributed to weak labor
markets that have remained a challenge
(Understanding Children Work Report,
2011). As of 2010; half of the South
Sudan’s young people are surviving on less
than $2 a day. This is slightly close to the
World Bank’s $1.25/day poverty measure.
The households that earn a living through
wages or salaries in South Sudan are known
to be only 5%. A significant share of the
active population in South Sudan (12.6 %)
is without jobs. Among the inactive
population, about 25 % are in education, but
it can be argued that the number which has a
larger share is comprised of discouraged
workers (31%). Some of the remaining

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inactive persons are “neither in education
nor interested in employment”
(Understanding Children Work Report.
2011, p. 7). The statistics suggest that,
females predominate in this latter group and
their levels of unemployment are higher for
young people and for persons from
disadvantaged and poor families.
Poverty as a result of economic
failure is a serious concern in South Sudan.
The concern underscores the development
challenges South Sudan is facing as a
country. Statistically it has been indicated
that almost one-half of the population (45%)
has no access to improved sources of
drinking water and 80% has no access to a
toilet facility. The data indicate that, half of
the population in South Sudan earns their
living by using firewood or grass as the
primary source of lighting. The National
Baseline Household Survey (2009)
indicated that 27% of the South Sudan
population has no lighting at all on whatever
form. Since there are no electricity young
people who have the desire to startup
businesses which energy dependent will not
started those businesses, and hence they
remained unemployed.
An advance argument has also been
made that, most of these increase with the
expanded period of unemployment. The
Commission for Social Development (2007)
pointed out that, for a society to advance
they should consider youth employment
because youth employment can promote
social integration, and intergenerational
cohesion. The commission also argues that
“creating and fulfilling income- generating
job opportunities for young people can have
direct positive consequences for poverty
alleviation, benefits social development and
economic development” (p.2). Coupled with
the above, facilitating the entry of young
people with skills into the productive sectors
of an economy will yield the real benefits
for sustainable economy and thereby
increase economic productivity. Young
people are also faced in a society on how
they tie to their family when they have weak
economic base and income.
IV. Factors that contributes to youth
unemployment
Among known factors and causes of
youth unemployment are; Poor performance
of a country economy, lack of privatization,
lack of budgetary allocation to productive
sectors, high population of youth, lack of
capital, lack of adequate and quality
training, low wages and income for youth,
cultural factors hindering female youth
participation in the employment sector,
formal and informal engagement of youth,
the ineffectiveness of the informal sector to
progress due to poor business environment
and policies to support self-employment and
income generation.
These factors are highlighted by a number
of authors and scholars.
a. Poor quality education
According to OECD (2015) "Giving
young people the required skills and tools to
find a job is not only good for their own
prospects and self-esteem, it is also good for
economic growth, social cohesion and
widespread well-being” (p.1). It must also
be highlighted that, investing in youth must
be the world policy priority. As many
education experts also put it, education is a
way of achieving social well-being and
sustainable development and good
governance. Also it can be argued youth
with multiple social economic
disadvantages, as some example suggest,
low education attainment, physical and
mental handicaps and young girls with early
pregnancies are most likely to comprise the
bulk of young people in this high risk group
of unemployment (Jacob. O, 2011).
Callaway (1971) argues that, in most
countries, the rapid extension of formal
education has itself been a considerable
dynamic in the advancement of youth
unemployment. At most times the education
system at the lower levels in many countries
are mostly theoretical and do not adequately
prepare the youth to earn a living and offer
solutions for employment. Education is
supposed to substantially increase skills that
would help young people gain employment
and support young ones to generate

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economic growth. According to Callaway,
“Gradually, it became clear that large
numbers of young people completing
different stages of education were not
finding work that represented the years
spent in classrooms” (1971, p. 6). One way
to make youth unemployment to become a
thing of the past is to redesign education
system to suit the changing situation as
currently affects South Sudan.
b. Lack of experience
The United Nations “World Youth
Report”, 2012 indicates that “with less
experience and fewer skills than many
adults, young people often encounter
particular difficulty accessing work. The
global youth unemployment rate, which has
long exceeded that of other age groups, saw
its largest annual increase on record in
2009; at its peak, 75.8 million young people
were unemployed” (The Youth
Unemployment Challenge and Solutions
Report, 2011. p.3)
As outlined by the Youth
Unemployment Challenge and Solutions
(2011) youth unemployment has been
impacted by factors such as lack of
experience and credentials. Many employers
are skeptical about young people’s ability to
apply the skills they learn in schools to the
practical challenges of the workplace. As
the report suggests employers also question
the social skills and work ethic of youth.
Employers see these deficits as a significant
barrier to the productivity of inexperienced
young people, and at the same time
employers are reluctant to invest resources
in training young people when more
experienced adult workers may be
unemployed and available for hire.
By the same token, Niall O, (2007)
argued that more and more young people
are having trouble when first looking for
work, and that most importantly to know is
that youth unemployment levels are
certainly serious in many member countries
in the world today. It was also stated that, in
many transition economies, youth
unemployment levels show a similar
pattern. The known pattern also reflects the
case of South Sudan. Some of the attribution
of this pattern is suggested to be due to the
massive reductions in economic output in
many of the countries and also moving
towards a market economy without
considering labor. Further evidence also
revealed the problem is undoubtedly more
serious than in most industrialized nations
(Niall O, 2007). As stressed by World Bank,
those youths who leave school and enter the
labor market may need a quick transition to
productive employment. The issue of labor
market and transition to productive
employment now is seen as increasingly
being recognized as important for reducing
poverty in later life increasing economic
growth, improving well-being, and
optimizing returns to investments in
education and health (World Bank, 2007).
c. Skills Mismatch
Development Bank (2012) “The
skills mismatch occurs in various areas,
including entrepreneurial and managerial
skills, analytical capabilities, language
acquisition, and other technical skills (p.10).
Also it can be advanced that, the mismatch
between available skills and the job
market’s needs in most African countries
hinders employment growth.”
From a global perspective it is
asserted that, there is real concern that by
targeting young people through various
policies this may simply be promoting the
substitution of younger workers for older
ones. As it may be said, undoubtedly, some
types of policies might encourage
employers to engage young workers rather
than older adults. The competition between
young and old people could also be seen as
an obstacle to young people accessing jobs.
There are also a number of reasons that can
be said for believing that the extent to which
this would occur would be extremely
limited since many young people may not
have the required experience and skills. As
such the young people cannot realistically
compete for jobs with skilled and
experienced workers; competition will tend
to be limited to unskilled jobs and, to some

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extent which then creates unemployment for
young people, (Niall O, 2007).
The mismatch between the type of
education provided at schools and the
requirements of the labor market is a reason
that has been both mentioned by the
academic literature on many countries and
this can also be apply to South Sudan
(Chigunta 2002, ILO 2012, Kellow, 2010).
The youth need to develop initiatives
which promote skill building that must be
rooted in the needs of the local economy. To
put it positively, such initiatives will enable
young people to build demand-driven skills,
which will ultimately increase their chances
of finding work and may also assist in
reducing some of their attitudes towards
violence.
CONCLUSION
Unemployment is a serious issue in
the world which affects groups of
individuals, community and on the
economy. From the study it shows that it
creates a negative effects on unemployed
population and also it shown that there is lot
of research gap which increases the scope of
the study. After a detailed review, it is found
out that no specific study has been
conducted in the Juba county with the
targeted payams/taluks like RAJAF,
MUNUKE, KATOR, JUBA, GUDELE.
Therefore keeping this as a scope in the area
of study a detailed methodology will be
developed and a good empirical study will
be conducted.
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How to cite this article: Akashraj DP, Atem
KKG. An overview of challenges of
unemployment in South Sudan, theoretical and
empirical review. International Journal of
Research and Review. 2020; 7(6): 57-66.
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