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© STM Journals 2021. All Rights Reserved
16
ISSN: 2349-8994
Volume 8, Issue 2, 2021
DOI (Journal): 10.37591/JoTEA
STM JOURNALS
Journal of
Thermal Engineering and Applications
http://engineeringjournals.stmjournals.in/index.php/JoTEA/index
Review
JoTEA
Types of Solar Cell Batteries and their Energy Charging Methods
Dr. Saher Mahmood Jawd1,* , Nabaa Hameed Chekhyor2 , Aryaf Mahmood Sabea3
Abstract
The goal of the review was to develop and improve the efficiency of batteries by choosing the best
types of charging batteries that are used for operation, whether for devices in government institutions
or to operate cars and others, thus improving the quality and efficiency of the devices’ work. The best
of it. The energy from the controller is transferred to the battery for storage, and the battery in turn
stores energy from the solar energy system based on the ampere-hour system rating. Solar batteries
typically do not discharge quickly over the course of an hour, but rather slowly over several hours,
and several evaluations of the hour-ampere system have assumed a 20-hour discharge time, for
example a 160–amp battery might be used to discharge 8 amps of current for 20 hours. Solar
batteries are also deep cycle batteries, and although they are mostly used in solar PV installations,
they can be charged by any source of voltage, and such batteries exist. In “microhydro” systems or
what are known as water batteries, in wind generator systems “wind batteries,” and in old charged
gasoline systems called “dyno batteries.” Solar panels Solar panels are the used devices. In
automobiles, this is compensated to some extent by the higher efficiency of electric motors at
converting electrical energy into mechanical work, compared to combustion engines., The battery
must be charged with an ampere of at most 10% of the battery capacity, and the charging should
continue until bubbles form, and this is proven for a period of two hours, while leaving the plugs
uninstalled during charging., If the temperature during charging exceeds 50 degrees Celsius. The
battery plates will be the most protected and "flooded" with this plate. It has a long life, is made of
high quality materials, and is a great choice for storing solar or wind energy. It's not the cheapest
battery out there, so if your budget is tight, it may not be the best choice.
Keywords: Engineering, Batteries system, Energy, Solar
INTRODUCTION
There are many ways in which the types of batteries can be classified (for example, according to the
materials manufactured or the application used), and here we will adopt the classification of batteries
commonly used in solar energy in terms of the materials manufactured from them, which are divided
into three main types [1], When the battery is used
after charging, its positive pole must be connected
to the positive pole of the load, as well as its
negative pole to the negative pole of the load. If
the load needs 12 volts for two batteries, in this
case the two batteries must be connected in parallel
by connecting the similar poles in the batteries to
each other. If the load needs 24 volts, in this case,
two batteries must be connected in series by
connecting a positive one to the negative of the
second [2]., Types of batteries used in solar energy
systems:
1. Lead Acid Batteries
2. Lead Carbon Battery
3. Lithium battery
*Author for Correspondence
Dr. Saher Mahmood Jawd
E-mail: sahermahmood45@gmail.com
1Professor, Department of Biology, College of Education for
Girls, Iraq
2Assistant Lecturer, Department of Medical laboratories
Technique, Hilla University College, Babylon, Iraq
3Assistant Lecturer, Department of Medical laboratories
Technique, Hilla University College, Babylon, Iraq
Received Date: September 28, 2021
Accepted Date: October 04, 2021
Published Date: October 06, 2021
Citation: Saher Mahmood Jawd, Nabaa Hameed Chekhyor,
Aryaf Mahmood .. Types of Solar Cell Batteries and their
Energy Charging Methods., Journal of Thermal Engineering
and Applications. 2021; 8(2): 16–22p.
Types of Solar Cell Batteries and their Energy Charging Methods Jawd et al.
© STM Journals 2021. All Rights Reserved
17
Lead Acid Batteries
It is available in several types, the most important of which are: Open Lead Acid, Sealed Lead
Acid, AGM, Gel, Deep Cycle Batteries.
Lead Carbon Battery
Recently, carbon was added to the negative pole of the battery for the purpose of reducing
sulfurization and in return increasing the ability to draw/fast charging, which reaches 60% of its
capacity without damaging the poles, and withstands a high temperature of up to 60 degrees Celsius.
Lithium Ion Battery
It is similar to LED-carbon batteries, where iron-lithium phosphate has been replaced, and it has a
long life at a 75% discharge rate, unlike its predecessors with its light weight, and its drawback is that
it needs integrated charging regulators that regulate the charging and discharging process.
There are many types, but the economic ones are of the type with lead-acid and most of them are 12
volts or 24 volts. To deal with it, we need to know at least two out of three variables: voltage,
measured in volts, current, measured in amperes, and power, measured in watts [3]. Battery capacity
is indicated in Amps-Hours (Ah.). For example, if you read the data on the battery as follows:
12V/200Ah, this theoretically means that it can provide 200 × 12 watts of power, i.e. 2400 watts
But from the practical side, it cannot be discharged by more than 50%, which means that it will
give a storage capacity of 1200 watts only., There are two main types of solar batteries:
Flooded Lead Acid. FLA Battery As is clear from its name, its lead plates are completely immersed
in an electrolytic ionizable liquid. It was called by this name because it contains a fluid that must be
changed every certain period (such as car batteries). This type is the oldest and most widely used, and
its capacity ranges between 100 and 500 AH. Its age may reach 10 years., VRLA-Valve Regulated
Lead Acid, This type of solar battery is similar to the first type, except that the liquid inside it does not
have to be changed.
It almost does not require maintenance, and it releases a negligible amount of hydrogen gas, which
makes it easier to transport and install, and dealing with it is not considered dangerous. There are
three main types of it: Wet-It can perform approximately 500 deep discharge operations of
approximately 50% of its charge and is originally designed for navigational purposes, but can be used
in photovoltaic systems and is considered an economical solution., AGM-Absorbed Glass Mat is an
electrolytic ionizable liquid that has been absorbed into a foam mat., Gel-Lead is immersed in a liquid
that has been converted into a jelly-like form, meaning that it has become less fluid and more
cohesive. Both AGM and Gel are very good and can work in any condition. But of course the Gel is
better, more efficient and has a longer shelf life. It can also perform a deep discharge cycle in which it
may reach 60% of the charge in it [4, 5].
Regular Maintenance of s Solar Panel Batteries:
1. The weighted water level in the battery should be checked once a week, and if any
Low distilled water (only) should be added until it returns to 10 mm above the layers.
2. The battery should be kept clean and dry from impurities.
3. If the battery remains unused when it is full, it must be recharged once a month.
Features of Solar Panel Batteries
The absorbed capacity (Ah) of solar batteries, the effect of temperature on the capacity of the solar
batteries, the charging voltage of the solar batteries, the initial charging current, the internal resistance
of the battery:, End Voltage, Life cycles Vs. Depth of Discharge
Journal of Thermal Engineering and Applications
Volume 8, Issue 2
ISSN: 2349-8994
© STM Journals 2021. All Rights Reserved
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How to Charge Solar Panel Batteries
The condition of the battery should not be detected by connecting its poles to a cable or screwdriver
and making a spark; Because this leads to a high ampere current that damages the internal battery
parts, The active substance is broken out on the plates., the charging ampere must be reduced or
charging should be stopped until the battery has completely cooled., Distilled water should be added if
the water level inside the battery drops below 10 mm-above the plates-during and after charging.,
Overcharging quickly depletes the acid and thus the lead plates, thus reducing battery life., The life of
the battery depends on the quality of the battery, but if you follow the above-mentioned maintenance
method, you can achieve the largest period of time that can be used., When withdrawing from the
charged battery, it is preferable that the withdrawn energy does not exceed 30% of its capacity.
Therefore, the battery must be charged whenever the energy in it decreases to 30% of its capacity, in
order to avoid reducing its life [6–9].
Solar Battery Specifications
A service in the process of absorbing and storing sunlight and then converting it into electrical or
thermal energy, which is actually a bundle of solar or photovoltaic cells, which can be used to
generate electricity by the photoelectric effect, and these cells are arranged in a pattern similar to the
shape of the grid on the surface of the panels Solar panels are usually very durable and resist wear,
and may slow down and reduce their effectiveness during the year by one to two percent or even less
sometimes, and most solar panels are manufactured using crystalline silicon solar cells, and installing
solar panels on rooftops helps in reducing of harmful emissions of greenhouse gases, which in turn
helps reduce global warming, and solar panels do not lead to any kind of pollution, and the quality of
solar panels affects the specifications of solar energy batteries [10].
Warranty Period
Care must be taken to know the warranty period, the more well-made the battery, the more the
manufacturer provides a warranty period, and there are two types of guarantee, the first is the right of
the customer to replace the battery completely if it is proven ineffective within a period ranging from
three months to three years, and the second is a warranty of maintenance and free repair and be longer
from the first. Solar batteries function to store the electrical energy generated by the panels during the
brightness of the sun in daylight hours. And we use this stored electrical energy during the absence of
the sun in the evening. This idea is used in most photovoltaic systems that are independent of the grid
for light poles, the most efficient are usually one or two batteries. It usually does not need to store
energy, and daytime irrigation is sufficient. The car battery cannot be used in photovoltaic systems
because the car battery will spoil after a short period because it is designed to give you a large amount
of electric charge in a short period. This period is the period when the engine starts and the rest of the
time it is charged by the dynamo in the car [11]. This is in contrast to solar energy batteries, which are
designed to be charged throughout the period of sunshine and then discharge their charge throughout
the night and can carry out the charging process in a long time and at a low current, as well as be able
to discharge the charge in a long time. It can also be charged and discharged by up to 50% to live
3000 cycles, and this is a very large number compared to a car battery that will not live more than 100
cycles when it is discharged by 50%. The deep charging battery can discharge its full charge without
being damaged 200 times. As for the car battery Ordinary, it may bear emptying between 12 to 15
times only [12].
Good Choice of Maintenance Centers
You should avoid shops and maintenance centers that are not very popular with customers, as this
means that the types of batteries they have are old, so you must know the date of production of the
battery before making a purchase decision, and do not buy any battery that has been produced for six
months, and the warranty period represents the most important thing to pay attention to during
Choosing the type of charging battery so that it has a long life and a long life of use [13].
Types of Solar Cell Batteries and their Energy Charging Methods Jawd et al.
© STM Journals 2021. All Rights Reserved
19
Symptoms of Damaged Batteries
The battery voltage is falsely high: When solar batteries are stored for a long time without any
charging or discharging, crystals of lead sulfate form on the positive electrode of the battery. This
phenomenon is known in English as sulfation. Lead sulfate crystals cause a false large battery voltage
reading. This false voltage quickly drops to the true value when any small charge is discharged from
the battery and it prevents charging of the battery by a charge regulator that reads the false value of
the voltage. For example, a battery with a voltage of 12 volts, when measuring the voltage, we find
13.5 volts, even though it is empty. The battery does not charge, no matter how long it is left on the
charging regulator. As soon as any small charge is withdrawn from it, we find that the voltage shows
its true value and drops to 10 volts, for example, within a few minutes, so the charging regulator
disconnects the battery from the system. And when you try to connect the battery again to the
charging regulator, the voltage rises again in a few minutes to the false value, and no charging takes
place! There are some methods by which lead sulfate crystals can be melted to restore this damaged
battery to life. This repair includes charging the battery at a higher voltage of 30% to be 16 volts, and
this is done in a conventional manual charger for a day or two. If the battery voltage is 0 volts, this
means that a short circuit occurred and it became unusable., If the battery can't reach higher than 10.5
volts, that means it has dead cells [14].
How to Choose the Best Solar Batteries
There are some factors that you should know when choosing a battery and they are (Figures 1-4):
Battery Capacity
It is the first step to be taken before purchasing any solar battery, as each battery has an Ampere-
Hour/Ah capacity, which is the amount of energy the battery can store and maintain for specific
periods of time to be used at night to power electrical appliances. Meaning if the battery capacity is
20Ah/12V, then the battery has the ability to deliver a current of 18 amps during one hour at a voltage
of 12 volts.
Battery Efficiency
The higher the efficiency of the battery, it means that it is better to take advantage of the full stored
energy, but the efficiency of the battery is affected at reduced temperatures.
Battery Life
The life span depends on the method of use, the number of charging and discharging cycles, and the
depth of discharge in addition to the battery type, size and brand name, and in general, the longer the
battery life, the more the cost. The number of charging and discharging cycles and the depth of
discharge of the solar battery can be studied by reading the data Shit provided by the manufacturer to
each customer.
Figure 1. Inner parts of solar cell batteries.
Journal of Thermal Engineering and Applications
Volume 8, Issue 2
ISSN: 2349-8994
© STM Journals 2021. All Rights Reserved
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Battery Warranty
Before buying the battery, you should know the quality of the manufacturer’s warranty, and it is
preferable to buy from companies that are famous for a world-class brand name, and most companies
put the popular warranty for a period of 20 or 30 years for batteries. It's been specifically designed for
use with solar or wind power, and because it's a high-quality AGM battery, it's great for use in any
situation when you need to install a battery at an awkward angle or at a certain angle [15]. This is the
best deep cycle solar battery for when you put the battery on its side, at an angle or in an awkward
position., Figures (1-4).
Figure 2. Various designs of solar panel trucks.
Figure 3. Solar Cell Batteries.
Figure 4. Long life solar cell batteries.
Types of Solar Cell Batteries and their Energy Charging Methods Jawd et al.
© STM Journals 2021. All Rights Reserved
21
CONCLUSION
More than 2500 years ago, the Greek scientist Thales (about 624-about 546 BC) was able to
produce simple electric flashes by rubbing a piece of cloth with amber, which is a yellow resin formed
from the sap of dead trees from periods of time long. But it took a long period of time before humans
could harness this power to produce electric batteries, and thus produce a steady stream of electricity.
Where the quality of the batteries is one of the most important things for the quality and efficiency of
solar cells, which provide economic cost, long-term and high efficiency.
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