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Les méthodes mixtes pour la science politique: Apports, limites et propositions de stratégies de recherche
Abstract
MIXED METHODS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE. ADVANTAGES, LIMITS, AND RESEARCH DESIGN PROPOSALS
The use of mixed methods – the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods in a single research study – has increased in visibility in recent years. In France, however, despite several empirical works that have used mixed methods, political scientists have largely overlooked methodological advances in the field, in particular the vast English-language literature on the subject of mixed methods. In this article, we shall outline the emergence of this important literature in order to present the advantages and limits of this approach for political science. We shall then propose a typology of eight mixed method research designs : contextualization, systematization, generalization, confirmation, enrichment, complexification, triangulation, and complementarity.
... L'addition de méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives en sciences sociales n'est pas nouvelle ; elle constitue un des fondements méthodologiques des SHS jusque dans les années 1970 (Aguilera et Chevalier 2021), notamment en sociologie, anthropologie ou histoire (Cronin, 2016). Si l'économie classique a aussi mobilisé ce type d'approches (Cronin, 2016), cette discipline semble avoir été plus tôt que les autres structurée par l'avènement du positivisme et des méthodes quantitatives. ...
... Dans ce type de design, nous pouvons avoir une première phase quantitative qui précède une phase qualitative selon un objectif explicatif d'approfondissement (explanatory) des résultats. Inversement, la collecte de données qualitatives peut être exploratoire ( exploratory), c'est-à-dire permettre de dégager des intuitions servant à la problématisation et à la structuration de la phase quantitative ou de dégager de premiers résultats que la phase quantitative servira à contextualiser, généraliser ou systématiser (Aguilera et Chevalier, 2021). Dans cette catégorie, le nesting data par exemple, fait référence au design où plusieurs types de données sont collectés auprès des mêmes acteurs, organisations ou entités (Lieberman, 2005) a n de permettre une étude plus globale des phénomènes et des processus dans une perspective multi-échelle. ...
... 2) La convergence des résultats quantitatifs et qualitatifs, à des ns de comparaison (éclairage de divergences) ou de combinaison de résultats pour traiter différentes facettes d'un même sujet (soit au travers d'une ou plusieurs questions de recherche) sur la base d'hypothèses formulées en amont des phases qualitatives et quantitatives (Aguilera et Chevalier, 2021). Les données peuvent être issues de dispositifs de collecte interdépendants ou indépendants (Hong et al., 2020). ...
Reposant sur la combinaison de méthodes de collecte, de traitement et d’analyse de données à la fois quantitatives et qualitatives, les méthodes mixtes (MM) sont réputées produire des résultats riches, adaptés à la compréhension et l’analyse de phénomènes complexes. Les autrices proposent ici de rendre compte du développement des méthodes mixtes pour l’analyse d’une thématique en particulier, celle des problématiques agricoles et alimentaires, avec un focus sur les travaux en sciences économiques. Dans cette perspective, après avoir rappelé l’histoire des MM, elles donnent un état des lieux des publications scientifiques actuelles en s’appuyant sur un travail bibliométrique, complété par une analyse lexico-métrique et une analyse de contenu. Les autrices présentent ainsi une classification de ces publications et révèlent la place limitée de ces recherches en économie-gestion. Enfin, elles montrent qu’en dépit du nombre important de thématiques abordées, certaines – pourtant fortes dans les champs de recherche actuels – sont très peu présentes, suggérant des pistes pour de futurs travaux.
... gure 1). La dimension exploratoire des enquêtes qualitatives vise à faire naître des hypothèses que les enquêtes quantitatives vont ensuite tester pour en con rmer la robustesse voire les généraliser (Aguilera et Chevalier, 2021). Cette approche séquentielle vise à contextualiser la problématique de recherche puis à préparer l'analyse quantitative. ...
... Cette approche séquentielle vise à contextualiser la problématique de recherche puis à préparer l'analyse quantitative. Dans la typologie de stratégies des méthodes mixtes proposée par Aguilera et Chevalier (2021), il s'agit d'une stratégie de « systématisation », l'approche quantitative ayant pour objectif d'adopter une posture d'analyse systématique d'un grand nombre de variables comportementales plus dif cile à réaliser dans le cas des approches qualitatives classiques. ...
Si les enjeux de biodiversité gagnent en visibilité, leur appropriation par les propriétaires forestiers s’avère parfois conflictuelle. La création de Natura 2000 en est un exemple emblématique. Le très faible taux d’adhésion à des chartes ou contrats Natura 2000 ne permet pas ainsi de savoir ce qui se passe exactement dans les espaces forestiers protégés. Des enquêtes qualitatives et quantitatives menées dans la vallée du Ciron (Gironde) permettent d’identifier six profils-types de comportement. Trois d’entre eux témoignent d’un engagement pro-environnemental volontaire explicable par des raisons éthiques, pratiques, voire économiques. La zone Natura 2000 constitue à leurs yeux un laboratoire permettant de tester des voies de transition environnementale et forestière.
... Here, the quantitative approach ("data analysis methods based essentially on the statistical processing of a large number of data collected as part of the empirical testing of the research problem") (Coman et al. 2022, cited by Aguilera and Chevalier 2021b) is that of processing and statistical representation such as in geomorphological sampling campaigns involving sedimentological data and their analysis (see Lane,Chapter 42). Qualitative methods can be defined as "analysis methods based on the in-depth processing of a small number of data" (Lamont and White, 2005) collected "using ethnographic methods, semi-structured interviews, archival research or the collection of reports" (Aguilera and Chevalier 2021b). In my work, they relate historical approaches in the geosciences, labelled geo-history, and ethnological approaches ( Fig. 20.1). ...
Despite ongoing debates about its origins, the Anthropocene—a new epoch characterized by significant human impact on the Earth's geology and ecosystems—is widely acknowledged. Our environment is increasingly a product of interacting biophysical and social forces, shaped by climate change, colonial legacies, gender norms, hydrological processes, and more. Understanding these intricate interactions requires a mixed-methods approach that combines qualitative and quantitative, biophysical and social research.
However, mixed-methods environmental research remains rare, hindered by academic boundaries, limited training, and the challenges of interdisciplinary collaboration. Time, funding, and the integration of diverse data further complicate this research, whilst the dynamics and ethics of interdisciplinary teams add another layer of complexity.
Despite these challenges, mixed-methods research offers a more robust and ultimately transformative understanding of environmental questions. This Field Guide aims to inspire and equip researchers to undertake such studies. Organized like a recipe book, it assists researchers in the preparation of their field work, as well as offering entry points to key methods and providing examples of successful mixed-methods projects.
This book will be of interest to scholars wishing to tackle environmental research in a more holistic manner, spanning ‘sister’ disciplines such as anthropology, statistics, political science, public health, archaeology, geography, history, ecology, and Earth science.
... This mixed approach facilitates a comprehensive understanding of the data, circumventing the complexities associated with integrating distinct datasets. The CFT method thus falls under the category of "mixed data-analysis studies," combining qualitative and quantitative approaches within a single dataset, enabling nuanced analysis of social phenomena (Small, 2011;Fetters et al., 2013;Aguiléra and Chevalier, 2021). ...
This article presents a method rarely used in sociology – the Call For Testimonials (CFT) – which consists of collecting written accounts of the experience of a large number of actors about a given social fact. This method provides a profuse amount of qualitative data, whose characteristics (spontaneous versus solicited, objective versus subjective, guided versus freely oriented) need to be described in order to make the best use of them through mixed analytical treatments. After characterizing the data collected, the article presents the mixed and combined analytic treatments to which they lend themselves. The example of the self-production of masks at the beginning of the COVID crisis helps to illustrate the potential of such treatments.
... Les méthodes quantitatives, ici par ACV, permettent de modéliser différents scénarios de ux de produits en fonction de liens de causalité éprouvés et de tester des leviers d'action. Les données qualitatives en amont sont en mesure de situer l'étude et de préparer une analyse quantitative (stratégie de contextualisation), mais également dans un second temps d'enrichir les résultats quantitatifs en identi ant certains des mécanismes à l'oeuvre (stratégie d'enrichissement) (Aguilera et Chevalier, 2021 ;Boutry et Ferru, 2016). ...
Favoriser l’approvisionnement local dans la restauration collective est considéré comme un levier important de réduction de l’impact environnemental de l’activité agricole et alimentaire. Ce travail étudie les effets de choix organisationnels et logistiques des acteurs de la production et de la transformation sur la performance environnementale de l’ensemble d’une chaîne d’approvisionnement en légumes de la restauration collective publique. Les auteurs adoptent une approche mixte et pluridisciplinaire en combinant une analyse qualitative de trois études de cas et une analyse de cycle de vie (ACV). Les résultats montrent l’effet prépondérant des choix d’emballages et des modes de production agricole sur l’impact environnemental de la chaîne et font l’hypothèse du rôle de la proximité relationnelle entre les acteurs comme levier majeur de leur performance environnementale.
... The current study adopts a mixed-methods approach employing a quantitative analysis, followed by a case study (Aguilera & Chevalier, 2021;Schoonenboom & Johnson, 2017). This research design allows us to explain a general pattern, while performing an in-depth analysis of a specific observation. ...
... Avenier (2011) Rondeau, 2008: p. 8). For example, both "hypothetico-deductive" and "hypothetico-inductive" methods can be combined to collect and process quantitative and qualitative data relevant to the formulation of the rational utopias underlying a political administrative reform project, as well as to the prospective analysis of the project's dystopic effects, and to the interpretation of these effects (cf., Aguilera and Chevalier, 2021;McNabb, 2020). It also fits in epistemically with the OD approach, since this approach emphasizes the search for the mechanism (mediation or theory) that makes it possible to understand a given behavior in the discovery of the characteristics (material and immaterial, formal and informal) of the immediate context of action (Friedberg, 1997: p. 229). ...
... Sometimes called "concurrent design" (Teddlie & Tashakkori, 2006) or "coordinated design" (Greene, Benjamin, & Goodyear, 2011) in the mixed methods literature, this protocol makes inferences from the quantitative and qualitative materials only after the research is completed, like a meta-analysis. This procedure is useful to take advantage of the complementary contributions of quantitative and qualitative studies from a collective project (Aguilera & Chevalier, 2021). ...
Purpose
Drawing on the French case, this article examines the size and scope of poverty resulting from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the diversity of poverty's manifestations and the role of public action (among other actors) in addressing the poverty. This reflection unfolds at the confluence between the international literature on the economic effects of COVID-19 around the world and the methodological and conceptual issues on poverty.
Design/methodology/approach
Following a research report to the French Government in 2021, a new academic collaboration is initiated to assess the conceptual issues underlying the report's nine quantitative, qualitative and participatory studies. A thematic analysis is used to elaborate on an original framework.
Findings
COVID-19 not only had detrimental economic effects on specific groups, such as precarious workers and students, but also serious effects on social isolation, mental health, access to welfare and public services. Together with assessing the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on poverty in France, this paper highlights the lack of recognition of community support in the face of hard times.
Originality/value
The COVID-19 outbreak has not only deteriorated socioeconomic situations in France, but has also unmasked structural, long-term components of poverty. The paper discusses three policy implications of these revelations, concerning (1) the monitoring of non-monetary dimensions of poverty, (2) the needs of various groups under a welfare state with a dual structure and (3) the role of communities in public policy schemes.
... Mixed methods are a fruitful gateway to the understanding how competing models of democracy can arise and coexist. Thus, by contrasting and expanding quantitative findings with qualitative results, our methodological approach is based on both triangulation (i.e., convergence and correspondence of quantitative and qualitative results) and complementarity (i.e., clarification and elaboration of quantitative findings with qualitative findings) (see Aguilera and Chevalier 2021;Creswell and Plano Clark 2011;Green 2007). Moreover, our design develops an integrative mixed-method approach which is ideal to study factorially complex constructs, such as democratic aspirations (Castro et al. 2010). ...
By means of an original mixed-method research design, this article analyzes the French Yellow Vests’ attitudes to democracy and democratic innovations. First, we find that Yellow Vests’ protesters are supportive of innovations aiming at controlling elected representatives, and that populist attitudes enhance support for direct public control. Second, we provide evidence of two different discourses about democracy coexisting within the movement: one, stemming from inexperienced first-time activists, is centered on the control of political elites; the other, coming from more politicized Yellow Vests, rather advocates for direct citizen participation. This article therefore contributes to bridging the literatures on democratic issues in social movement, process preferences, and populism. In particular, we highlight that within ‘populist’ social movements, various democratic aspirations may cohabit, depending on how protesters define ‘the people’ and their experience of political protest.
Résumé
L’accessibilité croissante des ressources numérisées permet d’envisager de nouveaux moyens de production de la recherche en sciences humaines et sociales. A partir d’une recherche prosopographique de science politique portant sur les directeurs et directrices d’administrations centrales, qui occupent les postes de direction des ministères, cet article retrace les travaux qui ont débouché sur l’écriture d’un code informatique constitutif d'une base de données de plus de 140 000 entrées à partir de données publiques (via le Journal officiel ) et privées (via la presse spécialisée). Ce corpus inédit de données résulte du préalable rassemblement de l’information depuis un nombre fini de sources et constitue une mine d’information quasi- exhaustive sur les profils et parcours d’une élite de la fonction publique d’Etat, abondant les travaux de sociologie et de science politique sur les alternances, les structures de l’administration et leur évolution. Au moyen de savoir-faire techniques, de précautions et d’étapes successives détaillées dans cet article, le processus de codage informatique et ses ressources apparaissent comme un puissant vecteur de renouvellement des pratiques prosopographiques en sciences humaines et sociales. En effet, la disponibilité croissante de données et de ressources numérisées permet d'élargir les champs de recherches tout en augmentant considérablement la masse d'informations qu’il est possible de traiter. Les travaux conduits par les deux auteurs identifient de solides points de convergence méthodologiques, ouvrant de larges horizons communs pour la programmation informatique et les sciences humaines et sociales.
According to the United Nations and its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), educational systems must adapt their learning objectives and methods to develop skills that promote sustainable development (Rieckmann et al., 2017). This chapter explores an ongoing doctoral research that utilizes a methodology enabling education to shape the role of graphic designers within the socio-ecological transition in Quebec. In class, graphic design students typically follow “creative briefs” that simplify problem complexity (Haylock, 2020), which limits their autonomy and sometimes prevents them from addressing social and environmental concerns. When they undertake projects independently, they often prioritize personal expression over the needs of users and stakeholders (Valencia et al., 2021). To address this, the research employs Learning Experience Design (LXD), an emerging transdisciplinary discipline focused on creating effective and engaging learning experiences. The primary objective is to implement LXD to tailor learning for graphic design students at Cégep de Sainte-Foy. Specifically, it adopts responsible entrepreneurship as a pedagogical approach, empowering students to initiate their own projects while fostering social and environmental responsibility. Employing a Mixed Methods Research (MMR) approach, the study combines quantitative and qualitative data collection through questionnaires, interviews, co-design workshops, and checklists. Notably, the research stands out for its collaborative nature, involving stakeholders such as students, faculty, administrative bodies of Cégep de Sainte-Foy, and external experts. This chapter presents initial results demonstrating the potential of education to prepare learners for meaningful contributions to sustainable development, emphasizing the transformative role of tailored pedagogical approaches like LXD in fostering responsible design practices.
Secteur du recyclage, monnaies locales, agriculture biologique et circuits courts, représentent autant de domaines dans lesquels des mouvements sociaux investissent des espaces marchands pour atteindre des objectifs militants. Si les recherches portant sur ces mouvements permettent de documenter finement les dynamiques internes de ces derniers au niveau local, on manque en revanche de travaux pour saisir comment des mouvements sociaux économiques agissent aux niveaux micro, méso et macro. Cet article pallie ce manque en montrant, à partir du cas des projets coopératifs d’énergie renouvelable en France et au Royaume-Uni, que les mouvements sociaux économiques agissent à ces niveaux via deux formes de pouvoir économique. Premièrement, ils agissent sur le marché en influençant les manières dont l’action publique façonne l’activité économique via un pouvoir d’orientation. Deuxièmement, ils agissent dans le marché en créant de nouveaux modèles d’organisations économiques via un pouvoir d’activation.
Outre la transformation des modalités d’accès à l’enseignement supérieur, la procédure Parcoursup renforce l’engagement des établissements et des acteurs professionnels du secondaire dans l’orientation des élèves de terminale. Ces derniers, informés et accompagnés, sont invités à réifier leurs aspirations de poursuite d’études à travers des vœux non-hiérarchisés. En empruntant à la sociologie de l’expérience (Dubet, 1994), cette contribution interroge la manière à travers laquelle les lycéens ont éprouvé cette procédure Parcoursup qui engage leur processus d’orientation. À partir d’une double enquête menée par questionnaire (n=713) et par entretien (n=37) auprès de néo-bacheliers inscrits en première année de licence, les résultats montrent que si leur expérience de la procédure dans sa dimension technique est facilitée par l’accompagnement reçu, les discours perçus sur leurs vœux sont plus nuancés.
L’avènement de métropoles dans le paysage administratif français n’a pas échappé aux critiques sur les fondements démocratiques de ces nouvelles institutions. Cet article propose d’analyser les perceptions du personnel politique métropolitain : comment ce personnel envisage les procès récurrents et, plus largement, comment pense-t-il la démocratie à une échelle métropolitaine ? L’article croise pour cela des données quantitatives et qualitatives pour montrer l’acceptation d’une division fonctionnelle des échelles de pouvoir : à chaque échelle (municipale et métropolitaine), la nature du travail politique et les partenaires changent. Ces représentations contrastent avec les conclusions d’une abondante littérature scientifique évoquant un emboîtement des échelles.
Between precarious contracts and low salaries, it is difficult to be young today. So many, every year, move to the big metropolises, attracted by the promises that only cities like Milan, Bologna or Florence seem to offer. The city is perceived as a springboard for new income opportunities, career opportunities, cultural activities, sociality. Yet, in all Italian metropolises, the cost of rent grows rapidly, eroding more than half of the monthly income.
The impossibility of securing a roof over one's head at affordable prices, the absence of a real social lift and the contraction of forms of permanent employment even within the most attractive metropolises lead to the rapid precariousness of young people, seriously undermining their well-being.
In response to these critical issues, new forms of housing - collective, cooperative and popular - are rapidly emerging. Focusing mainly on Turin and Milan, this volume aims to describe the emerging contours of a new 'fluid living': flexible and unstructured solutions with their risks and potential.
This chapter explores the multifaceted challenges of housing for younger generations in Italy, emphasizing the structural and intergenerational inequalities that underpin contemporary urban life. The analysis examines the tension between fluid housing aspirations and the enduring rigidity of social, economic, and institutional structures. Drawing on extensive empirical evidence, the work highlights the precarious conditions facing young people in metropolitan areas like Milan and Turin, where high housing costs and insufficient public housing exacerbate economic and social vulnerabilities.
The authors argue that housing has evolved into a central axis of social stratification, shaped by intersecting factors of class, ethnicity, and citizenship status. The text reveals how privileged groups benefit disproportionately from intergenerational transfers and property ownership, while precarious rental markets constrain the opportunities of less affluent groups. Through a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, the chapter underscores the potential of collaborative housing models to mitigate these disparities, offering insights into emergent practices of shared living and cooperative housing.
Particularly notable is the critical reflection on urban governance and the failure of traditional policies to address housing affordability. By juxtaposing the Italian context with broader European dynamics, the chapter illuminates the structural challenges and the need for innovative, inclusive solutions. It calls for a rethinking of the dichotomy between private ownership and speculative rental markets, advocating instead for decommodified housing initiatives that align with ecological and social goals.
An English translation of the chapter is available by request via researchgate message.
Ce texte propose un retour réflexif sur la méthodologie déployée dans le cadre du programme ANR CAMIGRI pour étudier les recompositions des espaces ruraux français au prisme des migrations internationales. Pour pallier l’invisibilité de certaines présences étrangères dans les bases de données ou sur le terrain, la méthode articule traitements statistiques aux échelles nationale et intercommunale, et études de cas par suivi de lieux emblématiques de situations migratoires dans 3 terrains du grand quart sud-ouest. Elle permet de capter la diversité des formes de présences étrangères et leurs effets sur les territoires, en s’appuyant pour une bonne part sur des exemples agricoles. Elle repose aussi sur la mobilisation d’outils originaux (grille biographique, photographie, carnets) pour étudier et suivre les présences étrangères sur le temps long dans les espaces ruraux. Les méthodes mixtes s’apparentent ici à une posture de recherche qui repose non seulement sur l’articulation d’approches qualitatives et quantitatives, mais aussi de champs théoriques (études rurales/études migratoires) et de compétences des chercheurs.
The European mining revival strategy correlates with the agenda of transition to a “green” and “climate-friendly” economy. In this article, we focus on the climatization of extractive discourses and practices in Europe, France, and Andalusia in order to show the changes in discourses while noting the continuity of practices. While discourse justifying the mining revival is circulating within Europe, the operationalization of extractive reindustrialization is materializing in different ways across the Member States, revealing specific constraints and dynamics at a regional level. In Spain, for example, more than a dozen mining projects have been launched since the late 2000s, particularly in Andalusia, where reindustrialization has been associated with greening and climatization. In France, where ecologization and reindustrialization have been integrated into a discourse on securing sovereignty, none of the projects submitted over the last decade have been successful, which highlights the difficulty of reconciling greening, climatization, and extractive reindustrialization. We show that the climatization of the extractive industries in Europe largely remains a discursive process that does little to transform mining practices and activities—other than by contributing to legitimizing their redevelopment, under certain conditions which we highlight.
Dès son instauration en 2002 et jusqu’à sa réforme en 2021, le congé de paternité de onze jours a fait l’objet d’un succès immédiat. Court, bien indemnisé et répondant aux normes contemporaines de « bonne » paternité, toutes les conditions semblaient réunies pour favoriser son utilisation. Dans ce contexte, ce sont moins les pères qui utilisent ces deux semaines que ceux qui renoncent à leur droit qui interrogent. Qui sont les pères qui n’utilisent pas le congé de paternité en France ? Comment expliquer ce non-recours ? Peut-on y lire la revendication d’une paternité « traditionnelle », particulièrement attachée au modèle de « l’homme gagne-pain » ? À partir de méthodes mixtes, cet article identifie les caractéristiques des pères qui n’ont pas pris leur congé et retrace les mécanismes sous-jacents à ce phénomène. Si la priorisation de la sphère professionnelle est un frein essentiel à l’utilisation du dispositif, cette focale d’analyse ne permet pas de rendre compte d’une large partie des cas de non-recours, en particulier chez les pères non insérés dans un emploi salarié stable. L’étude revient sur la pluralité des formes prises par le non-recours, qui peut aussi tenir à des obstacles informationnels et administratifs.
This paper analyses the framing and expression of French high school students' aspirations. It sheds new light on the inequalities in tracking between academic versus technological and vocational track. Through the analysis of a national survey and a corpus of cover letters written by applicants for a sociology degree, it shows that, due to the lack of means, teachers mainly have two types of guidance support strategies.Teachers use to target and concentrate their supporting on ``good students'' in vocational tracks, while, in academic tracks, they delegate some steps of the tracking procedures to families. These different strategies have effects on the way high school students internalise school prescriptions and restitute them in cover letters. Through the close support they benefit from teachers, ``good students'' in vocational tracks strongly internalise the instructions and their place in the school hierarchy. In academic tracks, students' expression of the aspirations is much more dependent of their familial capital.
Les jeunes sont la majorité démographique dans de nombreux pays en développement ou moins avancés économiquement comme le Mozambique. Dans ce pays, les personnes âgées de moins de 35 ans représentent plus de 60 % du total des 33 millions d’habitants (INE, 2017), et sur le continent africain cette estimation est encore plus importante. En considérant ce contexte, cette thèse aborde les espaces et les pratiques de la participation politico-juvénile au Mozambique. Pour ce faire, nous analysons le rapport des jeunes à la politique, en associant plusieurs formes de participation civique, dont les élections, les manifestations, le fait de discuter et de s’intéresser à la politique. En s’appuyant sur des méthodes mixtes, nous cherchons à comprendre ce rapport à la politique dans un pays caractérisé par une « démocratie pas comme les autres ». C’est dans cette atmosphère que nous avons pu constater que nous sommes face à une réalité qui ne peut être lue en dehors de ce que représente le régime politique. En d’autres termes, les pratiques de la participation politique des jeunes sont le résultat de actions locales qui dépendent souvent du type de pouvoir en place (municipalité) et plus largement le pays (l’échelle nationale), parce que dans sa globalité, le Mozambique est marqué par un « empêchement de la participation politique », captée par les pratiques d’un régime hybride au pouvoir depuis 1975. Également, nous ne pouvons pas assumer l’idée selon laquelle les jeunes qui nous intéressent dans cette thèse sont désenchantés par la politique, bien au contraire. En effet, nous trouvons un profil des jeunesses qui, malgré les adversités produites par le type de régime politique, adoptent des formes de participation politique qui défient en quelque sorte l’autorité même.
This first special issue on the Yellow Vests movement (YVM) published in English has three objectives. First, we advocate that this puzzling movement proved to be an insightful research field for scholars to make a plea for mixed methods. By so doing, we bridge the usual gaps between positivist and constructivist approaches. Second, after four years of research, this publication is also a first milestone to provide empirical data and analysis of the movement, to better understand its evolution, significance and effects on French society. By combining case studies and national-based comparison, regional face-to-face surveys, national online surveys and in-person surveys, the nine articles provide a clearer and more precise picture of the movement’s composition and its evolution over the months. In addition to a detailed description of the social and political components of the movement, several articles propose to establish bridges between the values and opinions of the Gilets Jaunes or Yellow Vests, the cultural practices of the social groups from which they come, and the modalities of mobilization and form of politicization, inscribed in space and in time. In this way, they provide the debate with valuable keys to understanding the dynamics of the movement. Third, this special issue consequently further analyses how the YVM challenges contemporary social movements studies, the understanding of uprisings and assumptions about contentious politics. The first article introduces the major analytical issues and mixed-method approaches of the 9 articles and their contributions as whole to scholarship on the study of the YVM and social movements in France and from a comparative perspective.
Cet article analyse les modalités de l’encadrement et de l’expression des aspirations des lycéens français. Il apporte un éclairage nouveau sur les inégalités de parcours entre filière générale versus filière technologique et professionnelle. À travers l’analyse d’une enquête nationale et d’un corpus de lettres de motivation rédigées par des candidats à une licence de sociologie, il montre que, faute de moyens, les enseignants disposent principalement de deux types de stratégies d’accompagnement à l’orientation.Les enseignants ont pour habitude de cibler et de concentrer leur soutien sur les « bons élèves » dans les filières technologiques et professionnelles, tandis que, dans les filières générales, ils délèguent certaines étapes des procédures de suivi aux familles. Ces différentes stratégies ont des effets sur la manière dont les lycéens intériorisent les prescriptions scolaires et les restituent dans des lettres de motivation. Par le soutien resserré dont ils bénéficient auprès des enseignants, les « bons élèves » des filières technologiques et professionnelles intériorisent fortement les consignes et leur place dans la hiérarchie scolaire. Dans les filières générales, l’expression des aspirations des étudiants est beaucoup plus dépendante de leur capital familial.
This article reviews recent attempts to develop multi-method social scientific frameworks. The article starts by discussing the ontological and epistemological foundations underlying case studies and variance-based approaches, differentiating approaches into bottom-up, case-based and top-down, variance-based approaches. Case-based approaches aim to learn how a causal process works within a case, whereas variance-based approaches assess mean causal effects across a set of cases. However, because of the different fundamental assumptions, it is very difficult for in-depth studies of individual cases to communicate meaningfully with claims about mean causal effects across a large set of cases. The conclusions discuss the broader challenges this distinction has for the study of comparative politics more broadly.
Manuel mettant en évidence les méthodes et méthodologies propres à la science politique, avec des conseils pratiques pour mener à bien un travail de recherche.
Une initiation à la recherche en science politique à travers :
- des conseils pratiques pour mener à bien un travail de recherche
- une présentation pédagogique des méthodes de collecte et d’analyse des données
- des exemples concrets extraits de la littérature récente
- des tableaux de synthèse, des mises en situation et des définitions des termes clés
Pour apprendre à :
- élaborer une stratégie de recherche
- choisir et collecter les données pertinentes
- analyser et interpréter les résultats
- identifier les forces et les faiblesses de chaque méthode
Skills and Inequality studies the political economy of education and training reforms from the perspective of comparative welfare state research. Highlighting the striking similarities between established worlds of welfare capitalism and educational regimes, Marius R. Busemeyer argues that both have similar political origins in the postwar period. He identifies partisan politics and different varieties of capitalism as crucial factors shaping choices about the institutional design of post-secondary education. The political and institutional survival of vocational education and training as an alternative to academic higher education is then found to play an important role in the later development of skill regimes. Busemeyer also studies the effects of educational institutions on social inequality and patterns of public opinion on the welfare state and education. Adopting a multi-method approach, this book combines historical case studies of Sweden, Germany, and the United Kingdom with quantitative analyses of macro-level aggregate data and micro-level survey data.
This article contributes to ongoing debates about the direction of comparative politics through an analysis of new data on the scope, objectives, and methods of research in the field. The results of the analysis are as follows. Comparative politics is a rich and diverse field that cannot be accurately characterized on the basis of just one dimension or even summarized in simple terms. In turn, the tendency to frame choices about the direction of the field in terms of a stark alternative between an old area studies approach and a new economic approach relies on largely unsupported assumptions. It is therefore advisable to focus on problematic methodological practices that, as this study shows, are widespread in comparative research and thus pose serious impediments to the production of knowledge.
Qualitative methods are currently undergoing a renaissance in political science, with a rich new literature developing and disseminating them and greatly increased attention to preparing scholars in their use. Although this is a discipline-wide phenomenon, at the same time political science continues to be differentiated along subfield lines. The collection of articles in this symposium describes the trajectory of qualitative methods in three of political science’s empirical subfields: comparative politics, international relations (IR), and American politics. Although much of the new literature and training is self-consciously transdisciplinary, the subfields continue to exert a strong influence. These essays investigate the three empirical subfields to uncover some of the areas in which they have made more progress and therefore have particular strengths to share, to provide some examples of applications of qualitative methods outside of readers’ own subfields, and to help make sure that future methodological opportunities offered by discipline-wide developments are not limited by subfield lacunas.
This article reviews the key role that case study methods have played in the study of international relations (IR) in the United States. Case studies in the IR subfield are not the unconnected, atheoretical, and idiographic studies that their critics decry. IR case studies follow an increasingly standardized and rigorous set of prescriptions and have, together with statistical and formal work, contributed to cumulatively improving understandings of world politics. The article discusses and reviews examples of case selection criteria (including least likely, least and most similar, and deviant cases); conceptual innovation; typo-logical theories, explanatory typologies, qualitative comparative analysis, and fuzzy-set analysis; process tracing; and the integration of multiple methods.
The purpose of this article is to examine how the field of mixed methods currently is being defined. The authors asked many of the current leaders in mixed methods research how they define mixed methods research. The authors provide the leaders' definitions and discuss the content found as they searched for the criteria of demarcation. The authors provide a current answer to the question, What is mixed methods research? They also briefly summarize the recent history of mixed methods and list several issues that need additional work as the field continues to advance. They argue that mixed methods research is one of the three major “research paradigms” (quantitative research, qualitative research, and mixed methods research). The authors hope this article will contribute to the ongoing dialogue about how mixed methods research is defined and conceptualized by its practitioners.
Despite repeated calls for the use of “mixed methods” in comparative analysis, political scientists have few systematic guides for carrying out such work. This paper details a unified approach which joins intensive case-study analysis with statistical analysis. Not only are the advantages of each approach combined, but also there is a synergistic value to the nested research design: for example, statistical analyses can guide case selection for in-depth research, provide direction for more focused case studies and comparisons, and be used to provide additional tests of hypotheses generated from small-N research. Small-N analyses can be used to assess the plausibility of observed statistical relationships between variables, to generate theoretical insights from outlier and other cases, and to develop better measurement strategies. This integrated strategy improves the prospects of making valid causal inferences in cross-national and other forms of comparative research by drawing on the distinct strengths of two important approaches.
When studying individuals, when is the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods better than just one method alone?
Whereas the debate in macro-level research, such as in political science about comparing nations, has made progress in identifying
meaningful logics for a combination of methods, it is yet unclear how these logics can be applied to the study of individuals.
Individual-level dynamics are in tendency less inert than those of nations or organisations. Therefore, a combination of methods
is more difficult to justify in individual-level analysis since differences in measurement results could be due to changes
in the dynamics rather than due to the application of different techniques. In contrast, the assumption of unit homogeneity
seems to be more easily met for individuals than for countries or other higher-level aggregates, facilitating a comparison
of like and like. First, this article presents a compilation of conditions scattered across the literature for the analysis
of individuals, according to which a mixed-method is preferable to a single-method approach. Second, the application of these
conditions is illustrated with an analysis of the impact of intergenerational relationships on welfare state attitudes in
Germany on the basis of survey and focus group data.
KeywordsMixed methods–Multi-method approach–Welfare state attitudes–Individuals
Both data-set observations (DSOs) and causal-process observations (CPOs) are important for causal inference. DSOs – located in the standard “rectangular data set” of statistical analysis – make their contribution through a quantitative logic of comparison, frequently using different forms and extensions of regression analysis. They are deservedly a major research tool in political science. Yet when based on observational data, they must be analyzed with great care. Problems such as cofounders, for example, can be hard to address. DSOs are therefore valuable, but serious limitations must be recognized. CPOs provide a different form of analytic leverage. They are carefully selected “nuggets of data” that are a foundation of qualitative research and can have great probative value in evaluating hypotheses. Achieving rigorous inference with CPOs depends on exact specification both of the inferences to be evaluated, and of standards of evaluation. If such specification is inadequate, CPOs likewise have serious limitations. A more powerful option – which can help address limitations on both sides – is to use DSOs and CPOs together in a single study. As our examples show, major studies have indeed adopted this multi-method approach, thereby achieving strong inferential leverage.
In recent years the predilection for Systems/OR practice to be underpinned by a single methodology has been called into question, and reports on multimethodology projects are now filtering through into the literature. This paper takes a closer look at multimethodology. It outlines a number of different possibilities for combining methodologies, and considers why such a development might be desirable for more effective practice, in particular by focusing upon how it can deal more effectively with the richness of the real world and better assist through the various intervention stages. The paper outlines some of the philosophical, cultural and cognitive feasibility issues that multimethodology raises. It then describes a framework that can attend to the relative strengths of different methodologies and provide a basis for constructing multimethodology designs. Finally it presents a systematic way of decomposing methodologies to identify detachable elements, and the paper concludes by outlining aspects of an agenda for further research that emerges out of the discussion.
Reflecting the rising popularity of research that combines qualitative and quantitative social science, Multi-Method Social Science provides the first systematic guide to designing multi-method research. It argues that methods can be productively combined using the framework of integrative multi-method research, with one method used to carry out a final causal inference, and methods from other traditions used to test the key assumptions involved in that causal inference. In making this argument, Jason Seawright considers a wide range of statistical tools including regression, matching, and natural experiments. The book also discusses qualitative tools including process tracing, the use of causal process observations, and comparative case study research. Along the way, the text develops over a dozen multi-method designs to test key assumptions about social science causation.
In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, modern states began to provide many of the public services we now take for granted. Inward Conquest presents the first comprehensive analysis of the political origins of modern public services during this period. Ansell and Lindvall show how struggles among political parties and religious groups shaped the structure of diverse yet crucially important public services, including policing, schooling, and public health. Liberals, Catholics, conservatives, socialists, and fascists all fought bitterly over both the provision and political control of public services, with profound consequences for contemporary political developments. Integrating data on the historical development of public order, education, and public health with novel measures on the ideological orientation of governments, the authors provide a wealth of new evidence on a missing link in the history of the modern state.
Le process tracing, comme notion et ensemble de méthodes d’analyse, a connu ces dernières années un indéniable succès dans le champ des sciences sociales. En témoignent les 1 360 000 entrées que propose le moteur de recherche Google Scholar à la seule indication du concept associé au champ social science. (Premières lignes)
Retraçant un parcours de recherche commencé au CEVIPOF il y a plus de 40 ans, cet article est un plaidoyer pour l’éclectisme méthodologique. A partir d’exemples tirés de ses travaux sur le comportement électoral, le racisme et les inégalités sociales, l’auteure montre le caractère artificiel de l’opposition entre approches qualitatives et quantitatives, tant au niveau du recueil des données que de leur analyse. Entretiens et sondages, questions ouvertes et fermées, observation participante et expérimentations, chacune de ces techniques éclaire une facette du phénomène étudié. Il faut donc les croiser pour le saisir dans sa totalité.
Nous nous proposons, dans cet article, de formuler certaines remarques sur l'utilisation de l'entretien non directif comme méthode d'analyse des phénomènes sociaux, et non pas d'exposer les techniques d'entretien non directif d'enquête (1), non plus que de proposer une technique originale d'analyse de ces entretiens (2). Ces remarques sont issues à la fois de l'enseignement de ces méthodes et de leur utilisation, que nous pratiquons depuis plus d'une dizaine d'années, en collaboration avec Monique et (1) Cet article reprend un exposé que nous avons fait dans le cadre des Journées de la Société française de psychologie (octobre 1972) où la Section de psychologie sociale avait proposé comme thème : " l'analyse d'entretiens non directifs dans le domaine politique ". Eric Landowski y exposait également l'approche sémiologique de ce type d'entretiens (...).
Higher education policy has been subject to considerable reform in OECD states over the past two decades. Some states have introduced tuition fees, others have massively increased public funding for higher education, and still others remain in stasis, retaining the elitist model with which they began the postwar era. This article develops the argument that higher education policy in the OECD is driven by a set of partisan choices within a trilemma between the level of enrollment, the degree of subsidization, and the overall public cost of higher education. The author develops a formal model of the micromechanisms underlying movements within this trilemma, noting the importance of partisan politics, existing enrollment, tax structure, and access. These propositions are tested statistically on a sample of twenty-two OECD countries and through case histories of higher education reform in England, Sweden, and Germany.
The field of social movement studies has expanded dramatically over the past three decades. But as it has done so, its focus has become increasingly narrow and 'movement-centric'. When combined with the tendency to select successful struggles for study, the conceptual and methodological conventions of the field conduce to a decidedly Ptolemaic view of social movements: one that exaggerates the frequency and causal significance of movements as a form of politics. This book reports the results of a comparative study, not of movements, but of communities earmarked for environmentally risky energy projects. In stark contrast to the central thrust of the social movement literature, the authors find that the overall level of emergent opposition to the projects has been very low, and they seek to explain that variation and the impact, if any, it had on the ultimate fate of the proposed projects.
In recent years evaluators of educational and social programs have expanded their methodological repertoire with designs that include the use of both qualitative and quantitative methods. Such practice, however, needs to be grounded in a theory that can meaningfully guide the design and implementation of mixed-method evaluations. In this study, a mixed-method conceptual framework was developed from the theoretical literature and then refined through an analysis of 57 empirical mixed-method evaluations. Five purposes for mixed-method evaluations are identified in this conceptual framework: triangulation, complementarity, development, initiation, and expansion. For each of the five purposes, a recommended design is also presented in terms of seven relevant design characteristics. These design elements encompass issues about methods, the phenomena under investigation, paradigmatic framework, and criteria for implementation. In the empirical review, common misuse of the term triangulation was apparent in evaluations that stated such a purpose but did not employ an appropriate design. In addition, relatively few evaluations in this review integrated the different method types at the level of data analysis. Strategies for integrated data analysis are among the issues identified as priorities for further mixed-method work.
How can scholars select cases from a large universe for in-depth case study analysis? Random sampling is not typically a viable approach when the total number of cases to be selected is small. Hence attention to purposive modes of sampling is needed. Yet, while the existing qualitative literature on case selection offers a wide range of suggestions for case selection, most techniques discussed require in-depth familiarity of each case. Seven case selection procedures are considered, each of which facilitates a different strategy for within-case analysis. The case selection procedures considered focus on typical, diverse, extreme, deviant, influential, most similar, and most different cases. For each case selection procedure, quantitative approaches are discussed that meet the goals of the approach, while still requiring information that can reasonably be gathered for a large number of cases.
- James Mahoney
- Kkv After
James Mahoney, « After KKV : The New Methodology of Qualitative Research », World Politics, 62 (1), 2010,
p. 120-147.
« Introduction to the Second Edition : A Sea Change in Political Methodology
- Henry Brady
- David Collier
- Jason Seawright
Henry Brady, David Collier, Jason Seawright, « Introduction to the Second Edition : A Sea Change in Political
Methodology », dans H. Brady, D. Collier (dir.), Rethinking Social Inquiry..., op. cit., p. 7.
- James Mahoney
- Gary Goertz
James Mahoney, Gary Goertz, « A Tale of Two Cultures : Contrasting Quantitative and Qualitative Research »,
Political Analysis, 14 (3), 2006, p. 227-249, ici p. 229.
La science politique et ses méthodes
- Y Surel
Y. Surel, La science politique et ses méthodes, op. cit.
- L'expression Vient De Vijayendra Rao
- W Dans John
- Creswell
L'expression vient de Vijayendra Rao, cité dans John W. Creswell, Abbas Tashakkori, « Mixed Methodology
Across Disciplines », Journal of Mixed-Methods Research, 2 (1), 2008, p. 3.
Creswell réédité plusieurs fois chez Sage
- W De John
À titre d'exemple, le manuel de référence de John W. Creswell réédité plusieurs fois chez Sage (dernière
édition en 2017), Research Design. Qualitative, quantitative and Mixed-Methods Approaches, a été cité
136 569 fois.
Pour une synthèse des usages, diffusion et appropriations de la QCA, voir Axel Marx, Benoit Rihoux, Charles C. Ragin, « The Origins, Development and Application of QCA. Analysis : The First 25 Years
Pour une synthèse des usages, diffusion et appropriations de la QCA, voir Axel Marx, Benoit Rihoux, Charles
C. Ragin, « The Origins, Development and Application of QCA. Analysis : The First 25 Years », European Political
Science Review, 6 (1), 2014, p. 115-142.
Causal Mechanisms, and Case Studies
- Gary Goertz
- Multimethod Research
Gary Goertz, Multimethod Research, Causal Mechanisms, and Case Studies. An Integrated Approach, Princeton,
Princeton University Press, 2017.
la « recherche multi-méthode » est définie comme celle « combinant des techniques de collecte et de traitement de données provenant de deux ou plusieurs traditions méthodologiques
- Jason Seawright
Jason Seawright, Multi-Method Social Science. Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Tools, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2016, p. 2 : la « recherche multi-méthode » est définie comme celle « combinant des
techniques de collecte et de traitement de données provenant de deux ou plusieurs traditions méthodologiques »
(traduction des auteurs).
cette logique ne recoupe pas exactement la logique de « concurrent nested strategy » de John W. Creswell consistant en une analyse concomitante quanti-quali où l'un et l'autre se complètent mais l'un ou l'autre domine l'analyse
- On
On notera que si le terme est le même, cette logique ne recoupe pas exactement la logique de « concurrent
nested strategy » de John W. Creswell consistant en une analyse concomitante quanti-quali où l'un et l'autre
se complètent mais l'un ou l'autre domine l'analyse (voir J. W. Creswell, Research Design. Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches, op. cit., p. 218). On notera aussi que E. S. Lieberman ne cite pas John
W. Creswell, omission symptomatique d'un cloisonnement disciplinaire important.
- Macartan Humphreys
- Alan M Jacobs
Macartan Humphreys, Alan M. Jacobs « Mixing Methods : A Bayesian Approach », American Political Science
Review, 109 (4), 2015, p. 653-673.
Il est symptomatique de noter que ce livre -très remarqué et discuté aux États-Unis -a donné lieu à un symposium dans une revue européenne
- G Goertz
- Multimethod . Research
G. Goertz, Multimethod Research..., op. cit. Il est symptomatique de noter que ce livre -très remarqué et discuté
aux États-Unis -a donné lieu à un symposium dans une revue européenne (European Political Science Review,
18, 2019, p. 157-169) mais dans lequel uniquement des Nord-Américains en débattent.
- Mario Luis Small
Mario Luis Small, « How to Conduct a Mixed Methods Study : Recent Trends in a Rapidly Growing Literature »,
Annual Review of Sociology, 2011, 37 (1), p. 57-86.
- Todd D Jick
Todd D. Jick, « Mixing Qualitative and Quantitative Methods : Triangulation in Action », Administrative Science
Quarterly, 24 (4), 1979, p. 610.
- Donald T Campbell
- D W Fiske
Donald T. Campbell, D. W. Fiske, « Convergent and Discriminant Validation by the Multitrait-Multimethod
Matrix », Psychological Bulletin, 56, 1959, p. 81-105.
- Amel Ahmed
- Rudra Shil
Amel Ahmed, Rudra Shil, « When Multi-Method Research Subverts Methodological Pluralism : Or, Why We Still
Need Single-Method Research », Perspectives on Politics, 10 (4), 2012, p. 935-953.
Social Protest and Policy Change. Ecology, Antinuclear, and Peace Movements in Comparative Perspective
- Marco Giugni
Marco Giugni, Social Protest and Policy Change. Ecology, Antinuclear, and Peace Movements in Comparative
Perspective, Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield, 2004.
« Nested Analysis as a Mixed-Method Strategy for Comparative Research », art. cité
- E S Lieberman
E. S. Lieberman, « Nested Analysis as a Mixed-Method Strategy for Comparative Research », art. cité.
« Case Selection Techniques in Case Study Research : A Menu of Qualitative and Quantitative Options
- Jason Seawright
- John Gerring
Jason Seawright, John Gerring, « Case Selection Techniques in Case Study Research : A Menu of Qualitative
and Quantitative Options », Political Research Quarterly, 61 (2), 2008, p. 294-308.
- Joshua D Kertzer
- Brian C Rathbun
Joshua D. Kertzer, Brian C. Rathbun, « Fair is Fair : Social Preferences and Reciprocity in International Politics », World Politics, 67 (4), 2015, p. 613-655.
Anne Clerval, Paris sans le peuple. La gentrification à Paris
- Par
Par exemple, dans la sociologie urbaine française : Anne Clerval, Paris sans le peuple. La gentrification à Paris,
Paris, La Découverte, 2010 ; Thomas Aguilera, « Reloger, mettre en attente et expulser les bidonvilles de Madrid :
quand des politiques de résorption produisent de l'expulsion », L'année sociologique, 68 (1), 2018, p. 101-134.
- John W Cresswell
John W. Cresswell, « Editorial : Mapping the Field of Mixed Methods Research », Journal of Mixed Methods
Research, 3 (2), 2009, p. 95-108, ici p. 106.
Ignorance and Surprise
- Matthias Gross
Matthias Gross, Ignorance and Surprise. Science, Society and Ecological Design, Cambridge, MIT Press, 2010.