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Sources, health benefits, and biological properties of Zeaxanthin
Abstract
Background
Zeaxanthin is a carotenoid pigment found in several fruits and vegetables. Belonging to the xanthophyll family, it is widely present in human and some animals skin and eyes, performing important physiological functions due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Several studies have explored its health benefits against important disorders such as neurological diseases, allergies, and cancer.
Scope and approach
The aim of this study we to explore the sources, health benefits, and biological properties of zeaxanthin and analyzes its drug interaction with β-carotene.
Key findings and conclusion
Severela vegetable sources in particularly fruits parts contains zeaxanthin. Biological investigations showed that zeaxanthin has been found to exhibit a protective effect against excessive light and oxidative stress side effects, preventing the development of several neurological, skin, and eye disorders. It exhibits also antioxidant, antiparasitic, anthelmintic activity, and antiosteoporosis effects. Zeaxanthin can also play a role in the inflammatory response, contributing to the treatment or prevention of diseases like allergies and AIDS. Additionally, zeaxanthin can exhibit anticancer, anti-osteoporotic, and ophthalmologic effects. These different properties are mediated by diffetent cellular and molecular mechanisms exhibited by zeaxanthin such as its activation and/or blocker of cell receptors, its actions on signaling pathways, and also its effects on gene expression. Moreover, the safety as a dietary supplement has also been confirmed and its interaction with other carotenoids, such as β-carotene, has been studied and validated in pharmacokinetic investigations. However, further investigations are needed to explore the full potential of zeaxanthin and to elucidate more its molecular pharmacodynamic actions behind its effects on human health, and to investigate also its clinical applications.
... In conjunction with lutein, zeaxanthin accumulates as a macular pigment in the cornea to shield the retina from blue light and enhance the sight [112] . Zeaxanthin is also effective as an antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotector [113] . Despite their relatively low zeaxanthin contents of 16.3, 16.7, and 24.9 mg/g, raw and cooked scallions, orange peppers, and corn, respectively, are still good choices for the dietary intake of this pigment [ 114 , 115 ]. ...
... The zeaxanthin content in various kinds of marigold petals varies between 10 and 300 g/g [116] . This pigment is in high demand due to the growing number of age-related macular degeneration sufferers worldwide [113] . Zeaxanthin production by Chlorella ellipsoidea is ninefold that by red pepper (4.26 mg/g DW) [117] . ...
Aquaculture contributes remarkably to the global economy and food security through seafood production, an important part of the global food supply chain. The success of this industry depends heavily on aquafeeds, and the nutritional composition of the feed is an important factor for the quality, productivity, and profitability of aquaculture species. The sustainability of the aquaculture industry depends on the accessibility of quality feed ingredients, such as fishmeal and fish oil. These traditional feedstuffs are under increasing significant pressure due to the rapid expansion of aquaculture for human consumption and the decline of natural fish harvest. In this review, we evaluated the development of microalgal molecules in aquaculture and expanded the use of these high-value compounds in the production of aquaculture diets. Microalgae-derived functional ingredients emerged as one of the promising alternatives for aquafeed production with positive health benefits. Several compounds found in microalgae, including carotenoids (lutein, astaxanthin, and β-carotene), essential amino acids (leucine, valine, and threonine), β-1-3-glucan, essential oils (docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid), minerals, and vitamins, are of high nutritional value to aquaculture.
... Zeaxanthins have hydroxylsubstituted ionone rings that cap each end of its carbon skeleton enhancing its solubility and biological use [26]. Because of its structure, zeaxanthin can efficiently interact with ROS, which helps to protect cells from oxidative damage and preserve eye health, especially by blocking damaging blue light in the macula [27]. Zeaxanthin is often found in orange peppers, spinach and maize. ...
Carotenoids are plant-derived compounds that have numerous health benefits, encompassing disease protection, cardiovascular health, mental and physical development, etc. Carotenoids exert their effect by combating oxidative stress, scavenging free radicals and quenching singlet oxidants, hence an effective metabolic antioxidant. Recently, carotenoids have gained a debated interest, wherein research momentum diverges to understand their antioxidant as well as prooxidant functions. Research focuses on investigating the prooxidant function stemming from the ability of carotenoids to induce oxidative damage. Herein, we will discuss the general classification, structure and physiological reactions of carotenoids. The emphasis will lie in understanding the triggers and mechanisms that influence their antioxidant versus prooxidant ability. We aim to outline the likely conditions enabling their antioxidant and/or prooxidant activities. A thorough mechanistic understanding of these highly beneficial nutrients will provide a toolkit for preventing diseases in addition to treating diseases through their exclusive prooxidant abilities.
Bioactive compounds are naturally occurring chemicals that exert significant biological effects, including therapeutic and preventive actions against diseases. These compounds play a crucial role in synthesizing essential biomolecules and modulating biological functions, making them invaluable in various fields of health and science. This chapter systematically categorizes bioactive compounds based on their sources, which include plants, agro-industrial by-products, animals, and microbes. Each source contributes unique chemical properties and health benefits, making bioactive compounds highly versatile. Emphasis is placed on the biotechnological production of these compounds, utilizing advanced techniques such as microbial fermentation, plant cell culture, metabolic engineering, and recombinant DNA technology. These methodologies increase the efficiency of bioactive compound production and promote sustainability by reducing the need for natural harvesting, thus supporting biodiversity conservation efforts. The application section delves into the vast uses of bioactive compounds, particularly their role in developing innovative solutions across multiple industries such as pharmaceuticals, the food industry, cosmetics, and environmental management. In pharmaceuticals, bioactive compounds are pivotal in drug discovery and development of antibiotics, enzyme inhibitors, and vaccines, effectively demonstrating their capacity to treat and prevent a range of diseases. In the food industry, these compounds are critical for improving food safety and enhancing nutritional value by serving as natural alternatives to synthetic additives. Industrial applications highlight the role of bioactive compounds in producing biopolymers and biofuels, positioning them as key contributors to sustainable technological advancements. The chapter concludes by underscoring the importance of ongoing research into new sources of bioactive compounds and optimizing their properties for broader applications. Future directions propose enhancing biotechnological processes and expanding their utilization in environmental biotechnology to exploit further their potential in promoting human health and environmental sustainability. The chapter presents bioactive compounds as vital agents in bridging natural biological benefits with technological innovation, driving future advancements in science and industry.
Carotenoids are lipophilic terpenoid pigments with biotechnological applications. They are ubiquitous in photosynthetic species and are also produced by many non-photosynthetic bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi, which are amenable to genetic manipulations and can be easily cultured in large fermenters. The biotechnological interest of carotenoids derives from their healthy properties due to their antioxidant activity or to physiological functions. Some carotenoids can be used as a source of vitamin A, chromophore of visual opsins and the origin of the retinoid metabolism associated with gene regulation functions in chordates, and others are related to the maintenance of the macula in the eye. In general, consumption of carotenoids is associated with a decrease in the possibilities of suffering from numerous diseases, from cancer to alterations in the immune system. Fungal carotenoid biosynthetic pathways are relatively simpler than those found in photosynthetic organisms, especially in plants, and not many carotenoids are usually found in these organisms. These include carotenes, such as lycopene and β-carotene, and xanthophylls, such as astaxanthin, neurosporaxanthin, or torularhodin. Some of these carotenoids are produced industrially, but it is to be hoped that their applied use will be extended to others. This chapter reviews the biotechnological and production possibilities of the best-known fungal carotenoids. The scientific literature on this subject is very extensive, especially in the areas of the biological effects of carotenoids on humans and the improvement of production for biotechnological purposes. In this review, we select significant contributions, recent or historical, that serve to make a comprehensive review of fungal carotenoids, focusing on their actual or potential production and their possible applications.
The natural sources of pigments are accountable for the vibrant and attractive colors in packaging which maintains the quality, safety, and effectiveness of the package. Several natural pigments such as anthocyanin, carotenoids, betalains, and chlorophyll in integration with polymers show different qualitative and quantitative properties in the packaging system. This strong compatibility provides several kinds of enhanced properties (physical, mechanical, and functional) to the package. Because it is non-toxic, it minimizes the adverse effects of synthetic pigments by limiting their ability to migrate to food from the package. In this review, several packaging films, indicators, and sensors formulated from natural pigment sources were effectively found to increase the performance and stability of the package with specific color-changing properties. Along with this the functional properties of the package were also increased due to the presence of several antimicrobial, antioxidant, and bioactive components in pigment sources. Thus, these naturally sourced pigments were effectively used in packaging to monitor pH, temperature, and freshness, as well as to serve as sensors for real-time monitoring of food product quality. Additionally, the review revealed the challenges in terms of compatibility, real-time monitoring, and stability of pigment. As a result, there is a need to explore natural-based colorants, as they are promising substitutes in replacing synthetic pigments. They ensure that the pigment-based packaging fulfils all the safety and environmental requirements making it an ideal choice for packaging solution.
Zeaxanthin, a bioactive pigment, plays a significant role in plant growth, human health, and so on. Maize is one of the most important crops in the world. Breeding maize varieties with high zeaxanthin concentrations is of great importance. In this study, a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) was conducted with 221 maize inbred lines with a wide range of zeaxanthin content. ZmZEP1, which encodes zeaxanthin epoxidase functioning in zeaxanthin degradation, was identified. HPLC analysis demonstrated a significant variation in zeaxanthin contents between wild-type B73 and mutant zmzep1. Transgenic insertion of ZmZEP1 into the Arabidopsis aba1-7 mutant restored its antheraxanthin and violaxanthin production functions and partially the plant phenotype. Haplotype analysis further categorized 167 maize inbred lines into four primary haplotypes: Hap 2, Hap 4, Hap 5, and Hap 6. Inbreed lines with Hap 6 contained decreased zeaxanthin contents, consistent with its increased ZEP enzyme activity. Hap 2, Hap 4, and Hap 5 haplotypes are considered elite haplotypes in breeding, as they contribute to the accumulation of zeaxanthin in maize grains. Our haplotype analysis combined with enzyme activity analysis of ZmZEP1 verified a relationship between different haplotypes and varied zeaxanthin contents, which would offer a reference for breeding maize varieties with increased zeaxanthin content.
Although not essential nutrients, dietary compounds with bioactive properties exert beneficial effects on human health. Among these substances, carotenoids are natural pigments found in plant, animal, and microbial sources, which possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory potentials and combat oxidative stress. This chapter discusses carotenoid food sources, antimicrobial activity, their effects on human disease incidences, and innovative technologies for their acquisition. Analytical and quantification technologies have contributed to nutritional research and a better understanding of carotenoid benefits in chronic diseases. In summary, clinical and epidemiological studies with carotenoids have shown their efficacy in ocular diseases and certain types of cancer up to the periods analyzed, as their antioxidant characteristics corroborate with the reduction of lipid peroxidation and positively induce the reduction of the initial cell degeneration condition. However, the process of action mechanism still needs to be consolidated, although there is already scientific evidence of their preventive and therapeutic capacity in diseases. Thus, extraction, stabilization, and plant genetic engineering technologies are essential to maximize the potential impact on carotenoid health benefits, ensuring availability and efficacy in human nutrition and thus allowing their application in promoting global population health.
Background/Objectives: Essential oils (EO) from Citrus species have attracted attention for their diverse properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cytotoxic effects, which address critical health challenges such as chronic diseases and skin disorders. Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, which is widely cultivated citrus fruit, is attracting increasing attention in the field of medicinal research due to the richness of limonene (comprising approximately 85-90% of the oil). This study investigates the chemical profile of CS-EO and biological activities of CS-EO and limonene. Methods and Results: Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), con-firming limonene as the predominant compound (70.15%) along with other minor constituents, including by thujene (10.52%), myrcene (5.54%) and α-pinene (2.81%). The biological activities of CS-EO and limonene were examined, specifically focusing on their antioxidant, an-ti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity, and dermatoprotective effects. Antioxidant potential was evaluated using DPPH, FRAP and beta-carotene assays, with CS-EO and limonene exhibiting comparable efficacy. Anti-inflammatory properties were assessed via inhibition assays of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO) production, showing significant reductions in LPS-stimulated macrophages treated by CS-EO or limonene. Cytotoxicity testing on various cell lines indicated selective activity of tested compounds, with low toxicity observed on human skin fibroblasts. Limonene and CS-EO were highly effective on HepG2 cellules with IC50 value of 0.55 ± 0.01 µg/mL and 15.97 ± 1.20 µg/mL, respectively. Dermatoprotective effects were further confirmed using enzymes, where CS-EO and limonene showed remarkable inhibitory potential against elastase (IC50 of 65.72 ± 1.92 and 86.07 ± 1.53 µg/mL, respectively) and tyrosinase (IC50 of 102 ± 2.16 and 78.34 ± 1.15 µg/mL, respectively) enzymes compared to quercetin used as a standard (IC50 of 111.03 ± 0.1 and 124.22 ± 0.07 µg/mL, respectively).
Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest the potential for the development of new thera-peutic approaches based on the CS-EO, which could be applicable in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, nutraceutical filed and protective benefits for skin health .
High Zn2+ concentrations in microalgal cells that produce astaxanthin as a feed additive can reduce the symptoms of malnutrition in aquatic animals. Therefore, in this study, we analysed the effect of Zn2+ in the culture medium on the growth of a newly isolated microalgal strain Dysmorphococcus globosus ZY24. Zn2+ and white light stress altered the pigment content in microalgal cells. In addition, high Zn2+ concentrations in the culture medium altered cell morphology and chlorophyll fluorescence and also increased intracellular Zn2+ accumulation. Further, an optimal Zn2+ concentration in the culture medium promoted the synthesis of astaxanthin and other pigments. When the concentration of Zn2+ was 45.5 mg L−1, Dysmorphococcus globosus ZY24 produced 0.31 mg g−1 astaxanthin, whereas the total zinc content of the microalgae was 4337 mg kg−1. This study confirmed that microalgae have a high capacity for Zn2+ enrichment, providing a theoretical basis for studying Zn2+ enrichment in microalgae. Furthermore, Zn2+ supplementation to stimulate astaxanthin production in microalgae is a practical method to enhance their nutritional value.
The article provides information on the species, composition and properties of anthocyanins, their functions in the plant and animal world, analyzed the directions and mechanism of the beneficial effect of anthocyanins on plants and the human body. The concept of the nature of chemical processes occurring with the participation of anthocyanins. The total content of anthocyanins in berry raw materials of various types of storage obtained from berries of 12 varieties of black currant of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific and Scientific Center of Horticulture was determined by pH differential spectrophotometry. Varieties with high and stable anthocyanin content have been identified for their further use in breeding. The effect of long-term freezing on the anthocyanin content was estimated. According to the results of two-year tests, the average anthocyanin content in fresh fruit was 1234.1 ± 86 ppm, in fruit stored at — 75 °C for 7 months was 1069 ± 74 ppm. The highest concentration of anthocyanins 1860 ± 130 ppm was found in fresh fruit of the Debryansk variety, the lowest 950 ± 95 ppm was in the Strelets variety. The varieties Debryansk, Favorite, Barmaley, and Myth were identified as the most valuable for use as a functional additive to food and for further use as sources of antioxidants. The effect of prolonged freezing of black currant berries made it possible to assess quantitative changes in the content of anthocyanins, as well as to identify varieties with a more stable content of product anthocyanins and draw conclusions about the storage conditions of black currant berries for more effective further use as antioxidant components.
colorants have played a crucial role in various applications, particularly in food processing, with natural sources such as mineral ores, plants, insects, and animals being commonly used. However, the nineteenth century saw the development of synthetic dyes, which replaced these natural colorants. in recent years, there has been a growing demand for natural products, driving an increased interest in natural colorants. Microbial pigments have emerged as promising sources of natural pigments due to their numerous health benefits. they can be produced in large quantities rapidly and from more affordable substrates, making them economically attractive. this review focuses on the current advancements in the low-cost synthesis of microbial pigments, exploring their biological activities and commercial applications. Microbial pigments offer a sustainable and economically viable alternative to natural and synthetic colorants, meeting the growing demand for natural products. these pigments are relatively nontoxic and exhibit significant health benefits, making them suitable for a wide range of applications. As interest in natural products continues to rise, microbial pigments hold great potential in shaping the future of colorant production across various sectors.
Bioactive phytochemicals act as important factors with preventive and therapeutic potential in the pathogenesis of several disorders, often related to oxidative stress. Many dietary plant secondary metabolites could lower these conditions. Sorbifolin is one of these metabolites. This work is the first review of sorbifolin, a flavone detected in various plant matrices as a major compound. The present study discussed the natural sources, extraction, purification, quantification, and assessment of the biological activities of sorbifolin. Several databases including Google Scholar, Web of Sciences, and Science‐Direct were consulted for relevant English articles related to sorbifolin, the phytochemical profiles of several medicinal plants containing this compound, and its biological activities, such as antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory, and antidiabetic. The positive in vitro and in silico outcomes reported in the literature should be followed by additional in vivo and clinical investigations to further research the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic activities, toxicological effects, pharmacological properties, and therapeutic potential of sorbifolin.
Secondary metabolites are bioactive compounds believed to contribute to the pharmacological properties of plants. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules involved in post-transcriptional regulation and are thought to play an important role in regulating secondary metabolism biosynthesis. Nevertheless, the extent of miRNA involvement in secondary metabolism remains minimal. Nigella sativa (black cumin/black seed) is a popular medicinal and culinary plant known for its pharmaceutical properties; however, its genomic information is scarce. In this study, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology was employed to obtain the miRNA profile of N. sativa, and their involvement in secondary metabolite biosynthesis was explored. A total of 25,139,003 unique reads ranging from 16 to 40 nucleotides were attained, out of which 240 conserved and 34 novel miRNAs were identified. Moreover, 6083 potential target genes were recognized in this study. Several conserved and novel black cumin miRNAs were found to target enzymes involved in the terpenoid, diterpenoid, phenylpropanoid, carotenoid, flavonoid, steroid, and ubiquinone biosynthetic pathways, among others, for example, beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase, gibberellin 3 beta-dioxygenase, trimethyltridecatetraene synthase, carboxylic ester hydrolases, acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase, isoprene synthase, peroxidase, shikimate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, etc. Furthermore, sequencing data were validated through qPCR by checking the relative expression of eleven randomly selected conserved and novel miRNAs (nsa-miR164d, nsa-miR166a, nsa-miR167b, nsa-miR171a, nsa-miR390b, nsa-miR396, nsa-miR159a, nsa-miRN1, nsa-miRN29, nsa-miRN32, and nsa-miRN34) and their expression patterns were found to be corroborated with the sequencing data. We anticipate that this work will assist in clarifying the implications of miRNAs in plant secondary metabolism and aid in the generation of artificial miRNA-based strategies to overproduce highly valuable secondary metabolites from N. sativa.
Carotenoids are tetraterpene compounds acting as precursors to vitamin A, with functions that include protecting eyesight, enhancing immunity, promoting cell growth and differentiation, and providing antioxidative benefits. Lycopene, β-carotene, and astaxanthin are particularly critical for health and have diverse applications in food, health products, and medicine. However, natural carotenoids are encased within cell structures, necessitating mechanical methods to disrupt the cell wall for their extraction and purification—a process often influenced by environmental conditions. Thus, improving the efficiency of carotenoid extraction from natural resources is of great interest. This review delves into the research progress made on the extraction processes, structures, and biological functions of carotenoids, focusing on lycopene, β-carotene, and astaxanthin. Traditional extraction methods primarily involve organic solvent-assisted mechanical crushing. With deeper research and technological advancements, more environmentally friendly solvents, advanced machinery, and suitable methods are being employed to enhance the extraction and purification of carotenoids. These improvements have significantly increased extraction efficiency, reduced preparation time, and lowered production costs, laying the groundwork for new carotenoid product developments.
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is a winter crop well known for its small-seeded grains and self-pollinating characteristics. The flour derived from barley grains plays a crucial role in numerous processed food items, contributing to their taste and nutritional value. Barley consists of complex carbohydrates (80%), proteins (11.5-14.2%), lipids (4.7-6.8%), β-glucans (3.7-7.7%), and ash (1.8-2.4%). Beyond its other nutrients, barley boasts a good reservoir of phenolic compounds (1.2-2.9 mg/g GAE). This abundance of beneficial compounds positions barley as an attractive industrial substrate. In this review, the nutritional composition and bioactive profile of barley are discussed in a systemic manner, emphasizing its potential in the development of innovative barley-based products that promote health and well-being. By incorporating barley into various food formulations, industries can not only boost nutritional content but also offer consumers a wide range of health benefits. In conclusion, barley's diverse applications in food and health highlight its essential role in promoting healthier living.
In recent years, there has been an increase in the industrial processing of shrimp, aiming to cover the increasing demand for shrimp products for human consumption, and, consequently, an increase in shrimp by-products as shrimp waste. This waste includes the cephalothoraxes, heads, shells, tails, pleopods, and exoskeleton appendages of processed shrimps. The appropriate method for the enzymatic hydrolysis of shrimp waste can recover its bioactive substances, including carotenoids. Thus, these xanthophylls and carotenes are of high financial interest and have high antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities. Therefore, these substances can be incorporated into fish feed as ingredients that improve fish health and simultaneously lead to the production of aquaculture fishes similar in coloration to the wild ones. Thus, the consumption of such novel food acts as a preventive factor for human health. In this regard, β-carotene has antioxidant and fat-soluble activities owing to vitamin A sufficiency and has an anti-cancer effect, too. Canthaxanthin can be used as a product for personal care and as a natural tanning agent for human skin. Zeaxanthin and lutein have positive effects on various eye and heart diseases, neuronal damage, human skin diseases, and certain types of cancer. Astaxanthin also has anti-diabetic and anti-obesity properties. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to highlight the sustainable utilization of shrimp waste via enzymatic hydrolysis, the benefits of a fish diet enriched with astaxanthin, the consumption of fish enriched with carotenoids, and the effects of carotenoids on human health. The problem of shrimp waste disposal affects the environment, does not contribute to sustainable development, and is directly related to the phenomenon of environmental change.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) has proven to be a powerful research tool in the study of carotenoid radicals providing detailed information on their structure, stability, and biological functions. Previously published simultaneous electrochemical and EPR (SEEPR) and high-field/high-frequency (HFEPR) experiments in vitro performed by Kispert’s group and in collaboration with National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL) for the HFEPR measurements, were extremely helpful in elucidating the structure of the carotenoid radical cation and obtaining EPR parameters for carotenoids that were further used in the literature for comparison with parameters obtained for in vivo experiments.
Bacterial pigments stand out as exceptional natural bioactive compounds with versatile functionalities. The pigments represent molecules from distinct chemical categories including terpenes, terpenoids, carotenoids, pyridine, pyrrole, indole, and phenazines, which are synthesized by diverse groups of bacteria. Their spectrum of physiological activities encompasses bioactive potentials that often confer fitness advantages to facilitate the survival of bacteria amid challenging environmental conditions. A large proportion of such pigments are produced by bacterial pathogens mostly as secondary metabolites. Their multifaceted properties augment potential applications in biomedical, food, pharmaceutical, textile, paint industries, bioremediation, and in biosensor development. Apart from possessing a less detrimental impact on health with environmentally beneficial attributes, tractable and scalable production strategies render bacterial pigments a sustainable option for novel biotechnological exploration for untapped discoveries. The review offers a comprehensive account of physiological role of pigments from bacterial pathogens, production strategies, and potential applications in various biomedical and biotechnological fields. Alongside, the prospect of combining bacterial pigment research with cutting-edge approaches like nanotechnology has been discussed to highlight future endeavours.
The development of natural substances derived from nature poses a significant challenge as technologies for theextraction and characterization of active principles advance. Hispolon has received a lot of attention in recentyears, ascribable to its wide range of biological activities. It is a phenolic molecule that was extracted fromseveral mushroom species such as Phellinus igniarius, Phellinus linteus, Phellinus lonicerinus, Phellinus merrillii, andInonotus hispidus. To provide a comprehensive overview of the pharmacological activities of hispolon, this reviewhighlights its anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-diabetic activities. Several sci-entific research databases, including Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, SciFinder, SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and, Wiley Online were used to gather the data on hispolon until May 2024. The in vitro and invivo studies have revealed that hispolon exhibited significant anticancer properties through modifying severalsignaling pathways including cell apoptosis, cycle arrest, autophagy, and inhibition of angiogenesis andmetastasis. Hispolon’s antimicrobial activity was proven against many bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens,highlighting its potential use as a novel antimicrobial agent. Additionally, hispolon displayed potent anti-inflammatory activity through the suppression of key inflammatory mediators, such as inducible NO synthase(iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and cyclooxygenases-2 (COX-2), and the modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways. The antioxidant po-tential of hispolon was attributed to its capacity to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) and to increase theactivity of antioxidant enzymes, indicating a possible involvement in the prevention of oxidative stress-related.
This research aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic, dermatoprotective, and antibacterial activities of Mentha viridis L. essential oil (MVEO) collected in the province of Ouezzane (Northwest Morocco). Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) analysis revealed that the main constituents of MVEO were carvone (37.26%), 1,8‐cineole (11.82%), limonene (5.27%), α‐terpineol (4.16%), and β‐caryophyllene (4.04%). MVEO showed strong inhibitory effects on α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase activities, exceeding those of acarbose, but weak anti‐elastase activity. The main compounds, β‐caryophyllene (IC50 = 79.91 ± 2.24 and 62.08 ± 2.78 µg/mL) and limonene (IC50 = 90.73 ± 3.47 and 68.98 ± 1, 60 µg/mL), demonstrated the strongest inhibitory effects on both digestive enzymes (α‐glucosidase and α‐amylase, respectively). In silico investigations, using molecular docking, also showed the inhibitory potential of these bioactive compounds against the enzymes tested. In conclusion, MVEO, due to its main components such as limonene, 1,8‐cineole, β‐caryophyllene, carvone, and α‐terpineol, shows promising prospects for drug discovery and natural therapeutic applications.
Abstract
In recent years, the use of carotenoids and vitamins in the food, flavoring, pharmaceutical, and feed sectors has led to a surge in demand for these nutrients. Nevertheless, these compounds can be expensive and technically challenging to extract and synthesize. Recent decades have seen an increase in the search for natural carotenoids and vitamins due to the increased interest in greener and more sustainable industrial processing. In particular, the microbial production of carotenoids and vitamins offers a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to chemical synthesis or direct extraction from plants. Consequently, it has been proposed that bioprocessing technologies can boost production yields of carotenoids and vitamins as well as increase the efficiency of currently employed production techniques. Therefore, this chapter gives a summary of the most current biotechnological advancements in the microbial synthesis of carotenoids and vitamins. This chapter aims to enhance knowledge and understanding of the most suitable and cost-effective approaches for the biotechnological synthesis of vitamins and carotenoids.
Background
Photodamage to the skin stands out as one of the most widespread epidermal challenges globally. Prolonged exposure to sunlight containing ultraviolet radiation (UVR) instigates stress, thereby compromising the skin's functionality and culminating in photoaging. Recent investigations have shed light on the importance of autophagy in shielding the skin from photodamage. Despite the acknowledgment of numerous phytochemicals possessing photoprotective attributes, their potential to induce autophagy remains relatively unexplored.
Purpose
Diminished autophagy activity in photoaged skin underscores the potential benefits of restoring autophagy through natural compounds to enhance photoprotection. Consequently, this study aims to highlight the role of natural compounds in safeguarding against photodamage and to assess their potential to induce autophagy via an in-silico approach.
Methods
A thorough search of the literature was done using several databases, including PUBMED, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, to gather relevant studies. Several keywords such as Phytochemical, Photoprotection, mTOR, Ultraviolet Radiation, Reactive oxygen species, Photoaging, and Autophagy were utilized to ensure thorough exploration. To assess the autophagy potential of phytochemicals through virtual screening, computational methodologies such as molecular docking were employed, utilizing tools like AutoDock Vina. Receptor preparation for docking was facilitated using MGLTools.
Results
The initiation of structural and functional deterioration in the skin due to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) or sunlight-induced reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) involves the modulation of various pathways. Natural compounds like phenolics, flavonoids, flavones, and anthocyanins, among others, possess chromophores capable of absorbing light, thereby offering photoprotection by modulating these pathways. In our molecular docking study, these phytochemicals have shown binding affinity with mTOR, a negative regulator of autophagy, indicating their potential as autophagy modulators.
Conclusion
This integrated review underscores the photoprotective characteristics of natural compounds, while the in-silico analysis reveals their potential to modulate autophagy, which could significantly contribute to their anti-photoaging properties. The findings of this study hold promise for the advancement of cosmeceuticals and therapeutics containing natural compounds aimed at addressing photoaging and various skin-related diseases. By leveraging their dual benefits of photoprotection and autophagy modulation, these natural compounds offer a multifaceted approach to combatting skin aging and related conditions.
This study aimed to optimize the accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) condition of zeaxanthin from orange paprika using a response surface methodology (RSM) or an artificial neural network (ANN) with a genetic algorithm (GA). Input variables were ethanol concentration, extraction time, and extraction temperature, while output variable was zeaxanthin. The mean squared error and regression correlation coefficient of the developed ANN model were 0.3038 and 0.9983, respectively. Predicted optimal extraction conditions from ANN-GA for maximum zeaxanthin were 100% ethanol, 3.4 min, and 99.2 °C. The relative errors under the optimal extraction conditions were RSM for 10.46% and ANN-GA for 2.18%. We showed that the recovery of hydrophobic zeaxanthin could be performed using ethanol, an eco-friendly solvent, via ASE, and the extraction efficiency could be improved by ANN-GA modeling than RSM. Therefore, combining ASE and ANN-GA might be desirable for the efficient and eco-friendly extraction of hydrophobic functional materials from food resources.
Carotenoids are naturally occurring compounds that are abundant and possess synergistic properties, contributing to their potential health benefits. This review provides an analysis of synergistic relationships among carotenoid compounds. The concept of synergy is of utmost importance due to the ongoing emphasis on consumer safety issues related to botanical natural products. To date, there is a lack of scientific reports specifically investigating the experimental evidence of synergistic effects associated with carotenoids. The carotenoid compounds purported to exhibit synergistic actions have demonstrated significant efficacy in combating oxidation, neurological diseases, peptic ulcers, tumors, and various other ailments.Furthermore, there have been reports of cancer prevention through apoptosis and the presence of antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and estrogenic properties. In addition to the observed combined benefits of carotenoids, this review elucidates the various health advantages associated with carotenoids. Among carotenoids, a substantial amount of data has been reported concerning lycopene. This review also examined the clinical status of the concurrent utilization of carotenoids with other bioactive molecules. Many research reports have been established focusing on the synergistic effects of carotenoids, but no literature review was conducted. As mentioned above, the findings offer valuable insights into the potential advantages of carotenoid compounds when combined, thereby presenting a promising avenue for further investigation in future research activities.
Tetraclinis articulata is a known traditional medicinal plant used to manage various ailments, such as diabetes, rheumatism and infectious diseases. This study aims to determine the chemical constituents of T. articulata essential oil (EO) and to evaluate its in vitro antibacterial, anticandidal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and dermatoprotective properties. In addition, a computational docking approach were used to predict the potential antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic properties of the identified compounds. The volatile oil obtained by hydrodistillation was characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
(GC-MS). The antioxidant activity of T. articulata EO was investigated using three complementary assays: DPPH, ABTS and FRAP. Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and tyrosinase enzymes were used to assess the anti-inflammatory and dermatoprotective effects of this oil. Moreover, disc-diffusion technique and, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration
50 (MBC) assays were employed for the antimicrobial screening. The GC-MS analysis revealed that bornyl acetate (41.80%), α-pinene (17.97%) and camphor (15.97%) are the major components of the studied EO. Moreover, T. articulata EO has exhibited promising antioxidant effect on FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS experiments. It also significantly inhibited 5-LOX (IC50= 67.82 ± 0.03 µg/mL) and tyrosinase (IC50= 211. 93 ± 0.02 µg/mL). The results of MIC and MBC assays test indicated that T. articulata EO is able to inhibit the growth of all tested bacteria (Gram + and Gram -) and Candida species. The ratio of tolerance level indicated that the tested oil was bactericidal against the Gram + bacterial strains and candida species, whereas it has a bacteriostatic behavior against the Gram bacteria. In light of these findings, T. articulata EO may be suggested as a potential pharmaceutical agent to prevent inflammation and skin problems and may serve as natural antimicrobial and antioxidant alternative for sustainable application in food products.
Keywords: Tetraclinis articulata, Molecular docking, biological activities, GC-MS profiling, microbial resistance.
Several cell-signaling mechanisms are activated by visible light radiation in human keratinocytes, but the key regulatory proteins involved in this specific cellular response have not yet been identified. Human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) were exposed to blue or red light at low or high irradiance for 3 days in cycles of 12 h of light and 12 h of dark. The cell viability, apoptotic rate and cell cycle progression were analyzed in all experimental conditions. The proteomic profile, oxidative stress and mitochondrial morphology were additionally evaluated in the HaCaT cells following exposure to high-irradiance blue or red light. Low-irradiance blue or red light exposure did not show an alteration in the cell viability, cell death or cell cycle progression. High-irradiance blue or red light reduced the cell viability, induced cell death and cell cycle G2/M arrest, increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and altered the mitochondrial density and morphology. The proteomic profile revealed a pivotal role of Cytoplasmic thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRD1) and Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3) in the response of the HaCaT cells to high-irradiance blue or red light exposure. Blue or red light exposure affected the viability of keratinocytes, activating a specific oxidative stress response and inducing mitochondrial dysfunction. Our results can help to address the targets for the therapeutic use of light and to develop adequate preventive strategies for skin damage. This in vitro study supports further in vivo investigations of the biological effects of light on human keratinocytes.
Lavandula stoechas, a Mediterranean plant, renowned in traditional medicine for its health benefits, is also arousing strong interest associated with its essential oils (EOs) with promising therapeutic properties. The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition of the plant, as well as to study its major activities, including antioxidant, anti-diabetic, dermatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial effects, focusing on its major molecules. Using the GC-MS method, the main compounds identified in L. stoechas EO (LSEO) were fenchone (31.81 %) and camphor (29.60 %), followed by terpineol (13.14 %) and menthone (8.96 %). To assess their antioxidant activity, three in vitro methods were used (DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS). The results revealed that LSEO exhibited the best antiradical property (54 ± 62 μg/mL) according to the DPPH test, while fenchone demonstrated the highest antioxidant capacity (87 ± 92 μg/mL) in the FRAP test, and camphor displayed the highest antioxidant capacity (96 ± 32 μg/mL) in the ABTS test. However, these results were lower than those obtained by Trolox used as a reference. In addition, study also explored the anti-diabetic potential of LSEO and its major compounds by evaluating their inhibitory activity towards two digestive enzymes, α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Camphor (76.92 ± 2.43 μg/mL) and fenchone (69.03 ± 2.31 μg/mL) exhibited the best inhibitory activities for α-amylase and α-glucosidase assays, respectively. Interestingly, all elements of the study exerted activities superior to those of acarbose, regardless of the test performed. In contrast, the evaluation of the dermatoprotective potential was carried out in vitro by targeting two enzymes involved in cutaneous processes, tyrosinase and elastase. In this light, fenchone (53.14 ± 3.06 μg/mL) and camphor (48.39 ± 1.92 μg/mL) were the most active against tyrosinase and elastase, respectively. It should be noted that the effect of both molecules, as well as that of LSEO, ranged between 53.14 ± 3.06 and 97.45 ± 5.22 μg/mL, which was significantly lower than the standard, quercetin (IC50 of 246.90 ± 2 0.54 μg/mL) against tyrosinase. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory potential of these elements has been studied by evaluating their ability to inhibit lipooxygenase (LOX), a class of enzymes involved in the inflammatory process in the human body. As a result, the LSEO demonstrated a remarkable effect with an IC50 of 6.34 ± 1.29 μg/mL, which was almost comparable to the standard, quercetin (IC50 = 3.93 ± 0.45 μg/mL). Concerning the antibacterial potential, we carried out a quantitative analysis of the various products tested, revealing a bactericidal activity of the LSEO against the strain L. monocytogenes ATCC 13932 at a minimum effective concentration (MIC = CMB = 0.25). Overall, LSEOs offer significant potential as a source of natural antioxidants, and antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory agents, as well as dermatoprotective and antibacterial compounds. Its major molecules, fenchone and camphor, showed promising activity in these areas of study, making it a valuable candidate for future research and development in the field of natural medicine.
Zeaxanthin is a carotenoid, a dihydroxy derivative of β-carotene. Zeaxanthin has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective properties. In this study, Yarrowia lipolytica was used as a host for the efficient production of zeaxanthin. The strain Y. lipolytica PO1h was used to construct the following engineered strains for carotenoid production since it produced the highest β-carotene among the Y. lipolytica PO1h- and Y. lipolytica PEX17-HA-derived strains. By regulating the key nodes on the carotenoid pathway through wild and mutant enzyme comparison and successive modular assembly, the β-carotene concentration was improved from 19.9 to 422.0 mg/L. To provide more precursor mevalonate, heterologous genes mvaE and mvaSMT were introduced to increase the production of β-carotene by 27.2% to the yield of 536.8 mg/L. The β-carotene hydroxylase gene crtZ was then transferred, resulting in a yield of zeaxanthin of 326.5 mg/L. The oxidoreductase RFNR1 and CrtZ were then used to further enhance zeaxanthin production, and the yield of zeaxanthin was up to 775.3 mg/L in YPD shake flask.
Food technology, health, nutrition, dermatology, and aesthetics have focused on colorless carotenoids. Carotenoids are readily bioavailable and have demonstrated various health-promoting actions. This article reviews the recent literature concerning carotenoids with the aim to systematize the scattered knowledge on carotenoids and aesthetics. The applications of carotenoids in health-promoting and nutrient products and their potential health effects are discussed. The carotenoids, particularly phytoene and phytofluene, have the unique ability to absorb ultraviolet radiation. Their distinct structures and properties, oxidation sensitivity, stiffness, aggregation tendency, and even fluorescence in the case of phytofluene, contribute to their potential benefits. A diet rich in carotenoid-containing products can positively impact skin health, overall well-being, and the prevention of various diseases. Future studies should focus on generating more data about phytoene and phytofluene levels in the skin to accurately assess skin carotenoid status. This expanding area of research holds promise for the development of novel applications in the fields of health and cosmetics.
The usages of microalgae to produce a diverse array of chemical compounds including polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, carotenoids, pigments, vitamins, steroids, pharmaceuticals, and other fine chemicals, as well as hydrogen and hydrocarbons. One among the microalgae group is Haematococcus are the most promising genera for the production of natural bioactive compounds including astaxanthin, carotenoids, zeaxanthin, lutein and canthaxanthin compounds that are highly associated with cancer prevention, immune stimulation, and a reduction in free radicals. The Haematococcus microalgal compounds, viz. astaxanthin, carotenoids, zeaxanthin, lutein, and canthaxanthin possess antioxidant properties. A mechanism by which the unicellular green alga Haematococcus displays exceptional stress resistance has recently attracted considerable interest through its ability to produce large quantities of the astaxanthin, carotenoids, zeaxanthin, lutein, canthaxanthin, and tocopherol. There is evidence that secondary compounds accumulation in Haematococcus are induced by a variety of environmental factors and most of the compounds produced are esterified and deposited in stresses that limit cell growth when exposed to light. The presence of lipid globules outside the chloroplast further supports this assumption, as well as a remarkable morphological and biochemical pattern. The bioactive compounds are thought to be the “transformation” from green motile cells into inert red products of a defense mechanism, as opposed to the defense mechanisms themselves. Despite the fact that this transformation substance was only discovered a few years ago, we cannot exclude the possibility that other protective mechanisms may have existed at the time. Comprehending the biosynthetic pathway and the pigment accumulation is critical to understanding the transformation process. The synthetic form of bioactive compounds currently dominates the market because it exhibits a wide range of biological activities and a high economic potential. In addition, due to its low biomass and bioactive compounds productivity, bioactive compounds extracted from this microalga are still expensive due to its difficult bioprocess. In this chapter, we focused on optimization of physical and chemical parameters for the cultivation of microalga Haematococcus sp. and also incorporate with new technological approaches for large scale production, harvesting, and higher biomass production.Keywords
Haematococcus
NutritionOptimizationCultivationBiomass
Nutraceuticals are defined as food or food components with therapeutic capabilities that have few side effects and are regarded as a natural therapy for preventing the onset of several life-threatening illnesses. The use of microbial cell factories to produce nutraceuticals is considered to be sustainable and promising for meeting market demand. Among the diverse strategies for optimizing microbial cell factories, the CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) system has emerged as a valuable tool for gene integration, deletion, activation, and downregulation. With the advent of multiplexed and precise CRISPR strategies, optimized microbial cell factories are revolutionizing the yield of nutraceuticals. This review focuses on the development of highly adaptable CRISPR strategies to optimize the production in microbial cell factories of some important nutraceuticals (belonging to the class of carotenoids, flavonoids, stilbenoids, polysaccharides, and non-protein amino acids). Further, we highlighted current challenges related to the efficiency of CRISPR strategies and addressed potential future directions to fully harness CRISPR strategies to make nutraceutical synthesis in microbial cell factories an industrially favorable method.
Amaranth and quinoa are small-seeded grains with high nutritional and phytochemical profiles that promote numerous health benefits and offer protection against various chronic ailments including hypertension, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disorders. They are classified as pseudocereals and possess significant nutritional benefits due to their abundance of proteins, lipids, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. Moreover, they exhibit an exceptional balance of essential amino acids. Despite having several health benefits, these grains have lost their popularity due to their coarse nature and are neglected in developed countries. Research and development activities are growing to explore these underutilized crops, characterizing and valorizing them for food applications. In this context, this review highlights the latest advancements in use of amaranth and quinoa as nutraceutical and functional foods, covering their bioactive substances, anti-nutritional factors, processing techniques, health benefits, and applications. This information will be valuable for planning novel research for efficient use of these neglected grains.
Background
Corn gluten meal (CGM) is the main by‐product of corn starch with rich protein and dietary fiber. The extrusion of CGM with a twin‐screw extruder aimed to expand the novel utilization of this plant‐protein resource. The impacts of screw speed, extrusion temperature, and material moisture on physicochemical properties of the extrudates were assessed.
Results
The microstructure depicted a favorable fiber‐like structure formed under screw speed 120–150 rpm, extrusion temperature 140–150 °C, and material moisture 40–45%. Expansion ratio, rehydration ratio, water solubility index, hardness, and chewiness increased until screw speed reached 120 rpm. With accelerating extrusion temperature, these indicators showed an overall increasing trend. As for material moisture, expansion ratio, hardness, and chewiness showed a decreasing trend. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) showed that disulfide bonds were necessary for protein crosslinking during extrusion.
Conclusion
It can be concluded that CGM is extrudable, whose textural and physicochemical properties vary as functions of the extruding parameters, providing diversity for its potential applications. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Cultures of 12 species of cyanobacteria isolated from different habitats were assessed to quantify 17 pigments by high-performance liquid chromatography (13 pigments) and spectrophotometric (4 pigments) methods. Three pigments were common to all cyanobacteria (chlorophyll-a, lycopene, and β-carotene),
while none of them produced four pigments (chlorophyll-b, chlorophyll-c, fuco-xanthin, and peridinin). Based on the pigment profile of cyanobacteria, four species such as Jaaginema pseudogeminatum, Leptolyngbya fragilis, Nostoc oryzae, and Planktolyngbya limnetica have been considered as creative species
owing to their efficiency of production of different pigments in substantial quantities. These species were isolated from stressed habitats (thermal spring or domestic sewage) except for N. oryzae (temple tank). Their pigment production potential could be enhanced by exposure to different stressed nutritional and physicochemical regimes. Keywords: Carotene · Chlorophyll · Creative species · Lutein · Lycopene · Peridinin · Phaeophytin · Phycobilin · Xanthin · Xanthophyll
Replenishment of macro- and micronutrients in case of their deficiency in the children is the leading task of modern dietetics and a fundamental factor in the children’s healthy development. The development of new types of food products can solve this task. This article presents the development of technology for production of fermented milk product for children nutrition. The option of introducing spirulina algae into a fermented milk product was experimentally investigated. On the basis of physical and chemical, rheological and organoleptic characteristics it was defined that the introduction of 2% of spirulina allows obtaining a product with acceptable physical, chemical and rheological characteristics. The organoleptic profile was corrected by adding fruit filler in volume of 20 % from the raw material mass. The conducted research made it possible to develop a fermented milk product for child nutrition, which can satisfy 10–16 % of the daily demand for nutritional elements, and which features high consumer-oriented characteristics.
Even though sunlight energy far outweighs the energy required by human activities, its utilization is a key goal in the field of renewable energies. Microalgae have emerged as a promising new and sustainable feedstock for meeting rising food and feed demand. Because traditional methods of microalgal improvement are likely to have reached their limits, genetic engineering is expected to allow for further increases in the photosynthesis and productivity of microalgae. Understanding the mechanisms that control photosynthesis will enable researchers to identify targets for genetic engineering and, in the end, increase biomass yield, offsetting the costs of cultivation systems and downstream biomass processing. This review describes the molecular events that happen during photosynthesis and microalgal productivity through genetic engineering and discusses future strategies and the limitations of genetic engineering in microalgal productivity. We highlight the major achievements in manipulating the fundamental mechanisms of microalgal photosynthesis and biomass production, as well as promising approaches for making significant contributions to upcoming microalgal-based biotechnology.
Carotenoids differentiate among tea cultivars and play role in contributing aroma flavor and colour appearance in tea products. In this study, 3 carotenes and 16 xanthophylls were accurately quantified of 0.79–1.56 × 10³ μg·g⁻¹ in 15 tea cultivars possessing leaves of different colours. Lutein and β-carotene accounted for >80% of total carotenoids. Single carotenoid accumulation patterns and their correlations with chlorophylls and primary metabolites (amino acids, alkaloids, and saccharides) were elucidated. Tea processing (withering, ‘kill-green,’ fermentation, and drying processes) decreased tea carotenoids by >65%, promoting volatile apocarotenoid production. In total, 25 crucial carotenoid-derived aroma compounds were detected in green, white, and black teas prepared from purple shoots. Additionally, α/β-ionone and their derivates, and dihydroactinidiolide accounted for >50% of total volatiles and therefore explained the fruity aroma in purple tea products. A comprehensive integrative analysis of sensory attributes and volatile and carotenoid precursor dynamics clearly revealed patterns of tea carotenoid accumulation and degradation contribution to tea aroma.
Obesity is a worldwide epidemic associated with many health problems. One of the new trends in health care is the emphasis on regular exercise and a healthy diet. Zeaxanthin (Zea) is a carotenoid with many beneficial effects on human health. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the combination of Zea and exercise had therapeutic effects on obesity induced by an HFD in rats. Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups of twelve: rats fed a standard diet; rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD); rats fed an HFD with Zea; rats fed an HFD with Exc; and rats fed an HFD with both Zea and Exc. To induce obesity, rats were fed an HFD for twelve weeks. Then, Zea and exercise were introduced with the HFD for five weeks. The results showed that the HFD significantly increased visceral adipose tissue, oxidative stress, and inflammation biomarkers and reduced insulin, high-density lipoprotein, and antioxidant parameters. Treatments with Zea, Exc, and Zea plus Exc reduced body weight gain, triacylglycerol, glucose, total cholesterol, and nitric oxide levels and significantly increased catalase and insulin compared with the HFD group. This study demonstrated that Zea administration and Exc performance appeared to effectively alleviate the metabolic alterations induced by an HFD. Furthermore, Zea and Exc together had a better effect than either intervention alone.
Goji berry (Lycium barbarum L., LBL) is a good source of carotenoids, while the bioaccessibility of various types of LBL carotenoids has not been explored. In the study, eight carotenoids, three carotenoid esters and two carotenoid glycosylated derivatives were identified by a non−targeted metabolomics approach. The dried LBL (DRI), LBL in water (WAT), and LBL in “Baijiu” (WIN) were used to recreate the three regularly chosen types of utilization, and the in vitro digestion model showed that the bioaccessibility of the carotenoids increased significantly from the oral to the gastric and intestinal phase (p < 0.05). The bioaccessibility of LBL carotenoids was the most elevated for DRI (at 28.2%), followed by WIN and WAT (at 24.9% and 20.3%, respectively). Among the three carotenoids, zeaxanthin dipalmitate showed the highest bioaccessibility (51.8–57.1%), followed by β−carotene (51.1–55.6%) and zeaxanthin (45.2–56.3%). However, the zeaxanthin from DRI exhibited significantly higher bioaccessibility (up to 58.3%) than WAT and WIN in both the gastric and intestinal phases (p < 0.05). Results of antioxidant activity tests based on DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS showed that the addition of lipids improved the bioaccessibility of the carotenoids. (p < 0.05).
Aquaculture continues to expand swiftly and remains the fastest‐growing food industry worldwide amidst ever‐present threats from chronic stressors and emerging diseases. Nutrition plays a pivotal role in the profitability and viability of the aquaculture industry that steered a paradigm shift to therapeutic nutrition. Carotenoids, also termed tetraterpenoids, have garnered considerable attention owing to their therapeutic attributes and immeasurable health benefits, which incited a surge in global demand. These biological pigments are recognized to promote immune systems and antioxidant defence mechanisms in both aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates. This review brings forth existing scientific evidence and underscores the notable roles of carotenoids as biologically active constituents with anti‐stress and immunostimulatory potentials in farmed aquatic animals whilst explicating possible mechanisms of action. Empirical data unequivocally established the modulatory functions of carotenoids on endogenous antioxidant enzymes, innate and adaptive arms of the immune response, as well as the expression of multiple antioxidant and immune‐related genes. The comprehensive information presented is beneficial to deepen our understanding of the utilization of carotenoids as potent stress alleviators and immunostimulants in cultured aquatic animals, which is translated into improved health. Advancements in aquatic animal health and welfare could principally contribute to reconstructing a more sustainable aquaculture industry. This article may be useful for subsequent investigations towards further advances in research and innovation to a greener blue revolution in solving the challenge of global food security.
Lutein belongs to the diverse group of pigments known as oxygenated carotenoids, also known as phytochrome and macular pigment, demonstrating excellent biological activity. However, its application is limited due to the difficulty of dissolution, poor stability, and low bioavailability. To solve these problems, delivery systems are considered to be one of the most promising choices. These delivery systems can improve the physical, chemical, and biological properties of lutein to a certain extent. Moreover, the system can also be adapted to the needs of production in our daily life. In this paper, the construction of lutein-loaded nano delivery systems and their influences on the bioactivity of lutein were reviewed based on previous researchers. The main materials were classified, and assistant substances, basic parameters, and properties were collected. The mechanisms were analyzed in terms of enhancing cellular uptake, improving bioavailability, and achieving targeted delivery. These results show that different materials have their own characteristics. This review aims to provide references for the production and application of lutein in the food industry.
Cancer has become one of the medical challenges that have left an intolerable death toll around the world. In Morocco, medicinal plants continue to meet a pivotal therapeutic role despite the development of modern sanitation systems. In the current study, an ethnobotanical survey was carried out in the Moroccan national institute of oncology, Rabat, and we aimed on (1) establishing an exhaustive inventory of indigenous knowledge of Moroccan medicinal plants used to manage cancer and (2) confirm the reported ethnopharmacological uses through bibliometric review. The data were collected during a period of 4 months, from February to Mai 2019, through semi-structured interviews. Ethnobotanical indices, including Informant Consensus Factor (FIC), Use Report (UR), relative frequency citation (RFC), Botanical Fam-ily Use Value (FUV), Fidelity Level (FL), and Index of Agreement on Remedies (IAR) were employed in data analysis. The survey revealed 39 medicinal plants belonging to 27 botanical families and 38 genera were used to treat cancer. The most used ethnospecies were Aris-tolochia Longa with the highest RFC value (13%), followed by Nigella sativa, Ephedra alata, Euphorbia resinifera, and Lavandula dentata, with the RFC values of 9.8%, 7.5%, 6.1% and 6.1%, respectively. In regard to the plant families, Lamiaceae was contributed by the highest number of plants with five species (FUV= 0.034), followed by Asteraceae (4 species; FUV= 0.020), and Fabaceae (4 species; FUV= 0.020). The leaves are the most preferable plant parts by the studied population against cancer; otherwise, decoction was the most employed method for remedies preparation and the highest FIC was noticed for uterine cancer treatment (0.86). In light of these findings, further investigations on the recorded plants species should be per-formed to assess phytochemical constituents and pharmaceutical benefits, in order to identify their active compounds for any drug formulations.
The search for natural plant-based products as new pharmacological alternatives to treat various human pathologies has taken on great importance for researchers and research laboratories. In this context, research has intensified to extract and identify natural molecules endowed with biological effects. The objective of this study is to review the source and pharmacological properties of cirsimaritin. The identification and isolation of this flavonoid from various natural sources, including medicinal plants such as Artemisia judaica, Cirsium japonicum, Lithocarpus dealbatus, Microtea debilis, and Ocimum sanctum, has been carried out and verified using different spectral techniques. Biological effect investigations are carried out with a wide variety of experimental models in vitro and in vivo and laboratory techniques. The results of these research works showed the biological properties of cirsimaritin including anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiparasitic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. The mechanisms involved in the multiple activities of this molecule are diverse and include sub-cellular, cellular, and molecular levels. Indeed, this bioactive induces anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects by inhibiting cell membrane receptors, interference with signaling pathways, and inhibiting transcriptional factors such as Nf-κB involved in cell promotion and proliferation. In the light of these results, cirsimaritin appears as a promising and viable alternative natural bioactive drug to treat many pathological conditions.
Previous studies revealed that oxidative stress and inflammation are the main contributors to secondary injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI). In an earlier study, we reported that lutein/zeaxanthin isomers (L/Zi) exert antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects by activating the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathways. However, its precise role and underlying mechanisms were largely unknown after TBI. This study was conducted to investigate the potential mechanism of L/Zi isomers in a TBI model induced by a cold injury model in mice. To investigate the effects of L/Zi, male C57BL/6j mice-induced brain injury using the cold trauma model was allocated into two groups (n = 7): (i) TBI + vehicle group and (ii) TBI + L/Zi group (20 mg/kg BW). Brain samples were collected 24 h later for analyses. L/Zi given immediately after the injury decreased infarct volume and blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability; L/Zi treatment also significantly reduced proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and NF-κB levels and increased growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43), neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and Nrf2 levels compared with vehicle control. These data suggest that L/Zi improves mitochondrial function in TBI models, possibly decreasing inflammation and activating the Nrf2 pathway.
Dehydrolutein accumulates in substantial concentrations in the retina. The aim of this study was to compare antioxidant properties of dehydrolutein with other retinal carotenoids, lutein, and zeaxanthin, and their effects on ARPE-19 cells. The time-resolved detection of characteristic singlet oxygen phosphorescence was used to compare the singlet oxygen quenching rate constants of dehydrolutein, lutein, and zeaxanthin. The effects of these carotenoids on photosensitized oxidation were tested in liposomes, where photo-oxidation was induced by light in the presence of photosensitizers, and monitored by oximetry. To compare the uptake of dehydrolutein, lutein, and zeaxanthin, ARPE-19 cells were incubated with carotenoids for up to 19 days, and carotenoid contents were determined by spectrophotometry in cell extracts. To investigate the effects of carotenoids on photocytotoxicity, cells were exposed to light in the presence of rose bengal or all-trans-retinal. The results demonstrate that the rate constants for singlet oxygen quenching are 0.77 × 10¹⁰, 0.55 × 10¹⁰, and 1.23 × 10¹⁰ M⁻¹s⁻¹ for dehydrolutein, lutein, and zeaxanthin, respectively. Overall, dehydrolutein is similar to lutein or zeaxanthin in the protection of lipids against photosensitized oxidation. ARPE-19 cells accumulate substantial amounts of both zeaxanthin and lutein, but no detectable amounts of dehydrolutein. Cells pre-incubated with carotenoids are equally susceptible to photosensitized damage as cells without carotenoids. Carotenoids provided to cells together with the extracellular photosensitizers offer partial protection against photodamage. In conclusion, the antioxidant properties of dehydrolutein are similar to lutein and zeaxanthin. The mechanism responsible for its lack of accumulation in ARPE-19 cells deserves further investigation.
The concern for implementing bioactive nutraceuticals in antioxidant-related therapies is of great importance for skin homeostasis in benign or malignant diseases. In order to elucidate some novel insights of Lycium barbarum (Goji berry) activity on skin cells, the present study focused on its active compound zeaxanthin. By targeting the stemness markers CD44 and CD105, with deep implications in skin oxidative stress mechanisms, we revealed, for the first time, selectivity in zeaxanthin activity. When applied in vitro on BJ human fibroblast cell line versus the A375 malignant melanoma cells, despite the moderate cytotoxicity, the zeaxanthin-rich extracts 1 and 2 were able to downregulate significantly the CD44 and CD105 membrane expression and extracellular secretion in A375, and to upregulate them in BJ cells. At mechanistic level, the present study is the first to demonstrate that the zeaxanthin-rich Goji extracts are able to influence selectively the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK): ERK, JNK and p38 in normal BJ versus tumor-derived A375 skin cells. These results point out towards the applications of zeaxanthin from L. barbarum as a cytoprotective agent in normal skin and raises questions about its use as an antitumor prodrug alone or in combination with standard therapy.
Background
Zeaxanthin, a carotenoid commonly found in plants, has a variety of biological functions including anti-cancer activity.
Purpose
This study aimed to investigate the potential mechanisms of zeaxanthin in human gastric cancer cells.
Methods
CCK-8 assay was used to examine the cytotoxic effect of zeaxanthin on human gastric cancer cells. Flow cytometry was used to analyse AGS cell cycle distribution and apoptosis status. Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression levels of cycle-related proteins (Cyclin A, Cyclin B1, CDK1/2, p21, and p27), apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl-2, Bad, caspase-3, PARP), MAPK, AKT, STAT3, and NF-κB.
Results
CCK-8 assay showed that zeaxanthin has obvious cytotoxic effects on 12 types of human gastric cancer cells, but no obvious toxic effect on normal cells. In addition, flow cytometry and Western blotting results showed that zeaxanthin induces apoptosis by reducing mitochondrial membrane potential; increasing Cytochrome C, Bax, cleaved-caspase-3 (cle-cas-3), and cleaved-PARP (cle-PARP) expression levels; and decreasing Bcl-2, pro-caspase-3 (pro-cas-3), and pro-PARP expression levels. Additionally, zeaxanthin caused cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase by increasing the levels of p21 and p27 and reduced the levels of AKT, Cyclin A, Cyclin B1, and Cyclin-dependent kinase 1/2 (CDK1/2). Furthermore, after zeaxanthin treatment, the expression levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), p-JNK, p-p38, and I-κB increased, and the expression levels of p-ERK, p-AKT, STAT3, and NF-κB decreased. However, the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and MAPK inhibitors inhibited zeaxanthin-induced apoptosis, and under the action of zeaxanthin, MAPK regulated NF-κB and STAT3, and reduced their protein expression levels.
Conclusion
Zeaxanthin has a potential effect against gastric cancer cells through the ROS-mediated MAPK, AKT, NF-κB, and STAT3 signaling pathways, and it is expected to become a new drug for the treatment of human gastric cancer.
The transparent anterior segment of the human eye (cornea and lens), as well as neural retina, are the principal target of UV radiation for both acute and long-term exposure. The histopathological changes increased along with irradiation intensity and UVB exposure. The injuries caused by UV irradiation to the cornea are named photokeratitis which is characterized by exfoliation of the corneal epithelium. Both the corneal epithelium and endothelium (which cannot regenerate) are vulnerable to UV radiation. Increased UVB exposures go deeper through the corneal epithelial layer, causes damage to the antioxidant protective mechanism, resulting in injury to the cornea and other parts of the eye.
The radiation that hits the lens is first filtered by the lens capsule and about 60% of the radiation is transmitted by the anterior capsule. The transmitted radiation induces apoptosis in the lens epithelial cells and thereafter the cortical fibers which contribute to the formation of lens cortical opacities, over time, the lens yellows and loses its transparency (cataract). Lens epithelial cells are responsible for maintaining much of the homeostasis of the underlying fibers.
Although the amount of UV radiation reaching the retina in the adult eye is very low (1% UV below 340 nm and 2% between 340 and 360 nm), much enough to degenerate outer nuclear layer area of the retina. Shorter wavelength light also is the most hazardous it is known to generate reactive oxygen species in the retina. The photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium located in the posterior pole are particularly susceptible to this radiation. The retinal pigment epithelium is especially susceptible to oxidative stress because of its high light, oxygen tension, fluorophore, and membrane lipid levels. The main aim of this review was to provide a comprehensive overview of the histopathological effects of UV radiation on the eye (cornea, lens, and retina), and various oxidative stress injuries in the animal models. Furthermore, the depletion of the ozone layer over the last decades has increased the amount of UVB at the Earth's surface. Thus the health risks associated with UV radiation exposure on ocular structures are mainly outlined.
The Mediterranean diet, containing valuable nutrients such as n-3 long chain poly-unsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) and other fat-soluble micronutrients, is known for its health promoting and anti-inflammatory effects. Its valuable elements might help in the battle against the rising prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCD), including the development of allergic diseases and other (chronic) inflammatory diseases. The fat fraction of the Mediterranean diet contains bioactive fatty acids but can also serve as a matrix to dissolve and increase the uptake of fat-soluble vitamins and phytochemicals, such as luteolin, quercetin, resveratrol and lycopene with known immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory capacities. Especially n-3 LCPUFAs such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) derived from marine oils can target specific receptors or signaling cascades, act as eicosanoid precursors and/or alter membrane fluidity and lipid raft formation, hereby exhibiting anti-inflammatory properties. Beyond n-3 LCPUFAs, fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K1/2 have the potential to affect pro-inflammatory signaling cascades by interacting with receptors or activating/inhibiting signaling proteins or phosphorylation in immune cells (DCs, T-cells, mast cells) involved in allergic sensitization or the elicitation/effector phase of allergic reactions. Moreover, fat-soluble plant-derived phytochemicals can manipulate signaling cascades, mostly by interacting with other receptors or signaling proteins compared to those modified by fat-soluble vitamins, suggesting potential additive or synergistic actions by applying a combination of these nutrients which are all part of the regular Mediterranean diet. Research concerning the effects of phytochemicals such as polyphenols has been hampered due to their poor bio-availability. However, their solubility and uptake are improved by applying them within the dietary fat matrix. Alternatively, they can be prepared for targeted delivery by means of pharmaceutical approaches such as encapsulation within liposomes or even unique nanoparticles. This review illuminates the molecular mechanisms of action and possible immunomodulatory effects of n-3 LCPUFAs and fat-soluble micronutrients from the Mediterranean diet in allergic disease development and allergic inflammation. This will enable us to further appreciate how to make use of the beneficial effects of n-3 LCPUFAs, fat-soluble vitamins and a selection of phytochemicals as active biological components in allergy prevention and/or symptom reduction.
Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease that, on a cellular level, results from osteoclastic bone resorption not compensated by osteoblastic bone formation. This causes bones to become weak and fragile, thus increasing the risk of fractures. Traditional pathophysiological concepts of osteoporosis focused on endocrine mechanisms such as estrogen or vitamin D deficiency as well as secondary hyperparathyroidism. However, research over the last decades provided exiting new insights into mechanisms contributing to the onset of osteoporosis, which go far beyond this. Selected mechanisms such as interactions between bone and the immune system, the gut microbiome, and cellular senescence are reviewed in this article. Furthermore, an overview on currently available osteoporosis medications including antiresorptive and bone forming drugs is provided and an outlook on potential future treatment options is given.
The effect of a high dose lutein/zeaxanthin supplement on macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and skin carotenoid (SC) levels in healthy subjects was investigated. This is a prospective, single-arm, open-label study. Subjects were 16 Japanese, age 26–57 years. Subjects took a supplement containing 20 mg/day of lutein, 4 mg/day of zeaxanthin, and other antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc, copper) for 16 weeks. MPOD levels were measured by a two-wavelength autofluorescence imaging technique. SC levels were measured by reflection spectroscopy. Total volume of MPOD within 9° eccentricity significantly increased by week 8 and continued to increase until week 16 (p < 0.0001, two-way factorial ANOVA). The increase rate of MPOD was significantly higher in subjects with body mass index (BMI) less than 25 kg/m2 (n = 13) compared to those of 25 kg/m2 and higher (n = 3). SC levels increased significantly by week 4 and continued to increase until week 16 (p < 0.0001, two-way factorial ANOVA). All subjects completed the study without any serious adverse events. These results demonstrated the effectiveness of a high dose lutein/zeaxanthin supplement for MPOD volume and SC levels without serious adverse events.
The oxygenated carotenoid zeaxanthin provides numerous benefits to human health due to its antioxidant properties. Especially it is linked to protecting, together with the xanthophyll lutein, the retina in the human eye by filtering harmful blue light thus delaying the progression of age‐related macular degeneration (AMD), the most prevalent cause of blindness in developed countries. Despite its high nutritional value, zeaxanthin is less available than other substantial carotenoids in our diet. To solve this shortage, we chose to develop a new food source that would contain a high concentration of natural zeaxanthin. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was selected as the target plant since it is the second largest vegetable crop grown worldwide and its fruit characteristically synthesize and accumulate a high concentration of carotenoids. We employed two genetic approaches in order to enhance zeaxanthin biosynthesis in tomato fruit: A transgenic metabolic engineering and classical genetic breeding. A non‐transgenic tomato line, named ‘Xantomato’, was generated whose fruit accumulated zeaxanthin at a concentration of 39 μg.g‐1 fresh weight (or 577 μg.g‐1 dry weight), which comprised ca. 50 percent of total fruit carotenoids compared to zero in the wild type. This is the highest concentration of zeaxanthin reached in a primary crop. Xantomato can potentially increase zeaxanthin availability in the human diet and serve as raw material for industrial applications.
Purpose. Lutein, RR-zeaxanthin, and RS-zeaxanthin (L-Z) are antioxidants which can reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)
and oxidative stress (OS), and ameliorate neurodegenerative diseases. However, their treatment efect in the Pde6brd10 (rd10) mouse
model of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and the underlying cellular mechanisms have not been studied. ERS is an important factor which
causes photoreceptor apoptosis.Te aim of the current project is to test the treatment efect of L-Z in rd10 mice and to investigate the
underlying molecular mechanisms of ERS. Methods. L-Z (Lutemax 2020, 10 mg/kg) diluted in sunfower oil (SFO, 1 mg/ml) or the
same volume of SFO was administrated via gavage from postnatal day 6 (P6) to P20 daily in L-Z group (n=5) or SFO group (n=6)
of rd10 mice. At P21, electroretinography (ERG) was performed to show the functional change of retinas. 78 kDa glucose-regulated
protein (GRP78) and endoplasmic reticulum protein 29 (ERp29) were tested by western blot and immunostaining. Results.Te ERG
amplitudes were larger in the L-Z group than those of the SFO group in all fash luminances of dark-adapted and light-adapted ERG
(all p < 0.01). Western blot revealed that GRP78 in the retinas of the L-Z group was signifcantly downregulated compared to that
of the SFO group (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, the retinal ERp29 protein was signifcantly upregulated in the L-Z treatment group than
that of the SFO group (p < 0.01). Conclusions. L-Z provide protection to the photoreceptors of rd10 mouse model of RP, which is
probably associated with the reduction of ERS.
Zeaxanthin, a non-provitamin A carotenoid that belongs to the xanthophyll family, has been less studied than its isomer lutein. However, zeaxanthin has also been shown to have a number of beneficial effects for human health due to its ability to quench free radicals, exert antioxidant effects, as well as decrease inflammation. It is the purpose of this review to discuss the metabolism of zeaxanthin, including digestion, absorption, transport, and uptake by tissues, as well as the dietary or other factors which affect zeaxanthin bioavailability. In addition, this review also focuses on specific effects of this carotenoid on eye, skin, liver, and cardiovascular health. Data derived from human interventions, animal models of research, and in vitro and cell studies are discussed in this review.
Allergic diseases, which include asthma, allergic skin diseases, allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis, have already garnered worldwide public health attention over recent decades. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have gradually emerged as a potential method for treating allergic diseases due to their immunosuppressive characteristics, tissue repair ability and secretion of various biological factors. This potential of MSC-based therapy has been confirmed in clinical and preclinical studies, which report the therapeutic benefits of MSCs for various allergic diseases and explore the antiallergic mechanisms. In this review, we focus on the discoveries and biological mechanisms of MSCs as a therapeutic tool in allergic diseases. We discuss the challenges of conducting MSC studies as well as future directions. Keywords: Allergic disease, Asthma, Exosomes, Immunomodulation, Mesenchymal stem cells
Backgrounds:
Osteoporosis prevailing in elderly involves a marked increase in bone resorption showing an initial fall in bone mineral density leading to a significant reduction in bone formation.
Aim:
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Heamatococcus pluvialis microalgae on osteoporosis in D-galactose-treated rats. The underlying mechanism was tracked targeting the osteoprotegerin (OPG)/ nuclear factor-κβ ligand (RANKL) pathway using micro-computed tomography scanning.
Methods:
Osteoporosis was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of D-galactose (200 mg/kg/day) for eight consecutive weeks. Osteoporotic rats were orally treated with H. pluvialis biomass (BHP; 450 mg/kg), its polar (PHP; 30 mg/kg) and carotenoid (CHP; 30 mg/kg) fractions for the last 2 weeks of D-Gal injection. Twenty four hours after the last dose of the treatments, tibia bones of the rats were scanned using micro-computed tomography scanning for bone mineral density (BMD), bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular thickness/separation/number (Tb.Th, Tb.Sp, Tb.N) evaluation, blood samples were withdrawn and sera were used for biochemical assessment. Moreover, femur bones were examined histopathologically using several stains.
Results:
Induction of osteoporosis was associated with a marked reduction in BMD, BV/TV, Tb.Th, Tb.Sp, Tb.N and in serum levels of phosphorus and catalase. On the other hand, a significant elevation in serum levels of calcium, bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) and interleukin-6 was observed. Moreover, up-regulation of OPG was detected in osteoporotic rats. Oral treatment with BHP, and PHP incremented tibia BMD and serum phosphorus level along with the decrease in serum levels of calcium, BALP, interleukin-6, OPG and RANKL. However, treatment with CHP almost restored all the fore mentioned parameters to normal values. Furthermore, the histopathological evaluation emphasized the biochemical outcomes.
Conclusion:
H. pluvialis fractions rich in astaxanthin ameliorated bone loss in experimentally-induced osteoporosis in rats probably through the down-regulation of serum OPG in concurrence with up-regulation of serum RANKL.
In this work, the importance of dietary carotenoids in skin health and appearance is comprehensively reviewed and discussed. References are made to their applications in health-promoting and nutricosmetic products and the important public health implications that can be derived. Attention is focused on the colourless UV radiation (UVR)-absorbing dietary carotenoids phytoene and phytofluene, which are attracting increased interest in food science and technology, nutrition, health and cosmetics. These compounds are major dietary carotenoids, readily bioavailable, and have been shown to be involved in several health-promoting actions, as pinpointed in recent reviews. The growing evidence that these unique UVR-absorbing carotenoids with distinctive structures, properties (light absorption, susceptibility to oxidation, rigidity, tendency to aggregation, or even fluorescence, in the case of phytofluene) and activities can be beneficial in these contexts is highlighted. Additionally, the recommendation that the levels of these carotenoids are considered in properly assessing skin carotenoid status is made.
AIM: To explore the protective effect of zeaxanthin on human limbal and conjunctival epithelial cells against UV-radiation and excessive oxidative stress.
METHODS: Human limbal and conjunctival epithelial cells were isolated from cadaver and cultured in vitro. They were challenged with UVB radiation and H2O2 with and without zeaxanthin pretreatment. Cell viability, p38 and c-JUN NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 secretion and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were measured.
RESULTS: Zeaxanthin had no measurable cytotoxicity on limbal or conjunctival epithelial cells when used at concentrations of 5 µg/mL and below. At 30 mJ/cm2 UVB, the pretreatment of zeaxanthin increased the percentage of live cells from 50% to 69% (P=0.01) and from 66% to 75% (P=0.05) for limbal and conjunctival epithelial cells, respectively. The concentrations of IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 in the culture medium reduced to 66% (for IL-6 and MCP-1) and 56% (for IL-8) of the levels without zeaxanthin. This was accompanied by reduced p38 and JNK protein phosphorylation. Pretreatment of zeaxanthin also reduced intracellular MDA content caused by H2O2 stimulation from 0.86 µmol/L to 0.52 µmol/L (P=0.02) in limbal epithelial cells and from 0.96 µmol/L to 0.56 µmol/L in conjunctival epithelial cells (P=0.03). However, zeaxanthin did not have significant effect on H2O2-induced cell death in limbal or conjunctival epithelial cells.
CONCLUSION: Zeaxanthin is an effective reagent in reducing the detrimental effect of UV-radiation and oxidative stress on ocular surface epithelial cells.
Ulcerative colitis is a common intestinal inflammatory disease characterized by upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. Zeaxanthin is a nutritional carotenoid that belongs to the xanthophyll family of pigments. It exerts potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of zeaxanthin on acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Rats were randomly categorized into five groups: control, zeaxanthin, acetic acid, acetic acid + zeaxanthin, and acetic acid + prednisolone groups. Zeaxanthin (50 mg/kg/day) or prednisolone (5 mg/kg/day) was orally administered for 14 days before induction of ulcerative colitis. On the 15th day, colitis was induced by transrectal administration of 3% acetic acid. The rats were sacrificed 24 h after rectal instillation and their colon tissues were examined. Pretreatment with zeaxanthin significantly reduced disease activity index, wet colon weight, ulcer area, macroscopic scores, and histological changes. Zeaxanthin also effectively downregulated the levels of myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde, upregulated the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase, and raised glutathione levels. With regard to anti-inflammatory mechanisms, zeaxanthin suppressed tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, interleukin-6, interleukin-1 beta, and nuclear transcription factor kappa B levels, and inhibited nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression. Our results indicate that oral administration of zeaxanthin ameliorates acetic acid-induced colitis in rats via antioxidative effects and modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine and mediator activity. Therefore, zeaxanthin may be an effective therapeutic candidate for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.
Purpose of Review
β-Cryptoxanthin is one of the most common carotenoids. With high concentrations in human serum and tissue, it is inversely associated with many life-threatening diseases. This paper presents a brief overview of the chemical properties and occurrence of β-cryptoxanthin and summarizes the recent trend in β-cryptoxanthin research.
Recent Findings
β-Cryptoxanthin is an oxygenated carotenoid common as both free and esterified forms in fruits and vegetables. The distribution of free β-cryptoxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin esters is dependent upon plant types and environmental conditions, such as season, processing techniques, and storage temperatures. The use of β-cryptoxanthin as a nutritional supplement, food additive, and food colorant have stimulated a variety of approaches to identify and quantify free β-cryptoxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin esters. Advances in analytic approaches, including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with UV and mass spectrometry (MS), have been developed to analyze β-cryptoxanthin, especially the ester forms. In recent years, β-cryptoxanthin has been thought to play an import role in promoting human health, particularly among the population receiving β-cryptoxanthin as a supplement. Some research indicates that the bioavailability of β-cryptoxanthin in typical diets is greater than that of other major carotenoids, suggesting that β-cryptoxanthin-rich foods are probably good sources of carotenoids.
Summary
β-Cryptoxanthin provides various potential benefits for human health. The chemical structure, occurrence, and absorption of β-cryptoxanthin are discussed in this review. This review provides the latest major approaches used to identify and quantify β-cryptoxanthin. Additionally, various benefits, including provitamin A, anti-obesity effects, antioxidant activities, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity, are summarized in this review.
Purpose: Zeaxanthin protects the macula from ocular damage due to light or radiation by scavenging harmful reactive oxygen species. In the present study, zeaxanthin product (OmniXan®; OMX), derived from paprika pods (Capsicum annum; Family-Solanaceae), was tested for its efficacy in the rat retina against photooxidation.
Methods: Forty-two male 8-week-old Wistar rats exposed to 12L/12D, 16L/8D and 24L/0D hours of intense light conditions were orally administrated either 0 or 100 mg/kg BW of zeaxanthin concentration. Retinal morphology was analyzed by histopathology, and target gene expressions were detected with real-time polymerase chain reaction methods.
Results: OMX treatment significantly increased the serum zeaxanthin concentration (P < 0.001) and ameliorated oxidative damage by increasing the antioxidant enzyme activities in the retina induced by light (P < 0.001). OMX administration significantly upregulated the expression of genes, including Rhodopsin (Rho), Rod arrestin (SAG), Gα Transducin 1 (GNAT-1), neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43), nuclear factor-(erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase (HO-1) and decreased the expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF- κB) and GFAP by OMX treatment rats. The histologic findings confirmed the antioxidant and gene expression data.
Conclusions: This study suggests that OMX is a potent substance that can be used to protect photoreceptor cell degeneration in the retina exposed to intense light.
Carotenoids and retinoids are known to alter the allergic response with important physiological roles in the skin and the immune system. In the human organism various carotenoids are present, some of which are retinoid precursors. The bioactive derivatives of these retinoids are the retinoic acids, which can potently activate nuclear hormone receptors such as the retinoic acid receptor and the retinoid X receptor. In this study, we aimed to assess how plasma carotenoid and retinoid concentrations along with the ratio of their isomers are altered in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients (n = 20) compared to healthy volunteers (HV, n = 20). The study indicated that plasma levels of the carotenoids lutein (HV 198 ± 14 ng/mL, AD 158 ± 12 ng/mL, p = 0.02; all values in mean ± SEM), zeaxanthin (HV 349 ± 30 ng/mL, AD 236 ± 18 ng/mL, p ≤ 0.01), as well as the retinoids retinol (HV 216 ± 20 ng/mL, AD 167 ± 17 ng/mL, p = 0.04) and all-trans-retinoic acid (HV 1.1 ± 0.1 ng/mL, AD 0.7 ± 0.1 ng/mL, p = 0.04) were significantly lower in the AD-patients, while lycopene isomers, α-carotene, and β-carotene levels were comparable to that determined in the healthy volunteers. In addition, the ratios of 13-cis- vs. all-trans-lycopene (HV 0.31 ± 0.01, AD 0.45 ± 0.07, p = 0.03) as well as 13-cis- vs. all-trans-retinoic acid (HV 1.4 ± 0.2, AD 2.6 ± 0.6, p = 0.03) were increased in the plasma of AD-patients indicating an AD-specific 13-cis-isomerisation. A positive correlation with SCORAD was calculated with 13-cis- vs. all-trans-lycopene ratio (r = 0.40, p = 0.01), while a negative correlation was observed with zeaxanthin plasma levels (r = −0.42, p = 0.01). Based on our results, we conclude that in the plasma of AD-patients various carotenoids and retinoids are present at lower concentrations, while the ratio of selected lycopene isomers also differed in the AD-patient group. An increase in plasma isomers of both lycopene and retinoic acid may cause an altered activation of nuclear hormone receptor signaling pathways and thus may be partly responsible for the AD-phenotype.
Oxidative damage is implicated in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The dry form of AMD (geographic atrophy) is characterized by loss of RPE, photoreceptors, and macular pigments. The cumulative effects of oxidative stress impact mitochondrial function in RPE. In Sod2flox/floxVMD2-cre mice, the RPE specific deletion of Sod2, the gene for mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), leads to elevated oxidative stress in retina and RPE, and causes changes in the RPE and underlying Bruch’s membrane that share some features of AMD. This study tested the hypothesis that zeaxanthin supplementation would reduce oxidative stress and preserve RPE structure and function in these mice. Zeaxanthin in retina/RPE/choroid and liver was quantified by LC/MS, retinal function and structure were evaluated by electroretinogram (ERG) and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and antioxidant gene expression was measured by RT-PCR. After one month of supplementation, zeaxanthin levels were 5-fold higher in the retina/RPE/choroid and 12-fold higher in liver than in unsupplemented control mice. After four months of supplementation, amplitudes of the ERG a-wave (function of rod photoreceptors) and b-wave (function of the inner retina) were not different in supplemented and control mice. In contrast, the c-wave amplitude (a measure of RPE function) was 28% higher in supplemented mice than in control mice. Higher RPE/choroid expression of antioxidant genes (Cat, Gstm1, Hmox1, Nqo1) and scaffolding protein Sqstm1 were found in supplemented mice than in unsupplemented controls. Reduced nitrotyrosine content in the RPE/choroid was demonstrated by ELISA. Preliminary assessment of retinal ultrastructure indicated that supplementation supported better preservation of RPE structure with more compact basal infoldings and intact mitochondria. We conclude that daily zeaxanthin supplementation protected RPE cells from mitochondrial oxidative stress associated with deficiency in the MnSOD and thereby improved RPE function early in the disease course.
Oxidative stress (OS) and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) are the major factors underlying photoreceptor degeneration. Lutein, RR-zeaxanthin (3R,3’R-zeaxanthin) and RS (meso)-zeaxanthin (3R,3’S-RS- zeaxanthin) (L/Zi) could protect against cell damage by ameliorating OS in retina. In this study, we examined the effect of L/Zi supplementation in a mouse model of photoreceptor degeneration and investigated whether the treatment of L/Zi ameliorated OS and ERS. BALB/cJ mice after light exposure were used as the animal model. The protective effects of L/Zi were observed by electroretinography (ERG) and terminal deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) analysis. The underlying mechanisms related to OS and ERS were explored by Western blotting. After L/Zi treatment, the ERG amplitudes were significantly higher, and the number of TUNEL-positive cells was significantly reduced compared to that of the vehicle group. Western blotting results revealed that OS was ameliorated according to the significant downregulation of phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), and significant upregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). In addition, ERS was reduced according to the significant downregulation of 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), phosphorylated protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (p-PERK), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and activating transcription factor (ATF6). Our data shows that L/Zi provided functional and morphological preservation of photoreceptors against light damage, which is probably related to its mitigation of oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Zeaxanthin, an abundant carotenoid present in fruits, vegetables and algae was reported to exert antiproliferative activity and induce apoptosis in human uveal melanoma cells. It also inhibited uveal melanoma tumor growth and cell migration in nude mice xenograft models. Here we report that zeaxanthin purified from the rhodophyte Porphyridium purpureum (Bory) K.M.Drew & R.Ross, Porphyridiaceae, promotes apoptosis in the A2058 human melanoma cell line expressing the oncogenic BRAF V600E mutation. Zeaxanthin 40 μM (IC50) induced chromatin condensation, nuclear blebbing, hypodiploidy, accumulation of cells in sub-G1 phase, DNA internucleosomal fragmentation and activation of caspase-3. Western blot analysis revealed that zeaxanthin induced up-regulation of the pro-apoptotic factors Bim and Bid and inhibition of NF-κB transactivation. Additionally, zeaxanthin sensitized A2058 melanoma cells in vitro to the cytotoxic activity of vemurafenib, a BRAF inhibitor widely used for the clinical management of melanoma, suggesting its potential interest as dietary adjuvant increasing melanoma cells sensitivity to chemotherapy.
Biofortification of maize with provitamin A (pro-VA) carotenoids has been successful, but the bioavailability of carotenoids needs to be explored. In the present study, we investigated the carotenoid content, micellarization and intestinal cell uptake of carotenoids from 10 maize hybrids [normal maize, quality protein maize (QPM) maize, pro-VA carotenoid and double biofortified QPM + pro-VA maize hybrids] using simulated in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model. The pro-VA carotenoid content of biofortified maize hybrids is 2-10 fold higher compared to normal maize. Further, the ratio of non pro-VA carotenoids lutein (LUT) plus zeaxanthin (ZEA) to the sum of pro-VA carotenoids β-cryptoxanthin (BCX), α-carotene (AC) and β-carotene (BC) in biofortified maize were much lower compared to that of normal maize. The consumption of 200 g/day biofortified Pusa-PV-16-3 (BC=808.4 μg/100g; AC=839.3 μg/100g; BCX=59 μg/100g) and PUSA-APQH8 (BC=345.9 μg/100g; AC=1739 μg/100g; BCX=644.2 μg/100g) maize would contribute to 52 and 64% of RDAs for adult Indian men, respectively after adjusting for cooking losses and conversion factors. The mean efficiency of micellarization of LUT (62.2%±5.3), ZEA (65%±4.7), BCX (54%±9.5) exceeded that of AC (43%±8.9) and BC (49.8%±7.8) from all the maize hybrids. Further, the micellarization and uptake in Caco-2 cells during 4 h incubation period showed high correlation (P<0.05) to the concentration of carotenoids in the maize digesta and micellar fraction, respectively. However, LUT+ZEA content in the maize digesta and micellar fraction was inversely (p<0.05) related to the BC micellarization and intestinal cell uptake, respectively. These results together suggest that enrichment of pro-VA carotenoids together with decreasing the oxygenated carotenoid metabolites such as LUT and ZEA will further improve the bioavailability of BC from maize hybrids.
In diabetes, retinal dysfunctions exist prior to clinically detectable vasculopathy, however the pathology behind these functional deficits is still not fully established. Previously, our group published a detailed study on the retinal histopathology of type 1 diabetic (T1D) rat model, where specific alterations were detected. Although the majority of human diabetic patients have type 2 diabetes (T2D), similar studies on T2D models are practically absent. To fill this gap, we examined Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats - a model for T2D - by immunohistochemistry at the age of 32 weeks. Glial reactivity was observed in all diabetic specimens, accompanied by an increase in the number of microglia cells. Prominent outer segment degeneration was detectable with changes in cone opsin expression pattern, without a decrease in the number of labelled elements. The immunoreactivity of AII amacrine cells was markedly decreased and changes were detectable in the number and staining of some other amacrine cell subtypes, while most other cells examined did not show any major alterations. Overall, the retinal histology of ZDF rats shows a surprising similarity to T1D rats indicating that despite the different evolution of the disease, the neuroretinal cells affected are the same in both subtypes of diabetes.
Background
Several studies associated high-fat intakes with a high incidence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Lutein and Zeaxanthin isomers (L/Zi) may counteract reactive oxygen species produced by oxidative stress. The present study was conducted to determine the possible effects of L/Zi administration on lipid profile, protein genes associated with oxidative stress and inflammation pathways in the obesity induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) in rodents.
Methods
Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were allocated into four groups as follows: (i) Control, (ii) Control + L/Zi, (iii) High Fat Diet (HFD), and (iv) HFD+ L/Z. L/Zi was administrated for 8 weeks at a daily dose of 100 mg/kg BW.
Results
L/Zi administration significantly reduced insulin and free fatty acid (FFA) levels (P < 0.001) and ameliorated the oxidative damage by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and increasing antioxidant enzymes activities of retina induced by HFD. In addition, supplementation decreased the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM) (P < 0.001, respectively) and improved nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) gene proteins in retinal tissues (P < 0.001).
Conclusion
Rats fed with HFD exhibited increased oxidative stress and upregulation of inflammatory indicators. However, L/Zi supplementation modulates genes involved oxidative stress and inflammation including NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways in the retina which may contribute to ameliorating retinal damage induced by HFD.
Purpose
Ocular and systemic measurement and imaging of the macular carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin have been employed extensively as potential biomarkers of AMD risk. In this study, we systematically compare dual wavelength retinal autofluorescence imaging (AFI) of macular pigment with skin resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) and serum carotenoid levels in a clinic-based population.
Methods
Eighty-eight patients were recruited from retina and general ophthalmology practices from a tertiary referral center and excluded only if they did not have all three modalities tested, had a diagnosis of macular telangiectasia (MacTel) or Stargardt disease, or had poor AFI image quality. Skin, macular, and serum carotenoid levels were measured by RRS, AFI, and HPLC, respectively.
Results
Skin RRS measurements and serum zeaxanthin concentrations correlated most strongly with AFI macular pigment volume under the curve (MPVUC) measurements up to 9° eccentricity relative to MPVUC or rotationally averaged macular pigment optical density (MPOD) measurements at smaller eccentricities. These measurements were reproducible and not significantly affected by cataracts. We also found that these techniques could readily identify subjects taking oral carotenoid-containing supplements.
Conclusions
Larger macular pigment volume AFI and skin RRS measurements are noninvasive, objective, and reliable methods to assess ocular and systemic carotenoid levels. They are an attractive alternative to psychophysical and optical methods that measure MPOD at a limited number of eccentricities. Consequently, skin RRS and MPVUC at 9° are both reasonable biomarkers of macular carotenoid status that could be readily adapted to research and clinical settings.
High-carotenoid (HC) maize, a biofortified staple crop which accumulates β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin, was used as a feed component in a chicken feeding trial to assess the bioavailability of provitamin A (PVA) carotenoids in the kernel matrix compared to the synthetic and natural color additives routinely used in the poultry industry. We found that the PVA carotenoids in HC maize were not metabolized in the same manner: β-carotene was preferentially converted into retinol in the intestine whereas β-cryptoxanthin accumulated in the liver. We also considered the effect of zeaxanthin on the absorption of PVA carotenoids because zeaxanthin is the major carotenoid component of HC maize. We found that chickens fed on diets with low levels of zeaxanthin accumulated higher levels of retinol in the liver, suggesting that zeaxanthin might interfere with the absorption of β-carotene, although this observation was not statistically significant. Our results show that HC maize provides bioavailable carotenoids, including PVA carotenoids, and is suitable for use as a feed component.
To quantify the association between dietary and circulating carotenoids and fracture risk, a meta-analysis was conducted by searching MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for eligible articles published before May 2016. Five prospective and 2 case-control studies with 140,265 participants and 4,324 cases were identified in our meta-analysis. Among which 5 studies assessed the association between dietary carotenoids levels and hip fracture risk, 2 studies focused on the association between circulating carotenoids levels and any fracture risk. A random-effects model was employed to summarize the risk estimations and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Hip fracture risk among participants with high dietary total carotenoids intake was 28% lower than that in participants with low dietary total carotenoids (OR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.51, 1.01). A similar risk of hip fracture was found for β-carotene based on 5 studies, the summarized OR for high vs. low dietary β-carotene was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.54, 0.95). However, a significant between-study heterogeneity was found (total carotene: I2 = 59.4%, P = 0.06; β-carotene: I2 = 74.4%, P = 0.04). Other individual carotenoids did not show significant associations with hip fracture risk. Circulating carotene levels had no significant association with any fracture risk, the pooled OR (95% CI) was 0.83 (0.59, 1.17). Based on the evidence from observational studies, our meta-analysis supported the hypothesis that higher dietary total carotenoids or β-carotene intake might be potentially associated with a low risk of hip fracture, however, future well-designed prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials are warranted to specify the associations between carotenoids and fracture.
Inducing apoptosis is an interesting therapeutic approach to develop drugs that act against helminthic parasites. Researchers have investigated how curcumin (CUR), a biologically active compound extracted from rhizomes of Curcuma longa, affects Schistosoma mansoni and several cancer cell lines. This study evaluates how CUR influences the induction of apoptosis and oxidative stress in couples of adult S. mansoni worms. CUR decreased the viability of adult worms and killed them. The tegument of the parasite suffered morphological changes, the mitochondria underwent alterations, and chromatin condensed. Different apoptotic parameters were determined in an attempt to understand how CUR affected adult S. mansoni worms. CUR induced DNA damage and fragmentation and increased the expression of SmCASP3/7 transcripts and the activity of Caspase 3 in female and male worms. However, CUR did not intensify the activity of Caspase 8 in female or male worms. Evaluation of the superoxide anion and different antioxidant enzymes helped to explore the mechanism of parasite death further. The level of superoxide anion and the activity of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) increased, whereas the activity of Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST), Glutathione reductase (GR), and Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) decreased, which culminated in the oxidation of proteins in adult female and male worms incubated with CUR. In conclusion, CUR generated oxidative stress followed by apoptotic-like-events in both adult female and male S. mansoni worms, ultimately killing them.
Purpose
Carotenoids, especially lutein and zeaxanthin isomers (L/Zi), filter blue light and protect skin from environmental factors including high-energy sources. These carotenoids may be able to block the formation of melanin pathways, decrease cytokines, and increase antioxidants.
Subjects and methods
This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial over a 12-week supplementation period. Fifty healthy people (50 healthy subjects were recruited and 46 subjects completed the study) (males and females, age: 18–45 years) with mild-to-moderate dry skin were included in this study. Skin type of the subjects was classified as Fitzpatrick skin type II–IV scale. Subjects were administered with either an oral dietary supplement containing 10 mg lutein (L) and 2 mg zeaxanthin isomers (Zi) (L/Zi: RR-zeaxanthin and RS (meso)-zeaxanthin) or a placebo daily for 12 weeks. The minimal erythemal dose and skin lightening (L*) were measured via the Chromameter®. The individual typological angle was calculated. Subjective assessments were also recorded.
Results
Overall skin tone was significantly improved in the L/Zi group compared to placebo (P<0.0237), and luminance (L*) values were significantly increased in the L/Zi group. Mean minimal erythemal dose was increased with L/Zi supplementation after 12 weeks of supplementation. L/Zi supplementation significantly increased the individual typological angle.
Conclusion
L/Zi supplementation lightens and improves skin conditions.
Purpose
We quantified fundus autofluorescence (FAF) in the nonhuman primate retina as a function of age and diets lacking lutein and zeaxanthin (L/Z) and omega-3 fatty acids.
Methods
Quantitative FAF was measured in a cross-sectional study of rhesus macaques fed a standard diet across the lifespan, and in aged rhesus macaques fed lifelong diets lacking L/Z and providing either adequate or deficient levels of omega-3 fatty acids. Macular FAF images were segmented into multiple regions of interest, and mean gray values for each region were calculated using ImageJ. The resulting FAF values were compared across ages within the standard diet animals, and among diet groups and regions.
Results
Fundus autofluorescence increased with age in the standard diet animals, and was highest in the perifovea. Monkeys fed L/Z-free diets with either adequate or deficient omega-3 fatty acids had significantly higher FAF overall than age-matched standard diet monkeys. Examined by region, those with adequate omega-3 fatty acids had higher FAF in the fovea and superior regions, while monkeys fed the diet lacking L/Z and omega-3 fatty acids had higher FAF in all regions.
Conclusions
Diets devoid of L/Z resulted in increased retinal autofluorescence, with the highest values in animals also lacking omega-3 fatty acids. The increase was equivalent to a 12- to 20-year acceleration in lipofuscin accumulation compared to animals fed a standard diet. Together these data add support for the role of these nutrients as important factors in lipofuscin accumulation, retinal aging, and progression of macular disease.
Ayu sweetfish (Plecoglossus altivelis) is a diurnal freshwater fish that are surface swimmers and active under broad and short wavelength-dominated light. Biochemical analyses have shown that the ayu fish have abundant carotenoids including zeaxanthin in their integuments. Although zeaxanthin plays an important role in the physiological function of the retina, the amount and location of zeaxanthin in the ayu eye have not been accurately determined. In this study, circular dichroism spectral data and chiral high-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that zeaxanthin was the primary carotenoid in the ayu eye, and the eye had the highest carotenoid content compared to those in the integuments, subcutaneous fat, and digestive tract. Interestingly, zeaxanthin in the ayu eyeball was expressed in the photoreceptor layer and near the retinal pigmented epithelium. In vitro assays showed that zeaxanthin could protect photoreceptors and retinal pigmented epithelial cell lines against the oxidative stress induced by exposure to L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine/glutamate. These findings indicate that zeaxanthin plays protective roles against oxidative stress in the vision of wild ayu.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (DR) are two of the most common and severe causes of vision loss in the population. Both conditions are associated with excessive levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the eye which results in an increase in the formation of new blood vessels through a process called neovascularisation. As such, anti-VEGF therapies are currently utilised as a treatment for patients with AMD however they are associated with painful administration of injections and potential degeneration of healthy endothelium. There is therefore growing interest in alternate treatment options to reduce neovascularisation in the eye. The use of carotenoids, lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z), has been shown to improve vision loss parameters in patients with AMD, however the underlying mechanisms are not well-understood. We studied the impact of these compounds on neovascularisation processes using an in vitro cell model of the retinal microvascular endothelium. Our findings show that L and Z reduced VEGF-induced tube formation whilst, in combination (5:1 ratio), the compounds significantly blocked VEGF-induced neovascularisation. The carotenoids, individually and in combination, reduced VEGF-induced oxidative stress concomitant with increased activity of the NADPH oxidase, Nox4. We further demonstrated that the Nox4 inhibitor, GLX7013114, attenuated the protective effect of L and Z. Taken together, these findings indicate the protective effect of the carotenoids, L and Z, in reducing VEGF-mediated neovascularisation via a Nox4-dependent pathway. These studies implicate the potential for these compounds to be used as a therapeutic approach for patients suffering from AMD and proliferative DR.
Photochemical and oxidative damages in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are key events in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and carotenoids are rich in retinal cells, and under oxidative stress leads to oxidation and release lipid mediators. We evaluated the impact of carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation on RPE cells under oxidative stress. ARPE-19 cells were exposed to H2O2 after pre-treatment with lutein, zeaxanthin, DHA, lutein + zeaxanthin or lutein + zeaxanthin with DHA. The data showed H2O2 reduced cell viability and DHA content, while promoted catalase activity and certain oxidized PUFA products. Treatment with DHA enhanced omega-3 PUFA enzymatic oxidation namely, anti-inflammatory mediators such as hydroxy-DHA, resolvins and neuroprotection compared to control; the effects were not influenced by the carotenoids. Omega-6 PUFA oxidation, namely pro-inflammatory HETE (5-, 9-, 12 and 20-HETE), and isoprostanes (5- and 15-F2t-IsoP and 4-F3t-IsoP) were reduced by lutein + zeaxanthin while the addition of DHA did not further reduce these effects. We observed transcriptional regulation of 5-lipoxygenase by DHA and GPx1 and NEFEL2 by the carotenoids that potentially resulted in decreased HETEs and glutathione respectively. 4-HNE was not affected by the treatments but 4-HHE was reduced by lutein + zeaxanthin with and without DHA. To conclude, carotenoids and DHA appeared to regulate inflammatory lipid mediators while the carotenoids also showed benefits in reducing non-enzymatic oxidation of omega-6 PUFA.
Acquired Immuno Defficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is one of the major global life threatening condition caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and its prevalence has been increasing every year. Hence, this study has put its emphasis on HIV. Inhibition of Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase (NNRT) is considered as a well-developed target for HIV. Structure-based pharmacophore model was generated using the Phase tool of Schrodinger and screened database of metronidazole derivatives, flavonoids and metronidazole-flavonoid hybrid molecules. Compounds having good fitness score with similar pharmacophoric features as that of the Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) in market or clinical trials and metronidazole derivatives with reported anti-HIV activity are taken for molecular docking and rescoring by Glide and Prime tools. Hybrid molecules demonstrated good docking score and similar binding interactions as that of reference drugs. From Prime MM-GBSA rescoring, free binding energy was found less and protein–ligand complexes were stabilized with van der Waals free energy and nonpolar solvation terms. Further, atom-based QSAR model of reported metronidazole derivatives as NNRTIs was developed with good statistical values to further refine the database. Pharmacokinetic and toxicity prediction of the top compounds using some free wares like pkCSM and SwissADME reported that identified top compounds have good ADMET profile for oral administration, safe excretion and less toxicity. Study suggests that metronidazole-flavonoid hybrid molecules can be taken as lead molecule for further biological screening and has scope in future drug discovery as safe and potential NNRTIs.
Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma
Allergic diseases are of great concern because of their high prevalence, which is still rising in several regions, their impact on patients' physical and psychological health, the huge burden they place on patients' quality of life, as well as the socioeconomic consequences that they cause. Recent research has provided new data on both genetic and environmental risk factors of atopic/allergic diseases. The application of new technologies such as "omics" has allowed a better understanding of the pathogenesis and has helped with the identification of therapeutic targets. Immense progress has been made in developing and applying novel, targeted therapies, for example for asthma and urticaria. Intensive efforts are being made to find biomarkers that help to classify patients, to identify their potential responsiveness to specific therapies, and to monitor the disease severity. Based on recent insights in the pathogenesis of food allergy and drug hypersensitivity, novel strategies for diagnostics, allergen avoidance, and induction of tolerance have been developed. Here, we summarize important findings in the field of clinical allergy and immunology with a special focus on asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, urticaria, angioedema, and drug hypersensitivity.
Background/aim:
The polyene carotenoids β-carotene and lycopene are antioxidants that not only quench singlet oxygen but also inhibit lipid peroxidation. Tri-n-butyl borane (TBB) is used as an initiator for dental resin materials and is extremely reactive with oxygen and reactive oxygen species (ROS). This reactionability of TBB may be analogous to that of carotenoids with ROS. To clarify the biological activity of such ROS scavengers, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of β-carotene, lycopene and TBB in terms of the expression of RNA for lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox2), nitric oxide synthase 2 (Nos2) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (Tnfa), and mRNA expression and up-regulation of heme oxygenase 1 (Hmox1) mRNA in RAW264.7 cells.
Materials and methods:
mRNA expression was investigated using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The antioxidant activity of carotenoids was evaluated using the induction period method in the azobisisobutyronitrile or benzoyl peroxide-methyl methacrylate system.
Results:
Hmox1 mRNA, but not Cox2 and Nos2 mRNA, was up-regulated by 100 μM β-carotene and lycopene, and by 0.125% TBB. LPS-stimulated Cox2, Nos2 and Tnfa gene expression was inhibited by 50 μM β-carotene and lycopene, and by 0.5-1% TBB. Both β-carotene and lycopene had weak antioxidant activity, but β-carotene showed pro-oxidant activity at higher concentrations.
Conclusion:
The anti-inflammatory activity of β-carotene, lycopene and TBB may be related to their ROS-scavenging activity. Additionally, the activity of carotenoids and TBB may be attributed to the electrophilicity of ROS-induced carotenoid intermediates and boranes, respectively. Their anti-inflammatory activity may be attributable to enhancement of the potency of the electrophile/antioxidant response element transcription system in view of their up-regulation of Hmox1 mRNA expression.
Importance:
Nutritional uptake of lutein, zeaxanthin, and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may increase macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and thereby protect against the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
Objectives:
To estimate the efficiency of dietary supplementation containing lutein, zeaxanthin, ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and vitamins to increase the density of macular pigment in first-generation offspring of parents with neovascular AMD.
Design, setting, and participants:
This study was a randomized clinical trial (Lutein Influence on Macula of Persons Issued From AMD Parents [LIMPIA]) with a 6-month treatment period, followed by a 6-month follow-up period. Analyses were based on the intent-to-treat principle. The setting was 2 university hospitals in France (at Bordeaux and Dijon) from January 2011 (first participant first visit) to February 2013 (last participant last visit). The analysis was conducted from January to November 2016. Participants were 120 individuals free of any retinal ocular disease. They were first-generation offspring of parents with neovascular AMD.
Interventions:
Participants were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either 2 daily dietary supplementation capsules or placebo for 6 months.
Main outcomes and measures:
The primary assessment criterion was the evolution of MPOD after 6 months of supplementation (value of both eligible eyes) measured using the modified MPD-Visucam 200 (Carl Zeiss Meditec) and the modified Heidelberg Retina Angiograph (Heidelberg Engineering) (HRA) at 0.98° eccentricity. The statistical analysis was adjusted for hospital and for risk factors.
Results:
Overall, 120 participants (60 in each group) were included, and 239 eyes were analyzed (119 in the lutein plus zeaxanthin [L + Z] group and 120 in the placebo group). Their mean (SD) age was 56.7 (6.6) years, and 71.7% (n = 86) were female. A statistically significant increase in plasma lutein and zeaxanthin was shown in the L + Z group after 3 months and 6 months of treatment compared with the placebo group. However, the difference between groups in the evolution of MPOD measured by HRA 0.98° eccentricity between 6 months and baseline was 0.036 (95% CI, -0.037 to 0.110) (P = .33).
Conclusions and relevance:
Among first-generation offspring of parents with neovascular AMD in the LIMPIA trial, MPOD as measured with the modified HRA and the MPD-Visucam was not modified after 6 months of lutein and zeaxanthin dietary supplementation despite plasma levels showing continuous exposure to lutein and zeaxanthin. Further research is necessary to understand the mechanism of absorption and metabolism of these nutrients in the macula, the best way to measure MPOD, and the clinical benefit for the patients.
Trial registration:
clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01269697.
More than a quarter of the world's population is at risk of infection with the soil-transmitted helminths Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus), Trichuris trichiura, and Strongyloides stercoralis. Infected children and adults present with a range of medical and surgical conditions, and clinicians should consider the possibility of infection in individuals living in, or returning from, endemic regions. Although safe and effective drugs are donated free to endemic countries, only half of at-risk children received treatment in 2016. This Seminar describes the epidemiology, lifecycles, pathophysiology, clinical diagnosis, management, and public health control of soil-transmitted helminths. Previous work has questioned the effect of population-level deworming; however, it remains beyond doubt that treatment reduces the severe consequences of soil-transmitted helminthiasis. We highlight the need for refined diagnostic tools and effective control options to scale up public health interventions and improve clinical detection and management of these infections.
Background and Objectives: Lycopene is a carotenoid commonly found in tomatoes and tomato products which acts as an antioxidant to decrease oxidative stress and osteoporosis risk. We wanted to determine the effects of a lycopene-restricted diet on oxidative stress parameters and bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women. Setting: St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada. Participants and Study Design: 23 healthy postmenopausal women, 50-60 years old, provided blood samples at baseline and following a one-month lycopene-depletion period. Measurements: Serum samples were analyzed for carotenoids; the oxidative stress parameters protein thiols and thiobarbituric-malondialdehyde reactive substances; the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and the bone turnover markers bone alkaline phosphatase and crosslinked N-telopeptide of type I collagen (NTx). A paired t-test was used to test for significant differences in bone turnover markers, oxidative stress parameters and antioxidant status after lycopene restriction. Results: Dietary lycopene restriction resulted in significantly decreased serum lycopene (p<0.0001), lutein/zeaxanthin (p<0.01), and α-/β-carotene (p<0.05). GPx (p<0.01), lipid and protein oxidation increased (not significant), while CAT and SOD were significantly depressed (p<0.05 and p<0.005, respectively). These changes coincided with significantly increased NTx (p<0.05). Conclusions: These findings suggest that the daily consumption of lycopene may be important as it acts as an antioxidant to decrease bone resorption in postmenopausal women and may therefore be beneficial in reducing the risk of osteoporosis.
Two cell lines, human normal colon epithelial cells (CCD 841 CoTr) and human colon adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29) were cultured in the presence of exogenous carotenoids, either zeaxanthin or lutein. Both carotenoids demonstrated cytotoxicity with respect to cancer cells but not to normal cells. Cells from both the cell lines were analyzed with application of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy and Raman scattering microscopy. Both imaging techniques show effective incorporation of carotenoid molecules into growing cells. Comparison of the Raman scattering and fluorescence lifetime characteristics reveals different molecular organization of carotenoids in the carcinoma and normal cells. The main difference consists in a carotenoid aggregation level which is substantially lower in the carcinoma cells as compared to the normal cells. Different molecular organization of carotenoids was interpreted in terms of a different metabolism of normal and carcinoma cells and has been concluded to provide a possibility of cancer diagnosis based on spectroscopic analyses.
Published studies have shown that cognitive deficit is a characteristic manifestation of neurodegenerative disease in diabetes. However, there is no effective prevention and treatment for this diabetes-associated behavior disorder. In the present study, we attempted to elucidate the effect of zeaxanthin on cognitive deficit and the change in the hippocampus correlated with cognitive decline in diabetic rats. Diabetic rats in this study were induced by high-fat diet and low-dose streptozocin (STZ), cognitive ability of rats were evaluated use morris water maze (MWM) and morphology change in hippocampus was assessed by cresyl violet stain. Moreover, we detected the expression of phosphorylated serine/threonine kinase (p-AKT) and Cleaved caspase-3, and the activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) use western-blot (WB).
Results displayed that supplementation with zeaxanthin reduce blood glucose, improve cognitive deficit, survive neural cell, increase p-AKT level, inhibit Cleaved caspase-3 level and NF-κB nuclear transcription in hippocampus. This study demonstrated that zeaxanthin ameliorate diabetes-related cognitive deficit may by means of protecting neural cell from hyperglycemia involved in AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. This study may provide a potential therapeutic approach for the prevention of diabetes- associated cognitive deficit.
Purpose:
To assess the evolution of macular pigment optical density (MPOD) following supplementation with various macular formulations obtained with the Visucam(®) 200, and to study the factors affecting MPOD measurements.
Materials and methods:
In this prospective, randomized, double-masked multicenter study, patients were divided into 2 groups: group A (patients without retinal pathology who underwent cataract surgery 1 month previously) and group B (patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration [AMD] in one eye). In each group, half of the patients were randomly assigned to receive a food supplementation either with or without carotenoids (5mg of Lutein and 1mg of Zeaxanthin). Outcome measures included MPOD responses obtained with the Visucam(®) 200 for one year.
Results:
In total, 126 subjects (52 men, 74 women) with a mean age of 75.3±7.61 years were enrolled. Mean MPOD values at the time of inclusion were statistically lower in group A (0.088 density unit [DU]) compared to group B (0.163 DU, P<0.05). No statistically significant increase in MPOD was noted in either group, even after discontinuation of the supplementation. By multiple regression analysis, age, female gender, lens status and the presence of AMD seemed to significantly affect MPOD measurements.
Conclusion:
No significant improvement in MPOD seems to be detected with the Visucam(®) 200 after carotenoid supplementation. The MPOD measurement seems to be highly affected by cataract extraction and the presence of AMD.
In order to investigate chemical scavenging mechanism of singlet oxygen, superoxide anion radical, and hydroxyl radical by carotenoids, reaction products obtained by reacting β-carotene or zeaxanthin with singlet oxygen, superoxide anion radical, and hydroxyl radical were analyzed by LC/PDA ESI-MS, and ESR spectrometry. β-Carotene endoperoxides were identified as the major reaction products of β-carotene and singlet oxygen, while β-carotene epoxides were the major reaction products of β-carotene and superoxide anion or hydroxyl radical. Similar results to those for β-carotene were obtained with zeaxanthin.
Carotenoids and retinoids have several similar biological activities such as antioxidant properties, the inhibition of malignant tumour growth and the induction of apoptosis. Supplementation with carotenoids can affect cell growth and modulate gene expression and immune responses. Epidemiological studies have shown a correlation between a high carotenoid intake in the diet with a reduced risk of breast, cervical, ovarian, colorectal cancers, and cardiovascular and eye diseases. Cancer chemoprevention by dietary carotenoids involves several mechanisms, including effects on gap junctional intercellular communication, growth factor signalling, cell cycle progression, differentiation-related proteins, retinoid-like receptors, antioxidant response element, nuclear receptors, AP-1 transcriptional complex, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, carotenoids can stimulate the proliferation of B- and T-lymphocytes, the activity of macrophages and cytotoxic T-cells, effector T-cell function and the production of cytokines. Recently, the beneficial effects of carotenoid-rich vegetables and fruits in health and in decreasing the risk of certain diseases has been attributed to the major carotenoids, β-carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, crocin (/crocetin) and curcumin, due to their antioxidant effects. It is thought that carotenoids act in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In this review, we briefly describe the biological and immunological activities of the main carotenoids used for the treatment of various diseases and their possible mechanisms of action.
Linked articles:
This article is part of a themed section on Principles of Pharmacological Research of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.11/issuetoc.
Background:
Dietary modification, through supplementation and elimination diets, has become an area of interest to help slow skin aging, reduce symptom severity or prevent reoccurrence of certain dermatologic conditions [Clinical Dermatology vol. 31 (2013) 677-700]. Free radical components (reactive oxygen species or ROS) or lipid peroxide (LPO) is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of accelerated skin aging when prolonged oxidative stress occurs. The use of antioxidant-related therapies such as nutraceuticals is of particular interest in restoring skin homeostasis. Antioxidant carotenoid zeaxanthin is concentrated in the eye and skin tissue and believed to decrease the formation of ROS associated with UV light exposure. With zeaxanthin, phytoceramides, and botanical extracts an oral and topical test product (with zeaxanthin, algae extracts, peptides, hyaluronate) have been developed to improve the appearance and condition of skin when used as directed.
Methods:
Subjects were divided into three groups: two tests (skin formula 1 - oral product alone (ZO-1), skin formula 2- oral product with topical product (ZO-2 + ZT)), and one placebo control. The study consisted of a washout visit, baseline (randomization), week two (2), week four (4), week six (6), week eight (8), and week twelve (12). Key parameters measured were as follows: fine lines, deep lines, total wrinkles, wrinkle severity, radiance/skin color (L, a*, b*), discolorations, and skin pigment homogeneity.
Results:
Thirty-one subjects completed the twelve-week study; no adverse events were recorded during the study. Statistically significant improvements from baseline mean hydration score were observed in active groups at weeks 2, 6, and 8. A statistically significant difference was observed between mean differences from baseline scores for total wrinkle count at week 4 for the combination active groups compared to placebo. A statistically significant difference from baseline scores for fine lines count was also observed at the week 4 visit compared to placebo for both active groups. Statistically significant differences from baseline scores for average wrinkles severity were seen for week 12 visit for both active groups compared to placebo.
Conclusion:
We have shown that the combination of zeaxanthin-based dietary supplement plus a topical formulation produces superior hydration to that of placebo. Additionally, we have shown that the combination of oral and topical combination vs. oral alone has superior abilities to improve parameters associated with facial lines and wrinkles compared to placebo, although the dietary supplement alone proved most effective in reducing wrinkle count and severity.