The Impact of Giving Sports Massage and Active Recovery on Lactate Recovery

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the difference in the effect of the sports massage recovery method and active recovery on the lactate levels of wrestling athletes. This research sample consisted of 6 female athletes in West Java PON wrestling divided into two groups, namely the group that used sports massage and used active recovery. The analysis and data calculation results revealed that active recovery showed more significant results in reducing lactate levels (3.8 ± 0.54) compared to sports massage (2.6 ± 0.23).

Full text

JUARA: Jurnal Olahraga
E-ISSN 2655-1896 ISSN 2443-1117
https://doi.org/10.33222/juara.v6i2.1193
The Impact of Giving Sports Massage and Active Recovery on Lactate Recovery
Mohamad Brilian1, Surdiniaty Ugelta2, Pipit Pitriani3
1,2,3 Postgraduate in Physical Education , Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia , Jl. DR. Setiabudi No.229,
Isola , West Java Province , 40154, Indonesia
*e-mail: brilianmohamad@gmail.com1, surdiniaty@upi.edu2, pipitpitriani@upi.edu3
Info Artikel
____________________
Article History:
Received 23 December 2020
Approved 30 January 2021
Published 14 April 2021
____________________
Keywords:
Sport Massage, Active
Recovery, Wrestling,
lactate
Abstract
____________________________________________________________
This study aimed to determine the difference in the effect of the sports
massage recovery method and active recovery on the lactate levels of
wrestling athletes. The sample in this research consisted of 6 female
athletes in West Java PON wrestling divided into two groups, namely the
group that used sports massage and used active recovery. The analysis and
data calculation results revealed that active recovery showed more
significant results in reducing lactate levels (3.8 ± 0.54) compared to
sports massage (2.6 ± 0.23).
© 2021 Mohamad Brilian, Surdiniaty Ugelta, Pipit Pitriani
Under the license CC BY-SA 4.0
 Alamat korespondensi: Jl. DR. Setiabudi No.229, Isola , West Java Province
E-mail : brilianmohamad@gmail.com
INTRODUCTION
Wrestling is a sport that requires
constant dynamic performance during the
fight (Arslanoğlu, Şenel, & Aydoğmuş, 2015)
wrestling is a sport that is quite challenging
because, in competition, athletes are required
in the shortest time to recover their bodies
after competing (Chaabene et al. al., 2017).
Lactate is a highly dynamic metabolite and an
essential energy source during exercise (Cruz
et al., 2012). Recent studies have attempted to
estimate the state of aerobic/anaerobic fitness
through blood glucose levels (Simões et al.,
2010; Sotero, Pardono, Landwehr, Campbell,
& Simoes, 2009). Extreme workloads during
wrestling matches increase blood lactate by
15 mml/L, sometimes even 20 mml/L
(Kraemer et al., 2001).
The cause of hyperglycemia in
wrestling matches due to wrestling is short-

Mohamad Brlian1, Surdiniaty Ugelta2, Pipit Pitriani3/ JUARA : Jurnal Olahraga 6 (2) (2021)
180
term, high-intensity exercise that raises
glucose to higher levels (Kjaer et al., 1991).
The significant changes in these metabolites
allow the diagnosis of anaerobic in wrestling
matches (Karninčić et al., 2009). Proper
recovery is an essential aspect in the
preparation stage of elite athletes (Bieuzen et
al., 2014). Athletes' performance decline can
occur due to the stressful components of
training and competition (Barnett, 2006). This
damage may be temporary or permanent.
Short-term damage occurs due to metabolic
disorders after high-intensity exercise
(Westerblad, Allen, & Lännergren, 2002),
which may cause disturbances in the
contractile process (Maffiuletti, 2010). In the
short term affect subsequent performance.
(Allen, Lamb, & Westerblad, 2008). Longer
damage may be associated with exercise-
induced muscle injury and delayed muscle
pain (Cheung, Hume, & Maxwell, 2003).
Recently, sports massage has become
increasingly popular and has begun to be
widely used to improve performance,
overcome fatigue, and facilitate the recovery
process (Weerapong, Hume, & Kolt, 2005).
There are benefits in giving massage to
the athlete's ability to recover his body to
restore fatigue conditions to be back in shape
or in prime condition. Massage or massage is
based on the idea that the heart is the center
of growth. Therefore, treatment follows the
circulatory system, especially the arteries, and
moves inward from the ends of the body
towards the heart. (Purnomo, 2014). The
benefits of massage on recovery are
increasing blood circulation, breaking down
lactate formed, and decreasing pain (Bakar et
al., 2015). In a study (Wiltshire et al., 2010),
it was concluded that the effect of massage
decreased 25% lactic acid levels after 10
minutes. Minutes to recover. Active recovery
is a recovery method in which athletes
participate in the functional movement to
increase blood flow and have been shown in
previous studies as the most effective form of
recovery (Warren, Brown, Landers, &
Stahura, 2011). Research has found lactate
removal and performance improvement with
active recovery rather than passive recovery
in various forms of exercise (White & Wells,
2015). Swimming athletes in functional
recovery studies may have a better effect than
passive recovery (Hinzpeter, Zamorano,
Cuzmar, Lopez, & Burboa, 2014). Carter et
al. (2002) investigated the impact of exercise
recovery mode on thermoregulatory and
cardiovascular responses, with data
suggesting that mild active recovery may play
an essential role in post-activity heat
dissipation. It has been found that the best
Active Recovery comes from activities that
progressively decrease exercise intensity by
60-30% of the estimated maximum heart rate
(HR) of people who exercise (Monedero &
Donne, 2000).
METHODS
The research method used is an
experiment. The research design in this

Mohamad Brlian1, Surdiniaty Ugelta2, Pipit Pitriani3/ JUARA : Jurnal Olahraga 6 (2) (2021)
181
research is Cross Over Design. According to
(West & Turner, 2010; Ramadan & Juniarti,
2020), the Cross over Design study sample
received treatment two or more times.
The sample in this study was six people
in West Java PON Wrestling Athletes. This
research was carried out at the Wrestling Hall
of West Java, Jl. Pajajan No. 66, Bandung
City, West Java. The sampling technique used
in this research is Total Sampling, which
means that all samples in the population are
sampled in the study.
The instruments in this study were
Accutrend Lactate to measure the lactate levels
of athletes before warming up, pre-test and
post-test, Wrestling Match Simulation with a
duration of 3 minutes x 2 was used to increase
athletes' lactate levels (H Karninčić, Gamulin,
& Nurkić, 2013), then treatment The recovery
used is Sports Massage and Active recovery
with a duration of 20 minutes (Johnson, 2015).
The steps taken in the study were
selecting the population and sample. Before
starting the research, the sample was asked to
fill out and sign the informed consent, namely
the consent form. Then the sample was divided
into two groups randomly (Random). This
study was divided into two treatment periods
and one washout period. In the first period,
before warming up, blood samples will be
drawn to check lactate levels. After warming
up, the samples will perform a wrestling match
simulation. Then blood is taken to prevent
lactate (Pretest). After the simulation is done,
the sample will be given treatment.
Experimental group 1 was assigned the Sports
massage treatment, and experimental group 2
was given the Active recovery treatment for 20
minutes each, then blood lactate was taken as
the final reference value (Posttest). After
Period one ends, there will be a washout
period of 7 days to avoid the Carry Out effect.
The second period in the study was almost the
same in the procedure, only to cross or
exchange the treatments in each group.
Experimental group 1 was given Active
Recovery treatment, while experimental group
2 was Sports Massage. The data obtained were
then analyzed statistically using the SPSS
version 22 application using Paired Sample T-
Test and Independent Sample T-test.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Findings
The minimum age for the sample is 22
years old, while the maximum period is 30
years, with an average age of 25.6 years and a
standard deviation of 2.6. The minimum
weight is 53 kg, while the maximum is 68 kg,
with an average weight of 62.5 kg and a
standard deviation of 5.18. The minimum
height is 153 cm, while the maximum is 170
cm, with an average size of 161.8 cm and a
standard deviation of 5.8.
Based on table 1, it is known that the
overall number of samples from each variable
is N = 6. Variable Lactate Levels in the Sports
Massage Pre Test treatment has a mean of 8.5
with a standard deviation of 0.99. Sports
Massage Post Test has a Mean of 5.9 with a

Mohamad Brlian1, Surdiniaty Ugelta2, Pipit Pitriani3/ JUARA : Jurnal Olahraga 6 (2) (2021)
182
standard deviation of 0.92 Variable Lactate
Levels Treatment Active Recovery Pre Test
has a Mean of 8.7 with a standard deviation of
1.39. The Lactate Active Recovery Post Test
variable has a mean of 4.8 with a standard
deviation of 1.27.
Table 2 Descriptive Statistics
No.
Athlete
Lactate Level
N
Min
max
Mean
St.Dev
1.
SM Pretest
6
7.3
10.3
8.5
0.99
2.
SMPost test
6
4.6
7.5
5.9
0.92
3.
ARPretest
6
7.3
11
8.7
1.39
4
ARPosttest
6
3.6
6.4
4.8
1.27
SM = Sport Massage
AR= Active Recovery
Figure 1 Explains the average value of
the pre-test and post-test after being given the
Sports massage treatment to the whole group.
The pre-test is 8.5 mmol/L while the post-test
is 5.9 mmol/L. Furthermore, Based on Figure
2, depicting the pre-test and post-test lactate
levels after being given Active Recovery
treatment, it is known that the athlete's lactate
level value in the pre-test was 8.63 mmol/L
while the post-test was 3.48 mmol/L.
Figure 1 Lactate Levels Athletes Treatment Figure 2 Lactate Levels in Active Recovery
Sport Massage Treatment Athletes Treatment
Discussion
The lactate concentration after the match,
presented in this study, an average of 7-9
mmol/L, appears to be slightly lower than the
value reported by (Barbas et al., 2011) of 16-19
mmol/L. This difference in blood lactate values
can be associated with the motivation of a real
competitive wrestler, as opposed to a simulated
tournament, or perhaps a different duration of
time (3x2 instead of the previous 2x5 minutes).
Most other studies investigated blood lactate in
wrestlers during match simulations and wrestling
camps (H Karninčić et al., 2013) or Wingate arm
crank test (García-Pallarés, María López-Gullón,
Muriel, Díaz, & Izquierdo, 2011), whereas the
results This research was recorded during the
official national tournament. Nevertheless,
similar effects of high blood lactate levels were
obtained in simulated matches and competition,
indicating the high-intensity nature of wrestling
matches.
Pre test Post test
Sport Massage 8,5 5,9
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
Kadar Laktat
Darah mmol/L
*
Pre Test Post Test
ACTIVE
RECOVERY 8,63 3,48
0,00
2,00
4,00
6,00
8,00
10,00
12,00
Kadar Laktat
Darah mmol/L
*

Mohamad Brlian1, Surdiniaty Ugelta2, Pipit Pitriani3/ JUARA : Jurnal Olahraga 6 (2) (2021)
183
Lactate, a strong anion, accumulates in
skeletal muscle when the exercise intensity is
above the anaerobic threshold, resulting in a
decrease in intramuscular pH due to the
dissociation of H2O into H+ and OH2 maintain
electroneutrality (Lindgren et al., 2010). Lactic
acid accumulation can cause fatigue (Pinar S,
et.al, 2012). The reduction of lactic acid during
recovery after exercise or competition is
associated with several factors. These factors
include the bicarbonate transfer system, a
decrease or change in lactic acid from the
muscles to the blood, blood flow, and slow or fast
lactic acid carrying to the liver, muscles, and
heart (Pinar et al., 2012).
Lactic acid produced during metabolism
cannot be removed directly from the body but is
reduced through gluconeogenesis and oxidation
processes during recovery. The method of
reducing lactic acid is also influenced by the
speed of blood flow, the ability to oxidize lactic
acid, the ability to release lactic acid from the
muscles into the blood, and the transport of lactic
acid to other tissues (liver, strength, and heart)
which can be used for glucose resynthesis.
Hussain & Verma, 2017). According to De
Aguiar et al. (2017), lactic acid can be used as a
carbon source to replenish glucose supplies
through the gluconeogenesis process. Active
recovery is one of the most effective recoveries to
increase the speed of blood flow through the
working muscle system (Mota et al., 2017) so
that the transport of lactic acid that has
accumulated in the muscles is also more optimal
(Valenzuela, de la Villa, & Ferragut). , 2015).
In addition, active recovery can increase
the use of type I muscle fibers which contain a lot
of myoglobin, mitochondria, and oxidative
enzymes, so that the reduction of lactic acid can
occur more quickly (Menzies et al., 2010). The
work of the heart also influences the process of
reducing lactic acid. The more stable the heart
pumps blood, the faster the lactic acid levels in
the muscles and the blood. Burr et al. (2015)
found that active recovery can slow down the
decrease in cardiac output (Q) than using passive
recovery. Another study also found a reduction in
systolic and diastolic blood pressure using active
recovery less than using passive recovery (Arazi,
Mosavi, Basir, & Karam, 2012)
Massage can increase blood flow through
the mechanism of temperature changes in the
skin and superficial hyperemia (Ali Rasooli,
Koushkie Jahromi, Asadmanesh, & Salesi, 2012).
This increase in blood flow can help reduce lactic
acid levels, thereby increasing the effectiveness
of recovery and preventing muscle fatigue
(Wiltshire et al., 2010). Other studies have also
revealed that massage can improve muscle
recovery and reduce the risk of DOMS after
exercising (Best et al., 2008). Psychological
massage can reduce levels of anxiety and stress
(Lindgren et al., 2010) so that the body feels
comfortable after exercising. Recovery through
massage (Zadkhosh, Ariaee, Atri, Rashidlamir, &
Saadatyar, 2015). Through this comfortable
feeling, the fatigue level in soccer players will
also be lower (Kurebayashi et al., 2016).

Mohamad Brlian1, Surdiniaty Ugelta2, Pipit Pitriani3/ JUARA : Jurnal Olahraga 6 (2) (2021)
184
CONCLUSION
This study found an effect of Sports
Massage and Active recovery in reducing
blood lactate levels of wrestling athletes after a
match, but more significant results were found
in this study on reducing blood lactate levels
using the Active Recovery method. The
suggestion in this study is that the active
recovery method, apart from being cheap and
easy, is certainly more practical for athletes to
help the recovery process of the body
experiencing fatigue.
AKNOWLEDGMENTS
I want to express my gratitude to all
supervisors who have always supported and
provided support in this study, not forgetting
the West Java wrestling regional
administrators who permitted their athletes to
participate in this research.
REFERENCES
Ali Rasooli, S., Koushkie Jahromi, M.,
Asadmanesh, A., & Salesi, M. (2012).
Influence of massage, active and passive
recovery on swimming performance and
blood lactate. Journal of Sports Medicine
and Physical Fitness.
Allen, D. G., Lamb, G. D., & Westerblad, H.
(2008). Skeletal muscle fatigue: Cellular
mechanisms. Physiological Reviews,
88(1), 287–332.
https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00015.20
07
Arazi, H., Mosavi, S. S., Basir, S. S., &
Karam, M. G. (2012). The effects of
different recovery conditions on blood
lactate concentration and physiological
variables after high intensity exercise in
handball players. Sport Science, 5(2).
Arslanoğlu, E., Şenel, Ö., & Aydoğmuş, M.
(2015). Weight loss and lactic acid
relation during wrestling match in elite
Greco-Roman wrestlers. International
Journal of Physical Education, Sports
and Health, 1(4), 1–6.
Bakar, Y., Coknaz, H., Karli, Ü., Semsek, Ö.,
Serin, E., & Pala, Ö. O. (2015). Effect of
manual lymph drainage on removal of
blood lactate after submaximal exercise.
Journal of Physical Therapy Science,
27(11), 3387–3391.
https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.27.3387
Barbas, I., Fatouros, I. G., Douroudos, I. I.,
Chatzinikolaou, A., Michailidis, Y.,
Draganidis, D., … Taxildaris, K. (2011).
Physiological and performance
adaptations of elite Greco-Roman
wrestlers during a one-day tournament.
European Journal of Applied Physiology.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-
1761-7
Barnett, A. (2006). Using Recovery Modalities
between Training Sessions in Elite
Athletes: Does it help? Sports Medicine,
36(9), 781–796.
https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-
200636090-00005
Bieuzen, F., Brisswalter, J., Easthope, C.,
Vercruyssen, F., Bernard, T., &
Hausswirth, C. (2014). Effect of wearing
compression stockings on recovery after
mild exercise-induced muscle damage.
International Journal of Sports
Physiology and Performance, 9(2), 256–
264. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2013-
0126
Burr, J. F., Slysz, J. T., Boulter, M. S., &
Warburton, D. E. R. (2015). Influence of
Active Recovery on Cardiovascular
Function During Ice Hockey. Sports
Medicine - Open, 1(1), 1–8.

Mohamad Brlian1, Surdiniaty Ugelta2, Pipit Pitriani3/ JUARA : Jurnal Olahraga 6 (2) (2021)
185
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-015-
0026-8
Carter, R., Wilson, T. E., Watenpaugh, D. E.,
Smith, M. L., & Crandall, C. G. (2002).
Effects of mode of exercise recovery on
thermoregulatory and cardiovascular
responses. Journal of Applied
Physiology.
https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.0005
6.2002
Chaabene, H., Negra, Y., Bouguezzi, R.,
Mkaouer, B., Franchini, E., Julio, U., &
Hachana, Y. (2017). Physical and
Physiological Attributes of Wrestlers: An
Update. SO - J Strength Cond Res 2017
May;31(5):1411-1442. J Strength Cond
Res.
Cheung, K., Hume, P. A., & Maxwell, L.
(2003). Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness.
Sports Medicine, 33(2), 145–164.
Cruz, R. S. D. O., De Aguiar, R. A., Turnes,
T., Penteado Dos Santos, R., Fernandes
Mendes De Oliveira, M., & Caputo, F.
(2012). Intracellular shuttle: The lactate
aerobic metabolism. The Scientific World
Journal, 2012(1).
https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/420984
De Aguiar, R. R., Vale, D. F., Da Silva, R. M.,
Muniz, Y. P., Antunes, F., Logullo, C.,
… de Almeida, A. J. (2017). A possible
relationship between gluconeogenesis
and glycogen metabolism in rabbits
during myocardial ischemia. Anais Da
Academia Brasileira de Ciencias.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-
3765201720160773
García-Pallarés, J., María López-Gullón, J.,
Muriel, X., Díaz, A., & Izquierdo, M.
(2011). Physical fitness factors to predict
male Olympic wrestling performance.
European Journal of Applied Physiology.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-
1809-8
Hinzpeter, J., Zamorano, Á., Cuzmar, D.,
Lopez, M., & Burboa, J. (2014). Effect
of Active Versus Passive Recovery on
Performance During Intrameet
Swimming Competition. Sports Health,
6(2), 119–121.
https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381135007
69
Johnson, J. P. (n.d.). CARDIFF SCHOOL OF
SPORT DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF
SCIENCE ( HONOURS ) SPORT
CONDITIONING , REHABILITATION
AND MASSAGE Comparing the Effects
of Sports Massage and Active Recovery
on Blood Lactate Clearance after High-
Intensity Anaerobic Exercise (
Dissertatio.
Karninčić, H, Gamulin, T., & Nurkić, M.
(2013). Lactate and glucose dynamics
during a wrestling match: Differences
between boys, cadets and juniors. Facta
Universitatis-Series:Physical Education
and Sport, 11(2), 125–133. Retrieved
from
http://scindeks.ceon.rs/article.aspx?artid=
1451-740X1302125K
Karninčić, Hrvoje, Tocilj, Z., Uljević, O., &
Erceg, M. (2009). Lactate profile during
Greco-Roman wrestling match. Journal
of Sports Science and Medicine.
Kjaer, M., Kiens, B., Hargreaves, M., &
Richter, E. A. (1991). Influence of active
muscle mass on glucose homeostasis
during exercise in humans. Journal of
Applied Physiology.
https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.2.5
52
Kraemer, W. J., Fry, A. C., Rubin, M. R.,
Triplett-Mcbride, T., Gordon, S. E.,
Perry Koziris, L., … Fleck, S. J. (2001).
Physiological and performance responses
to tournament wrestling. Medicine and
Science in Sports and Exercise.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-
200108000-00019
Kurebayashi, L. F. S., Turrini, R. N. T., de

Mohamad Brlian1, Surdiniaty Ugelta2, Pipit Pitriani3/ JUARA : Jurnal Olahraga 6 (2) (2021)
186
Souza, T. P. B., Takiguchi, R. S., Kuba,
G., & Nagumo, M. T. (2016). Massage
and reiki used to reduce stress and
anxiety: Randomized clinical trial.
Revista Latino-Americana de
Enfermagem, 24.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-
8345.1614.2834
Lindgren, L., Rundgren, S., Winsö, O.,
Lehtipalo, S., Wiklund, U., Karlsson, M.,
… Brulin, C. (2010). Physiological
responses to touch massage in healthy
volunteers. Autonomic Neuroscience:
Basic and Clinical.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2010.06.
011
Maffiuletti, N. A. (2010). Physiological and
methodological considerations for the
use of neuromuscular electrical
stimulation. European Journal of
Applied Physiology, 110(2), 223–234.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-
1502-y
Menzies, P., Menzies, C., McIntyre, L.,
Paterson, P., Wilson, J., & Kemi, O. J.
(2010). Blood lactate clearance during
active recovery after an intense running
bout depends on the intensity of the
active recovery. Journal of Sports
Sciences, 28(9), 975–982.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2010.4
81721
Monedero, J., & Donne, B. (2000). Effect of
recovery interventions on lactate removal
and subsequent performance.
International Journal of Sports
Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-
2000-8488
Mota, M. R., Dantas, R. A. E., Oliveira-Silva,
I., Sales, M. M., da Costa Sotero, R.,
Espíndola Mota Venâncio, P., … de
Lima, F. D. (2017). Effect of self-paced
active recovery and passive recovery on
blood lactate removal following a 200 m
freestyle swimming trial. Open Access
Journal of Sports Medicine.
https://doi.org/10.2147/oajsm.s127948
Pinar, S., Kaya, F., Bicer, B., Erzeybek, M. S.,
& Cotuk, H. B. (2012). Different
recovery methods and muscle
performance after exhausting exercise:
Comparison of the effects of electrical
muscle stimulation and massage. Biology
of Sport.
https://doi.org/10.5604/20831862.10196
64
Purnomo, N. T. (2014). Sport Massage
Terhadap Respons Cardio Vascular.
Journal of Physical Education and
Sports, 3(1).
Ramadan, G., & Juniarti, Y. (2020) Metode
penelitian: pendekatan kuantitatif,
kualitatif dan R&D. CV Sadari Press
Sharma, L., Hussain, Me., & Verma, S.
(2017). Effect of recovery modalities on
blood lactate clearance. Saudi Journal of
Sports Medicine, 17(2), 65.
https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-
6308.207577
Simões, H. G., Hiyane, W. C., Benford, R. E.,
Madrid, B., Prada, F. A., Moreira, S. R.,
… Campbell, C. S. G. (2010). Lactate
threshold prediction by blood glucose
and rating of perceived exertion in
people with type 2 diabetes. Perceptual
and Motor Skills, 111(2), 365–378.
https://doi.org/10.2466/06.13.15.27.PMS
.111.5.365-378
Sotero, R. C., Pardono, E., Landwehr, R.,
Campbell, C. S. G., & Simoes, H. G.
(2009). Blood glucose minimum predicts
maximal lactate steady state on running.
International Journal of Sports
Medicine, 30(9), 643–646.
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1220729
T.M., B., R., H., A., W., & F., H. (2008).
Effectiveness of sports massage for
recovery of skeletal muscle from

Mohamad Brlian1, Surdiniaty Ugelta2, Pipit Pitriani3/ JUARA : Jurnal Olahraga 6 (2) (2021)
187
strenuous exercise. Clinical Journal of
Sport Medicine.
Valenzuela, P. L., de la Villa, P., & Ferragut,
C. (2015). Effect of two types of active
recovery on fatigue and climbing
performance. Journal of Sports Science
and Medicine.
Warren, C. D., Brown, L. E., Landers, M. R.,
& Stahura, K. A. (2011). Effect of Three
Different Between-Inning Recovery
Methods on Baseball Pitching
Performance. Journal of Strength and
Conditioning Research, 25(3), 683–688.
https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182
08adfe
Weerapong, P., Hume, P. A., & Kolt, G. S.
(2005). The mechanisms of massage and
effects on performance, muscle recovery
and injury prevention. Sports Medicine,
35(3), 235–256.
https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-
200535030-00004
West, R., & Turner, L. H. (2010). Introduction
Communication Theory Analysis and
Application. In The McGraw-Hill
Companies.
Westerblad, H., Allen, D. G., & Lännergren, J.
(2002). Muscle fatigue: Lactic acid or
inorganic phosphate the major cause?
News in Physiological Sciences, 17(1),
17–21.
https://doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.
2002.17.1.17
White, G. E., & Wells, G. D. (2015). The
Effect of On-Hill Active Recovery
Performed Between Runs on Blood
Lactate Concentration and Fatigue in
Alpine Ski Racers. Journal of Strength
and Conditioning Research, 29, 800–
806.
Wiltshire, E. V., Poitras, V., Pak, M., Hong,
T., Rayner, J., & Tschakovsky, M. E.
(2010). Massage impairs postexercise
muscle blood flow and “lactic Acid”
removal. Medicine and Science in Sports
and Exercise, 42(6), 1062–1071.
https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181
c9214f
Zadkhosh, S. M., Ariaee, E., Atri, A. E.,
Rashidlamir, A., & Saadatyar, A. (2015).
The effect of massage therapy on
depression, anxiety and stress in
adolescent wrestlers. International
Journal of Sport Studies.