PARASITES OF OFFSHORE BIG GAME FISHES OF PUERTO RICO AND THE WESTERN ATLANTIC
Abstract
The purpose of this book is to serve as a fish parasite guide for sport fishermen, commercial and tour-guide fishermen, fishery biologists, ecologists, scientists, and anyone interested in the health and welfare of big game fishes. We hope it will encourage the study of the interrelationships between fishes and their intimate parasite partners around Puerto Rico and throughout the Atlantic. Big game fishes are important sportfishing and food resources. Many of their fish parasites attract the attention of fishermen because they are large, abundant and always on particular host species. The health of these fishes, and the humans who enjoy catching and eating them, is of great concern. The environments of many coastal areas have deteriorated and there is little agreement about how much of this environmental damage has spilled over into the open ocean. The abundance and diversity of big game fish parasites might be used as an indicator of environmental changes. Many parasites are useful as biological tags for tracing stock movements, mixing, migrations and other aspects of the biology of big game fishes. They can also provide readily available examples of many invertebrate phyla which can be used for classroom examinations.
The present knowledge of parasites of big game fishes is at the most basic level, describing species, but the interrelationships between big game fish parasites and their intermediate and final hosts are as complex and intricate as food webs described by ecologists. It is extremely difficult to study the parasites and diseases of live oceanic, fast-moving fishes. Hook and line fishing selects for healthy fishes because sick fishes seldom bite lures or baits. Debilitated fishes in the open sea are quickly eaten, or sink, and seldom wash ashore. Still, we can assume that parasites and diseases cause as many problems for these big game fishes as they do for fishes in more easily examined habitats. A study found that the presence of one species of parasite reduced the yield of a big game fishery by about one fifth. We estimate that somewhere between one third to one half of all big game fish resources are lost due to disease. We need to understand the workings of diseases throughout the ecosystem if we are to have any hope of recuperating losses due to diseases. Unfortunately, we lack complete knowledge of these processes in a single fish, or even of a single disease organism! Most big game fishes are either already overexploited, or are soon to be over fished. As dolphin, greater amberjack and other big game fishes are raised in captivity, we are beginning to discover their deadly parasitic, bacterial and viral diseases. We cannot afford to ignore manageable problems that have the potential to double the stocks of big game fishes We hope that this book will serve as a beginning to better understand these forces in the ecology of big game fishes.
Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 1996. Parasites of offshore, big game sport fishes of Puerto Rico and the western North Atlantic. Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, San Juan, Puerto Rico, and Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, 384 pp.
... Several studies about metazoan parasites of X. gladius have been carried out in different areas in the Atlantic Ocean (Northwest, central North, Eastern tropical and central South or Atlantic tropical-equatorial waters) (Castro-Pampillón et al., 2002;De Silva et al., 2017;Garcia et al., 2008Garcia et al., , 2011Gómez-Cabrera, 1987;Hogans et al., 1983;Illes, 1971;Llarena-Reino et al., 2019;Muscolino et al., 2012;Panebianco and Giannetto, 1994;Williams and Williams, 1996) as well as in Mediterranean Sea (Mattiucci et al., 2014) and southeast coast of India (Rajan et al., 2018). The metazoan parasites most often found in swordfish in these studies were trematode parasites (Hirudinella spp., Tristoma spp., Maccallumtrema xiphiados), cestodes (Hepatoxylon spp., Fistulicola spp. ...
... In addition to food safety risks related to the presence of potential zoonotic parasites such as Anisakis spp., the industry is faced with an important food quality problem due to the unsightly appearance of the macroscopic alterations in the affected product, which causes the rejection of important commercial lots. The metazoan parasites described infecting the musculature of swordfish and causing a negative impact on product quality are the trypanorhynch cestodes of genera Molicola and Gymnorhynchus (De Silva et al., 2017;Muscolino et al., 2012;Williams and Williams, 1996), the didymozoid trematode M. xiphiados (Panebianco and Giannetto, 1994) and the copepod Pennella instructa (Llarena-Reino et al., 2019). ...
... infecting the musculature of the Atlantic swordfish. Gross lesions of Molicola sp. is agreed with the descriptions of Muscolino et al. (2012) for a type of larvae found in swordfish of Mediterranean Sea and referable both G. gigas and M. horridus, two genera belonged to the family Gymnorhynchidae previously reported in X. gladius (Manfredi et al., 1993;Panebianco, 1994;Williams and Williams, 1996). Due to their morphological similarities the genus Molicola Dollfus, 1935 was synonymized with the genus Gymnorhynchus Rudolphi, 1819 (Dollfus, 1942), and the species M. horridus and G. gigas (Cuvier, 1817) were considered synonyms. ...
Muscle gross lesions, associated to parasites, were routinely found during self-inspection in a Spanish fish plant processing Atlantic swordfish. To determine the taxonomic status of these parasites, molecular analysis was performed based on 18S, ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2 and 28S rDNA sequences, obtaining a consensus sequences of 4581 bp for the cestode and 4200 bp for the trematode. Taxonomic affiliation was determined by phylogenetic analysis of combined SSU + LSU rDNA regions using maximum likelihood models. Molecular characterization allows us to identify the trematode Maccallumtrema xiphiados and the cestode Molicola sp. infecting the musculature of the Atlantic swordfish. Both parasites are responsible of significant economic loss to fish industry due to commercial rejection of parasitized products.
... One of the difficulties in evaluating this area of study is the lack of uniformity in the terminology used, particularly associated with descriptions or discussions of endozoochorous transport of parasites (see for example Sprent, 1963, Burt, 1970, Odening, 1976a, Macko, 1981a for previous discussions of this phenomenon), which creates an unnecessary degree of confusion. For example, a wide range of terms are employed to describe the vertebrate 'hosting' animal including 'accidental host', 'transport host', 'mechanical vector', 'false host', 'spurious host', 'disseminators', 'transit definitive host', and 'donor animal' (Gutierrez, 2000;Macko, 1981a;Marinkelle and Willems, 1964;Sprent, 1963;Steenhard et al., 2000;Thieme, 1964;Williams and Bunkley-Williams, 1996;Zimmermann et al., 1962). Some of these terms are problematical, such as 'transport host' which is used most frequently in a different context to describe a parasitic relationships where 48 the helminth is pro-actively attempting to retain itself on/in the hosting animal (Morley, 2015;Odening, 1976a) and is therefore inappropriate to apply to the concept of zoochory. ...
... Most applicable studies on fish are derived from dissections and minute examinations of the intestinal content. These investigations have generally found, particularly in predatory fish, adult helminths typically in the stomach where they are slowly being digested along with the prey that they derived from (Wierzbicka and Langowska, 1984;Williams and Bunkley-Williams, 1996). Nevertheless, isolated eggs have been recovered, such as Schistosoma haematobium from the rohu, Labeo rohita, (Ayaz et al., 2015) presumably acquired whilst scavenging, and Ascaris sp. ...
... The seasonal availability of these helminth stages is complex, related to the fecundity of the adult parasites in definitive hosts. The seasonality of sexual maturity and peak egg production of adult helminths of freshwater ectothermic hosts is often related to temperature conditions, resulting in highest fecundity ranging from the spring to mid-summer period in a species-specific or habitat-specific manner (Poulin, 2020;Williams and Jones, 1994). Nevertheless, gravid adult worms are still often abundant in these hosts during the late summer ensuring that eggs would be available for zoochorous dissemination as birds prepare to migrate during this latter period. ...
The last decades have brought important insight and updates in the diagnosis, management and immunopathology of female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) and male genital schistosomiasis (MGS). Despite sharing a common parasitic aetiological agent, FGS and MGS have typically been studied separately. Infection with Schistosoma haematobium manifests with gender-specific clinical manifestations and consequences of infection, albeit having a similar pathogenesis within the human genital tract. Schistosoma haematobium is a known urinary bladder carcinogen, but its potential causative role in other types of neoplasia, such as cervical cancer, is not fully understood. Furthermore, the impact of praziquantel treatment on clinical outcomes remains largely underexplored, as is the interplay of FGS/MGS with relevant reproductive tract infections such as HIV and Human Papillomavirus. In non-endemic settings, travel and immigrant health clinics need better guidance to correctly identify and treat FGS and MGS. Our review outlines the latest advances and remaining knowledge gaps in FGS and MGS research. We aim to pave a way forward to formulate more effective control measures and discuss elimination targets. With a growing community awareness in health practitioners, scientists and epidemiologists, alongside the sufferers from these diseases, we aspire to witness a new generation of young women and men free from the downstream disabling manifestations of disease.
... En el norte del Golfo de México (Louisiana), se tiene documentada la descripción morfológica de monogéneos de la familia Diclidophoridae, como uno de los primeros trabajos para esta zona (Hargis, 1955). En Puerto Rico, se han descrito los parásitos metazoos de numerosas especies de peces de captura de talla mayor (atunes, caballas, barracudas, etc.), en el que se incluye un amplio registro del helmintos y crustáceos para S. cavalla (Williams y Bunkley-Williams, 1996). ...
... Comentarios taxonómicos: De acuerdo con Yamaguti (1963), Williams y Bunkley- Williams (1996) y , los ejemplares con esta descripción fueron identificados como M. mexicana, mediante estructuras como el opistohaptor y sobre todo con la forma del órgano copulador masculino. Se ha reportado a M. mexicana exclusivamente como ectoparásitos branquiales de peces del género Scomberomorus, tanto en el Atlántico como en el Pacífico . ...
... Junto con Scomberocotyle scomberomori y Gotocotyla acanthura, corresponde a los principales monogéneos que se pueden encontrar en este tipo de peces (Williams y Bunkley-Williams, 1996). parasitando a S. sierra en los estados de Colima, Jalisco, Nayarit, Guerrero y a S. concolor en Sonora. ...
Parásitos metazoos branquiales del peto Scomberomorus cavalla (Cuvier, 1829) en Barra de Chachalacas, Veracruz, México" TESIS Que para obtener el título de: LICENCIADO EN BIOLOGÍA MARINA
... Remarks: Williams and Bunkley-Williams (1996) state that Nerocila acuminata is a junior synonym of N lanceolata Say, 1818. Heard (personal communication) agrees with this synonymy and states that N lanceolata was described from a sub-adult female. ...
... ). Williams and Bunkley-Williams (1996) resurrected L. ova/is but provided no morphological characteristic to distinguish it from L. redmanii. Rather, they distinguished the species based on two life history differences: 1) L. redmanii occurs on hosts in female/male pairs as opposed to the male not being a permanent parasite as with L. ovalis and 2) Livoneca redmanii infests only hosts in the genus Scomberomorus Lacepede, 1801 (mackerels) as opposed to demonstrating little host specificity as with L. ovalis. ...
... Rather, they distinguished the species based on two life history differences: 1) L. redmanii occurs on hosts in female/male pairs as opposed to the male not being a permanent parasite as with L. ovalis and 2) Livoneca redmanii infests only hosts in the genus Scomberomorus Lacepede, 1801 (mackerels) as opposed to demonstrating little host specificity as with L. ovalis. The problems associated with using life history characteristics to assign specimens to L. ovalis or L. redmanii were unintentionally illustrated by the same authors(Williams and Bunkley-Williams [1996]), when they reported collecting L. ovalis from Scomberomorus spp. in the northern Gulf of ...
... The monitoring survey were performed in 2012 and 2013, recording biological information over three consecutive days each month of striped marlin landings by the sportfishing fleet in this area. was removed from the fish and transported to the laboratory in a plastic bag in ice, to be identified according to specialized keys (Williams & Bunkley-Williams, 1996;Yamaguti, 1970) In the histological laboratory, tissues were cleared in xylene and embedded in Paraplast X-Tra with a fusion point of 54-56°C. Sections measuring 4 μm thick were obtained from paraffin blocks using a rotary microtome (Leica RM 2155) and stained using a hematoxylineosin (H-E) technique for histological analyses (Humanson, 1979;Sheenan & Hrapchak, 1980) . ...
... Nematodes were identified according to Yamaguti (1970) and Williams and Bunkley-Williams (1996), and the copepods according to Ho (1978) and Kabata (1979Kabata ( , 1992. ...
... Similar to other digeneans, M. xiphiados is a permanent parasite of most marine and freshwater fishes and can be found in the gut, stomach, mouth, lungs and other organs (Williams & Bunkley-Williams, 1996). This worm has been reported as specific to swordfish and recorded in hosts living along the US coast and Hawaiian Islands (Yamaguti, 1970); this is the first time this parasite has been reported in the striped marlin caught in the Gulf of California. ...
... Gotocotylids are restricted to tropical to warm-temperate waters of the worlds oceans, in a limited range of macrohabitats: their hosts inhabit mostly surface waters of the inshore and estuaries. However, Brama brama is also known from depths of about 1000 m as well as in surface waters (Smith & Heemstra 1986) and Elagatis bipinnulatus is also known from oceanic waters as well as inshore waters (Williams & Bunkley-Williams 1996). The principal hosts of gotocotylids, Spanish mackerels, are generally restricted to coastal waters and enter estuaries to feed. ...
... ;Williams & Bunkley-Williams, 1996: 289. Pseudomicrocotyle elagatis. ...
... Pseudomicrocotyle elagatis. Yamaguti, 1963Williams & Bunkley-Williams, 1996: 289. Gotocotyla elagatis. ...
We revise the diagnosis of the Gotocotylidae Yamaguti, and acceptGotocotyla Ishii and CathucotyleLebedev as valid genera. We synonymise PseudomicrocotyleSandarsand Swakopella Lebedev & Parukhin withGotocotyla. The number of nominal species in the familyis reduced from ten to four, and six new species are described from newmaterial. Members of Gotocoty lahave asymmetrical clampswith a single row of internal ribs, and those ofCathucotyle have more or less symmetrical clamps withtwo rows of ribs. Members of both genera can be distinguished from congenersby the morphology of clamp sclerites and/or spines of the male copulatoryorgan, and the number of vaginae (0–2). The following species arerecognised: Gotocotyla acanthura (Parona & Perugia),G.africanensis, sp. nov.,G.bivaginalis (Ramalingam),G.elegatis (Meserve), G.heapae,sp. nov., G.niphonii, sp. nov.,G.queenslandici, sp. nov.,Cathucotyle cathuaui Lebedev,C.filipinensis, sp. nov.andC.sinensis, sp.nov.Gotocotyla acanthura as recognised here may be aspecies complex, but we could not distinguish the morphologies of individualsfrom different hosts and localities. There is strong evidence that larvae andyoung juveniles of G.acanthura infect intermediate hostsfor short periods (mostly pelagic fishes, belonging to at least eight orders),until eaten by the final host.
... Records: Caranx hippos (type host): New York Aquarium (type locality) (MacCallum, 1918); off Port Aransas, Texas (Koratha, 1955); Gulf of Mexico, Sound of Campeche, Campeche, Mexico (Caballero y C. and Bravo-Hollis, 1967); Ebrié Lagoon, Ivory Coast (Africa) (Wahl, 1972); Sontecomapan, Veracruz, Mexico (Bravo-Hollis, 1988); Cumaná (fishermen's catch), Venezuela (Bashirullah and Rodriguez, 1992); Puerto Rico (Bunkley-Williams andWilliams, 1994, 1995;Williams and Bunkley-Williams, 1996); coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Luque and Alves, 2001). Caranx crysos: Islas Mujeres, Quintana Roo, Mexico (Bravo-Hollis, 1988). ...
... Caranx crysos: Islas Mujeres, Quintana Roo, Mexico (Bravo-Hollis, 1988). Caranx latus: Dry Tortugas, Key West, Florida (Manter, 1954); Tuxpan, Veracruz, Mexico (Caballero y C. and Bravo-Hollis, 1965); Bahía de Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico (Bravo-Hollis, 1988); Puerto Rico (Bunkley-Williams andWilliams, 1994, 1995;Williams and Bunkley-Williams, 1996); Laguna Madre, San Fernando, Tamaulipas, Mexico (Iruegas-Buentello, 1999). Caranx sp.: Isla Cozumel, Quintana Roo, Mexico (Bravo-Hollis, 1988). ...
... Museum specimens of P. mirabilis from the horseeye jack, C. latus Agassiz (USNPC 37110, apparently representing the record of Manter [1954]), the blue runner, C. crysos (Mitchill) (USNPC 99973, identified by Salgado-Maldonado), and the bar jack, Carangoides ruber (Bloch) (USNPC 85298, representing the record of Williams and Bunkley-Williams [1996]) were limited in number and quality. Additional specimens from these hosts will be required to determine whether they represent P. mirabilis or closely related species specific to the respective hosts. ...
Examination of the gills of 10 crevalle jack, Caranx hippos (Linnaeus) (Carangidae), from the northeastern portion of Florida Bay, Everglades National Park, Florida revealed 3 species of Heteronchoinea (Monogenoidea): Protomicrocotyle mirabilis (MacCallum, 1918) Johnston & Tiegs, 1922 (Gastrocotylinea, Protomicrocotylidae) (prevalence = 80%; intensity = 2–16 parasites/host; mean intensity = 7 parasites/host); Allopyragraphorus hippos (Hargis, 1956) Yamaguti, 1963 (Microcotylinea, Allopyragraphoridae) (80%; 1–8; 3.5); and Cemocotyle noveboracensis Price, 1962 (Microcotylinea, Cemocotylidae) (80%; 1–100; 35.3). Two crevalle jack (standard length 139–140 mm) were uninfected; 3 (standard length 154–183 mm) had mean intensities (all parasite species) of 14.3 (intensity = 5–20) parasites per host; 5 larger hosts (standard length = 312–395 mm) were more heavily infected with the 3 parasite species (mean intensity = 63.8 [intensity = 16–109] parasites per host). Protomicrocotyle mirabilis is redescribed and figured; A. hippos is considered a valid species and distinct from Allopyragraphorus incomparabilis (MacCallum, 1917) Yamaguti, 1963 (previously considered synonyms); and C. noveboracensis is distinguished from congenerics in part by lacking a haptoral lappet.
... Hayward and Rohde (1999) did not observe the lateral vaginae described by Lebedev (1984) and thus, synonymized G. travassosi with G. acanthura (Parona & Perugia, 1896) Meserve, 1938, which was originally described from Brama brama (Bonnaterre) in Italy. Since then, this species has been reported in different species of scombrids and perches in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans (RAMALINGAM, 1961;KORATHA, 1955;LEBEDEV;PARUKHIN, 1969;YOUNG, 1970;BRAVO-HOLLIS;CABALLERO-DELOYA, 1979;SHEN;QIU, 1995;WILLLIAMS;BUNKLEY-WILLIAMS, 1996). ...
... Hayward and Rohde (1999) did not observe the lateral vaginae described by Lebedev (1984) and thus, synonymized G. travassosi with G. acanthura (Parona & Perugia, 1896) Meserve, 1938, which was originally described from Brama brama (Bonnaterre) in Italy. Since then, this species has been reported in different species of scombrids and perches in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans (RAMALINGAM, 1961;KORATHA, 1955;LEBEDEV;PARUKHIN, 1969;YOUNG, 1970;BRAVO-HOLLIS;CABALLERO-DELOYA, 1979;SHEN;QIU, 1995;WILLLIAMS;BUNKLEY-WILLIAMS, 1996). ...
... Hayward and Rohde (1999) did not observe the lateral vaginae described by Lebedev (1984) and thus, synonymized G. travassosi with G. acanthura (Parona & Perugia, 1896) Meserve, 1938, which was originally described from Brama brama (Bonnaterre) in Italy. Since then, this species has been reported in different species of scombrids and perches in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans (RAMALINGAM, 1961;KORATHA, 1955;LEBEDEV;PARUKHIN, 1969;YOUNG, 1970;BRAVO-HOLLIS;CABALLERO-DELOYA, 1979;SHEN;QIU, 1995;WILLLIAMS;BUNKLEY-WILLIAMS, 1996). ...
Gotocotyla acanthura (Parona & Perugia, 1896) Meserve, 1938 collected from the gills of Pomatomus saltatrix from the coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro state was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The study demonstrated the presence of a buccal cavity, a genital atrium on the ventral surface and a muscular structure on the dorsal surface at the level of the body constriction. An elongated haptor with 80 to 120 pedunculated clamps symmetrically distributed in two rows, with rib-like thickenings and a curved lappet bearing a pair of hooks at the posterior extremity of the body were also observed. The cirrus could be seen protruding from the genital atrium, armed with pectinate spines along its length and presenting up to eight pointed spines around the genital atrium.
... R. barracudae Manter, 1940, originally described from Sphyraena barracuda off Tortugas, Florida (Manter, 1940(Manter, , 1947, may differ in cirrus-sac reach and has a distinctly five-lobed rhyncheal hood and a posteriorly oriented caecum. This species is now widely reported from S. barracuda in the southern Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Fischthal, 1977;Sparks, 1957;Williams & Bunkley Williams, 1996). R. eggletoni Velasquez, 1959 has a more anteriorly situated mouth and a shorter cirrus-sac, not reaching the testes. ...
... There are several other reports in other deepsea fishes (Reimer, 1985;Yamaguti, 1938). Williams & Bunkley-Williams (1996) described the barracuda as a 'false host' for this parasite. R. sphyraenae Yamaguti, 1959, originally reported in the red barracuda Sphyraena pinguis Günther, in Sagami Bay, Japan (Yamaguti, 1959), differs from R. bartolii in the pre-uterine distance and probably the pre-vitelline and pre-oral distances. ...
... It also differs in the vitellarium not reaching as far posteriorly as the pharynx and having a larger rhynchus. Dyer et al. (1985) reported this species from Sphyraena barracuda off Puerto Rico, but Williams & Bunkley-Williams (1996) considered it as probably a 'false host' (= accidental host) acquired by the consumption of the carangid host. P. longoviferus (Manter, 1940), from Sphyraena barracuda off Tortugas, Florida (Manter, 1940) and Grand Isle, Louisiana (Corkum, 1968), differs most distinctly from P. toomboensis in its short previtelline distance and its oblique, separated testes. ...
Three species of bucephaline bucephalids are described from Sphyraena putnamae Jordan & Seale and distinguished from related forms using visual keys. Rhipidocotyle khalili Nagaty, 1937 is illustrated and measurements given. Rhipidocotyle bartolii n. sp. [syns R. longicirrus (Nagaty, 1937) of Bartoli & Bray (2005); and possibly Bucephalopsis arcuatus (Linton, 1900) of Manter (1940)] differs from R. longicirrus (sensu
stricto) in width, pre-uterine distance, pre-oral distance and cirrus-sac extent. Prosorhynchoides toomboensis n. sp. differs from similar species by combinations of characters presented in a table. The bucephalids of Sphyraena spp. are listed and discussed.
... (%#)*$ +*,-./*01-!"#$%& +23%$ (%#)*$ 4%.5 6-5".%0%. × 100% Tabel 1. Kategori Prevalensi (Williams and Bunkley Williams, 1996) No. Prevalensi (%) (Ermaitis, 1984). ...
... Hal ini menunjukan infeksi parasit pada kerang hijau yang diperiksa tinggi. Pernyataan ini sesuai dengan referensi dari Williams dan Bunkley-Williams (1996) yang mengatakan bahwa prevalensi parasit bernilai 99-100% menunjukan bahwa biota yang diamati terinfeksi sangat parah, keadaan ini dapat menyebabkan stress hingga kematian pada kerang hijau yang terinfeksi.Menurut Handayani (2020) tinggi rendahnya nilai prevalensi dan intensitas parasit dapat dipengaruhi oleh faktor internal dan eksternal. Faktor eksternal yaitu antara lain parameter kualitas air yang menjadi habitat kerang hijau. ...
Green mussels are one of the food ingredients that are popular with the public because of their good nutritional content for the body and affordable prices. Green mussels are also a cultivation commodity that is easy to develop for coastal communities, especially coastal communities in the Randusanga Kulon Waters, Brebes. One of its characteristics, which is living sedentarily and being a filter feeder, makes green mussels easily infected with parasites and polluting organisms. Therefore, this study aims to determine the prevalence of parasites in green mussels (Perna viridis) in the Randusanga Kulon, Brebes. Parasite analysis in green mussels was carried out in July 2023 using the random sampling method. This study used green mussel samples with an average length of 12.03 ± 1.02 cm. Observations of endoparasites were carried out on the legs, gills, and contents of the digestive tract, while observations of ectoparasites were carried out on the shells of green mussels. Observations were carried out on 7 (seven) samples of green mussels with 3 (three) repetitions in each part observed. Based on observations, parasites were found with a prevalence category of often to always with prevalence values ranging from 14.3% -100%. The types of parasites found were Perkinsus sp., Balanus sp., Ciliata, Strongyloides stercoralis, Strongyloides papillosus.
... High prevalence rates can indicate a significant health problem ecologically, particularly in fish. However, using criteria of the attacking level of parasites in this study mostly the level often which means frequent with low prevalence levels between 10-29% [36]. All types of parasites infestation was between 3,3 -6,7%. ...
... In contrast, the intensity of endoparasites is at a low infection level of 1,0 individual of parasite. Smaller barramundi have both ectoparasites and endoparasites at a low infection level as in Table 5 the intensity criteria [36]. ...
Barramundi Lates calcarifer is one of the leading marine aquaculture commodities in Indonesia, therefore fish health should be observed. This study was conducted to determine the type and number of parasites present in barramundi, the prevalence, mean intensity and mean abundance of parasite and the number of leukocytes in each individual, based on the level of infestation. This study used a quantitative descriptive method, using a total of 30 fish with two different sizes of host of ± 20 cm (large) and ±5 cm (small) each as many as 15 individuals. The results showed that size of host samples influenced the number of parasites infested with the prevalence of 40%, while ectoparasite 20%. This may due to differences in the living environment as well as the larger host provides more space to the parasites. The ectoparasites found in barramundi, namely Trichodina sp, Cryptocaryon sp, Benedenia sp, Diplectanum sp and endoparasites, namely Camallanus sp. Ectoparasites Trichodina sp. has the highest mean intensity of 20%. The highest mean abundance on large fish was 3.2 ind/fish on ectoparasite and endoparasites was 0.07 ind/fish. The lowest leukocytes were 179.82 10 ³ /μl (19.6 cm) and the highest in sample number three was 218 10 ³ /μl (20 cm), all exceeded the normal amount of leucocytes cells for fish was uninfected.
... The results of the identification of ectoparasites that infested laying ducks of MP hybrid types in Gedang Hamlet, Modopuro Village, Mojosari District, Mojokerto Regency were Anaticola crassicornis 59%, M. stramineus 25%, and M. gallinae 9%. Ectoparasite identification is done by examining body size using a microscope equipped with a raster image optilab tool and identifying characteristics using ectoparasite identification keys Soulsby (1986), and Wall and Shearer (2001). Menacanthus stramineus, one of the ticks that infest laying ducks of the MP hybrid type, has a characteristic yellow body, the head of M. stramineus is triangular and has two rows of dorsal bristle on the abdomen. ...
... Types of ectoparasites The result of this study showed that 71 heads from 100 samples of MP Hybrid laying ducks were positive infested with ectoparasites. The calculation of prevalence obtained in the sample results is 71% which is calculated using the prevalence formula according to Sutrisnawati (2001) which is included in the category of 'common' infestations according to Williams and Williams (1996). A. crassicornis become the most common with 59% prevalence. ...
The purpose of this study was to identify ectoparasites and to determine the prevalence and infestation patterns of ectoparasites that attack the MP hybrid type culled ducks in Gedang Hamlet, Modopuro Village, Mojosari District, Mojokerto Regency. This study used a sample of 100 culled laying ducks of the MP hybrid type. The obtained ectoparasites were identified at the labaroratory of division parasitology, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, using the permanent mounting method without staining and viewed using a microscope with 40-100x magnification. This study found 71 samples positively infested with ectoparasites out of 100 samples of culled MP hybrid ducks examined with (prevalence of 71%). The types of ectoparasites found in this study were Menacanthus stramineus (25%), Menopon gallinae (9%), and Anaticola crassicornis (59%). Correspondence analysis test was conducted to show the pattern of infestation of the ectoparasites. The head-neck region was infested by M. stramineus and M. gallinae, while the back, wings, abdomen and tail regions were infested by A. crassicornis. A. crassicornis mostly attacked the MP hybrid type of culled laying ducks on the wings, compared to the back, abdomen and tail. A. crassicornis is an ectoparasite that is typical for the wing region, while M. gallinae and M. stramineus are ectoparasites that are typical for the head-neck region.
... Pakong and Waru sub-districts have the highest prevalence rate distribution of helminth cases, 12% and 11%, respectively in the incidence of cooperia sp infection (Table 2) ( Figure 3). If compare with (Williams and Bunkley, 1996) the normal prevalence has a range of 10%-20%. Furthermore, Cooperia sp also infected the Madura cattle in Pasean and Batumarmar sub-district, about 6% and 2%, respectively (Table 2) ( Figure 1). ...
... Furthermore, Cooperia sp also infected the Madura cattle in Pasean and Batumarmar sub-district, about 6% and 2%, respectively (Table 2) ( Figure 1). Occasionally rate infection category or infection in the prevalence range 1% -9% (Williams and Bunkley, 1996). In addition, not only helminth but also protozoa were found namely (Eimeria spp., Blastocystis spp., and Balantidium spp.) but in the Kamal district (Hastutiek et al., 2019). ...
... The highest intensity was found in the eggs of Ascaris sp. of 2.5. This intensity value is included in the category of mild parasitic intensity [10]. Sanitation of the cage in Tinaggea was considered quite well because the level of parasite intensity found was in the mild category. ...
... The highest prevalence of worm eggs of Ascaris sp. was 80% (Table 3). This value is included in the category of infestation usually or normally attack rate [10]. The results of this study are higher than the research conducted by Tandirerung [12] on 10 samples of Timor deer (Cervus timorensis) at the Celebes Wildlife Image Conservation Zoo, South Sulawesi by 20%. ...
ABSTRACT
Management of wildlife in captivity that must be considered is the use of feed additives and prevention of diseases caused by endoparasites. The digestive tract is one of the organs that are susceptible to helminthiasis. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of endoparasite infection in Timor deer at In-situ breeding at Tinanggea Subdistrict. This research was conducted from August to October 2021 using a total of 10 specimens of deer feces samples. The samples were analyzed in the Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Reproduction and Health Unit, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Halu Oleo University. The results of this study found 10 positive samples from 10 samples examined with the highest intensity found in the eggs of the worm Ascaris sp. of 2.5 (mild parasite category). The prevalence of each type of worm based on data collection and laboratory results showed the prevalence of Ascaris sp. by 80%, Echinococcus sp. by 20%, Moniezia sp. by 30%, and Fasciola sp. by 60%.
Keywords: Prevalence, endoparasites, Timor deer, Ascaris sp.
... The parasite prevalence (P) was calculated from the total number of infected samples divided by the number of samples examined (Equation (1)) [1]. To find out the prevalence rate of infection was referred to criteria shown in Table-1 [14]. ...
... Based on Table-3, the highest prevalence of ectoparasites is Octolasmis sp. with prevalence value 70% followed by Epistylis sp. with a prevalence value of 30% and the lowest prevalence value is Zoothamnium sp. with a value of prevalence 23%. Based on the category of parasite prevalence values [14] the prevalence of Octolasmis sp. is moderate prevalence level where the prevalence rate of Octolasmis sp. can cause stress to the host but not lead death of the host. Prevalence of Epistylis sp. is the usual prevalence level where this infection is common in mud crab. ...
This study aims to know various types, prevalence, and intensity of ectoparasite on mud crab (Scylla serrata) in Mangrove Forest Wonorejo, Surabaya. This study used survey method with random sampling to collect the data. This study was conducted in November 2020. Ectoparasite in this study collected by smear method. In-situ water quality measurement were applied in this study. Mud crab (Scylla serrata) in this study was obtained from local fisherman that consist of 30 crabs. There are 3 types of ectoparasite was infected mud crab there are Octolasmis sp. (208 ind), Zoothamnium sp. (93 ind), dan Epistylis sp. (116 ind). Those ectoparasite was found in mud crabs gills. The highest prevalence was Octolasmis sp. (70%), Epistylis sp. (30%), Zoothamnium sp. (23%). The highest intensity was Zoothamnium sp (13,29 ind/crab), Epistylis sp. (12,89 ind/crab), dan Octolasmis sp. (9,90 ind/crab). Based on Ministerial Decree of Ministry Environment and Forestry No. 1 of 2004 water quality in Wonorejo Mangrove Forest was still optimal for life cycle of mud crab with average of temperature is 31,20°C, Dissolved Oxygen 5,53 mg/l, salinity 11 ppt, and pH 7,40.
... Based solely on LM, this nematode species was described by Deardorff & Overstreet (1982) from specimens collected in Coryphaena hippurus from off Hawaii, off the continental USA (Alabama, South Carolina) and in the Gulf of Panama; the authors also mention its occurrence in the same host species from off Papua New Guinea. Later Williams & Bunkley-Williams (1996) found this nematode in C. hippurus in the Caribbean Sea from around Puerto Rico, mentioning that it also occurs in this host off the Gulf and Atlantic USA coasts from Texas to North Carolina, including the Florida Keys. Although it seems to be a rather common, specific parasite of C. hippurus in tropical and temperate zones of the western Atlantic and western and eastern Pacific (Williams & Bunkley-Williams, 1996), it is remarkable that it was not recorded from the many specimens of C. hippurus examined from the regions of the eastern Atlantic (off Balearic Islands in the western Mediterranean and off Canary Islands in the central-eastern Atlantic) (Carbonell et al., 1999). ...
... Later Williams & Bunkley-Williams (1996) found this nematode in C. hippurus in the Caribbean Sea from around Puerto Rico, mentioning that it also occurs in this host off the Gulf and Atlantic USA coasts from Texas to North Carolina, including the Florida Keys. Although it seems to be a rather common, specific parasite of C. hippurus in tropical and temperate zones of the western Atlantic and western and eastern Pacific (Williams & Bunkley-Williams, 1996), it is remarkable that it was not recorded from the many specimens of C. hippurus examined from the regions of the eastern Atlantic (off Balearic Islands in the western Mediterranean and off Canary Islands in the central-eastern Atlantic) (Carbonell et al., 1999). ...
Three species of parasitic nematodes are redescribed based on light and scanning electron microscopical (SEM) examinations of newly collected specimens in fishes of South Carolina, USA: Dichelyne (Cucullanellus) bullocki Stromberg & Crites, 1972 from Fundulus heteroclitus (Linnaeus) (Fundulidae); Dichelyne (Dichelyne) diplocaecum Chandler, 1935 from Ictalurus furcatus (Valenciennes) (Ictaluridae); and Hysterothylacium pelagicum Deardorff & Overstreet, 1982 from Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus (Coryphaenidae). For the first time, intraspecific variations in the number of intestinal caeca were observed in D. bullocki, as well as previously unknown males and gravid females of D. diplocaecum are described; this enabled to synonymise D. mexicanus Caspeta-Mandujano, Moravec & Salgado-Maldonado, 1999 with D. diplocaecum. Unlike most congeneric species, H. pelagicum has no double postanal papillae, as confirmed by SEM. A key to the species of Dichelyne Jägerskiöld, 1902 parasitic in freshwater and brackish-water fishes in North America is provided.
... Dubina (1985) reported Nybelinia sp. from five of the nine swordfish collected from the western Indian Ocean. This parasite has also been reported in swordfish from the Atlantic Ocean (Williams and Bunkley-Williams 1996). ...
... As reported in the present study, H. ventricosa infest swordfish in Gulf of Mexico and also the Atlantic Ocean (Silas 1962;Williams and Bunkley-Williams 1996;Garcia et al. 2010). This parasite, as cercariae, enters into plankton, which trophically infect Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis, entering into their digestive organs with ingested plankton (Naidenova et al. 1985). ...
Documentation of fish parasites is important in describing the biodiversity of a given water body. In this study, the first record of metazoan parasite fauna of long snouted lancetfish (Alepisaurus ferox) and swordfish (Xiphias gladius) of the eastern Arabian Sea is presented. Three cestodes (Pelichnibothrium speciosum, Tentacularia coryphaenae and Hepatoxylon trichiuri) and one trematode (Botulus microporus) were collected from the lancetfish. Parasite prevalence was 98.04 % and the average intensity was 9.58. In the swordfish, all the samples were infected, and the average parasite intensity was 51.4. Five cestodes (Hepatoxylon trichiuri, Fistulicola plicatus, Nybelinia bisulcata, Nybelinia lingualis and Tentacularia coryphaenae), at least two species of nematodes (Hysterothylacium incurvum and unidentified nematodes), one species of copepode (Pennella instructa), and a trematode (Hirudinella ventricosa) were collected from the swordfish.
... Consequently, at least some reports published from scombrids in the genus Thunnus South subsequent to Gibson & Bray (1977), may represent this species in our opinion. For example, Eggleston & Bochenek (1990) reported H. ventricosa from T. thynnus off Virginia, and Williams & Bunkley-Williams (1996) reported H. ventricosa from Thunnus alalunga (Bonnaterre), Thunnus atlanticus (Lesson), T. albacares, and T. thynnus off Puerto Rico. Some authors seem to have taken a more cautious approach and did not abide by the synonymies of Gibson & Bray (1977). ...
... B collected from M. nigricans represents yet another unidentifiable species. Williams & Bunkley-Williams (1996) reported that M. nigricans from off Puerto Rico is infected with H. ventricosa. However, these authors seem to have followed the two-species classification of the family presented by Nigrelli & Stunkard (1947). ...
Digeneans in the genus Hirudinella de Blainville, 1828 (Hirudinellidae) from three species of pelagic fishes, Acanthocybium
solandri (Cuvier), Makaira
nigricans Lacépède and Thunnus
albacares (Bonnaterre), and one benthic fish, Mulloidichthys
martinicus (Cuvier), from the Gulf of Mexico are investigated using comparison of ribosomal DNA. Four species are identified based on molecular differences: Hirudinella ventricosa (Pallas, 1774) Baird, 1853 from A. solandri, Hirudinella
ahi Yamaguti, 1970 from T. albacares, and two unidentified but distinct species of Hirudinella, herein referred to as Hirudinella sp. A (from both M. nigricans and M. martinicus) and Hirudinella sp. B from M. nigricans. Additionally, H. ahi, based tentatively on morphological identification, is reported from Thunnus
thynnus (Linnaeus). This represents the first record of a hirudinellid from M.
martinicus and the first record of H. ahi from T. thynnus. A phylogeny of some Hemiurata Skrjabin & Guschanskaja, 1954 using partial fragments of the 28S rDNA sequences is consistent with earlier phylogenies and the position of the Hirudinellidae Dollfus, 1932 is well-supported as a derived group most closely related to the Syncoeliidae Looss, 1899.
... The female seems to be adapted in body shape and size to the cavity behind the pectoral fins of bluefin tuna. This site specialization is rather unusual Williams and Bunkley-Williams (1996). ...
... This was found in the dorsal fin and its presence in bluefin tuna has been described by Munday et al. (2003). Williams and Bunkley-Williams (1996) describe this species for bluefin tuna from both sides of the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. ...
SUMMARY This is a preliminary study of the metazoan ectoparasites of juvenile bluefin tuna in the Bay of Biscay. 166 specimens were sampled in the laboratory and a further sampling was performed on board a commercial vessel, in which 45 tuna were sampled. Seven parasite taxa were identified (three copepods, three digeneans and one monogenea), of which five were identified to species level. Special attention was given to the Didymozooidea present in the skin. The high mean intensity of Dermatodidymocystis viviparoides in juvenile specimens sampled on board the commercial vessel and their possible use as a biological tag are highlighted. RÉSUMÉ
... Examination of ectoparasites samples using a microscope and a loop. The data obtained was analyzed, prevalence and intensity were calculated [22], for each type of ectoparasite found and given a category [23]. ...
The occurrence of ectoparasite infestation in cattle contributes significantly to the success of cattle farming. A study on ectoparasite infestation in cattle ( Bos sp .) was conducted in the oil palm plantation Afdeling II, Gunung Kataran Village, Tebing Tinggi Subdistrict, Serdang Bedagai Regency, North Sumatra. The research aimed to determine the types, prevalence, and intensity of infestation in three cattle breeds (Madrasin, Limousin, and Simmental), with each breed consisting of 10 individuals. Ectoparasite samples were collected using two methods: sweeping with a net and manual inspection of the entire cattle body. The identified ectoparasite species included Boophilus microplus, Musca domestica, Stomoxys calcitrans, Culex sp ., and Haemadipsa sp . The prevalence of ectoparasite infestation across the three breeds (Madrasin, Limousin, and Simmental) ranged from 80% to 100%, falling into the ‘usually-always’ category. The intensity of ectoparasite infestation across the three breeds ranged from 4.22 to 97.4, categorized as ‘light-heavy’. Musca domestica emerged as the most dominant ectoparasite species affecting the cattle in this study. The presence of ectoparasites was found to be significantly influenced by the cleanliness of the rearing environment.”
... Data analysis of blood glucose levels and the degree of infestation of Zeylanicobdella sp. on cantang grouper was tested using Dependent T-Test (Pairs). Grouper blood glucose levels were measured with reference [15], and the degree of infestation of Zeylanicobdella sp. was calculated by reference [16] ...
The cantang grouper is one of the high-value fisheries commodities. Transportation is an integral activity in aquaculture, notably in transporting cantang grouper. Among the methods is the closed wet transportation system. The disrupted environment in the closed wet transportation system, exhaustion, and deficit of the immune system can cause the cantang grouper to be infested by marine leech or Zeylanicobdella . In this study, Zeylanicobdella sp. infestation levels and cantang grouper blood glucose levels are compared before and after a closed wet transportation system. This research used an experimental method. The 35 individuals’ sample was examined for blood glucose levels and the infestation degree of Zeylanicobdella . Subsequently, they were transported from Situbondo, East Java, to the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Universitas Airlangga Surabaya and re-examined. The results of measuring blood glucose levels of cantang grouper were in the below-normal category, normal, and above-normal. There was no significant difference in the infestation degree by Zeylanicobdella sp. between before and after transportation. This study concludes that closed wet transportation affected blood glucose levels and did not affect the degree of infestation by Zeylanicobdella sp. in cantang grouper.
... Geographic distribution: D. scombri has a worldwide distribution. It has been reported from Florida (Manter, 1947;Raptopoulou and Lambertsen, 1987), Pacific (Manter, 1940), New Zealand (Manter, 1954), Mexico (Regagnon et al., 1997), Puerto Rico (Williams and Bunkley-Williams, 1996), Ghana (Fischthal, 1972), Senegal (Fischthal and Thomas, 1972), India (Rekha and John, 2003), Japan (Yamaguti, 1934), Brazil (Fernandes, 1971), Northwest of Azores (Guiart, 1938) and West Mediterranean Sea (Carbonell et al., 1999). So, the present material represents the first record of this parasite in the Red Sea. ...
Two widely distributed and economically important food fish in the Red Sea were investigated. A total of 101 specimens of Epinephelus tauvina and 120 Abalistes stellatus were collected from Al-Mehwat local fish market, Hodeidah City, Yemen, between October 2009 and April 2010 and examined for their parasites. Two digenean species of the suborder Hemiurata, namely Derogenes varicus (Müller, 1784) and Dinurus scombri Yamaguti, 1934, were found in these fishes. The former parasite occurred in 15% of A. stellatus and 4% of E. tauvina and its mean intensity of infection was 4.2 and 3.5, respectively while the abundance was 15 and 4, respectively. The latter parasite occurred only in 1% of E. tauvina, with a mean intensity of 2 and an abundance of 0.02. The present study represents the first record of these two parasite species in Yemeni waters of the Red Sea. In addition, E. tauvina now represents a new host for D. scombri.
... Infeksi Dactylogyrus spp. pada ikan ditandai dengan aktivitas ikan yang berenang dekat permukaan, bersembunyi pada salah satu sudut kolam pemeliharaan, kehilangan nafsu makan, menggosok-gosokkan tubuh ke bagian tepi kolam pemeliharaan, ikan kehilangan sisik, luka, mengeluarkan cairan kemerahan, terjadi gangguan pernafasan, insang bengkak dan pucat (Kurniawan, 2012 Berdasarkan tingkat prevalensi menurut Williams & Bunkley (1996), nilai prevalensi 50 -69% termasuk dalam kategori infeksi sangat sering, prevalensi 70-89 % termasuk dalam kategori infeksi hampir parah, dan nilai prevalensi 1-9 % menunjukkan kategori infeksi rendah. ...
Salah satu faktor penghambat dalam usaha budidaya perikanan adalah serangan parasit. Parasit merupakan organisme yang hidup pada tubuh organisme lain (inang) dengan mengambil nutrisi dari inangnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui jenis parasit dan prevalensi parasit pada ikan air tawar yang dibudidayakan di Pusat Produksi Inspeksi dan Sertifikasi Hasil Perikanan (PPISHP), Balai Benih Ikan (BBI), Ciganjur. Sampel ikan yang digunakan berjumlah 30 ekor ikan air tawar yang merupakan spesies ikan nila dan ikan lele masing-masing sebanyak 15 ekor dengan ukuran 5-6 cm yang diambil secara purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian teridentifikasi tiga spesies parasit yaitu Trichodina sp., Ichthyophthirius multifiliis dan Dactylogyrus spp. Tingkat serangan parasit Trichodina sp. pada benih ikan air tawar yang diproduksi di PPISHP, BBI Ciganjur menunjukan prevalensi tertinggi pada benih ikan lele dengan nilai prevalensi 86,6% infeksi hampir parah, sedangkan prevalensi parasit terendah yakni Dactylogyrus spp. yang menyerang ikan nila dengan prevalensi 6,6% termasuk infeksi rendah. Intensitas parasit tertinggi yakni Ichthyophthirius multifiliis yaitu 22 individu/ekor pada ikan lele, dan intensitas parasit terendah yakni Dactylogyrus spp. yaitu 1 individu/ekor pada ikan nila. Adapun parameter suhu dan pH juga mempengaruhi tingginya nilai prevalensi dan intensitas parasit yang menyerang ikan khususnya pada ikan lele di BBI Ciganjur.
... The isopod L. redmanii was isolated from M. cephalus, and T. zillii (Helal & Yousef, 2018); N. orbignyi from T. zillii (Abdel-Latif, 2016); Cymothoa spinipalpa from Argyrops filamentosus (Abd-Al-Aal et al., 2008); R. thresherorum from D. labrax; and C. exigua from Sciaena umbra. Livoneca redmanii is distributed in the Caribbean and along the eastern coasts of South America (Bruce, 1990;Williams & Bunkley-Williams, 1996). Bruce (1990) reported that Livoneca is a New World genus containing only two accepted species: L. redmanii endemic to the western Atlantic and L. bowmani native to the eastern Pacific. ...
Lake Qarun is one of the oldest lakes in the world, a prehistoric lake, from the era of the pharaohs. It started as a freshwater lake and nowadays changed to become a saline lake due to climate changes and anthropogenic activities. Currently, the lake is facing big challenges, affecting the sustainability of its natural bioresources. The lake ecosystem passed by successive changes since the beginning of the 19th century that have led to drastic changes in its elements. In addition, it was subjected to different exploitation regimes. During the last decade, its fisheries production sharply declined and the fate of the lake became unclear due to many factors, some were recognized and a lot were unrecognized. To overcome the present situation, governmental agencies and scientific communities should find a viable way to stop the deterioration of the lake's ecosystem and restore the collapsed fish production. The current review casts the light on the entangled history of the lake to come up with a coherent concept for the recovery and rehabilitation of Lake Qarun bioresources. We proposed an integrated management plan for the lake's ecosystem rehabilitation to ensure sustainable exploitation of the lake's fish resources.
... dalam penelitian ini menginfeksi sampel uji dengan bobot 96-332 gram dan panjang tubuh 20,5-29,5 cm pada bagian organ lambung, usus dan hati dari Ikan Tongkol (Eutihynnus sp.) yang dijadikan sampel. Menurut William dan Bunkley (1996) Eksistensi seluruh jenis endoparasit ditemukan menginfeksi bagian otot dan saluran pencernaan seperti usus, lambung dan hati sampel ikan Tongkol (E. affinis) yang diuji dipengaruhi oleh banyaknya sumber nutrisi di dalam tubuh inang yang siap diserap oleh endoparasit yang menginfeksinya. ...
Ikan Tongkol abu-abu (Euthynnus affinis) memiliki harga yang cukup ekonomis di kalangan masyarakat Kota Pangkalpinang. Kandungan protein, karbohidrat dan mineral pada Ikan Tongkol mengandung nutrisi yang bermanfaat bagi tubuh manusia. Namun Ikan Tongkol yang bernilai gizi juga harus dipastikan aman dan sehat bagi konsumen, karena Ikan Tongkol tergolong ikan karnivora yang berpotensi sebagai inang endoparasit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat prevalensi, intensitas dan tingkat dominansi dari infeksi jenis endoparasit yang menginfeksi Ikan Tongkol di TPI Ketapang Kota Pangkalpinang. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan September-November 2020. Sampel diperoleh dari TPI Ketapang Kota Pangkalpinang Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung. Pengujian sampel dilakukan di Laboratorium Penguji Parasit (LP-683-IDN) Stasiun Karantina Ikan Pengendalian Mutu dan Keamanan Hasil Perikanan (SKIPM) Pangkalpinang. Hasil identifikasi didapatkan 4 jenis endoparasit yang menginfeksi sampel Ikan Tongkol (Euthynnus affinis) yaitu Anisakis sp., Didymozoid sp., Rhadinorhyncus sp., dan endoparasit Cestoda yang hanya dapat diidentifikasi hingga kasta kelas saja. Jumlah sampel yang terinfeksi dari seluruh jumlah sampel diuji diperoleh nilai tingkat prevalensi sebesar 68,18% dengan kategori infeksi sangat sering. Intensitas tertinggi ditemukan pada infeksi endoparasit Rhadinorhyncus sp. yang masuk dalam kategori infeksi sedang. Endoparasit yang paling dominan menginfeksi sampel uji pada penelitian ini berasal dari endoparasit Rhadinorhyncus sp. dengan persentase 92,59%.
... Ectoparasite infestation, in both single and co-infected treatments, was very high, reaching up to 100% prevalence in all treatments with a mean intensity of 143-209.75. A parasite prevalence of 99-100% with mean intensity of more than 100 parasites/fish is classified as a very severe infection (Williams and Bunkley 1996). Elucidating the presence of ectoparasites in farmed fish is crucial. ...
Consequential interaction contributed by parasitic and bacterial infections in fish has received little attention and impact of co-infection is mostly undescribed. This study identifies and describes notable damage arising from the co-infection of Trichodina and Aeromonas caviae infecting the seabass Lates calcarifer. A completely randomized experiment was performed with 4 infection treatments (healthy fish; fish naturally infected with Trichodina sp.; healthy fish injected with A. caviae; fish naturally infected with Trichodina sp. and injected with A. caviae) and 3 replicates. Fish were obtained from the Takalar Brackish Aquaculture Institute, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The data were statistically tested using linear regression analysis. The results showed bacterial pathogenicity, lymphocyte percentage, and histopathological quantification were statistically different (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the number of erythrocytes and leukocytes, the percentages of monocytes and neutrophils were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between treatments. The non-infected fish showed no cell inflammation and necrosis, very little hemorrhage (liver and gills), negligible hemorrhage and melano-macrophages (kidney). Kidneys and liver were the most damaged organs of co-infected fish, with a large number of inflammatory cells, hemorrhages, vacuoles, melano-macrophages, scar tissue, inflammation and necrosis. Infection with Trichodina sp. presented less damage than the co-infection of A. caviae and Trichodina sp. In conclusion, single infection showed a mild pathological impact, meanwhile, the co-infection of Trichodina sp and A. caviae contribute significantly to fish’s health.
... Prevalensi endoparasit dihitung dengan menggunakan acuan perhitungan Williams and Williams (1996) dengan rumus sebagai berikut: ...
Kendala kualitas air dalam budidaya ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus) pada Program Urban Farming diakibatkan karena waduk maupun bozem yang digunakan merupakan perairan tergenang dan kualitas airnya tergantung darimana air itu berasal, apabila kualitas air buruk maka ikan akan stres, menjadi lemah dan mudah terserang parasit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kualitas air pada pemeliharaan ikan nila (O. niloticus), prevalensi endoparasit pada saluran pencernaan serta korelasi antara kualitas air dengan prevalensi endoparasit pada saluran pencernaan ikan nila (O. niloticus) di Keramba Jaring Apung Program Urban Farming kota Surabaya. Lokasi waduk atau bozem yang digunakan adalah Urban Farming kecamatan Wiyung, Jambangan dan Lakarsantri, kota Surabaya. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode survey. Parameter utama dalam penelitian ini adalah prevalensi endoparasit dan kualitas air. Hasil pengukuran kualitas air berkisar antara : suhu 29-300C; pH 7-8,5; kecerahan 18-30 cm; DO 4,8- 5,3 mg/l; nitrit <0,043-2,213 mg/l; nitrat <0,008-7,781 mg/l dan amoniak 0,063-0,35 mg/l. Prevalensi rata-rata endoparasit Eimeria spp. 5,71 % dan Acanthogyrus spp. 8 %. Terdapat korelasi positif antara kecerahan, amoniak dan DO dengan prevalensi Eimeria spp. serta suhu, pH, nitrat dan nitrit dengan prevalensi Acanthogyrus spp. Terdapat korelasi negatif antara suhu, pH, nitrat dan nitrit dengan prevalensi Eimeria spp. serta kecerahan, amoniak dan DO dengan prevalensi Acanthogyrus spp.
... Since these fishes cannot be sold, they are usually released or discarded. This prevented Williams and Bunkley-Williams (1996) from obtaining specimens in Puerto Rico. It also probably limited the availability of specimens of lesser amberjack, thus hindering previous documentation from Puerto Rico. ...
New geographic localities are noted for chimaera cestodarian, Gyrocotyle rugosa, from the central Atlantic; it and Antillean snake eel, Ophichthus spinicauda; Caribbean lanternshark, Etmopterus hillianus; and dwarf cat shark, Scyliorhinus torrei, for the Caribbean Sea; those, black verilus, Verilus sor-didus; dusky shark, Carcharhinus obscurus; lesser amberjack, Seriola fasciata; and longfinned bulleye, Cookeolus japonicus, for the insular Caribbean; all above (except Antillean snake eel), and bearded brotula, Brotula barbata; bigeye sixgill shark, Hexachus nakamurai; Darwin's slimehead, Gephyroberyx darwinii; longsnout scorpionfish, Pontinus castor; short bigeye, Pristigeny altus; and tropical pomfret, Eumegistus brevorti, for Puerto Rico. Gulf of Mexico, Sargasso Sea, and Mexico are new for Antillean snake eel; French Guiana, Guyana, Isla La Tortuga, Jamaica, Pedro Bank, St. Croix, and St. Thomas for bearded brotula; Barbados, Dominican Republic, Florida, Florida Keys, Gulf of Mexico, St. Thomas, southern Caribbean Sea, and Tortola for bigeye sixgill shark; Honduras for black verilus; St. Croix for Caribbean chimaera; Vieques Island for Caribbean lanternshark; Anguilla, Colombia, Cozumel, Jamaica, Suriname, Venezuela, Yucatán for Darwin's slimehead; Saba Bank for dusky shark; Barbados and the Pedro Bank for lesser amberjack; Bar-bados, Dominican Republic, and Grenada for longsnout scorpionfish; Dominican Republic, Grenadines, and off South America for short bigeye; Campeche Bank, Panama, and Gulf of Mexico for shortjaw lizardfish, Saurida normani; Bahamas, Barbados, Campeche Bank, Cay Sal Bank, Dominican Republic, Grand Bahama Island, Inagua Islands, Panama for tattler, Serranus phoebe; Bimini, Lang Bank, and St. Croix for tropical pomfret. Also 17 depth and 2 size records are noted, and 5 species diagnostic characters modified. All these additions indicate how poorly this ichthyofauna is known.
... Se extraerán los ciegos pilóricos, hígado e intestino y se colocarán entre dos placas Petri con solución salina al 0.07%, para luego ser analizadas bajo el microscopio estereoscópico. Todos los parásitos que se colecten serán fijados en alcohol al 70% su posterior identificación hasta el mínimo taxón posible según la literatura especializada: Yamaguti (1963aYamaguti ( 1963bOverstreet (1969) y Vidal-Martínez et al. (2001 para tremátodos; Anderson et al. (1974), Vidal-Martínez et al. (2001) y Noronha et al. (1986 para nematodos; Schmidt (2000) para turbelarios; Khalil et al. (1994) y Kensley Schotte (1989) para cestodos; y Williams y Williams (1996) para crustáceos. ...
... Se extraerán los ciegos pilóricos, hígado e intestino y se colocarán entre dos placas Petri con solución salina al 0.07%, para luego ser analizadas bajo el microscopio estereoscópico. Todos los parásitos que se colecten serán fijados en alcohol al 70% su posterior identificación hasta el mínimo taxón posible según la literatura especializada: Yamaguti (1963aYamaguti ( 1963bOverstreet (1969) y Vidal-Martínez et al. (2001 para tremátodos; Anderson et al. (1974), Vidal-Martínez et al. (2001) y Noronha et al. (1986 para nematodos; Schmidt (2000) para turbelarios; Khalil et al. (1994) y Kensley Schotte (1989) para cestodos; y Williams y Williams (1996) para crustáceos. ...
... Like most marine invertebrates, they appear to be most diverse in coral reef systems, where it is estimated that over 5000 species have yet to be described (Kensley 1998). Among the described marine species, 9% are parasites of fishes (Williams and Bunkley-Williams 1996). These parasites are organised into four families of temporary parasites (Gnathiidae, Cirolanidae, Corallanidae and Aegidae), and one family of permanent parasites (Cymothoidae). ...
Parasites constitute the majority of coral reef animal diversity and are believed to contribute significantly to host, community and trophic dynamics. Anilocra spp. are large conspicuous ectoparasitic isopods, making them ideal models for host–parasite studies. In the tropical western Atlantic and Caribbean, Anilocra haemuli infects the ecologically important French grunt (Haemulon flavolineatum). French grunt are trophic connectors between reef and seagrass environments, and how A. haemuli infection influences connectivity is unknown. As a first step in understanding the French grunt–A. haemuli association, we conducted reef surveys during three consecutive years to quantify the abundance and prevalence of infected fish on reef sites in the north-eastern Caribbean. We examined their correlations with fish population and aggregation size, and social affiliation. Annual infected fish abundance and prevalence per site ranged from 0–24 fish and 0–66%. Prevalence: (1) appeared autocorrelated within bays among years; (2) was inversely correlated with population and aggregation size, although the statistical significance varied; and (3) was greater for solitary than aggregating fish. Our study provides the most comprehensive dataset for prevalence of any Anilocra spp., and the necessary baseline data for future studies on Anilocra–host dynamics, and the effect of parasites on trophic and habitat connectivity.
Kerang air tawar berperan penting dalam ekosistem perairan sebagai penyaring dan bioindikator. Siklus hidup kerang melibatkan tahap larva glochidia yang bersifat parasit pada ikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh penempelan larva glochidia pada ikan inang dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Metode penelitian menggunakan studi literatur. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa penempelan larva glochidia dapat menyebabkan penurunan kondisi kesehatan ikan inang akibat pengambilan nutrisi dan kerusakan jaringan. Ketahanan ikan terhadap penempelan glochidia dipengaruhi oleh spesies ikan, kondisi kesehatan, mekanisme pertahanan imun, morfologi glochidia, dan kondisi lingkungan. Ikan dengan famili salmonidae memiliki ketahanan terhadap penempelan larva glochida yang lebih kuat dibandingkan ikan dari famili Cyprinidae, Sepat, Lele dan Betutu. Jenis Ikan yang memiliki peluang tinggi untuk menjadi tempat penempelan larva glochidia adalah ikan sepat. Sedangkan ikan lele merupakan ikan yang memiliki peluang yang rendah terhadap penempelan larva glochidia. Pemahaman mengenai interaksi antara kerang dan ikan inang penting untuk pengelolaan ekosistem perairan yang berkelanjutan.
This study aims to determine the histopathological changes in koi fish gills based on the degree of ectoparasitic infestation. The study found several categories of ectoparasite infestation, namely normal, mild, moderate, heavy and very heavy. In the gills with mild category, there were histopathological changes in hyperplasia, in the gills with moderate infestation category, hyperplasia and fusion occurred, in the heavy category infestation there were hyperplasia and telangiectasia, and in the category of very heavy infestation, there were hyperplasia. fusion, telangiectasia and vacuoles. The histopathological scoring value on the gills with the categories of mild, moderate, severe infestation degrees is the mild category, while the gills with the category of very heavy infestation degrees is the heavy category. Correlation test of the degree of infestation and scoring of histopathological changes obtained a ρ value of 0.832. It can be concluded that the increase of ectoparasite infestetation will be followed by the increase of tissue damage level.
This study investigated the prevalence, morphology, molecular identification, and histopathological effects of larval tapeworms (plerocercoids) infecting the skeletal muscles of the Indian halibut (Psettodes erumei) collected from the coastal waters of the Arabian Gulf. Numerous oval or round blastocysts, measuring 13–26 mm, were found embedded within the muscular tissues of the Indian halibut, rendering the fish unsuitable for human consumption. Morphological and molecular analyses identified the plerocercoids as Dasyrhynchus giganteus (family Dasyrhynchidae), with an overall prevalence of 15.4%. The seasonal prevalence was the highest in summer (14.6%), followed by spring (10.6%), winter (4.4%), and autumn (3.5%). Infection rates increased with fish size. Histopathological examination revealed fibrous connective tissue capsules surrounding the larvae, causing muscular atrophy and degenerative changes, with few inflammatory eosinophilic cells. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of the 28S rDNA gene sequences confirmed the specimens as D. giganteus, clustered closely with other sequences of D. giganteus with 100% bootstrap values. This study provided valuable insights into the parasitic infection dynamics, seasonal variation, molecular identification, and histopathological effects, highlighting the importance of monitoring fish for food safety and public health implications.
Background: The protozoan Toxoplasma gondii is the source of the zoonosis Toxoplasmosis. and causes public health problems throughout the world. Environmental contamination by oocysts excreted by cats as definitive hosts affects the spread of this disease. Wild rats as rodents can be used as an indicator of environmental contamination by oocysts, considering that rats have a habit of living in dirty environments and can be infected by oocysts from the environment. Aim: This study aims to detection of toxoplasmosis from tissue cysts and serological test in wild rats as an indicator of environmental contamination in Surabaya. Methods: A total of 100 wild rats collected from Surabaya were collected in five areas (west, east, central, north, and south Surabaya) obtained from three trapping locations: housing, dense settlements, and markets. All samples were examined microscopically for parasitological tests through the brain tissue samples, and the serum was examined using the ToMAT (Toxoplasma Modified Agglutination Test) to detect the presence of Ig G and Ig M. Results: The results showed that the seroprevalence of T. gondii in wild rats was 31% (30% for Ig G and 1% for Ig M). Tissue cysts in the rat brain samples tested were 19% (19/100).Ig G prevalence rate in female rats was 25% (8/32) while for males it was 32.3% (22/68). The highest seropositive Ig G from densely populated settlements was 50%, markets were 25.8%, and housing was 12.1%. The highest seropositive Ig M from densely populated settlements was 2.8%. Population density and the presence of cats are factors supporting the high seropositive rate at the trapping location. Conclusion: This study revealed that there has been Toxoplasmosis contamination in Surabaya with evidance of 31% in serology and active infection with 19% tissue cyst. It is necessery for controling with survailance in cats to prevent transmission in humans.
Ikan mas(Cyprinus carpio) adalah sejenis ikan konsumsi air tawar. Ikan mas atau Ikan karper adalah ikan air tawar yang bernilai ekonomis penting dan sudah tersebar luas di Indonesia. Di Pontianak sendiri ikan mas adalah jenis ikan budidaya keramba serta kolam, ikan ini digemari para pembudidaya karena selain mudah untuk pembesarannya, ikan mas tahan terhadap perubahan kualitas air yang sangat cepat. Virus merupakan HPIK ( Hama Penyakit Ikan Karantina) golongan satu (1) berdasarkan Kepmen karantina ikan no 26 tahun 2013. Gejala Klinis Ikan Mas yang Terinfeksi KHV pada bagian insang ikan terjadi necrosis. Pemeriksaan virus dapat di identifikasi dengan beberapa cara diantaranya menggunakan metode PCR (Polymerase chain reaction. KHV yang juga dikenal sebagai Cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3) merupakan virus yang menginfeksi ikan mas dan ikan koi pada lingkungan budidaya maupun alam liar. Pada pemeriksaan dan identifikasi KHV yang dilakukan saat penelitian antara lain pemeriksan gejala klinis, pemeriksaan organ insang, identifikasi KHV, tingkat prevalensi, penyebaran serangan dan analisa kualitas air. Inilah rangkaian alur pemeriksaan virus KHV pada ikan mas yang dilakukan di SKIPM Kelas I Pontianak
Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus L.) adalah ikan yang digemari oleh masyarakat luas. Namun, dalam pembudidayaannya tidak terlepas dari berbagai masalah penyakit, khususnya yang disebabkan oleh ektoparasit. Trichodina spp. merupakan salah satu jenis ektoparasit yang seringkali menyerang benih ikan Nila. Pengendalian Trichodina spp. dapat dilakukan dengan penggunaan bahan alam yang ramah lingkungan. Salah satu bahan alam yang berpotensi digunakan untuk mengurangi intensitas serangan Trichodina spp. adalah daun Jeruju (Acanthus ilicifolius L.). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memanfaatkan daun Jeruju sebagai agen untuk menghambat ektoparasit Trichodina spp. pada ikan Nila. Pengujian dilakukan dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari 5 perlakuan dengan dosis yang berbeda yaitu 0 g/L; 0,25 g/L; 0,5 g/L; 1 g/L dan 2 g/L. dan pengulangan 5 kali. Ikan Nila direndam pada dekokta daun Jeruju selama 24 jam lalu diamati prevalensi dan intensitas serangan Trichodina spp. serta kelangsungan hidup benih ikan nila. Hasil penelitian menunjukan perlakuan terbaik yaitu perendaman dengan dosis 2 g/L yang memiliki prevalensi serangan Trichodina spp. sebesar 53,33%, dengan intensitas Trichodina spp. sebesar 1,34 pada kulit dan 0,734 pada insang serta kelangsungan hidup benih ikan nila yaitu 100%. Berdasarkan penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian dekokta daun Jeruju dengan berbagai dosis berpengaruh nyata terhadap prevalensi dan intensitas Trichodina spp. serta kelangsungan hidup benih ikan nila.
Ikan mas (Cyprinus carpio) merupakan ikan konsumsi air tawar memiliki beberapa keunggulan dimana pertumbuhannya cepat, mudah dipelihara, memiliki nilai gizi yang baik dan bernilai ekonomis. Permintaan terhadap produk ikan mas cukup tinggi. Total produksi Ikan mas nasional pada tahun 2019 mendekati 536 ribu ton (KKP, 2021). Peningkatan produksi ikan mas berakibat pada penyediaan ikan mas yang cukup dan berkualitas pada proses budidaya. Menurut Faroq (2020), pemberian pakan yang dicampur enzim bonggol nanas dapat meningkatkan laju pertumbuhan harian tertinggi dan efisiensi pakan. Pakan yang lebih efisien diharapkan ikan dapat lebih bertahan ketika terinfeksi parasit Argulus japonicus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek enzim bromelin pada bonggol nanas terhadap efesiensi pakan dan patologi anatomi pada ikan mas (Cyprinus carpio) yang diinfestasi Argulus japonicus. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) pola faktorial yang terdiri dari 2 faktor dengan 4x2 perlakuan yaitu faktor pertama dosis enzim bromelin 2,25% dan tanpa penambahan enzim bromelin. Faktor kedua yaitu derajat infestasi argulus ringan, sedang, dan berat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan efesiensi pakan dan patologi anatomi yang tidak berbeda nyata terhadap pemberian enzim bromelin pada ikan mas yang diinfestasi Argulus japonicus. Namun perlakuan dengan penambahan enzim bromelin yang diinfestasi Argulus japonicus memberikan nilai efesiensi pakan lebih tinggi dan nilai patologi anatomi lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan perlakuan tanpa pemberian enzim bromelin yang diinfestasi Argulus japonicus.
Blue sharks, Prionace glauca , are cosmopolitan, extremely vagile sharks and the species among elasmobranchs for which most surveys containing tapeworm community data are available worldwide. In this study we report on the tapeworm fauna of three samples of blue sharks ( n = 37) from two new regions (one sample from Galicia, north-east Atlantic, and two from Valencia, western Mediterranean), and compared it with previous studies, assessing the relative role of the ecological and evolutionary factors in structuring local tapeworm assemblages. Nine cestode taxa were identified, of which four included adult specimens, that is, Platybothrium auriculatum , Prosobothrium armigerum , Anthobothrium caseyi and Molicola horridus . The abundance of these species, and Brillouin's diversity index, differed significantly among samples without a clear geographical signal. A comparison with six previous surveys revealed that tapeworm assemblages were composed of the same ‘core’ taxa, with mean species richness typically ranging from two to four species. Global records of adult tapeworms in blue sharks included: 15 taxa identified at species level, of which only eight (generalist trypanorhynchs) were shared with other sympatric host species; five mostly with other carcharhinids; and three with large lamnid sharks sharing the blue sharks’ habitat. The composition of tapeworm communities of blue sharks is thus highly constrained by strong host specificity, with composition and abundance varying across localities depending on idiosyncratic environmental conditions.
The common dolphinfish, Coryphaena hippurus, is an important and widespread fishing resource in tropical and subtropical latitudes. It harbors a diverse array of parasitic copepods, but data on their infection indices are quite limited worldwide. We analyzed its parasitic copepod community and infection indices based on the examination of 615 individuals of C. hippurus landed monthly on the coast of Ecuador, over a period of 1 year. Both the opercular cavities and gills of the sampled fish were examined for parasitic copepods, of which nine taxa were recorded: Brachiella quaternia, Caligus belones, C. bonito, C. coryphaenae, C. productus, Euryphorus brachypterus, E. nordmannii, Lepeophtheirus sp., and Lernaeenicus sp. The finding of five of these species (i.e., B. quaternia, C. belones, C. productus, E. brachypterus, and E. nordmannii) represents new geographic records. C. bonito showed the highest prevalence (83%), mean abundance (5.46 ± 4.99), and mean intensity (6.57 ± 4.99), followed by B. quaternia (prevalence = 32%, mean abundance = 1.89 ± 5.66, mean intensity = 5.89 ± 5.71). The infection indices of C. bonito decreased with increasing host length and were higher in females than in males. The parasitic copepod community of common dolphinfish in this study was similar to communities in other parts of its geographic distributional range, including the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Eastern Pacific, consistently dominated by a generalist parasitic species. This is the first and most detailed quantitative evaluation of the parasitic copepods associated with the dolphinfish and updates the extant parasitological data for this host.
A summary of the works that have been done on the field of marine mycology in Puerto Rico and they are known only by a small group of specialists. General aspects of the most studied fungal groups in the coasts of the island are also mentioned, based on their habitat and substrates. The most studied groups included but are not exclusively limited to marine, estuarine, geophilic, pathogenic, arenicolous, alguicolous, lignicolous and manglicolous fungi. (Written in Spanish)
A new species of parasitic copepod, Caligus fajerae n. sp. (Caligidae), is described from Scomberomorus sierra Jordan & Starks (Scombridae) caught off the northwestern coast of Mexico. The new species morphologically resembles Caligus cybii Bassett-Smith, 1898, Caligus kanagurta Pillai, 1961, Caligus pelamydis Krøyer, 1863 and Caligus robustus Bassett-Smith, 1898, all of which have been reported from scombrid hosts. Caligus fajerae n. sp. differs from these species by having spinules on the abdomen and caudal ramus, two processes on the proximal antennulary segment, fine striations on the claw of the antenna and maxilliped, a stouter and more recurved maxillulary dentiform process, shorter tines on the sternal furca, two additional patches of spinules on the distal endopodal segment of leg 2, a sclerotised lobe on the anteromedian surface of the leg 3 protopod and serrations on both margins of the first exopodal spine of leg 3. Analysis of the DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene for Caligus fajerae n. sp. and 28 congeners, including C. pelamydis and C. robustus, showed that the new species grouped with Caligus belones Krøyer, 1863 (with 20% divergence), a species known to occur predominantly on needlefishes. Caligus fajerae n. sp. is the fifth species of Caligus reported from S. sierra. An updated host-parasite list for Caligus spp. on scombrids is provided.
We examined four species of Plectropomus Oken, 1817 (Serranidae: Epinephelinae), Plectropomus areolatus (Rüppell), Plectropomus laevis (Lacepède), Plectropomus leopardus (Lacepède) and Plectropomus maculatus (Bloch) from sites off Heron Island and Lizard Island on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia (GBR), and the Gambier Islands, French Polynesia. Three new species of Neidhartia Nagaty, 1937, five new species of Prosorhynchus Odhner, 1905, and one previously described species, Prosorhynchus freitasi Nagaty, 1937, are characterised. The three species of Neidhartia, Neidhartia haywardi n. sp., Neidhartia plectropomi n. sp. and Neidhartia tyleri n. sp. are readily distinguishable morphologically. Two of the six species of Prosorhynchus (Prosorhynchus lesteri n. sp. and Prosorhynchus wrightae n. sp.) are easily distinguished from their other congeners by morphology but the other four species (P. freitasi, Prosorhynchus heronensis n. sp., Prosorhynchus munozae n. sp. and Prosorhynchus plectropomi n. sp.) are generally similar in morphology and were only distinguished initially by comparing their ITS2 rRNA sequences. Three additional taxa, one from the GBR and two from French Polynesia, were recognised as distinct on the basis that their ITS2 rRNA sequences differed from those of the new taxa described here; these species remain unnamed for the present. Inter-specific divergence observed within these genera in the ITS2 rRNA ranged from 10 to 42 base pairs (4-16 %) for species of Neidhartia and 2-57 base pairs (3-21 %) for species of Prosorhynchus. Inter-generic divergences were 42-55 base pairs (17-21 %). No intraspecific variation in the ITS2 rRNA region was observed for any of the six species for which multiple sequence replicates were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis of 12 operational taxa from Plectropomus together with sequences of three other species from epinepheline serranids demonstrated that Neidhartia and Prosorhynchus were reciprocally monophyletic with the exception that P. wrightae n. sp. fell either within or basal to the Neidhartia species. The richness of bucephalids in species of Plectropomus appears to be exceptional within the Serranidae relative to that observed in other serranid genera in the tropical Indo-West Pacific.
The Apocreadiidae is reviewed and is considered to include genera recognised previously within the families Apocreadiidae, Homalometridae, Schistorchiidae, Sphincterostomatidae and Trematobrienidae. Key features of the family are extensive vitelline follicles, eye-spot pigment dispersed in forebody, I-shaped excretory vesicle, no cirrus-sac and genital pore opening immediately anterior to the ventral sucker (usually) or immediately posterior to it (Postporus Manter, 1949). Three subfamilies and 18 genera are recognised within the Apocreadiidae. The Apocreadiinae comprises Homalometron Stafford, 1904 (new syn. Barbulostomum Ramsey, 1965), Callohelmis n. g., Choanodera Manter, 1940, Crassicutis Manter, 1936, Dactylotrema Bravo-Hollis & Manter, 1957, Marsupioacetabulum Yamaguti, 1952, Microcreadium Simer, 1929, Myzotus Manter, 1940, Neoapocreadium Siddiqi & Cable, 1960, Neomegasolena Siddiqi & Cable, 1960, Pancreadium Manter, 1954, Procaudotestis Szidat, 1954 and Trematobrien Dollfus, 1950. The Schistorchiinae comprises Schistorchis Lühe, 1906, Sphincterostoma Yamaguti, 1937, Sphincteristomum Oshmarin, Mamaev & Parukhin, 1961 and Megacreadium Nagaty, 1956. The Postporinae comprises only Postporus. A key to subfamilies and genera of the Apocreadiidae is provided. It is argued that there is no convincing basis for the recognition of the genus Apocreadium Manter, 1937 and all its constituent species are combined with Homalometron. The following new combinations are proposed for species previously recognised within Apocreadium: Homalometron balistis (Manter, 1947), H. caballeroi (Bravo-Hollis, 1953), H. cryptum (Overstreet, 1969), H. longisinosum (Manter, 1937), H. manteri (Overstreet, 1970), H. mexicanum (Manter, 1937) and H. vinodae (Ahmad, 1985). Apocreadium uroproctoferum Sogandares-Bernal, 1959 is found to lack a uroproct and is made a synonym of H. mexicanum. Homalometron verrunculi nom. nov. is proposed to replace the secondarily pre-occupied H. caballeroi Lamothe-Argumedo, 1965. Barbulostomum is made a synonym of Homalometron and H. cupuloris (Ramsey, 1965) n. comb. is proposed. Neochoanodera is made a synonym of Choanodera and Choanodera ghanensis (Fischthal & Thomas, 1970) n. comb. is proposed. Species within the Apocreadiinae and Postporinae are reviewed and the following are recorded or described from Australian fishes: Homalometron wrightae n. sp. from Achlyopa nigra (Macleay), H. synagris (Yamaguti, 1953) n. comb. from Scolopsis monogramma (Cuvier), H. stradbrokensis n. sp. from Gerres subfasciatus Cuvier, Marsupioacetabulum opallioderma n. sp. from G. subfasciatus, Neoapocreadium karwarensis (Hafeezullah, 1970) n. comb. from G. subfasciatus, N. splendens n. sp. from S. monogramma and Callohelmis pichelinae n. g., n. sp. from Hemigymnus melapterus (Bloch), H. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
Specimens of a capsalid collected from the gill arches of 2 roundscale spearfish, Tetrapturus georgii Lowe, 1840, (Perciformes: Istiophoridae), captured in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean were identified as Capsala laevis (Verrill, 1875) Johnston, 1929 by having the combination of papillae on the ventral surface of haptor, dorsomarginal body sclerites in a single column extending the entire body length, haptoral accessory sclerites, conical papillae distributing over the ventral body surface, and an anterior attachment organ with a fimbriated posterior margin. The new specimens plus the holotype were used to conduct a taxonomic redescription of C. laevis using light and scanning electron microscopy. We documented that the holotype (USNPC No. 7179) and the new specimens of C. laevis from roundscale spearfish each had papillae on the ventral surface of the anterior attachment organs and sensory papillae on the dorsal body surface. Although data are insufficient at this time to justify proposal of a new species, the new specimens differed from the holotype and published accounts of C. laevis by having a sinistral dorsomarginal patch comprising 27-35 sclerites whereas the holotype has a dorsomarginal patch comprising 60 sclerites. Capsala laevis morphologically most closely resembles Capsala ovalis (Goto, 1894) Price, 1938 , but can be most easily differentiated from it by having dorsomarginal body sclerites. This represents the first record of any parasite from the recently taxonomically resurrected roundscale spearfish, long considered by some as a junior subjective synonym of white marlin, Tetrapturus albidus Poey, 1860 and, concomitantly, a new host record for Capsalidae Baird, 1853. An updated list of host records for C. laevis is provided. A perusal of that literature reveals that the identity of the type host for C. laevis is indeterminate beyond Istiophoridae species and that subsequent reports of the type host as ' T. albidus ' are presumptuous (originally reported in 1875 by Verrill as "bill-fish" only). Our results indicated that 2 records of C. laevis from the swordfish, Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758, (Perciformes: Xiphiidae) are dubious, i.e., study of the museum voucher USNPC No. 8154 indicates that Linton's 1940 record from the northwestern Atlantic Ocean likely represents a new species of Capsala Bosc, 1811 and that the Kayiş et al. 2010 record from the Aegean Sea likely depicts a species of Capsaloides Price, 1938.
Cobia, Rachycentron canadum, is the only member of the family Rachycentridae (Order Perciformes) and as a warm–water fish is to be found in tropical and subtropical waters. The species has been reported in eastern Mediterranean waters and it is likely that in this particular case, cobia are lessespian. Cobia has been farmed in Taiwan since the early 1990s and today nascent cobia aquaculture operations operate throughout South East and Eastern Asia, in Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea as well as in the United States. Many other nations are presently considering adopting cobia as a new species for aquaculture. Production by aquaculture experienced a 7000–fold increase from 1995 to 2005. The increased interest in the species has evolved due in large part to its many excellent characteristics which include good growth, with production of 6 kg live weight fish being possible over a year–long production cycle. Cobia are accepting of pond, net pens and recirculation–based culture; their fillet quality is high and meat delectable; They readily take formulated feeds and respond well to alternate proteins in their diets. Like other species new to aquaculture however, enlarged farming activities have been accompanied by increased incidence of commonly–encountered and emerging diseases. As an aid to current and potential producers as well as researchers, the following provides an overview of the published literature on cobia diseases, parasites and physical deformities.
Members of the subfamily Neothoracocotylinae are gastrocotylinean monogeneans on the gills of scombrid fishes of the genera Scomberomorus and Acanthocybium, and reportedly of a coryphaenid fish belonging to the genus Coryphaena. We revise the diagnosis of the subfamily and its two genera and accept only two species as valid. Neothoracocotyle acanthocybii (Meserve, 1938) Hargis, 1956 is known from Acanthocybium solandri throughout the Pacific Ocean and in the western Atlantic. N. coryphaenae (Yamaguti, 1938) Hargis, 1956, known only from a single specimen and described from Coryphaena hippurus in Japan, is synonymised with N. acanthocybii. The sole member of Scomberocotyle, S. scomberomori (Koratha, 1955) Hargis, 1956, infects five species of Scomberomorus in the eastern Pacific Ocean and the western and castern Atlantic. We record this worm from several new hosts and/or localities, including S. sierra and S. concolor in the eastern Pacific (Mexico to Colombia), S. maculatus and S. cavalla in the western Atlantic (USA to Brazil), and S. tritor in the eastern Atlantic (Sierra Leone to Nigeria).
Members of the subfamily Priceinae are gastrocotylinean monogeneans of the gills of scombrid fishes of the genus Scomberomorus (and perhaps the genera Acanthocybium, Rastrelliger and Katsuwonus) from warm to warm-temperate seas of the world. We revise the diagnosis of the subfamily and regard the Mexicotylinae Lebedev, 1984 as a synonym. Two monotypic genera are accepted as valid. Pricea multae Chauhan, 1945 is recorded from seven species of Scomberomorus from the Indo-west Pacific, from off eastern South Africa north to the Persian Gulf and as far east as Fiji. New synonyms we recognise include P. minimae Chauhan, 1945 (described from India, reportedly on Katsuwonus pelamis), P. solandri Gupta & Chanana, 1977 (a single specimen was described from India, reportedly on Acanthocybium solandri) and P. microcotylae Chauhan, 1945 (also described from India, reportedly on Rastrelliger kanagurta). Mexicotyle mexicana (Meserve, 1938) Lebedev, 1984 is recorded on four species of Scomberomorus from the western Atlantic Ocean (United States to Brazil), two in the eastern Pacific (California to Peru) and one from the eastern Atlantic (Ghana).
Members of the subfamily Thoracocotylinae are gastrocotylid monogeneans of Spanish mackerels (scombrid fishes of the genus Scomberomorus) from warm to warm-temperate seas around the world. We revise the diagnosis of the subfamily and recognise two genera and three species as valid. The genus Paradawesia Bravo Hollis & Lamothe Argumedo, 1976 is synonymised with Thoracocotyle MacCallum, 1913, and Dawesia Unnithan, 1965 and Methoracocotyle Lebedev, 1984 are synonymised with Pseudothoracocotyla Yamaguti, 1963. Thoracocotyle crocea MacCallum, 1913 (syns T. paradoxica Meserve, 1938 and Paradawesia bychowskyi Bravo Hollis & Lamothe Argumedo, 1976) is recorded from two species of Scomberomorus in the eastern Pacific (California to Peru) and four in the western Atlantic (South Carolina to Brazil). Pseudothoracocotyla ovalis (Tripathi, 1956) Yamaguti, 1963 (new syns Dawesia indica Unnithan, 1965, D. incisa Lebedev, 1970, Methoracocotyle scomberomori (Young, 1968) Lebedev, 1984, M. gigantica (Rohde, 1976) Lebedev, 1984 and Thoracotyle indica (Unnithan, 1965) Murugesh, 1995) is recorded from the gills of seven species of Scomberomorus from the Indo-west Pacific (eastern South Africa north to the Persian Gulf, and east to Fiji). Pseudothoracocotyla whittingtoni n. sp. is described from an eighth Indo-west Pacific scomberomorid, S. munroi, in Australian waters.
Bothriocephalus gadellus n. sp. is described from the intestine of the beardless codling Gadella imberbis (Gadiformes: Moridae) from the southwestern Gulf of Mexico. It resembles B. scorpii, the type-species of Bothriocephalus, and B. manubriformis, the only species of the genus reported from the Gulf of Mexico. B. gadellus n. sp. differs from both species in having four excretory canals on each side of the proglottid (three per side in B. scorpii; two per side anastomosing to form an extensive plexus throughout the medulla in B. manubriformis ), 24-33 testes per proglottid (30-60 in B. scorpii; 60-100 in B. manubriformis), a total length of 31-47 mm (32-950 mm in B. scorpii; 130-1,000 mm in B. manubriformis), and a seminal receptacle and wing-like expansions on each proglottid (absent in B. scorpii and B. manubriformis), as well as lacking two sets of reproductive organs per proglottid (present in B. scorpii) and a vagina with a bulbous sphincter near the opening (present in B. manubriformis). An amendment to the generic diagnosis of Bothriocephalus might be warranted if other species of this genus are found to possess a seminal receptacle. B. gadellus n. sp. appears to be like those species of Bothriocephalus that can utilise two intermediate hosts (copepod and fish). B. ellipticus and B. neglectus are designated as species inquirendae. This is the first report of a cestode from a morid fish in the Gulf of Mexico, and the first report of a parasite from a species of Gadellus.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.