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Présence en France métropolitaine d'un frelon allochtone: Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771 (Le Frelon oriental) (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Vespinae)

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  • CEREB (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches Entomologique Béninois)

Abstract and Figures

Le Frelon oriental (Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771) est cité pour la première fois en France métropolitaine dans la ville de Marseille. L’hypothèse de son installation en France est discutée.
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Volume 9
Numéro 32 Octobre 2021 ISSN : 2269 - 6016
Dépôt légal : Octobre 2021
Faunitaxys
Revue de Faunistique, Taxonomie et Systématique
morphologique et moléculaire
Faunitaxys
Revue de Faunistique, Taxonomie et Systématique
morphologique et moléculaire
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Introduction
Les investigations entomologiques nous amènent parfois dans
des endroits la nature reprend ses droits, lorsque
l’anthropisation se voit contenue par une sanctuarisation
industrielle. C’est le cas de l’usine de Sucre Saint-Louis à
Marseille, autrefois réputée pour son activité. Le site est
aujourd’hui un délaissé industriel d’environ 11 hectares,
composé de bâtiments anciens et de petites friches urbaines
(Fig. 1, 2 & 3). Il n’est cependant pas un isolat, malgré son
enclavement en milieu urbain. En effet, le secteur de Saint-
Louis est bordé par un ruisseau, le ruisseau des Aygalades. Ce
continuum hydrophile et sa ripisylve, constituent une
opportunité pour le déplacement de la faune au cœur de la ville.
Le ruisseau est quasiment relié plus au Nord – par la présence
de milieux ouverts – au Canal de Marseille et par conséquent à
la Zone Spéciale de Conservation « Chaine de l’Étoile et massif
du Garlaban ». Au sud, il se déverse dans le port de Marseille.
Découverte d’un Frelon inédit
La prospection du site le 22 septembre 2021, nous a permis
l’observation d’un Vespidae inédit pour la faune de France : le
Frelon oriental (Ve s p a or i e n t a l i s Linnaeus, 1771) (Fig. 4). Il a été
observé en compagnie du Frelon européen (Ve s p a c r a b r o Linnaeus,
1758) (Fig. 5) et du Frelon asiatique (Ve s p a v e l u t i n a Lepeletier,
1836) (Fig. 6). Une trentaine d’ouvrières de Ve s p a o r i e n t a l i s
prospectant des inflorescences de Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) (Fig. 8) a
été observée, treize d’entre elles ont été pointées dans le cadre de
notre étude et neuf ont pu être collectées (leg. A. Coache). Une
seconde prospection, effectuée le 29 septembre 2021, nous a permis
l’observation d’une vingtaine de nouveaux individus et la capture de
neuf spécimens, la plupart butinant sur Hedera helix L. (cf. photo de
couverture) (1 , 1 , 7 , leg. B. Gereys & A. Coache) (Fig. 7).
Présence en France métropolitaine d’un frelon allochtone : Ve s p a o r i e n t a l i s
Linnaeus, 1771 (Le Frelon oriental) (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Vespinae)
BRUNO GEREYS (1), ALAIN COACHE (2, 4) & GÉRARD FILIPPI (3, 4)
(1) 4, chemin des Escaranches, F-04700 Oraison – bruno.gereys04@orange.fr
- ZooBank : http://zoobank.org/F25DEEAD-DD76-4376-B6B3-E31C8CD1D310
(2) Impasse de l’Artémise, F-04700 La Brillanne – alain.coache@gmail.com
- ZooBank : http://zoobank.org/C41F1566-6165-469B-9010-C0196F01DCA2
(3) 2059 chemin des Cauvets, F-13122 Ventabren – ecotonia@orange.fr
- ZooBank : http://zoobank.org/1388FD41-BF6D-4730-AF35-88EF8DD1F3D6
(4) Laboratoire d’Entomologie ECOTONIA
1
Faunitaxys, 9(32), 2021 : 1 – 5.
Le Frelon oriental (Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771) est
aisément identifiable grâce à un schéma de coloration
caractéristique qui ne le fait ressembler à aucune des 21 autres
espèces de frelons connues dans le monde. Il se reconnaît à la
combinaison des caractéristiques suivantes : tergites II, V et VI
entièrement rougeâtres ou bruns sombres, tergite III et
généralement tergite IV à prédominance jaune (Fig. 4).
Répartition
Cette espèce présente une large distribution. Son aire naturelle est
composée des Balkans et de quelques îles de la mer Égée, de la
Bulgarie, de la Turquie, de Chypre, du sud de l’Italie dont la Sicile,
de Malte, du nord-est de l’Afrique et du Moyen-Orient. Elle est
également citée du Turkménistan, du Tadjikistan, de l’Iran, de
l'Ouzbékistan, d’Afghanistan, du Pakistan, du Cachemire, d’Inde
et du Népal (Archer, 1998, 2012 ; Carpenter & Kojima, 1997 ;
Ćetković, 2002).
En Italie, l’espèce a récemment été signalée à plusieurs reprises
dans le nord du pays elle était absente jusqu’à récemment. Un
spécimen a été observé à Gênes en 2018 (https://
www.vespavelutina.eu/en-us/news/ArticleID/146). Une population
établie a été signalée dans la ville de Trieste (Bressi et al., 2019) et
un nid a été observé à Grossetto en Toscane en 2021 (http://
www.stopvelutina.it/primo-nido-di-vespa-orientalis-in-toscana/).
Elle est signalée depuis une dizaine d’années dans deux régions du
sud de l’Espagne où elle s’est établie, dans la ville de Valence en
2012, puis dans la région d’Algésiras en Andalousie en 2018
(Hernández et al., 2013 ; Sánchez et al., 2019 ; Fajardo &
Sánchez, 2020 ; (https://www.lasprovincias.es/valencia-ciudad/
caza-vespa-orientalis-20201024120955-nt.html).
Un spécimen a été observé à Bucarest en Roumanie en 2019 et
neuf autres dans cette même ville en 2020 (Zachi & Ruicănescu,
2021), ce qui laisse présumer qu’au moins un nid a été édifié dans
ce pays en 2020.
Résumé. – Le Frelon oriental (Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771) est cité pour la
première fois en France métropolitaine dans la ville de Marseille. L’hypothèse de son
installation en France est discutée.
Gereys B., Coache A. & Filippi G., 2021. – Présence en France métropolitaine d’un frelon
allochtone : Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771 (Le Frelon oriental) (Hymenoptera, Vespidae,
Vespinae). Faunitaxys, 9(32) : 1 – 5.
ZooBank : http://zoobank.org/E40AE227-8F49-49DA-849F-985563D0878E
Hymenoptera ;
Vespidae ;
Vespinae ;
Vespa ;
orientalis ;
introduction ;
Marseille ;
Provence ;
France.
Mots-clés:
Reviewers: Leopoldo Castro (Te ru e l, Es p ag n e) & Jacques Bitsch (To u lo us e , F ra n ce ).
GEREYS, COACHE & FILIPPI. – Le Frelon oriental (Ve s p a o r i e n t a l i s Linnaeus, 1771) en France métropolitaine
2
À Gembloux en Belgique, une reine vivante a été interceptée dans
une caisse de pamplemousses (Delmotte & Leclercq, 1980). Un
événement similaire s’est déroulé dans deux supermarchés anglais
où des reines ont été interceptées vivantes dans des caisses de
pamplemousses et d’oranges provenant d’Israël (Edwards, 1982).
Elle a également été signalée dans d’autres régions du monde. En
Amérique du sud, elle est citée du Brésil et de Guyane française
(Buysson, 1905) où elle ne s’est pas établie. Une population semble
s’être récemment établie dans la région de Santiago au Chili (Ríos et
al., 2020). En Amérique du Nord, un spécimen a été collecté à
Mexico (Dvořák, 2006). Un spécimen collecté en Chine a été cité
par Archer (1998). Enfin elle avait déjà été citée de Madagascar
elle ne s’est pas établie (Buysson, 1905 ; Bequaert, 1918).
Biologie
Le cycle de l’espèce est classiquement celui d’un Vespidae social de
zone tempérée, les colonies sont initiées au printemps par des
femelles fécondées sortant d’hibernation et elles s’éteignent en fin
d’année. Le nid est généralement situé dans un lieu clos sous terre
ou au dessus du sol (fissures de rocher, espaces dans des murs ou des
plafonds, ruches vides, etc.), mais aussi dans des endroits plus
exposés comme des avant-toits. Les nids souterrains sont dépourvus
d’enveloppe alors que ceux qui sont exposés en possèdent une
(Archer, 1998). La synanthropie de l’espèce a été soulignée par
Archer (1998).
Fig 1 .Vue aérienne du site de l’usine Saint-Louis (Quartier de la Cabucelle, Marseille) et pointage des données du
22 septembre 2021 (Source : Ecotonia : https://www.ecotonia.fr/).
Fig 2. Friches sur le site de l’usine Saint-Louis, à proximité du ruisseau des Aygalades. Fig 3. Bâtiments de l’usine Saint-Louis.
2 3
3
Faunitaxys, 9(32), 2021 : 1 – 5.
Fig. 4. Ouvrière du Frelon oriental (Vespa orientalis) en vue dorsale.
Fig. 5. Ouvrière du Frelon européen (Vespa crabro) en vue dorsale.
Fig. 6. Ouvrière du Frelon asiatique (Vespa velutina) en vue dorsale.
GEREYS, COACHE & FILIPPI. – Le Frelon oriental (Ve s p a o r i e n t a l i s Linnaeus, 1771) en France métropolitaine
4
Discussion
Si l’on tient compte du nombre d’individus observés et de la capture
d’individus sexués, on peut raisonnablement penser qu’au moins un
nid de V. o r i e n t a l i s a été édifié à Marseille en 2020. Dans la mesure
cette espèce est adaptée aux écosystèmes méditerranéens et est
connue pour sa synanthropie, l’hypothèse de son installation dans la
cité phocéenne doit être considérée. Il est donc souhaitable, de
vérifier si elle est présente dans d’autres quartiers de Marseille, ainsi
que dans les villes et communes avoisinantes. Sa présence pourrait
en effet créer des difficultés dans le secteur de l’apiculture, ce frelon
étant considéré comme un redoutable prédateur d’abeilles
domestiques, pouvant occasionner des dégâts dans les ruchers
(Wafa, 1956 ; Shoreit, 1998 ; Papachristoforou et al., 2007,
2008, 2011 ; Abd Al-Fattah & Ibrahim, 2009).
Remerciements
Nos remerciements vont à Leopoldo Castro (Teruel, Espagne)
et Jacques Bitsch (Toulouse, France) pour la relecture du
manuscrit et la communication de quelques informations. Nous
remercions également Jean-Luc Renneson, le génial animateur
du site : « Iconographie des Vespidae » (http://vespidae.be) qui
a réalisé les photos des trois espèces de Vespa présentes en
France métropolitaine, uniquement pour les besoins de la
présente publication.
Références
Abd Al-Fattah M. A. & Ibrahim Y. Y., 2009. The serious effects
of the dangerous insect predator (Ve s p a o r i e n t a l i s L.) on honey
bee colonies in Giza governorate. Fourth Conference on Recent
Te ch n ol o gi e s i n Ag r ic u lt u re , 1(8) : 58-65.
Archer M. E., 1998. Taxonomy, distribution and nesting biology
of Ve s p a o r ie n t a l i s L. (Hym., Vespidae). Entomologist’s
Monthly Magazine, 134 : 45-51.
Archer M. E., 2012. Vespine wasps of the world. Behaviour,
ecology & taxonomy of the Vespinae. Siri Scientific Press,
Manchester, 352 p.
Bequaert J., 1918. – A revision of the Vespoidea of the Belgian
Congo based on the collection of the American Museum
Congo expedition with a list of ethiopian Diplopterous
wasps. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History,
39(1) : 1-384.
Bressi N., Colla A. & Tomasin G., 2019. – Orientali verso
Nord : insediamento di una popolazione urbana di calabrone
orientale (Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771) a Trieste NE
Italy (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Atti Museo Civico di Storia
Naturale di Trieste, 60 : 273-275.
Buysson Du R., 1905. – Monographie des guêpes ou Vespa.
Annales de la Société entomologique de France, 73(1904):
485-556.
Carpenter J. M. & Kojima J., 1997. – Checklist of the species
in the subfamily Vespinae (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Vespidae).
Natural History Bulletin of Ibaraki University, 1 : 51–92.
Ćetković A., 2002. – A review of the European distribution of
the Oriental hornet (Hymenoptera, Vespidae: Vespa
orientalis L.). Ekologija, 37(1-2) : 1-22.
Delmotte C. & Leclercq J., 1980. – A propos d'un Frelon
Oriental intercepté vivant a Gembloux. Bulletin & Annales
de la Société entomologique de Belgique, 116 : 183-184.
Dvořák L., 2006. Oriental Hornet Vespa orientalis found in
Mexico (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Vespinae). Entomological
Problems, 36(1) : 80.
Edwards R., 1982. – Travelling Hornets. Sphecos, 5 : 9.
Fajardo M. D. C & Sánchez Í., 2020. – Ciencia ciudadana,
globalización y especies invasoras. El caso del avispón oriental,
Ve s p a o r ie n t a l i s Linneus 1771 en Algeciras. Almoraima.
Revista de Estudios Campogibraltareños, 52 : 233-237.
Hernández R., García-Gans F. J., Selfa J. & Rueda J., 2013. – Primera
cita de la avispa oriental invasora Ve s p a o r i e n t a l i s (Hymenoptera:
Ve s p i d a e ) e n l a P e n í n s u l a I b é r i c a . Boletín de la Sociedad
Entomológica Aragonesa, 52 : 299-300.
Papachristoforou A., Rortais A., Zafeiridou G., Theophilidis G.,
Garnery L., Thrasyvoulou A. & Arnold G., 2007. – Smothered
to death: Hornets asphyxiated by honeybees. Current Biology,
17(18) : R795-R796.
Papachristoforou A., Sueur J., Rortais A., Angelopoulos S.,
Thrasyvoulou A. & Arnold G., 2008. – High frequency
sounds produced by Cyprian honeybees Apis mellifera
cypria when confronting their predator, the Oriental hornet
Vespa orientalis. Apidologie, 39 : 468-474.
Fig. 7. Ves p a o r i e n t a l i s Linnaeus, 1771, femelles des deux castes (, ) et mâle (Usine Saint-Louis, 29 09 2021).
Faunitaxys, 9(32), 2021 : 1 – 5. 5
Abstract
Gereys B., Coache A. & Filippi G., 2021.Occurrence in metropolitan France of an alien hornet: Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771 (The
oriental hornet) (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Vespinae). Faunitaxys, 9(32) : 1 – 5.
The oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771) is recorded for the first time in metropolitan France in the city of
Marseille. The chances of it becoming established in France are discussed.
Keywords. – Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Vespinae, Vespa, orientalis, introduction, Marseille, Provence, France.
Papachristoforou A., Rortais A., Sueur J. & Arnold G., 2011. – Attack
or retreat: contrasted defensive tactic sused by Cyprian honeybee
colonies under attack from hornets. Behavioural Processes,
86 : 236-241.
Ríos M. V., Barrera-Medina R. & Contreras J. M. F., 2020. – Primer
reporte del género Ve s p a Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae:
Vespinae) en Chile. Revista Chilena de Entomología,
46(2) : 237-242.
Sánchez I., Fajardo M. C. & Castro M., 2019. – Primeras citas
del avispón oriental Vespa orientalis Linnaeus 1771
(Hymenoptera: Vespidae) para Andalucía (España). Revista
de la Sociedad Gaditana de Historia Natural, 13 : 11-14.
Shoreit M. N., 1998. – Field observations on the seasonal abundance
and control of the oriental hornet, Ve s p a o r i e n t a l i s L. attacking
honeybee colonies in Egypt. Assiut Journal of Agricultural
Sciences, 29(1) : 15-21.
Wafa A. K., 1956. – Ecological investigation on the activity of
the oriental hornet Ves p a o ri e n t a l is , FAB., with special
reference to its damage to colonies of honeybees and to the
influence of atmospheric temperature upon its activity.
Bulletin. Cairo University, Faculty of Agriculture, 103 : 1-35.
Zachi M. & Ruicănescu A., 2021 Vespa orientalis, a new
alien species in Romania. Travaux du Muséum National
d’Histoire Naturelle “Grigore Antipa”, 64(1) : 67-72.
Sites internet consultés
https://www.vespavelutina.eu/en-us/news/ArticleID/146
(consulté le 30 septembre 2021)
http://www.stopvelutina.it/primo-nido-di-vespa-orientalis-in-
toscana/ (consulté le 30 septembre 2021)
https://www.lasprovincias.es/valencia-ciudad/caza-vespa-
orientalis-20201024120955-nt.html (consulté le 30
septembre 2021)
Fig. 8. Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) (Usine Saint-Louis, Marseille).
Faunitaxys
Volume 9, Numéro 32, Octobre 2021
SOMMAIRE
Présence en France métropolitaine d’un frelon allochtone : Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771
(Le Frelon oriental) (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Vespinae).
Bruno Gereys, Alain Coache & Gérard Filippi ........................................................ 1 – 5
CONTENTS
Occurrence in metropolitan France of an alien hornet: Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771
(The oriental hornet) (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Vespinae).
Bruno Gereys, Alain Coache & Gérard Filippi ........................................................ 1 – 5
Illustration de la couverture : Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771 dans son milieu naturel, butinant des
inflorescences de Hedera helix L. (Usine Saint-Louis, Quartier de la Cabucelle, Marseille).
Crédits photos :
© Jean-Luc Renneson : Fig. 5-6.
© Alain Coache : Fig. 2-3, 8 & couverture.
© Bruno Gereys : Fig. 7.
© Gérard Filippi : Fig. 4.
Publié par l’Association Française de Cartographie de la Faune et de la Flore (AFCFF)
... In Europe, it was rst recorded in Spain in 2012, where it is now considered established [11,12]. Subsequent detections have been reported in Romania [13], France [14], northern Italy [8,15] ...
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Vespa orientalis (Oriental hornet) is expanding its range worldwide, raising concerns about its predatory impact on honey bees and potential health risks to humans. This study provides the first comprehensive description of the V. orientalis gut microbiome, explores how diet and location influence microbial composition, and bee pathogens reservoir. Adult hornets with different feeding behaviors were sampled from four urban and natural sites in Malta. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed a gut microbiota dominated by Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, with key genera including Carnimonas , Arsenophonus , and Rosenbergiella. Significant compositional shifts were observed in relation to diet and sampling location, suggesting that environment and diet significantly shape the hornet gut community. Moreover, detection of certain honey bee-associated microbes, such as Gilliamella and Snodgrassella , points to potential microbial exchange between predator and prey. Quantitative PCR targeting bee and human pathogens detected high prevalence rates of Nosema ceranae , Crithidia bombi , and Serratia , while Listeria , Salmonella , and other bee pathogens were absent. Our findings suggest V. orientalis may function more as a pathogen reservoir rather than a primary spillover vector and lays the groundwork for targeted management strategies to mitigate its impact on apiculture and broader ecosystem services.
... Hacemos notar su carácter invasor por su impacto sobre abejas como Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (Castro & del Pico, 2021). También se ha establecido en otras partes de Europa, como en Marsella (Francia) (Gereys et al., 2021) o Trieste, en el norte de Italia (Bressi et al., 2019). Incluso ha cruzado el Atlántico, estableciéndose en Chile (Ríos et al., 2020). ...
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Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), first record for the Region of Murcia (Spain). Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) is recorded for the first time in the Region of Murcia (Spain), where a nest was detected and eliminated in the municipality of Cartagena.
... Però, el clima de la costa catalana és propici com es dedueix del vesper inactivat. Hi ha llocs d'Europa més al nord on s'ha establert com Marsella, França (Gereys et al., 2021), Trieste, Itàlia (Bressi et al., 2019 o Bucarest, Romania (Zachi et al., 2021). També s'ha establert a Amèrica del Sud, a Xile (Ríos et al., 2020). ...
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First record of the exotic wasp Vespa orientalis L. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in Catalonia
... The Oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis L.) is native to the southeastern Mediterranean, north-eastern and eastern Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia (Archer, 1998;Cetkovicı, 2003), Malta and southern Italy. However, it has expanded its areal to central and northern Italy (Bressi et al., 2019;Graziani and Cianferoni, 2021), as well as other European countries Sańchez et al., 2019;Castro and del Pico, 2021;Ceccolini, 2021;Gereys et al., 2021;Zachi and Ruicănescu, 2021) and South America (Rıós et al, 2020;du Buysson, 1904;Dvořák, 2006;Otis et al., 2023). ...
... They originally appeared in the southern part of southwest Asia (Khoobdel et al., 2014), India, the Middle East, North-eastern/Eastern Africa (Fouad et al., 2021) and the South-eastern Mediterranean Area (Ćetković, 2003;Temreshev, 2018). Over the past few years, partly thanks to anthropogenic introductions, V. orientalis has also colonized several European countries, recorded since 2012 in Spain (Hernández et al., 2013), 2019 in Romania (Zachi and Ruicanescu, 2021) and 2021 in France (Brunet et al., 2022;Gereys et al., 2021) and the Greek islands (Ceccolini, 2022) (Figure 1). ...
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Background Oriental hornets are large predatory hymenoptera that occur in the southern part of Asia and the southeastern Mediterranean. Among many pests of bee colonies, Vespa orientalis was recorded to be one of the most destructive. Objectives The aim of this study was to: (1) monitor the presence of pathogens carried by V. orientalis that could potentially threaten honey bees and public health; (2) describe the hornet's predatory behavior on honey bee colonies and (3) collect the medical history of a V. orientalis sting suffered by a 36‐year‐old woman. Methods Observations of V. orientalis predatory behavior and the catches of hornets for parasitological and microbiological examination, using molecular and bacteriological analyses, were carried out in three experimental apiaries, both in spring in order to capture the foundress queens and during the summer to capture the workers. Furthermore, the medical history and photographic documentation of a V. orientalis sting suffered by a 36‐year‐old woman have been collected. Results The results obtained highlight that V. orientalis is capable of causing serious damage to beekeeping by killing bees, putting under stress the honey bee colonies and by potentially spreading honey bee pathogens among apiaries. These hornets may also become a public health concern, since they are capable of inflicting multiple, painful stings on humans. Conclusions Only the development of an Integrated Management Control Program will be able to contain the negative effects of anomalous population growth and the potentially negative impact on honey bees and public health of V. orientalis.
... For example, a recent modelling study showed that the steady increase in alien species belonging to different taxa observed in the last fifty years will not slow down in the near future in all continents including Europe 60 . Europe may become a suitable niche for new (e.g., Vespa mandarinia 61 ) and spreading (e.g., Vespa orientalis [62][63][64] and Aethina tumida 65 ) species, thus adding to the pressure from current invasives (e.g., Vespa velutina 66 ). Furthermore, pathogen transfers between honey bees and invasive species have been found, underlining that impacts on honey bee populations may be direct (i.e., predation) and indirect (i.e., pathogen dynamic) 67 . ...
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Managed bee species provide essential pollination services that contribute to food security worldwide. However, managed bees face a diverse array of threats and anticipating these, and potential opportunities to reduce risks, is essential for the sustainable management of pollination services. We conducted a horizon scanning exercise with 20 experts from across Europe to identify emerging threats and opportunities for managed bees in European agricultural systems. An initial 63 issues were identified, and this was shortlisted to 21 issues through the horizon scanning process. These ranged from local landscape-level management to geopolitical issues on a continental and global scale across seven broad themes—Pesticides & pollutants, Technology, Management practices, Predators & parasites, Environmental stressors, Crop modification, and Political & trade influences. While we conducted this horizon scan within a European context, the opportunities and threats identified will likely be relevant to other regions. A renewed research and policy focus, especially on the highest-ranking issues, is required to maximise the value of these opportunities and mitigate threats to maintain sustainable and healthy managed bee pollinators within agricultural systems.
... The Oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771) is native to the southeastern Mediterranean, north-eastern and eastern Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia (Archer, 1998;Cıétkovicı, 2003), Malta and southern Italy. Due to involuntary anthropic introduction, climate change and habitat loss (Ward and Masters, 2007;Renault et al., 2018), the areal of the Oriental hornet is expanding with reports of its presence in central and northern Italy (Bressi et al., 2019;Graziani and Cianferoni, 2021), as well as in other European countries (Delmotte and Leclercq, 1980;Hernaıńdez et al., 2013;Sańchez et al., 2019;Castro and del Pico, 2021;Ceccolini, 2021;Gereys et al., 2021;Zachi and Ruicanescu, 2021). V. orientalis is recognizable by the rusty red color of the body and the presence of characteristic yellow bands in the abdominal metasoma and yellow marks on the head between the eyes (Linnaeus, 1771;Smith-Pardo et al., 2020). ...
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The Oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis) is one of the major predators of honey bees. It has been demonstrated that adults of V. orientalis can harbor honey bee viruses, however the transmission route of infection is still not clear. The aim of this study was to study the possible presence of honey bee viruses in V. orientalis larvae and honey bees collected from the same apiary. Therefore, 29 samples of V. orientalis larvae and 2 pools of honey bee (Apis mellifera). samples were analyzed by multiplex PCR to detect the presence of six honeybee viruses: Acute Bee Paralysis Virus (ABPV), Black Queen Cell Virus (BQCV), Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus (CBPV), Deformed Wing Virus (DWV), Kashmir Bee Virus (KBV) and Sac Brood Virus (SBV). Biomolecular analysis of V. orientalis larvae revealed that DWV was present in 24/29 samples, SBV in 10/29, BQCV in 7/29 samples and ABPV in 5/29 samples, while no sample was found positive for CBPV or KBV. From biomolecular analysis of honey bee samples DWV was the most detected virus, followed by SBV, BQCV, ABPV. No honey bee sample was found positive for CBPV or KBV. Considering the overlapping of positivities between V.orientalis larvae and honey bee samples, and that V.orientalis larvae are fed insect proteins, preferably honey bees, we can suggest the acquisition of viral particles through the ingestion of infected bees. However, future studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis and rule out any other source of infection.
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Social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) constitute an important group of predatory insects that are particularly well-suited for transportation beyond their native habitats into new environments through commercial trade, a phenomenon that is strongly influenced by climate change. As they are predominantly predators dominating numerous natural food chains of insects, these alien species can exert serious and devastating impacts on the native entomological fauna of the new habitats they invade. Additionally, because species belonging to the subfamilies Polistinae and Vespinae possess potent stings for defending their colonies, invasive social wasps represent a public health concern due to the wide range of allergic reactions they can elicit in humans. In this paper, we review the principal invasions of social wasps into novel habitats around the world and highlight the need for efficient immunotherapies to address the allergological risks posed by alien species. We detail the recent invasion of the Asian Vespa velutina nigrithorax in Europe, where the native Vespa crabro is found, as well as the increasing presence of Vespa orientalis in northern Tuscany, Italy. We discuss the optimal immunotherapy required in cases of human stinging incidents and describe how this relates to the phylogenetic distance between the three species.
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We present a short review of the biology, diagnostic characteristics, and invasiveness of the Oriental hornet, Vespa orientalis. We also performed an analysis of the shape of the forewings (geometric morphometrics) of different geographic groups along their native distribution and their potential geographical distribution using the MaxEnt entropy modeling. Our results show a wide potential expansion range of the species, including an increase in environmentally suitable areas in Europe, Asia, and Africa but more especially the Western Hemisphere, where the species was recently introduced. The geometric morphometric analysis of the forewings shows that there are three different morphogroups: one distributed along the Mediterranean coast of Europe and the Middle East (MEDI), another along the Arabian Peninsula and Western Asia but excluding the Mediterranean coast (MEAS), and one more in northern Africa north of the Sahara and south of the Mediterranean coast (AFRI), all of which show differences in their potential distribution as a result of the pressure from the different environments and which will also determine the capacity of the different morphogroups to successfully invade new habitats.
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Hornets are large, predatory wasps that have the potential to alter biotic communities and harm honey bee colonies once established in non-native locations. Mated, diapausing females (gynes) can easily be transported to new habitats, where their behavioral flexibility allows them to found colonies using local food and nest materials. Of the 22 species in the genus Vespa , five species are now naturalized far from their endemic populations and another four have been detected either in nature or during inspections at borders of other countries. By far the most likely pathway of long-distance dispersal is the transport of gynes in transoceanic shipments of goods. Thereafter, natural dispersal of gynes in spring and accidental local transport by humans cause shorter-range expansions and contribute to the invasion process. Propagule pressure of hornets is unquantified, although it is likely low but unrelenting. The success of introduced populations is limited by low propagule size and the consequences of genetic founder effects, including the extinction vortex linked to single-locus, complementary sex determination of most hymenopterans. Invasion success is enhanced by climatic similarity between source locality and introduction site, as well as genetic diversity conferred by polyandry in some species. These and other factors that may have influenced the successful establishment of invasive populations of V. velutina , V. tropica , V. bicolor , V. orientalis , and V. crabro are discussed. The highly publicized detections of V. mandarinia in North America and research into its status provide a real-time example of an unfolding hornet invasion.
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The establishment of the genus Vespa Linnaeus, 1758 in South America and the species Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771 in Chile are reported for the first time. Its nesting is confirmed and data on its biology and implications in the country are provided.
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We describe the urbanization of Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771 in the city of Trieste (NE Italy) following its accidental transport in the port. It's the northernmost population of this species and the first case of urbanization for an alien hornet.
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Se da a conocer la presencia en la Península Ibérica del himenóptero Vespa orientalis Linnaeus 1771, colectado en la ciudad de Valencia (España). The hymenopteran Vespa orientalis Linnaeus 1771 has been collected in the Iberian Peninsula, in the city of Valencia (Spain).
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The social wasps of the family Vespidae are among the better studied groups of Hymenoptera, but the distribution patterns of most representatives are not adequately studied in many regions. In the framework of the comprehensive biogeographical survey of the social wasp fauna of the Balkan Peninsula, southern Pannonian Plane, and some adjacent regions, an extensive review of the European distribution of Vespa orientalis L. is presented. It is based on the critical assessment of the complete literature faunistic data and the examination of the available specimens from various sources (totalling about 130 specimens in 10 different collections). Within the two principal range areas of V. orientalis distribution in Europe (the Balkans and the southern Apennine Peninsula with Maltese Islands, respectively), it is now formally recorded from almost all countries within this region (except for the European Turkey); the paper includes the first formally published data for the territory of the current Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro). All the exact collecting localities in the treated area are mapped. Various controversies about the previously established range of this species are discussed and rectified accordingly: within this, the existing records for Slovenia, Romania and Bulgaria are now formally disputed, on various grounds (although the presence of V. orientalis in Bulgaria is considered quite likely). Several noteworthy facts about its complex and dynamic distribution pattern in Europe are established, including the true position and the characteristics of its northwestern range periphery, and particularly, the fluctuation of the established range during the seventh decades of the 20th century; the complete retreat of the Oriental hornet is documented for all territories along its previous northern limit - Dalmatia (Croatia), Herzegovina (B&H), Montenegro (S&M) and Macedonia (FYR). Finally, ecological affinities of V. orientalis are discussed with respect to the relevant aspects of the recorded distribution patterns and possible/presumed dispersal routes.
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Honeybees face several predators and their ability to express collective defence behaviour is one of their major life traits that promote colony survival. We discovered that, while confronting attacks by the Oriental hornet Vespa orientalis, Apis mellifera cypria honeybees engage in a distinct acoustic behaviour: they produce a characteristic hissing sound of unexpectedly high frequency. When recording and analysing these hissing sounds during an extended sample of artificial attacks by hornets, we found that honeybees can produce sounds covering a wide frequency spectrum with a dominant frequency around 6 kHz. Notably, these acoustic emissions are distinct from the background noise of neighbouring flying bees. These results provide a detailed description of the sounds generated by A. m. cypria when defending their nest against hornets, and they could be used for future research to better understand the biological function of the acoustic behaviour in honeybees' colony defence.
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The population fluctuation of oriental hornet during its active season (August- November) was weekly determined using modified screen trap fixed on empty brood box provided with some honey combs for two successive seasons, 2007 and 2008. The obtained results revealed that the total number of trapped hornet were, 41242.5 individuals/trap and 9577.9 individuals/trap during 2007 and 2008, respectively. The highest mean number of hornet individuals was recorded during October, for the two studied seasons represented 41.9% and 65.7% of the total trapped hornets. The highest wiped out colonies due to direct attack of hornet was occurred during October (29.03 % & 17.65%) for the two observed years, respectively. The percentage of the total destroyed honeybee colonies during hornet active seasons were 45.16% and 35.29% of the total wiped out colonies during each year. Many of the survived colonies, after hornet active season, were weak and unable for wintering. The percentages of finished colonies from them were 5.65% and 2.94% as a latent negative effect of hornet. The percentage of total wiped out colonies were 50.81% and 38.24% for the two successive years in Giza region.
Article
Asian honeybees have been shown to kill hornets by 'thermo- balling', in which they surround a hornet to form a ball within which the temperature increases to a lethal level. We report here that Cyprian honeybees, Apis mellifera cypria, kill their major enemy, the Oriental hornet, Vespa orientalis, in a different way - by asphyxia- balling, in which the Cyprian honeybees mob the hornet and smother it to death.
Entomologist's Monthly Magazine
  • M E Archer
Archer M. E., 1998. -Taxonomy, distribution and nesting biology of Vespa orientalis L. (Hym., Vespidae). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 134 : 45-51.
A revision of the Vespoidea of the Belgian Congo based on the collection of the American Museum Congo expedition with a list of ethiopian Diplopterous wasps
  • J Bequaert
Bequaert J., 1918. -A revision of the Vespoidea of the Belgian Congo based on the collection of the American Museum Congo expedition with a list of ethiopian Diplopterous wasps. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History, 39(1) : 1-384.