ArticlePDF Available

A Comparative and Comprehensive Analysis of Smart Contract Enabled Blockchain Applications: Smart Contract Enabled Blockchain Applications

September 2021
International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 9(9):16-26

DOI:10.17762/ijritcc.v9i9.5489

Authors:

Vishalkumar Langaliya

Marwadi University

Jaypalsinh ASHVINSINH Gohil

Marwadi Education Foundation’s Group of Institutions

Blockchain is a disruptive innovation that is already reshaping corporate, social, and political connections, as well as any other form of value exchange. Again, this isn't simply a shift; it's a fast-moving phenomenon that has already begun. Top financial institutions and a large number of businesses have begun to investigate blockchain in order to cut transaction costs, speed up transaction times, reduce fraud risk, and eliminate the need for middlemen or intermediate services. Blockchain is believed to be the component that completes the Internet puzzle and makes it more open, more accessible, and more reliable. In this article, we first introduced the blockchain technology and smart contracts and their merits and demerits. Second, we present a comparative and comprehensive analysis of smart contract-enabled blockchain applications. Toward the end, we discussed the future development trends of smart contract enabled blockchain applications. This document is intended to serve as a guide and resource for future research initiatives.

Structure of Blockchain

…

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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

ISSN: 2321-8169 Volume: 9 Issue: 9

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v9i9.5489

Article Received: 22 September 2021 Revised: 24 September 2021 Accepted: 28 September 2021 Publication: 30 September 2021

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IJRITCC | September 2021, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org

A Comparative and Comprehensive Analysis of

Smart Contract Enabled Blockchain Applications

Vishalkumar Langaliya1

Research Scholar, Department of Computer Application, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat 360003. India.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9581-547X,

vishal.langaliya@gmail.com

Jaypalsinh A. Gohil2

Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Application, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat 360003. India.

jaypalsinh.gohil@marwadieducation.edu.in

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0925-6646

Abstract- Blockchain is a disruptive innovation that is already reshaping corporate, social, and political connections, as well as any other

form of value exchange. Again, this isn't simply a shift; it's a fast-moving phenomenon that has already begun. Top financial institutions

and a large number of businesses have begun to investigate blockchain in order to cut transaction costs, speed up transaction times, reduce

fraud risk, and eliminate the need for middlemen or intermediate services. Blockchain is believed to be the component that completes the

Internet puzzle and makes it more open, more accessible, and more reliable. In this article, we first introduced the blockchain technology

and smart contracts and their merits and demerits. Second, we present a comparative and comprehensive analysis of smart contract-enabled

blockchain applications. Toward the end, we discussed the future development trends of smart contract enabled blockchain applications.

This document is intended to serve as a guide and resource for future research initiatives.

Keywords- Blockchain, Smart contracts, Blockchain Applications, Comparative Analysis.

1. INTRODUCTION

Blockchain is model for delivering the information because

it provides immediate, shareable, and completely transparent

data stored on an immutable ledger that can only be read by

permissioned network members. A blockchain network can

track orders, payments, accounts, production, and much

more. Because affiliates share a single view of the fact, you

can see all the facts of a transaction from beginning to end,

giving you more confidence as well as new efficiencies and

opportunities.

Blockchain1 is a decentralised, immutable database that

simplifies the recording of transactions and asset tracking in

a corporate network. A tangible item (such as a house, car,

cash, or land) can also be an intangible asset (intellectual

property, patents, copyrights, branding). Almost everything

of value may be recorded and traded on the blockchain

network, which reduces risk and lowers costs for all parties

involved.

Bitcoin2 is a peer-to-peer payment system that eliminates

the need for trusted third parties. Bitcoin is a decentralized

cryptocurrency that is not restricted to any nation and is a

global currency. It is decentralized in every aspect—

technical, logical, as well as political [1].

Ethereum3 is a piece of software that runs on a network of

computers and ensures that data and small computer

programmes known as smart contracts are duplicated and

processed across the entire network without the need for a

central controller.

Blockchain. https://www.ibm.com/in-en/topics/what-is-blockchain

Bitcoin. https://bitcoin.org/en/

Ethereum. https://ethereum.org/

International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

ISSN: 2321-8169 Volume: 9 Issue: 9

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v9i9.5489

Article Received: 22 September 2021 Revised: 24 September 2021 Accepted: 28 September 2021 Publication: 30 September 2021

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IJRITCC | September 2021, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org

It builds on the Bitcoin blockchain principle of validating,

storing, and replicating transaction data across multiple

computers all over the world (thus the term "distributed

ledger"). Ethereum goes a step farther by running computer

code on numerous computers around the globe in the same

way. [2].

The word was invented in the 1990s by cryptographer Nick

Szabo, who defined it as "a set of promises, expressed in

digital form, including mechanisms within which the parties

fulfil on the other promises." Smart contracts4 have grown

since then, particularly since the introduction of

decentralised blockchain platforms with the birth of Bitcoin

in 2009[3]. The majority of smart contracts are written in a

high-level language like Solidity. However, in order to run,

they must be assembled to the EVM's low-level bytecode.

They are installed on the Ethereum platform using a specific

contract creation transaction, which is identifiable as such

by being submitted to the special contract creation address,

after they have been compiled.

Hyperledger5 is an open source project that aims to develop

blockchain technology across industries. It's a worldwide

cooperation that includes leaders in banking, finance, IoT,

manufacturing, supply chains, and technology. Hyperledger

is hosted by the Linux Foundation, a non-profit organisation

dedicated to facilitating mass creativity through open

source. The Linux Foundation also facilitates collaboration

and sharing of ideas, infrastructure, and code across a global

developer community.

Fig. 1. Structure of Blockchain

2. LITERATURE SURVEY

Fahim Ullah et al [2021], The authors employed the

systematic review method to examine and analyse material

published between 2000 and 2020. The literature focuses on

the application of blockchain smart contracts in smart real

estate and presents a conceptual framework for their

implementation in smart cities that govern real estate

negotiations [4]. Ten major characteristics of blockchain

smart contracts are addressed in the article, which are

organised into six tiers for smart real estate adoption. To

demonstrate the development of a smart contract that may

be utilised for blockchain smart contracts in real estate, the

decentralised application and its interactions with the

Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) are described. Real estate

owners and users as smart contract parties benefit from a

sophisticated design and engagement mechanism. A step-

by-step approach for establishing and ending smart contracts

is described, as well as a list of functions for initiating,

generating, changing, or terminating smart contracts. The

suggested framework is a contractual process that is more

immersive, user-friendly, and visualised.

4 Solidity. https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/latest/

5 Hyperledger. https://www.hyperledger.org/

International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

ISSN: 2321-8169 Volume: 9 Issue: 9

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v9i9.5489

Article Received: 22 September 2021 Revised: 24 September 2021 Accepted: 28 September 2021 Publication: 30 September 2021

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IJRITCC | September 2021, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org

Adarsh kumar et al [2020], The authors propose a smart

healthcare system with a blockchain data network and

healthcare 4.0 processes, which include industry 4.0

processes such as the internet of things (IoT), industrial IoT

(IIoT), cognitive computing, artificial intelligence, cloud

computing, fog computing, edge computing to provide

transparency, easy and faster accessibility, security,

efficiency[5]. The Ethereum network, as well as associated

programming languages, tools, and techniques such as

solidity, web3.js, Athena, and others, are used to construct

the smart healthcare system. The learning created a

comprehensive and comparative survey of cutting- edge

blockchain-based smart healthcare systems. A simulation-

optimization approach using JaamSim simulator is proposed

to improve the performance of the overall system and sub-

systems. The proposed approach is tested, verified and

validated through simulation and implementation.

Mayank Raikwar et al [2018], An experimental prototype

was built on Hyperledger fabric, an open source

permissioned blockchain design platform, by the authors [6].

They discussed the most important design needs and design

propositions, as well as how to encode various insurance

procedures into smart contracts. Extensive experiments were

conducted to analyse performance of framework and

security of the proposed design and transactions based on a

blockchain-enabled platform.

Hoai Luan Pham et al [2018], Patients, healthcare providers

(such as hospitals), and healthcare professionals (doctors)

formed a remote healthcare system. Sensors were used to

control the health of patients, and this information was

automatically put into the blockchain [7]. In addition, they

presented a processing technique for efficiently and

sparingly storing medical device information based on the

patient's health status. In specific, they filtered sensor data

before deciding whether or not to send it to blockchain. As a

result, they will be able to minimise the size of the

blockchain and save a significant quantity of coins for

transaction efficiency. However, abnormal data from

sensors would be promptly written to blockchain, triggering

an emergency call to a doctor and hospital for prompt

treatment. They tested the proposed smart contract on

Ethereum's TESTRPC test environment and built the system

in a real-world setting with real devices. At a small scale,

this system functioned successfully.

Toqeer Ali et al [2020], Authors proposed a Transparent and

Reliable Property Registration System on Permissioned

Blockchain which provide the solution of the problem

within this mechanism is that there is no transparency

regarding the integrity of data about a property. i.e. the

person-in-charge can manipulate the information within the

database and provide misinformation to the involved

stakeholders as being a manual process [8]. They took Saudi

Arabia as a use-case and designed the system accordingly

to transform the property registration on blockchain for the

country. This study delivers a solution for governing

transparency and satiates in the provision of a trusted

property registration system over the Blockchain for the

kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The infrastructure offers many

features to the stakeholders related to the purchasing and

retailing of property. The transparency, integrity of the

record, and trust factor is ensured via a tamper-proof ledger

Olawande Daramola et al [2020], demonstrates how the

Architecture Trade-off Analysis Method (ATAM) may help

stakeholders in national elections assess the risks,

opportunities, and challenges that a blockchain e-voting

system for national elections could bring. Using a study

context of South Africa as a case study, a proposed

blockchain e-voting architecture was used to assist election

stakeholders in reasoning on the concept of blockchain e-

voting in order to educate them on the possible hazards,

security concerns, important requirements qualities, and

flaws related with deploying blockchain e-voting for

national elections [9]. According to the report, blockchain e-

voting can prevent security breaches, internal vote

manipulation, and boost transparency.

Valentina Gatteschi et al [2018], The author of the paper

uses blockchain to illustrate the process of decision- making

by actors in the insurance system, analysing its benefits and

drawbacks, and discussing many use examples from the

insurance industry that may easily be expanded to other

areas [10].

Sujit Biswas et al [2020], they first analyse and explain how

business blockchain can be effectively used in healthcare,

followed by the unique requirements of a healthcare system.

In the latter parts of this article, they discuss the migration

challenges and possible solution, the trade-off between

unified and multi-chain environments, consensus algorithms

for healthcare, users & access privileges, smart contracts,

and e-healthcare specific industry regulations [11]. The goal

of this paper was to show how difficult it is to establish a

blockchain solution for e-healthcare systems and to explore

for potential alternatives.

Friorik P. Hjalmarsson et al [2018], They propose a unique

electronic voting system based on blockchain in this

research paper, which tackles some of the shortcomings of

existing systems and examines some of the most well-

known blockchain frameworks for the aim of building a

blockchain-based e-voting system [12]. They unveiled a

blockchain-based electronic voting system that makes use of

smart contracts to ensure a secure and cost-effective election

while also protecting voters' privacy.

Tanesh Kumar et al [2018], Exploring the possible

International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

ISSN: 2321-8169 Volume: 9 Issue: 9

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v9i9.5489

Article Received: 22 September 2021 Revised: 24 September 2021 Accepted: 28 September 2021 Publication: 30 September 2021

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IJRITCC | September 2021, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org

applications of blockchain technology in present healthcare

systems, as well as the most critical needs for such systems,

such as trustless and transparent healthcare systems [13]. In

addition, this report also outlines the hurdles and roadblocks

that must be overwhelmed before blockchain technology

can be successfully implemented in healthcare systems. they

also introduce the smart contract for blockchain-based

healthcare systems, which is critical for setting pre-defined

agreements among various players.

Ioannis Karamitsos et al [2018], The goal of this article is to

present Blockchain and smart contracts in the context of real

estate. A full smart contract design is described, followed by

an examination of a use case for renting residential and

commercial premises [14]. They present a smart contract

design technique that allows for the development of various

use cases using Blockchain technology. A full description of

state finite functions and processes is provided for a specific

use case that makes significant contributions to the real

estate domain.

Rohan Bennett et al [2021], The authors show how

comparative analysis may be done utilising a variety of

frameworks, such as business requirements adherence,

technology eagerness and maturity assessment, and strategic

grid analysis. The findings suggest that the hybrid strategy

allows for compliance with land dealing business criteria,

and that proofs-of-concept are an important phase in the

development process [15]. Finally, a maturity model for the

use of blockchain and smart contracts in land transactions is

offered.

Vinay Thakura et al [2019], It highlights concerns such as

nominal transparency, accountability, incoherent data sets

with several government departments pertaining to the same

piece of land, and delays in the current Land Records

management procedure, as well as how to fix these issues

utilising Blockchain Technology [16]. The authors also

demonstrate a system design for the deployment of a Land

Titling system utilising Blockchain Technology, so that land

titles are tamper-proof and give legitimate and conclusive

rights on ownership. The research report recommends

utilising Blockchain's inherent benefits, with a focus on

smart contracts.

Each transaction, whether it is a property sale, an

inheritance, a court order, or a land acquisition, will be

captured and permanently recorded by the system. This

means you get near-real-time updated records with accurate

traceability and visibility into the state of your property

records.

3. COMPARATIVE AND COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ANALYSIS BASED ON

SELECTIVE CRITERIA.

Authors

Year of

Publica

tion

Blockchai

Applicati

Domain

Problem

Statement

Researc

Method

Solution

Whet

her

Soluti

on is

tested

Deployme

nt or

Implement

ation

Future

scope

Fahim

Ullah,

Fadi Al-

Turjman

2021

Real

Estate

Deals in

smart

cities

blockchain

smart

contract

adoption

to manage

real estate

deals in

smart

cities

conceptu

framewo

propose a

new smart

contract

architectur

e for real

estate

transaction

Yes

illustrate

the smart

contract

process in

smart real

estate, a

practical

framewor

k in the

form of a

sophisticat

ed website

or app can

establishe

International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

ISSN: 2321-8169 Volume: 9 Issue: 9

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v9i9.5489

Article Received: 22 September 2021 Revised: 24 September 2021 Accepted: 28 September 2021 Publication: 30 September 2021

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IJRITCC | September 2021, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org

Adarsh

Kumar

Rajalaksh

Krishnam

urthi,

Anand

Nayyar,

Kriti

Sharma,

Vinay

Grover

and Eklas

Hossain

2020

Novel

Smart

Healthcar

e 4.0

Processes

Create a

smart

healthcare

system

using

Blockchai

n 3.0 and

Healthcare

4.0

connectivit

y and

interopera

bility.

conceptu

framewo

Integration

and

interopera

bility of

Blockchai

n 3.0 and

Healthcare

4.0 to

create a

smart

healthcare

system

Yes

Implement

ed on

Ethereum

using tools

solidity,

web3.js,

Athena,

etc.

The

proposed

work will

expanded

to include

implement

ation

across

many

blockchai

networks

using

various

tools and

methodolo

gies.

Mayank

Raikwar

Subhra

Mazumdar

, Sushmita

Ruj,

Sourav

Sen

Gupta,

2018

Insurance

Processes

Design an

experimen

tal

prototype

Hyperledg

er fabric,

an open

source

Design

Experim

ental

Prototyp

Prepare a

model for

a cost-

effective

way to

processing

insurance-

transaction

Yes

Each

smart

contract in

the model

has its

own

collection

endorsing

International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

ISSN: 2321-8169 Volume: 9 Issue: 9

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v9i9.5489

Article Received: 22 September 2021 Revised: 24 September 2021 Accepted: 28 September 2021 Publication: 30 September 2021

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IJRITCC | September 2021, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org

Anupam

Chattopad

hyay, and

Kwok-

Yan Lam

permission

blockchain

design

framework

s on a

blockchain

network.

peers,

which

may be

extended

to the

transactio

n level to

allow for a

separate

group of

endorsing

peers for

each

transactio

Hoai Luan

Pham, Thi

Hong

Tran,

Yasuhiko

Nakashim

2018

Secure

Remote

Healthcar

e System

for

Hospital

Proposed

remote

healthcare

system

using

blockchain

based on

the

Ethereum

protocol

Design

Experim

ental

processi

mechani

Prepared

and tested

a Remote

Healthcare

System

based on

Smart

Contract

blockchain

technolog

Yes

verified the

proposed

smart

contract on

Ethereum

test

environme

nt called

TESTRPC

and

implemente

d the

system on

experiment

environme

nt with real

devices.

For the

suggested

remote

healthcare

system,

decentralis

ed storage

can be

developed.

Toqeer

Ali,

Adnan

Nadeem,

Ali

Alzahrani,

Salman

Jan

2020

Property

Registrati

on System

Discover a

Permission

Blockchai

n-based

Transpare

nt and

Trusted

Property

Registratio

n System.

Use

case-

based

study

and

design

framewo

rk.

For the

Kingdom

of Saudi

Arabia,

this

solution

controls

transparen

cy and

satisfies in

the

provision

of a

trusted

property

registratio

n system

on the

Blockchai

n. The

infrastruct

ure

provides

After

testing,

the

recommen

ded

framewor

k and

system

design

will be

implement

ed and

improved

utilising

the

appropriat

platform.

International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

ISSN: 2321-8169 Volume: 9 Issue: 9

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v9i9.5489

Article Received: 22 September 2021 Revised: 24 September 2021 Accepted: 28 September 2021 Publication: 30 September 2021

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IJRITCC | September 2021, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org

various

benefits to

those

involved

in the

purchasing

and selling

of real

estate. A

tamper-

proof

ledger

ensures

openness,

record

integrity,

and

trustworthi

ness.

Olawande

Daramola,

Darren

Thebus

2020

E-Voting

System

for

National

Elections

To gain a

better

understand

ing of the

risks,

opportuniti

es, and

challenges

involved

with a

blockchain

e-voting

system for

national

elections.

Architect

ure

Trade-of

Analysis

Method

(ATAM)

Through a

collaborati

architectur

assessmen

t and

documenta

tion

process,

demonstra

ted how

the

architectur

e trade-of

analysis

technique

(ATAM)

might be

used to

enable

election

stakeholde

rs to

understand

the

possible

risks,

problems,

and

prospects

blockchain

e-voting.

This

research

was

limited to

South

Africa. It

could be

improved

in the

future for

various

countries

throughou

t the

world.

International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

ISSN: 2321-8169 Volume: 9 Issue: 9

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v9i9.5489

Article Received: 22 September 2021 Revised: 24 September 2021 Accepted: 28 September 2021 Publication: 30 September 2021

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IJRITCC | September 2021, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org

Valentina

Gatteschi,

Fabrizio

Lamberti,

Claudio

Demartini

Chiara

Pranteda

and Víctor

Santamarí

2018

Insurance

Processes

To provide

assistance

to those

involved

in the

decision-

making

process, as

well as to

discuss

many use

examples

from the

insurance

industry

that might

easily be

applied to

other

domains.

SWOT

Analysis

Outline

the

benefits

and

drawbacks

, as well as

explore

specific

applicatio

n instances

from the

insurance

industr

Based on

the results

of the

SWOT

analysis,

blockchai

technolog

y might be

easily

extended

different

industries.

Sujit

Biswas,

Kashif

Sharif,

Fan Li,

Saraju P.

Mohanty

2020

E-

Healthcar

Systems.

To gain a

better

understand

ing of how

difficult it

is to

establish a

blockchain

solution

for e-

healthcare

systems

and to

seek for

potential

solutions.

Literatur

e Survey

examine

and

explain

how

business

blockchain

can be

used

effectively

healthcare,

as well as

the special

needs of

the

healthcare

sector.

The

findings of

the study

can be

applied to

the

developm

ent of a

blockchai

applicatio

Frorik Þ.

Hjalmarss

on,

Gunnlaug

ur K.

Hreioarsso

Mohamma

Hamdaqa,

Gisli

Hjalmtyss

2018

E-Voting

System

developing

an e-

voting

system

based on

the

blockchain

Design

experime

ntal

framewo

Proposed a

blockchain

-based

electronic

voting

system

that uses

smart

contracts

to ensure

that

elections

are secure

and cost-

effective

while

maintainin

g voter

anonymity

Yes

Additional

measures

would be

required

for

countries

of greater

size to

accommo

date

higher

transactio

n volume

per

second.

International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

ISSN: 2321-8169 Volume: 9 Issue: 9

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v9i9.5489

Article Received: 22 September 2021 Revised: 24 September 2021 Accepted: 28 September 2021 Publication: 30 September 2021

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IJRITCC | September 2021, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org

Tanesh

Kumar,

Vidhya

Ramani,

Ijaz

Ahmad,

Braeken,

Erkki

Harjula,

Mika

Ylianttila

2018

healthcare

systems

To outline

the issues

and

roadblocks

that must

overcome

before

blockchain

technology

can be

successfull

implement

ed in

healthcare

systems.

Literatur

e survey

present the

smart

contract

for

blockchain

-based

healthcare

systems,

which is

critical for

setting

pre-

defined

agreement

s among

the

numerous

stakeholde

involved.

Facts may

be put into

practise

with the

right tools.

Ioannis

Karamitso

s, Maria

Papadaki,

Nedaa

Baker Al

Barghuthi

2018

Real

Estate

System

offer a

smart

contract

design

process

that allows

for the

developme

nt of

various

use cases

using

Blockchai

technology

Concept

ual

framewo

A full

descriptio

n of state

finite

functions

and

processes

provided

for a

specific

use case

that makes

significant

contributio

ns to the

real estate

domain.

Yes

must

evaluate

the impact

of various

platforms

such as

Hyperledg

er Fabric

Rohan

Bennett,

Todd

Miller,

Mark

Pickering,

Al-Karim

Kara

2021

Land

Administr

ation

Proposed a

Hybrid

Approache

s for Smart

Contracts

in Land

Administr

ation

Compara

tive

analysis

A maturity

model for

the use of

blockchain

and smart

contracts

in land

transaction

Yes

Institution

al trust,

legal, and

policy

challenges

are some

of the

major

issues that

can be

addressed.

International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

ISSN: 2321-8169 Volume: 9 Issue: 9

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v9i9.5489

Article Received: 22 September 2021 Revised: 24 September 2021 Accepted: 28 September 2021 Publication: 30 September 2021

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

IJRITCC | September 2021, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org

Vinay

Thakura,,

M.N.

Dojab,

Yogesh K.

Dwivedic,

Tanvir

Ahmadd,

Ganesh

Khadanga

2015

Land

Titling

System

Land

records on

Blockchai

n for

implement

ation of

Land

Titling in

India

Concept

ual

framewo

rk and

design of

system

Illustrates

a system

design for

implement

ing a Land

Titling

system in

the

country

utilising

Blockchai

Technolog

y, so that

land titles

are

tamper-

proof and

give

authentic

and

conclusive

ownership

rights.

Yes

combine

Blockchai

technolog

y with

artificial

intelligenc

e (AI) in

order to

make the

entire land

manageme

ecosystem

safer,

faster,

transparen

t, and

responsive

Table 1. Comparative and Comprehensive Review Analysis Based on Selective Criteria

4. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION

This article began by stating that the advent of

"blockchain" technology prompted conceptual and

design work in a variety of fields aimed at realising

the previous "smart contract" notion. The research

focused on a Systemic Literature Review of

contemporary research work conducted between 2015

and 2021. Its current analysis is a comparative and

comprehensive review of block chain applications in

numerous domains. According to current research,

only a few application sectors have been covered for

blockchain technology deployment, such as the health

sector, insurance sector, e-voting sector, or land sector.

In the future, Blockchain technology combined with

smart contacts could be used in a variety of sectors

that are currently untapped.

FUNDING: This study was not funded by any

organization.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors declare

that they have no conflicts of interest.

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ISSN: 2321-8169 Volume: 9 Issue: 9

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v9i9.5489

Article Received: 22 September 2021 Revised: 24 September 2021 Accepted: 28 September 2021 Publication: 30 September 2021

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IJRITCC | September 2021, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org

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