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J. Agric. Res. Kafr El-Sheikh Univ. 40 (3) 2014
616
RESPONSE OF BALADY MANDARIN TREES TO
DEFICIT IRRIGATION
Hassan, A . Ennab and Somaia, A . El-Sayed
Citrus division, Hort. Res. St., Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out during 2013 and 2014 seasons
under Elbostan district, El-Bohaira Governorate conditions on Balady
mandarin trees 13 years old at 3.5 x 3.5 meters apart and grown on
sour orange rootstock in sandy soil under drip irrigation system. The
trees treated with three deficit irrigation treatments as control 25 m3 /
tree/ year (water applied as done in the orchard 100%), 15 m3/ tree/
year (water application equal to 60% of control) and 10 m3/ tree/ year
(water application equal to 40% of control) to study the effect of deficit
irrigation treatments on growth, yield, fruit quality and leaf chemical
constituents. The obtained results showed that, vegetative growth in
terms of shoot length, leaves number per shoot, leaf area and canopy
volume were decreased with increasing deficit irrigation treatments.
The treatments of 25 and 15 m3/tree/year produced higher values of
all growth parameters without significant differences between them,
while the lowest values belonged to the treatment of 10 m3 water
tree/year in both seasons. Yield as weight kg / tree and number fruit /
tree was significantly higher in trees treated with 25 and 15 m3
water/tree/year treatments than those treated with 10 m3
water/tree/year, also 15 m3 water/tree/year treatment had the highest
water use efficiency in both seasons. Also, the obtained results
showed that, yield efficiency was decreased under deficit irrigation as
compared with control in both seasons. In addition, weight, juice
volume and diameter of the fruits were significantly decreased by
increasing deficit irrigation treatments from 25 to 10 m3 water/tree/year
in both seasons. Moreover, acidity % and SSC% were higher for 10
m3 water/tree/year treatment than another treatments, whereas
SSC/acid ratio was high for 25 m3 /tree/year treatment. Maximum
level of leaf proline content was observed in low treatment 10 m3
water/tree/year followed by 15 m3 water/tree/year and reached
minimum value with 25 m3 water/tree/year. In this respect, chlorophyll
a, b and its total value per µg/cm2 leaf area was decreased with
decreased irrigation water in both seasons. The leaf concentrations of
N, P, K, Mg and Fe were decreased, while Mn and Zn did not show
any consistent trend with water deficit. Ca was increased with
decreasing irrigation water. Saving irrigation water is the aim of this
study .the obtained results proved that adding 15m3/tree/year attained
this aim by saving 40% of irrigation water. This treatment is
recommended as a way for rationalization of irrigation water at
Elbostan region .
Hassan, A . Ennab and Somaia, A . El-Sayed
617
INTRODUCTION
In Egypt, the scarcity of water resources in the new reclaimed
area is a major factor limiting the expansion of irrigated areas .
In Mediterranean regimes rationalization of irrigation water
strategies is needed to save water by improving water use
efficiency of various crops (Fereres and Soriano,2007) .
Drought stress during flowering and fruit set in citrus orchards
can increase the fall of flowers and young fruits influencing
negatively the final crop (Ruiz – Sanchez et al 2010) Yield and
fruit quality of citrus trees are also affected by soil water deficit
(Romero et al 2006, Melgar et al 2010 and Garcia –Tejero et
al 2011). Therefore , the objective of this study is to rationalize
irrigation water for Balady mandarin orchard in sandy soil under
drip irrigation at Elbostan district, El-Bohaira Governorate.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study was carried out during 2013 and 2014
seasons on Balady mandarin (Citrus reticulate Blanco) trees
budded on sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) rootstock. Trees
were 13 years old, 3.5 x 3.5 meters apart on sandy soil under
drip irrigation system at a private orchard at Elbostan district, El-
Bohaira Governorate, Egypt. The soil texture was sandy (3.5%
clay, 11.8% silt and 84.7% sand), 12.8% totals carbonate
content, 1.3 ds m-1 an electrical conductivity and a pH of 8.8.
Twenty-seven trees were arranged in a randomized complete
block design with three treatments replicated three times with
three trees.
Irrigation treatments:
Three irrigation treatments were applied as: Control, 25 m3 /
tree/ year (water applied as done in the orchard 100%). Two
deficit irrigation treatments were 15 m3/ tree/ year (60% of
control) and 10 m3/ tree/ year (40% of control). The amount of
water was controlled through using four emitters/tree (4 L/hr)at
50 cm on two lateral lines 100 cm from the tree trunk each side.
The working hours of irrigation and applied water were
different for spring, , summer, autumn and winter as shown in
Table (1)
J. Agric. Res. Kafr El-Sheikh Univ. 40 (3) 2014
618
Table (1). Water regime (m3/tree/year) under drip irrigation
system.
Months
Applied
water
liter/hour/
tree
Treatments
25000
liter/tree/year
15000
liter/tree/year
10000
liter/tree/year
Working
time/day
Hour minute
Total
applied
water
Working
time/day
Hour minute
Total
applied
water
Working
time/day
Hour minute
Total
applied
water
Spring and autumn
March-April-sept-
oct
16
4 -
7680
2 30
4416
2 -
3840
Summer
may-June-july-
august
16
7 -
13440
4 30
8256
2 15
4128
Autumn and winter
Nov-des-jan-feb
16
2 -
3840
1 30
2496
1 -
1920
Liter/tree/year
--
25160
15168
9888
m3/tree/year
--
25
15
10
Four branches on each direction were chosen and labeled in
each tree for measuring and determination the following
parameters:
1. Vegetative growth: shoot length (cm), leaves number per
shoot, leaf area (cm2) and canopy volume (m3) was calculated
according to the formula: 0.5238 x tree height x canopy
diameter (Turrell, 1946).
2. Yield: at harvest time, yield of each tree was determined as
number and weight (kg) of fruits/tree. Also, yield efficiency
(kg/m3 canopy volume and water use efficiency (kg/m3 water)
were calculated.
3. Fruit quality: 10 fruits were taken at random from the yield
of each tree for determination physical and chemical
characteristics such as : fruit diameter (cm), fruit weight (gm),
juice volume/fruit (cm3), and total soluble solids by hand
refractometer, total acidity as citric acid according to (A.O.A.C,
1980) and TSS/acid ratio was estimated.
4. Leaf chemical constituents:
4.1. Leaf proline content as μ mole/gm: leaf proline content
was determined in 0.5 gm fresh weight of fully mature leaves
according to Bates et al (1973).
4. 2. Leaf chlorophyll content as μ gm/cm2: Fresh leaf
sample was taken from each replicate to determine chlorophyll
a, b and its total according to Moran and Porath (1980).
Hassan, A . Ennab and Somaia, A . El-Sayed
619
4.3. Leaf nutrient contents: The dried leaves samples of
each replicate were grounded and digested with H2SO4 and
H2O2 according Evenhuis and DeWaard (1980). In digested
solution samples N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were
determined as follows: nitrogen was determined by micro-
kjeldahl method (A.O.A.C. 1980), K by flame photometer, P by
spectrophotometer, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu were assayed
with Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer (Unican SP 1900)
according to Chapman and Pratt (1961). Statistical analysis was
done as analysis of variance according to Snedecor and
Cochran (1967), and the least significant differences (L.S.D. at
5% level) was used to compare the main values.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. Vegetative growth:
Data in Table (2) showed that, vegetative growth of
Balady mandarin was affected by deficit irrigation treatments in
both seasons. Vegetative growth in terms of shoot length
leaves number per shoot, leaf area and canopy volume were
decreased with increasing deficit irrigation treatments. The
treatments of 25 m3 water /tree / year and 15 m3 water /tree /
year produced higher values of all growth parameters without
significant differences between them in both seasons. The
lowest values belonged to the treatment of 10 m3 water /tree /
year, significant differences were found between this treatment
and two other treatments in both seasons. Similar results were
obtained by Romero et al (2006) on Clemenules mandarin,
Perez-Perez et al (2008a) on sweet orange and Junior et al
(2011) on Tahiti lime trees. In this respect, Chartzoulakis et al
(1999) observed that, canopy diameter, plant height and trunk
diameter were significantly reduced at treatment received 60%
less irrigation water than control. Also, Al-Absi (2009) concluded
that, depletion of 25, 50 and 75% of available water decline in
growth such shoot length, leaves number per shoot and leaf
area of Washington navel, Red Blood and Shamouti oranges
grown under water deficit. Generally, the data in Table (2)
indicate that, treatments of 15 and 25 m3 water /tree / year gave
the best vegetative growth without significant differences
between them. Moreover, trees treated with 15 and 25
m3/tree/year were similar in size and growth vigour while trees
taken 10 m3 water /tree / year gave small size and less growth,
J. Agric. Res. Kafr El-Sheikh Univ. 40 (3) 2014
620
these results due to scare flush and little growth of shoots
during summer and autumn vegetative flush growth, which
citrus normally have under Mediterranean conditions. This
explanation came true with (Gonzalez-Altozano and Castel,
2000). They reported that, imposition of water stress during
summer reduced the summer flush growth on Clementine de
Nules by 75%.
Table (2) Effect of deficit irrigation levels on vegetative
growth of Balady mandarin trees.
Irrigation
(m3/tree/year)
Shoot length
(cm)
Leaves number/
shoot
Leaf area
(cm2)
Canopy volume
(m3)
2013
2014
2013
2014
2013
2014
2013
2014
25
15
10
L.S.D. at 5%
18.55
17.30
11.15
2.36
19.35
17.95
12.75
1.70
14.23
12.94
8.45
1.32
15.65
13.75
9.75
2.07
9.65
8.45
5.55
0.35
10.50
9.30
6.20
0.91
14.59
14.55
12.77
0.22
15.93
15.85
12.90
0.16
• Control 25 m3 / tree/ year (water applied as done in the orchard 100%).
• 15 m3/ tree/ year (water application equal to 60% of control).
• 10 m3/ tree/ year (water application equal to 40% of control).
2. Yield:
Data in Table (3) clear that yield as kg of fruits per tree
and fruit number per tree was significantly reduced at 10 m3
water/tree/year treatment, while no significant difference was
found between 15 and 25 m3 water/tree/year treatments in both
seasons. Treatments of 15 and 25 m3 water/tree/year had
approximately the same yield. Similar results were obtained by
Chartzoulakis et al (1999) on Bonanza oranges and Perez-
Perez et al (2008b) on Sweet orange. Moreover, irrigation at
60% (15 m3 water/tree/year) of a fully irrigated control allowed
seasonal water savings of 40% and reduced yield by 6.60 and
7.97% in both seasons respectively, while irrigation at 40% (10
m3 water/tree/year) of a fully irrigated control produced a water
savings of 60% and the yield reduction was 48.77 and 45.90 %
in both seasons respectively. Similar results were obtained by
Romero et al (2006) on Clemenules mandarin and Ruiz-
Sanchez et al (2010). In this respect, Castel and Buj (1990)
showed that on Salustiana oranges, deficit irrigation at 60% of a
fully irrigated control during spring allowed seasonal water
savings of about 20% with respect to control and reduced yield
by 8%. Shatanawi et al (2011) showed that, deficit irrigation at
75% and 50% of full control irrigation was saving water as 18 –
19% and 37 – 39% respectively, without affecting yield or fruit
quality of lemon trees. Also, data in Table (3) clear that, the
highest value of water use efficiency was obtained from trees
Hassan, A . Ennab and Somaia, A . El-Sayed
621
irrigated with 15 m3 water/tree/year followed in descending
order by those irrigated with 10m3 water/tree/year and 25 m3
water/tree/year respectively, with significant differences
between them in both seasons. These findings were in
agreement with the results of Fereres and Soriano (2007) and
Garcia-Tejero et al (2011) on Salustiana orange. Under deficit
irrigation yield efficiency was decreased as compared with
control.
Table (3) Effect of deficit irrigation levels on yield of Balady
mandarin trees.
Irrigation
(m3/tree/year)
Yield
Number/tree
Yield
Kg/tree
Yield
Reduction
%
water use
efficiency
(kg/m3
water/year)
Yield
efficiency
kg/m3 of tree
canopy
2013
2014
2013
2014
2013
2014
2013
2014
2013
2014
25
15
10
L.S.D. at 5%
311.25
307.18
204.33
4.54
330.12
320.32
236.32
13.11
47.36
44.23
24.26
4.72
52.30
48.13
28.29
7.30
0.00
6.60
48.77
---
0.00
7.97
45.90
---
1.89
2.94
2.42
0.17
2.09
3.20
2.82
0.05
3.24
3.03
1.89
0.34
3.28
3.03
2.19
0.47
• Control 25 m3 / tree/ year (water applied as done in the orchard 100%).
• 15 m3/ tree/ year (water application equal to 60% of control).
• 10 m3/ tree/ year (water application equal to 40% of control).
3. Fruit quality:
Data in Table (4) revealed that, 10 m3 water/tree/year
treatment significantly decreased fruit diameter, whereas 25
and 15 m3 water/tree/year had approximately the same values
without significant differences between them in both seasons.
Fruit weight and juice volume per fruit from tree treated with 25
m3 water/tree/year were higher than that treated with 10 m3
water/tree/year while fruit weight and juice volume per fruit from
tree treated with 15 m3 water/tree/year were intermediate. The
differences were significant in fruit weight and juice volume per
fruit among treatments in both seasons. The acidity % was
significantly higher for 10 m3 water/tree/year treatment than for
the other two treatments in both seasons. SSC% was not
significantly differed in both seasons; anyhow SSC% was
higher for 10 m3 water/tree/year treatment than 25 m3
water/tree/year treatment whereas 15 m3 water/tree/year
treatment was in between. In this respect, 25 m3 water/tree/year
treatment significantly increased fruit SSC/acid ratio, whereas
15 and 10 m3 water/tree/year had approximately the same
values without significant differences between them in both
seasons. Similar results were obtained by Chartzoulakis et al
(1999) on Bonanza orange and Perez-Perez et al (2008b) on
J. Agric. Res. Kafr El-Sheikh Univ. 40 (3) 2014
622
sweet orange trees. In this respect, Sanchez-Blanco et al
(1989) and Castel and Buj (1990) concluded that, there were an
increase in TSS and acidity as the amount of water applied
decreased.
Table (4) Effect of deficit irrigation levels on fruit quality of
Balady mandarin trees.
Irrigation
(m3/tree/year)
Fruit
diameter
(cm)
Fruit
weight
(g)
juice
volume/fruit
(cm3)
SSC
%
Acidity
%
SSC/acid
ratio
2013 season
25
15
10
L.S.D. at 5% level
6.89
6.86
4.64
0.14
113.18
103.29
93.32
5.24
52.70
44.90
26.30
0.69
10.50
11.00
12.30
ns
1.08
1.16
1.30
0.11
9.72
9.48
9.46
0.07
2014 season
25
15
10
L.S.D. at 5% level
6.92
6.85
4.75
0.09
121.14
114.21
95.12
10.23
55.80
49.50
27.60
1.29
10.70
11.50
12.70
ns
1.10
1.22
1.35
0.03
9.72
9.42
9.40
017
• Control 25 m3 / tree/ year (water applied as done in the orchard 100%).
• 15 m3/ tree/ year (water application equal to 60% of control).
• 10 m3/ tree/ year (water application equal to 40% of control).
4. Leaf chemical constituents:
4. 1. Leaf proline (μ mole/g fresh weight) and chlorophyll
(μ gm/cm2) contents:
Deficit irrigation treatments showed highly variation in leaf
proline accumulation; this variation was significant in both
seasons. Maximum amount was recorded with the least
irrigation treatment (10 m3 water/tree/year) followed by 15 m3
water/tree/year. Minimum values were found in high irrigation
treatment (25 m3 water/tree/year) as shown in (Table 5). Similar
results were obtained by Mehanna et al (2012) stated that
proline content was increased by increasing deficit irrigation.
Proline is one of the most abundant amino acids in citrus
tissues. It is an important soluble nitrogen store in citrus leaves,
has an adaptive role as an osmotic substance and is one of four
amino acids that peak in accumulation during water stress
(Chen et al 1964).
Also, data in Table (5) showed that amount of chlorophyll a,
b and its total value per µg/cm2 leaf area was decreased with
decreased irrigation water in both seasons. Balady mandarin
trees treated with 25 and 15 m3 water/tree/year recorded the
highest values of chlorophyll a, b and its total content in their
leaves without significant differences between them in both
Hassan, A . Ennab and Somaia, A . El-Sayed
623
seasons. The 10 m3 water/tree/year treatment recorded the
least values of chlorophyll in both seasons. The reduction in
amount of chlorophyll due to 10 m3 water/tree/year treatment
was significant as compared with the other treatments in both
seasons. These results agreed with those reported by Al-Absi
(2009) concluded that chlorophyll values were lower in water
stressed Washington navel, Red Blood, Shamouti oranges than
unstressed one. However, increasing proline and decreasing
chlorophyll contents in leaves (as indicators to water stress)
indicated lower water stress when the trees irrigated by 15
m3/tree/year than those irrigated by 10 m3/tree/ year in both
seasons.
Table (5) Effect of deficit irrigation levels on proline and
chlorophyll of Balady mandarin trees
Irrigation
(m3/tree/year)
Proline
(µmole/g F.W.)
Chlorophyll (µg/cm2 fresh weight)
a
b
total
2013
2014
2013
2014
2013
2014
2013
2014
25
15
10
L.S.D.at 5%
32.33
64.21
95.25
5.90
35.10
67.30
93.21
5.24
29.15
28.18
24.26
2.62
31.12
29.15
26.14
3.70
15.25
13.14
11.31
1.77
12.21
11.18
10.17
ns
44.40
41.32
35.57
4.11
43.33
40.33
36.31
5.40
• Control 25 m3 / tree/ year (water applied as done in the orchard 100%).
• 15 m3/ tree/ year (water application equal to 60% of control).
• 10 m3/ tree/ year (water application equal to 40% of control).
4. 2. Leaf nutrient contents:
On the start we notice from chemical leaf analysis results
in Table (6) that the nutrient content, according to Embleton et
al (1978) and Koo et al (1984) was optimal for all nutrients
under all treatments except nitrogen under deficit irrigation
treatment called 10 m3 water/tree/year was adequate not
optimal.
Anyhow results in Table (6) revealed that, leaf N content
was higher in the 25 m3 water/tree/year treatment followed by
15 m3 water/tree/year treatment than 10 m3 water/tree/year
treatment without significant differences between them in both
seasons. These results were similar with those reported by
Romero et al (2006) and Chen et al (1964). Regarding leaf K
content, the data revealed that deficit irrigation treatments
decreasing leaf K content especially at 10 m3 water/tree/year
treatment in both seasons. On the other hand, 25 m3
water/tree/year treatment gave the highest values of leaf K
content followed by 15 m3 water/tree/year treatment with
significant differences in both seasons (Table 6). These results
J. Agric. Res. Kafr El-Sheikh Univ. 40 (3) 2014
624
are in agreement with those of Mehanna et al (2012).
Phosphorus leaf content in Balady mandarin trees decreased
as the irrigation water decreased in both seasons (Table 6). The
statistical analysis showed that differences were only significant
in some cases in both seasons. Similar results were obtained
by Haghighatnia et al (2011). The positive effects of P on
growth under drought have been attributed to an increase in
water use efficiency, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and
effect on water relations.
Ca leaf content in Balady mandarin trees was increased
as deficit irrigation increased in both seasons. The increase in
leaf Ca content was significant in the second season only.
These results came true with Romero et al (2006) and
Haghighatnia et al (2011). Calcium plays a vital role in
regulating many physiological processes that influence both
growth and responses to environmental stresses. Mg leaf
content was slightly decreased as deficit irrigation treatments
decreased and the differences were not significant in both
seasons. Similar results are obtained by Ibrahim and Abd El-
Samad (2009). The data obtained in the present study showed
that Fe, Mn and Zn contents of Balady mandarin leaves were
slightly decreased as deficit irrigation treatments decreased and
the differences were significant in both seasons, except Mn in
the first season only and Zn in the second season only (Table
6).
Table (6) Effect of deficit irrigation levels on leaf mineral
contents of Balady mandarin trees.
Irrigation
(m3/tree/year)
N
%
P
%
K
%
Ca
%
Mg
%
Fe
ppm
Mn
ppm
Zn
ppm
2013 season
25
15
10
L.S.D.at5%level
2.57
2.54
1.94
ns
0.23
0.20
0.17
0.04
1.63
1.50
1.32
0.05
3.23
3.30
3.52
ns
0.34
0.32
0.29
ns
87.08
83.12
78.15
4.21
37.17
34.32
33.20
ns
46.93
44.43
44.40
1.48
2014season
25
15
10
L.S.D.at5%level
2.60
2.53
1.97
ns
0.24
0.21
0.18
ns
1.66
1.57
1.45
0.03
3.24
3.33
3.56
0.17
0.38
0.35
0.32
ns
96.11
89.13
86.28
6.97
36.18
33.21
32.29
2.00
46.33
45.16
44.80
Ns
• Control 25 m3 / tree/ year (water applied as done in the orchard 100%).
• 15 m3/ tree/ year (water application equal to 60% of control).
• 10 m3/ tree/ year (water application equal to 40% of control).
Conclusion
According to the obtained results in this study , the utilized
irrigation water per feddan is about 5100 m3 per year . This
Hassan, A . Ennab and Somaia, A . El-Sayed
625
means saving about 3400 m3 per feddan comparing with
applied water in this area which reaches about 8500 m3 /
feddan through year . Therefore, irrigating mandarin with 15m3
per tree is recommended for mandarin growers in sandy soil
under climatic conditions at Elbostan region saving 40% of
irrigation water under drip irrigation system .
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20132014
133.5x3.5
253100 15360 10340
1
25153 103 2 25153103153 3 25103 SSC SSC/acid ratio 253 4 ab 5
15
3
40 34003
