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Mob Psychology and Crowd Control
Abstract
This chapter will try to understand the intricacies of mob psychology. Mob control is one of the most difficult tasks which law enforcement agencies have to perform as it is a big challenge to control a mob or crowd without violating human rights. It is imperative that the law enforcement agencies study about the psychology of the crowd; else it will not be possible to control the crowd effectively by only wielding force. This chapter will discuss the various theories regarding crowd/mob behaviour, supplemented by case examples. The aim of this chapter is to help the readers understand the causes behind mob behaviour. Understanding mob psychology can help law enforcement agencies and mediators to observe and communicate with a mob in an appropriate manner. Mob psychology can help in the identification of leaders and rational people among the mob, facilitating effective communication, diversion, and cooperation with the mob. This chapter will attempt to unfold the intricacies of mob psychology which, in turn, will help the readers to understand why mob behaves in a particular manner and how they can be controlled in an effective manner.
... Seperti ilmuwan-ilmuwan lain waktu itu, Le Bon percaya akan uniformitas perilaku dalam massa. Ia menjelaskan konsep ini melalui mekanisme 'nalar-kelompok', sebuah ide yang kita cermati sangat umum pada waktu itu dan yang berasal dari ide-ide Alfred Espinas (1878; dalam Lama, 2021). Sementara Espinas dan teoretikus-teoretikus 'nalar-kelompok' lain memakai konsep insting atau 'alam', Le Bon memakai mekanisme sosio-psikologis untuk menjelaskan cara-kerja perilaku massa. ...
Buku ini merupakan referensi mengenai perilaku massa menurut
perspektif Psikologi. Literatur akademis dalam bentuk artikel yang
dimuat di jurnal ilmiah atau buku di Indonesia mengenai perilaku
massa masih sangat jarang. Padahal, Indonesia sangat kaya dengan fenomena massa, seperti aksi demonstrasi, fanatisme sepak bola, perayaan karnaval, dan ritual-ritual keagamaan. Harus diakui, fenomena dan perilaku massa berbeda dengan fenomena dan perilaku kelompok dan perilaku organisasi yang lebih terstruktur dan memiliki tatanan sosial yang lebih pasti dan jelas. Meskipun demikian, mengacu pada hasil-hasil riset mutakhir di bidang Ilmu Sosial umumnya dan Psikologi khususnya, dampak perilaku massa sama pentingnya dengan dampak perilaku kelompok atau perilaku organisasi terhadap aspek sosial, ekonomi, dan politik masyarakat.
Menutupi kesenjangan tersebut, buku referensi ini menelaah
sejarah massa, objek studi dan tantangan metodologis Psikologi
Massa, jenis-jenis massa, teori-teori serbaneka maupun teori-teori Psikologi, dan rekomendasi intervensi massa dalam se ing konflik, imerjensi, serta pertemuan massa. Sejarah massa membahas histori kemunculan dan dinamika fenomena tersebut. Objek studi massa dalam buku ini menelaah cakupan struktural, ontologis, dan perilaku massa sebagai dasar operasionalisasi defi nisi atau arti massa dalam perspektif Psikologi. Tantangan metodologis menekankan kesulitan-kesulitan yang dihadapi peneliti dan alternatif-alternatif solusinya untuk mempelajari secara ilmiah perilaku massa. Bab mengenai jenis-jenis massa berisi informasi dan analisis mengenai karakteristik, persamaan, dan perbedaan aneka ragam massa. Bab ini diikuti dengan pembahasan mengenai teori-teori massa, mulai dari teori-teori klasik sampai dengan teori-teori mutakhir dalam ranah Psikologi maupun ranah multidisiplin. Bab terakhir menguraikan rekomendasi intervensi untuk menangani konflik massa, perilaku
massa dalam imerjensi dan bencana, serta mempromosikan dampakdampak positif massa dalam se ing pertemuan. Kami berharap bahwa buku referensi ini bisa bermanfaat bagi peneliti, dosen, dan mahasiswa untuk memahami dinamika psikologis fenomena dan perilaku massa.
... They are theories utilized in analyzing the mob's psychological behavior, including Le Bon's, McDougall's, Freud's, Allport's, and Turner's theories (see, for example, Lama, 2021). In this regard, there is a mob or crowd-driven psychological behavior as proposed by Le Bon. ...
The 2020 Covid 19 pandemic came with good and bad news across the globe. The South African government had its most challenging moment, which found intra-party elite cohesion over state capture inquiry and corruption triggering riots in Gauteng and KwaZulu Natal. In South Africa whether they will be democratic deepening or decay will be unveiled in the article proffering for alternative solutions to resolve future conflicts in the country. Nevertheless, the article did not dispute the institutional democracy in South Africa as one of the African leading democratic state. The research used the socio-economic and political psychological analysis to unveil the July 2021 riots in South Africa. An ethnographical approach was utilized to enrich the study phenomenon, gathering data through documentary review, and multimedia platforms.
Background
Illegal motorcycle racing has become increasingly prevalent among young individuals as a means of seeking excitement and self-expression. This research aimed to explore the prevalence of self-perceived illegal motorcycle racers and the impact of masculine identity on their participation in racing activities.
Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2020 to January 2021. Participants completed self-administered questionnaires, including the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory-22 (CMNI-22), to measure masculine identity levels. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine the association between masculine identity and participation in illegal racing.
Results
A total of 400 individuals with a mean age of 18.5 years (SD ± 13.4) participated in the study. The average duration of engagement in street racing was 1.3 years (SD ± 1.13). Among the participants, 57.5% identified themselves as active racers, while the remaining 42.5% either observed the races or took part in convoys exclusively. The mean score for masculine identity was 31, with scores ranging from 21 to 45.2. The results showed that participants with high levels of masculine identity were four times more likely to engage in racing (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.57, 6.12; P = 0.001) compared to those with low levels of masculine identity.
Conclusion
Promoting positive masculinity through education, engagement in safe activities, and highlighting role models with qualities like kindness and responsibility may help foster healthy behaviours and well-being among youth.
The development of academic fields is often described through the metaphor of ‘waves.’ Following the instantiation of positive psychology (the first wave), scholarship emerged looking critically at the notions of positive and negative, becoming known as its second wave. More recently, we discern an equally significant shift, namely scholarship that in various ways goes beyond the individual and embraces greater complexity. This includes going beyond the individual person as the primary focus of enquiry to look more deeply at the groups and systems in which people are embedded. It also involves becoming more interdisciplinary and multicultural, and embracing a wider range of methodologies. We submit that these interrelated ripples constitute a form of epistemological ‘broadening’ that merit the label of an incoming ‘third wave.’ This paper identifies the key dynamics of this wave, allowing appreciation not only of the field’s leading edge, but also its developmental potential into the future.
“Diversion” schemes encouraging children and young people away from offending have successfully reduced the numbers of young people within the youth justice system. However, for those not successfully diverted, recidivism remains obstinately high. Many of those remaining in the youth justice system appear to have complex psychological needs. Research has also shown that many of this group have experienced a high number of adverse childhood experiences. Investigation into the potential consequences of these experiences suggests the potential disruption of normative adolescent psychological growth. Domains may include emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal development. This review assesses the effectiveness of individual interventions that had a psychological focus and succeeded in reducing recidivism. A systematic research review from 2000 to 2019 yielded 206 studies for youth offenders, and of these, 14 met the criteria for inclusion. Sample size varied greatly, from 30 to 3038. Research design, follow-up period and intervention content also varied greatly. Further, intervention success for recidivism ranged from almost total desistance to changes (increased time to re-offend) affecting only 50% of the intervention group. Psychological changes as a result of intervention included an increased sense of coherence, improved emotion recognition, more positive decision-making and reduced defiance. However, none of the studies conducted follow-up psychological assessments post-intervention. Although youth crime is a priority for policy makers, so far research has fallen short of fully examining how the development of psychological resilience via interventions may help reduce persistent offending.
This book contains the biographies and profiles of eight serial killers from the state of Kerala and Tamil Nadu in India. Each biography covers the real-life incidents in the lives of serial killers from pre-birth to prison lives. You will find narratives of the entire lives of serial killers as an immersive story, told from a third person's point of view. The readers can vicariously experience their deviant lives as they pass through the pages of this work. The book gives no analysis, and one reason for this is to allow the readers the intellectual freedom to construct their judgments on breaking down their unique lives. This work is a part of the original research undertaken in the Department of Criminology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, from 2011 to 2016. This extensive work is the pioneering study of such a scale conducted in India with primary data on this hitherto unexplored subject. Each fabric of information used to construct these biographies is painstakingly collected from a variety of sources through years of fieldwork. Primary methods of data collection involved in-depth interviews with serial killers in prisons; interviews with close relatives of serial killers; interviews with surviving victims or their relatives; interviews with co-offenders or prison mates; interviews with police officers, prison officials, psychologists, court officials, and witnesses; study of crime scene locations, observation of significant locations; and study of court and police documents. This book will be useful for researchers, serious readers of crime, students of Social Sciences or Humanities, especially Criminology, Psychology, Police Science, Anthropology. The book will be immersive for casual readers who like to read something other than fiction. However, the authors do not endorse this work for those who are looking to read works similar to crime thriller novels.
Cite this work with the below link:
Deepak, S. and Ramdoss, S., 2020. The Unfathomable Lives: Biographies Of Indian Serial Killers. 1st ed. Chennai: Amazon.
Introduction
Research on the moderating role of trait emotional intelligence (EI) has typically examined this construct in light of other risk factors and their detrimental effects on adolescents' outcomes. This study aims to expand this line of research by focusing on the enhancing effect of trait EI and its moderating effects on the relationship between parental nurturance and adolescents' prosocial behaviour. According to such view, higher trait EI was expected to enhance the positive effect of parental nurturance on adolescents’ prosocial behaviour.
Method
A nationally representative sample of 1850 Canadian adolescents completed self‐reported ratings of trait EI and parenting at 10–12 years of age which were related to prosocial behaviour at 14–16 years.
Results
Findings indicated that, after controlling for previous ratings of prosocial behaviour at age 10–12, child's age and sex, adolescents with high trait EI who were exposed to positive rearing experiences in early adolescence reported higher levels of prosocial behaviour two years later compared to respondents with either low or average scores on trait EI.
Conclusion
In line with our prediction, these results confirm the enhancing the effects of trait EI on the relationship between parental nurturance and future development of prosocial behaviour. These findings have important implications in regard to the important role of trait EI in predicting variation of adolescents’ prosocial behaviour in response to positive parental influences.
Sexual molestation on public transport systems is prevalent in many parts of the world. A sizeable number of the commuting population in India who use public transport are students. The present study is a part of larger ongoing research in other Asian countries. Japanese and Indonesian studies have revealed that a majority of the victims of sexual molestation on public transport have been women. Therefore, the present research has been conducted with an Indian sample of N=655 female students from a women's only colleges in the city of Chennai, India. The study draws its data from a questionnaire and from recent media reports. The paper illuminates the incidence of sexual molestation in public transport in an Indian metropolis with a focus on communication about the event and victim blaming. The results reveal that slightly over half of the participants have been victimised at least once and out of them fifty percent of the victims have been repeatedly victimised. Most of the victims report they were angry and irritated, however very few report that they were ashamed. Also, a significant number of participants, victims and non-victims, felt that the reason for this, was that the woman was wearing revealing clothes and therefore to be blamed. Although a majority of the participants believe it is important to communicate about the problem, they agree that it is not easy to report sexual molestation to the police. Victim blaming and lack of appropriate victim support systems play a significant role in the reluctance to communicate about such victimisations.
Since interpersonal forgiveness has been considered a 'gift' that should not be forced on victims in restorative justice (RJ), the role of forgiveness in RJ remains peripheral. In this paper, we aim to advance the role of forgiveness in RJ. However, we do not focus on interpersonal forgiveness. We instead focus on another dimension of forgiveness: self-forgiveness for offenders. Because self-forgiveness is linked with both RJ and desistance respectively, self-forgiveness has the potential to function as a catalyst to connect RJ with desistance. Drawing on their relationship, we offer a process-based model of how offenders may or may not desist through RJ. We conclude with offering implications for research on RJ.
Female criminality is one of the important phenomena in popular media and also in academic discourse of contemporary scholastic arena like sociology, criminology, psychology and anthropology. The changing nature of female's roles in capitalist system instigate female more to involve in violent and property crimes. The main intent of the study is to review the major theories of female criminality such as masculinization, opportunity, marginalization and chivalry. The authors also tried to shed light on the acceptability and validity of female criminality theories on female criminal activities. This study mainly relies on secondary sources. Data have been collected from journal articles, books, research reports, government documents and so on. Among the theories of masculinization, opportunity, marginalization and chivalry; marginalization theory is the most relevant and significant for analyzing causes of female criminality in contemporary third world societies. On the other hand, masculinities and opportunities theories are sometimes partially applicable to predict criminality of women in first world countries.
Digital forensics is an important and growing forensic domain. Research on miscarriages of justice and misleading evidence, as well as various inquires in the UK and the US, have highlighted human error as an issue within forensic science. This has led to increased attention to the sources of cognitive bias and potential countermeasures within many forensic disciplines. However, the area of digital forensics has yet to pay sufficient attention to this issue. The main goal of this article is to contribute to a more scientifically sound digital forensics domain by addressing the issues of cognitive bias as a source of error. In this paper we present an analysis of seven sources of cognitive and human error specifically within the digital forensics process, and discuss relevant countermeasures. We conclude that although some cognitive and bias issues are very similar across forensic domains, others are different and dependent on the specific characteristic of the domain in question, such as digital forensics. There is a need for new directions in research with regard to cognitive and human factors in digital forensics.
Background
Research across the globe highlights rights violations and abuses experienced by women and seldom are channeled toward any atrocities being experienced by men. Objectives: To find the prevalence, characteristics, and sociodemographic correlates of gender-based violence against men.
Materials and Methods
It was a community-based, cross-sectional study using multistage random sampling in which a total of 1000 married men in the age group of 21–49 years were interviewed using modified conflict tactics scale.
Results
In the present study, 52.4% of men experienced gender-based violence. Out of 1000, males 51.5% experienced violence at the hands of their wives/intimate partner at least once in their lifetime and 10.5% in the last 12 months. The most common spousal violence was emotional (51.6%) followed by physical violence (6%). Only in one-tenth cases, physical assaults were severe. In almost half of the cases, husband initiated physical and emotional violence. Gender symmetry does not exist in India for physical violence. Less family income, education up to middle class, nuclear family setup, and perpetrator under the influence of alcohol were identified as risk factors. Earning spouse with education up to graduation is the risk factor for bidirectional physical violence.
Conclusion
Besides women, men are also the victims of gender-based violence. This demands the future investigation and necessary intervention on gender-based violence against men in India.
Emotions form the foundation of infants’ early social interactions and yet their role in prosocial behaviors is generally limited to situations of distress and other negative emotions. The present article argues that both positive emotions and the emotion of interest play important roles in prosocial behavior and development. First, we explore the ways in which positive emotions characterize infants’ everyday prosocial behavior and the relationships that support these behaviors. We then examine the emotion of interest and its role in infants’ prosocial behavior. This article synthesizes recent research on positive emotions in early prosocial development and provides a first attempt to link the emotion of interest to prosocial behavior. We close by discussing future directions for research on prosocial behavior with these emotions.
Romantic love in heterosexual relationships is recognized as an important aspect to be considered in relation to the psychosocial mechanisms associated with the persistence of intimate partner violence and the help-seeking barriers faced by female victims. However, few studies have explored the processes underlying the relationship between this form of love and attitudes toward this kind of violence. To do this, the current study aims to analyze the relationship between the adherence to romantic love and the legitimization of intimate partner violence (i.e., perceived severity of violence, victim blame, and exoneration of the perpetrator). It was also to test the mediating effect of patriarchal ideologies (i.e., ambivalent sexism and domestic violence myths) on this relationship. Two hundred thirty-five French adults (51.1% women) were surveyed. The data were analyzed with structural equation models to study the mediations between the variables considered. Consistent with our hypotheses, the results showed that the more the participants adhered to romantic love, the more they blamed the victim and exonerated the perpetrator. They also showed a positive link between romantic love, ambivalent sexism, and domestic violence myths. Finally, the results demonstrated that the relationship between romantic love and the legitimization of violence is mediatized by ambivalent sexism and domestic violence myths. The findings illustrate the need to deconstruct romantic love ideology and the psychosocial logics underlying the legitimization of intimate partner violence.
Background:
Alcohol and drug use can have negative consequences on the health, economy, productivity, and social aspects of communities. We aimed to use data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 to calculate global and regional estimates of the prevalence of alcohol, amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine, and opioid dependence, and to estimate global disease burden attributable to alcohol and drug use between 1990 and 2016, and for 195 countries and territories within 21 regions, and within seven super-regions. We also aimed to examine the association between disease burden and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles.
Methods:
We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO databases for original epidemiological studies on alcohol and drug use published between Jan 1, 1980, and Sept 7, 2016, with out language restrictions, and used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to estimate population-level prevalence of substance use disorders. We combined these estimates with disability weights to calculate years of life lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 1990-2016. We also used a comparative assessment approach to estimate burden attributable to alcohol and drug use as risk factors for other health outcomes.
Findings:
Globally, alcohol use disorders were the most prevalent of all substance use disorders, with 100·4 million estimated cases in 2016 (age-standardised prevalence 1320·8 cases per 100 000 people, 95% uncertainty interval [95% UI] 1181·2-1468·0). The most common drug use disorders were cannabis dependence (22·1 million cases; age-standardised prevalence 289·7 cases per 100 000 people, 95% UI 248·9-339·1) and opioid dependence (26·8 million cases; age-standardised prevalence 353·0 cases per 100 000 people, 309·9-405·9). Globally, in 2016, 99·2 million DALYs (95% UI 88·3-111·2) and 4·2% of all DALYs (3·7-4·6) were attributable to alcohol use, and 31·8 million DALYs (27·4-36·6) and 1·3% of all DALYs (1·2-1·5) were attributable to drug use as a risk factor. The burden of disease attributable to alcohol and drug use varied substantially across geographical locations, and much of this burden was due to the effect of substance use on other health outcomes. Contrasting patterns were observed for the association between total alcohol and drug-attributable burden and SDI: alcohol-attributable burden was highest in countries with a low SDI and middle-high middle SDI, whereas the burden due to drugs increased with higher S DI level.
Interpretation:
Alcohol and drug use are important contributors to global disease burden. Effective interventions should be scaled up to prevent and reduce substance use disease burden.
Funding:
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Australian National Health and Medical Research Council.
Background: No nation is untouched by domestic violence, and it is well-known that domestic violence has serious impact
on women’s health and well-being. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence and characteristics of domestic
violence and injuries owing to domestic violence among currently married women. Materials and Methods: This was
a community-based, cross-sectional study conducted in the rural and urban areas of Haryana. In total, 880 currently
married females of the reproductive age group were interviewed using the Women’s Questionnaire (used in National
Family Health Survey-3) which is according to the Modified Conflict Tactics Scale. Results: Totally, 37% of the females
had ever experienced domestic violence and 28.9% currently experienced domestic violence. All types of violence (except
sexual violence) were significantly more common in the rural area than the urban area. Injuries owing to domestic
violence were reported by more than half (55.4%) of the women. Among spousal violence, emotional violence was the
most common type of violence followed by physical violence. Only 0.1% and 4.5% of females had ever initiated physical
and emotional violence respectively, against their husbands, and in rest of the cases, it was the husband who initiated
violence. Conclusion: Awareness regarding domestic violence needs to be made, and law enforcement regarding it needs
to be made stringent. Rehabilitation of victims of domestic/spousal violence should also be considered on priority.
Key words: Domestic violence, female, injuries, prevalence
Background: Psychiatric ill-health is prevalent among prison inmates and often hampers their rehabilitation. Rehabilitation is crucial for reducing recidivistic offending. A few studies have presented evidence of the positive effect of yoga on the well-being of prison inmates. The conclusion of those previous studies that yoga is an effective method in the rehabilitation process of inmates, and deserves and requires further attention.
Aims: The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of 10 weeks of yoga practice on the mental health profile, operationalized in the form of psychological distress, of inmates.
Methods: One hundred and fifty-two volunteer participants (133 men; 19 women) were randomly placed in either of two groups: to participate in weekly 90-min yoga class (yoga group) or a weekly 90-min free-choice physical exercise (control group). The study period lasted for 10 weeks. Prior to and at the end of the study period the participants completed a battery of self-reported inventories, including the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI).
Results: Physical activity (including yoga) significantly reduced the inmates' levels of psychological distress. Yoga practice improved all primary symptom dimensions and its positive effect on the obsessive-compulsive, paranoid ideation, and somatization symptom dimensions of the BSI stayed significant even when comparing with the control group.
Conclusions: Yoga as a form of physical activity is effective for reducing psychological distress levels in prison inmates, with specific effect on symptoms such as suspicious and fearful thoughts about losing autonomy, memory problems, difficulty in making decisions, trouble concentrating, obsessive thought, and perception of bodily dysfunction.
Previous studies suggest that prisoners are more likely to suffer from psychological problems, especially long-term ones. This, in turn, can cause severe behavioral problems such as self-harm and suicide. Previous research demonstrates that mindfulness-based intervention statistically contributes to improved emotional health in general terms. However, little is known about what specific aspects of mental health are improved. The purpose of the present study is to examine the effects of a 6-week mindfulness training program to the mental health of long-term male Chinese prisoners who were imprisoned for serious criminal behaviors and their prison sentences remain at least 10 years. Forty long-term male prisoners completed the entire study, with 19 in the mindfulness training group and 21 in the waitlist control group. Both groups completed self-report inventories before and after the 6-week intervention. Results show that the training group had significant improvement in mindfulness level (p < .0l), score of SCL-90 (p < .001) and perceived stress (p < .05) compared to the waitlist control group. With respect to the results, we discuss the significance and limitations of this study. Overall, the study provides evidence that mindfulness-based intervention can enhance the mindfulness level and mental health of long-term male prisoners.
The review aims to deliberate upon the incentives involved in criminal behavior perpetrated by women offenders in the Indian context. Statistical data denote rising trends in criminal behavior among females with respect to various types of criminal behaviors being executed by female perpetrators in the recent past and present times. There exists a discrepancy between male and female criminal behavior on the basis of the motivation behind criminal acts, neurobiological substrates involved, and dispositional traits responsible for crime. The review attempts to explain the understanding behind such antisocial behavior by explaining links between psychopathology, psychosocial adversities, and female criminality. An insight into the Indian Justice system reveals the relevant history of gender justice and law in India. On the one hand, there has been law protecting the females, while on the other hand, practices of crime have demonstrated an over-advantageous misuse of laws in manipulation by female offenders. The national and international context of scope of intervention requires for an expansive and rehabilitative model for reducing delinquency among females. The intervention is required on a holistic level, dealing with emotional, social, economic, and psychological underpinnings of criminal behavior.
Aggression is a phenomenon that can take many forms, ranging from relatively minor acts (such as name calling or pushing) to more serious acts (such as hitting, kicking, or punching) to severe acts (such as stabbing, shooting, or killing). The fact that aggression appears in so many forms can sometimes make it difficult to determine whether or not aggression has occurred. To further complicate matters, as is the case for many psychological constructs,
there is often a divide between the general public’s notions of aggression and violence and the definitions used by scientists. Frequently, the word “aggression” is used in ways that do not
meet the scientific social–psychological definition. For example, people may describe an energetic and persistent salesman as “aggressive,” exhort their soccer players to “be more aggressive,”
or characterize rapid changes in mood as “violent.” Medical afflictions and treatments are also sometimes described as aggressive (e.g., an aggressive tumor, aggressive chemotherapy). None of these examples, however, meet social–psychological definitions of aggression or violence. This chapter focuses on answering the question “What are aggression and violence?” by describing in detail what constitutes aggression and violence according to social–psychological research. It also outlines the many forms that aggression can take in order to help readers distinguish between subtypes of aggression. Finally, similar but distinct concepts that are sometimes confused with aggression and violence are described so that readers can better distinguish between these concepts.
Juvenile delinquency is a serious offence and it is detrimental for the social order in any country. There is a trend of increase in juvenile crimes world-over, with more and more involvement of the youth in violent crimes. India shows similar trends of increasing rate of violent crimes committed by the juveniles. It is a very serious concern for the nation and solutions to end the problem need to be sought very carefully. Indian legal system and judiciary has responded to these trends and has brought some amendments in the laws pertaining to juvenile justice in India. This paper aims at looking at the causes of juvenile delinquency and explanations given by scholars from various fields to explain the problem. The analysis of statistical data available at official sites indicates increasing involvement of the juveniles in heinous crimes. To contain the problem of juvenile delinquency in India, the Act pertaining to Juvenile Delinquency has been amended and now trial of juveniles involved in heinous crimes is held as adults.
Some researchers have tried to explain cyber crimes with traditional theories such as social learning theory (Skinner and Fream 1997; Rogers 1999, 2001), Kohlberg’s moral development theory and differential reinforcement theory (Rogers 2001), Cohen’s strain theory (O’Connor 2003), deindividuation theory (Demetriou and Silke 2003), Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime (Foster 2004), routine activities theory (Adamski 1998; McKenzie 2000; Grabosky 2001; Pease 2001; Yar 2005a) and multiple theories (McQuade
2005; Taylor et al. 2005; Walker, Brock, and Stuart 2006). However, those theoretical justifications have proved to be inadequate as an overall explanation for the phenomenon of cybercrimes. To fill the gap in explaining cyber crimes, the space transition theory has been developed. This theory is presented and discussed in this chapter.
Decision-making of mental health professionals is influenced by irrelevant information (e.g., Murrie, Boccaccini, Guarnera, & Rufino, 2013). However, the extent to which mental health evaluators acknowledge the existence of bias, recognize it, and understand the need to guard against it, is unknown. To formally assess beliefs about the scope and nature of cognitive bias, we surveyed 1,099 mental health professionals who conduct forensic evaluations for the courts or other tribunals (and compared these results with a companion survey of 403 forensic examiners, reported in Kukucka, Kassin, Zapf, & Dror, 2017). Most evaluators expressed concern over cognitive bias but held an incorrect view that mere willpower can reduce bias. Evidence was also found for a bias blind spot (Pronin, Lin, & Ross, 2002), with more evaluators acknowledging bias in their peers’ judgments than in their own. Evaluators who had received training about bias were more likely to acknowledge cognitive bias as a cause for concern, whereas evaluators with more experience were less likely to acknowledge cognitive bias as a cause for concern in forensic evaluation as well as in their own judgments. Training efforts should highlight the bias blind spot and the fallibility of introspection or conscious effort as a means of reducing bias. In addition, policies and procedural guidance should be developed in regard to best cognitive practices in forensic evaluations.
Female inmates involved in the Yoga Prison Project at two correctional facilities in South Carolina served as subjects. Inmates were selected from those who applied to participate in a ten-week trauma-focused yoga program. To create control and experimental groups, inmates who requested to participate were randomly assigned to be in the class (Treatment Group, n = 33) or a waitlist (Control Group, n = 17). Inmates on the waitlist subsequently joined the next class, so all who applied and were eligible participated in a yoga class. Measures of stress, depression, self control, anxiety, self awareness and rumination were used and data was collected from both groups before the initial yoga class began and again at the end, ten weeks later. To assess the changes from pre-intervention to post-intervention, mixed design ANOVA tests were conducted. Inmates in the yoga group reported significant decreases in depression and stress and improved self-awareness. No significant changes were found on measures of anxiety, rumination and self-control in the yoga groups. Although not statistically significant, anxiety scores did decrease and self-control scores improved for the yoga group, while inmates in the control group reported a worsening or no change on these two measures. No changes were found in rumination levels. The results suggest that Yoga is a relatively inexpensive intervention that could benefit both inmates and prison staff by reducing some negative behaviors and possibly mental health problems.
Background
The effect of yoga in the reduction of depressive symptoms, anxiety, stress, anger as well as in the increased ability of behavioral control has been shown. These effects of yoga are highly relevant for prison inmates who often have poor mental health and low impulse control. While it has been shown that yoga and meditation can be effective in improving subjective well-being, mental health, and executive functioning within prison populations, only a limited number of studies have proved this, using randomized controlled settings.
Methods
A total of 152 participants from nine Swedish correctional facilities were randomly assigned to a 10-week yoga group (one class a week; N = 77) or a control group (N = 75). Before and after the intervention period, participants answered questionnaires measuring stress, aggression, affective states, sleep quality, and psychological well-being and completed a computerized test measuring attention and impulsivity.
Results
After the intervention period, significant improvements were found on 13 of the 16 variables within the yoga group (e.g., less perceived stress, better sleep quality, an increased psychological and emotional well-being, less aggressive, and antisocial behavior) and on two within the control group. Compared to the control group, yoga class participants reported significantly improved emotional well-being and less antisocial behavior after 10 weeks of yoga. They also showed improved performance on the computerized test that measures attention and impulse control.
Conclusion
It can be concluded that the yoga practiced in Swedish correctional facilities has positive effects on inmates’ well-being and on considerable risk factors associated with recidivism, such as impulsivity and antisocial behavior. Accordingly, the results show that yoga practice can play an important part in the rehabilitation of prison inmates.
Studies suggest that incidents of sexual harassment are common occurrence on public transport in India, but there is little reliable data to understand and tackle the problem. This research explores actual and witnessed victimisations as well as perceptions of the risk by a sample of 200 tertiary female students in Lucknow, India. Consistent with literature, sexual harassment victimisation appears to be most prevalent in buses and increases with the frequency of use of public transport. We found that the number of incidents experienced as a victim and as a witness were comparable, suggesting events of sexual harassment are not widely noticed by other passengers, perhaps because they are so commonplace as not to be especially noticed. Finally, the respondents felt female students were particularly targeted amongst women more generally, but did not identify any specific risk factors in relation to the profiles of the offenders or victims.
Offender profiling is mainly used by the police to narrow down suspects in cases where no physical evidence was left at a crime scene. Recently, however, this technique has been introduced into the courtroom as evidence, raising questions of its reliability, validity, and admissibility at trial. Because offender profiling was not originally intended to be used in the courtroom, its entrance there has caused both confusion and controversy. Offender Profiling in the Courtroom discusses the use of profiling evidence in criminal trials. Ebisike also covers the history, development, approaches to, and the legal aspects of this crime investigation technique. Several serial crime cases where investigators used offender profiling during the criminal proceedings are discussed, including the case of the New York Mad Bomber, George Metesky, who caused thirty-two bomb explosions in New York City between 1940 and 1956, and the case of Albert DeSalvo, known as the Boston Strangler, who carried out several sexually motivated murders in Boston, Massachusetts between 1962 and 1964. Ebisike demystifies offender profiling and raises awareness about the successes and the pitfalls of the process and its use at trial.
Offender profiling is a crime investigation technique where information gathered from the crime scene, witnesses, victims (if alive), autopsy reports, and information about an offender's behavior is used to draw up a profile of the sort of person likely to commit such crime. Offender profiling does not point to a specific offender. It is based, instead, on the probability that someone with certain characteristics is likely to have committed a certain type of crime. In spite of the ever-increasing media interest in the use of offender profiling in criminal trials, this technique is still not well understood by many people, including judges, lawyers, and jurors, who weigh such evidence at trial. Some people see offender profiling as a tried and true method of identifying suspects, and others simply see it as a fiction. Here, the author helps readers understand the true nature of offender profiling and the danger of its admission into criminal cases as evidence.
Introduction
The nature of the following work will be best understood by a brief account of how it came to be written. During many years I collected notes on the origin or descent of man, without any intention of publishing on the subject, but...
This book provides a comprehensive, up-to-date discussion of contemporary debates at the interface between psychology and criminal law. The topics surveyed include critiques of eyewitness testimony; the jury; sentencing as a human process; the psychologist as expert witness; persuasion in the courtroom; detecting deception; and psychology and the police. Kapardis draws on sources from Europe, North America and Australia to provide an expert investigation of the subjectivity and human fallibility inherent in our system of justice. He also provides suggestions for minimising undesirable influences on crucial judicial decision-making. International in its scope and broad-ranging in its research, this book is the authoritative work on psycho-legal enquiry for students and professionals in psychology, law, criminology, social work and law enforcement.
The negative impacts of aggressive bullying behavior by adolescents on both the bullies and victims are being increasingly recognized as social and economic problems. At the same time, there are alarming trends in face-to-face and online aggression and bullying behavior in Hong Kong. Since the 1970s, prevention and intervention programs to reduce bullying behavior have been implemented in schools in Western countries; however, antibullying and antiaggression programs in Hong Kong schools only began in the 2000s. There are two ways of defining the target groups for these intervention programs. Programs using a one-factor model categorize the adolescents who exhibit bullying behavior into a single group, bullies, whereas two-factor models distinguish two subtypes of aggression: reactive and proactive aggression. The former approach is emphasized in the Restorative Whole-school Approach with Shared Concern method, which uses mediation to reduce bullying in schools. The two-factor approach differentiates adolescents' behaviors into reactive, proactive, or occurring reactive-proactive aggression based on the functions and underlying goals of their actions. Specific interventions are then designed to address the particular features and psychosocial correlates of reactive and proactive aggression. The aim is to develop the positive development attributes related to specific types of aggression and thus reduce aggressive behavior in schools.
In recent years, yoga practices have been integrated into formal prison rehabilitation programs of the Israel Prison Service (IPS), as part of the informal education system, giving rise to innovative criminological theories such as positive criminology that emphasize the development of offenders’ strengths by facilitating rehabilitation and reintegration processes. The purpose of the present study was to examine the correlation between yoga practice and recidivism among released prisoners who participated in yoga programs during their incarceration in comparison with a matched control group of those who did not participate in yoga programs over a follow-up period of 5 years. To examine the effectiveness of the program, propensity score matching was used to compile the comparison group from among all convicted prisoners who were released from the Israeli prisons. Study results indicate that yoga may affect recidivism, supported by a finding of lower recidivism rates among released prisoners who had practiced yoga during their incarceration, compared with a matched control group. However, further study is needed including randomized controlled trials (RCTs). In light of these positive results, we recommend policy-makers consider expanding alternative practices such as yoga into prisons, in recognition of their contribution to the rehabilitation process through the development of personal and social strengths.
International research provides support for yoga as a well-being intervention in prison. No systematic research has been undertaken in Australia to assess the effectiveness of prison yoga programs. In 2017, the authors, in partnership with Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Corrective Services and the Yoga Foundation, introduced a weekly pilot yoga program at the ACT prison. This article presents quantitative and qualitative findings from the program. Although the small sample size (n = 8) is acknowledged, our findings indicate that participants attained statistically and clinically significant benefit from the program, demonstrated by improvements in their levels of depression, anxiety, self-esteem, goal-direction, negative affect, and non-acceptance. They also reported improved flexibility, sleep and relaxation, pain reduction, and identified improvements in their mental well-being, commenting that the program made them feel “calm” and “at peace.” The article concludes by advocating for the expansion of such programs in Australian prisons and further research on such programs.
Juvenile delinquency is affected by family interpersonal relationships and interpersonal adjustment. Filial piety refers to how children treat their parents in Chinese family interpersonal relationships and is one of the most important codes of conduct for Chinese people. Exploring the relationship among family interpersonal relationships (e.g., interparental intimacy, interparental conflict and filial piety) and interpersonal adjustment in delinquent juveniles would help to expand the understanding of findings that show how the interaction between different family variables and adjustments affect delinquency. This study examined the differences in the relationships among interparental intimacy, interparental conflict, filial piety and interpersonal adjustment between delinquent juveniles and non-delinquent juveniles. The participants included 554 juvenile delinquents from juvenile criminal prisons in China and 344 non-delinquent peers from local middle and high schools and completed a survey that included items measuring interparental intimacy, interparental conflict, filial piety and interpersonal adjustment. The results indicated that delinquent juveniles had lower interparental intimacy, reciprocal filial piety and interpersonal adjustment and higher interparental conflict than non-delinquents. Interparental intimacy, interparental conflict and filial piety were generally associated with interpersonal adjustment. Filial piety mediated the effect of interparental intimacy and interparental conflict on interpersonal adjustment; however, there were some significant differences between delinquents and non-delinquents in terms of the mediating effect. The results supported the findings that family variables, particularly interparental relations and filial piety, which constitute a theoretically important aspect of Chinese values and beliefs, are uniquely associated with the interpersonal adjustment of delinquent juveniles in China.
The present study examined what motives account for age‐related decreases in selfish behaviour and whether these motives equally predict positive emotions when making a moral decision. The study was based on a sample of 190 children and adolescents (101 females) from three different age groups (childhood, early adolescence, and middle adolescence, M = 12.9 years, SD = 2.58). A decision‐making task was used where participants chose between (1) maximizing their own self‐interest versus (2) being prosocial, (3) being fair, or (4) appearing fair while avoiding the costs of actually being fair. Overall, prosociality and fairness were equally important motives for unselfish behaviour. At the same time, the importance of fairness motivation increased with age. Hypocrisy motivation was less frequent than expected by chance. Prosociality was most strongly and positively associated with self‐rated happiness about the decision, whereas the opposite was found for individuals who were motivated by fairness. Overall, the study indicates that children's or adolescents’ unselfish behaviour in decision‐making tasks are driven by a variety of motives with diverse emotional implications. The relative importance of these motives changes over the course of development.
Statement of contribution
What is already known on this subject?
• Older children behave less selfishly in resource allocation tasks.
• Prosocial behaviour is associated with positive emotions.
What the present study adds?
• Unselfish behaviour is equally motivated by fairness and prosociality.
• Fairness motivation increases from childhood throughout adolescence.
• Decisions motivated by prosociality are experienced as more positive than decisions motivated by fairness.
Evolutionary approaches have the potential to make significant contributions to our understanding of criminal offending. In particular, an evolutionary perspective can help in the development of more comprehensive explanations for the main correlates of offending such as gender, age, and social class. In this article I argue that that an evolutionary perspective that draws on the conceptual resources of the extended evolutionary synthesis can help us to explain why men are more likely to be perpetrators of crime compared to women. First, I will outline the key conceptual characteristics of the extended evolutionary synthesis and tease out the implications of this approach for understanding the evolution of human behaviour. Next, I will discuss how an evolutionary approach can help us to understand the gender gap in offending. I will then present a model which outlines how an extended evolutionary perspective can usefully integrate different kinds of explanation to provide a more comprehensive explanatory account of gender differences in crime. I conclude by considering some of the wider implications of this model for crime prevention.
Purpose
To examine the cross-lagged associations between delinquency (nonviolent and violent), depression and anxiety symptoms in adolescence and to test the moderating effect of sex and family socioeconomic status (SES).
Methods
Participants (n=1,515) were from a birth cohort in the Canadian province of Quebec. Autoregressive cross-lagged panel analyses were used to examine the associations between delinquency (nonviolent and violent), depression and anxiety symptoms from ages 15 to 17 years, while taking into account conduct and emotional problems at ages 10-12 years.
Results
Findings suggest that delinquency (violent delinquency especially) and depression symptoms may develop according to a spiraling model, such that conduct problems in childhood give rise to depression symptoms in mid-adolescence, which in turn, contribute to more delinquent acts at the end of adolescence. Family SES, but not sex, had a moderating effect on the paths. We found that anxiety symptoms at age 15 years were associated with nonviolent delinquency at age 17 years when family SES was low, and that violent delinquency at age 15 years was associated with anxiety symptoms at age 17 years when family SES was high.
Conclusions
Delinquency and emotional problems do not develop independently from each other; both dimensions should be examined simultaneously.
We can turn convicted individuals into thriving members of the community. An empowering approach with the convicted will improve rehabilitative outcomes by creating behavior change. There exists a model that successfully rehabilitates the convicted by teaching the skills necessary to reenter society. This capstone uses the Delancey Foundation as a case study of this model. Delancey provides housing, job training, and education to convicts, addicts, and the homeless. Delancey uses social entrepreneurship and peer mentorship to empower residents. This capstone uses the research of positive psychology to demonstrate how Delancey converts takers into givers using peer mentorship, which develops the major components of human well-being described in Seligman’s PERMA model. Increased PERMA generates the conditions for convicts to thrive, ultimately becoming contributing members of society. This capstone makes formal recommendations for the replication of the Delancey model.
Background
Studies have found lower well‐being among prisoners than in the general population. Positive psychological interventions provide fruitful ways of enhancing people's well‐being, but little is known about whether these contribute to prisoners' well‐being.
Aims
To test the effects of two typical positive psychological interventions – kindness and gratitude – on Chinese prisoners' well‐being.
Methods
One hundred and forty‐four participants were randomly assigned to three conditions: kindness or gratitude groups in addition to ‘treatment as usual’ and a control condition of treatment as usual alone, with 48 men in each condition. Participants completed established well‐being measures before and after the 6‐week intervention and a similar period in control conditions.
Results
Both kindness and gratitude interventions significantly increased prisoners' well‐being compared to the control group. The kindness intervention promoted higher well‐being than the gratitude intervention.
Conclusions
Although both kindness and gratitude interventions enhanced prisoners' happiness and mitigated negative affect, the weaker effect of the gratitude condition reflects Chinese strongly communal culture, so further cross‐cultural studies would be of interest. Future research should also include longer term follow‐up and expand the work to include women in prison.
Objective: Sporting contexts have been found to be both a protective and risk factor in
terms of externalising behaviours in adolescence. The current study sought to explain the inconsistent findings by examining the attributes of peers in sporting environments. Specifically, the prosocial and risky attributes of sporting co-participants were examined as moderators to the relationship between the intensity of sports participation in adolescence and externalising behaviours. Method: Australian adolescents
(N = 1,816) were sampled from an economically and geographically diverse range of high schools in Years 9 and 11 (female = 54.7%, Mage = 15.1). The 1,405 sport participants reported on the frequency they engaged in externalising behaviours including minor delinquency and school-conduct issues. They also reported the proportion of friends in their sport who engaged in prosocial and risky behaviours. Results: The positive association between sports participation intensity and externalising behaviours was moderated by both prosocial and risky peers. More time spent in sport was associated with higher levels of externalising behaviours when the sport exposed the participants to more peers who engaged in risky behaviours and fewer peers who engaged in prosocial behaviours. In contrast, there was no significant association between sports participation intensity and externalising behaviours when the sporting environment included moderate or lower levels of risky peers, irrespective of the level of prosocial peers. Conclusions: This research highlights the need to consider the attributes of co-participants in structured activities when predicting risks or benefits.
The jury is a paradigmatic example of a democratic institution that may be justified strictly on instrumental and epistemic grounds: its ability to yield just outcomes. Yet why should we have confidence in its ability? The jury's reliability derives from the jurors’ status as local experts ( hierarchical equality ), as well as near-universal eligibility and selection by lot ( horizontal equality ): This dual egalitarianism is a condition of the jury's epistemic value. Yet ordinary citizens thereby acquire an interest in epistemic respect or recognition of their presumptively equal competence to judge. The instrumental value of the jury and intrinsic (respect-based) value of jury service may thus be reconciled; although trade-offs between just verdicts and respectful treatment are possible, the jury's ability to attain just verdicts may be improved by reforms generated by concerns about respectful treatment of jurors. This framework sheds light on the justification of democratic institutions more generally.
Hostile attributions of intention have been discussed in relation to the development and maintenance of aggressive behavior in children for over thirty years. In this time, factors such as subtypes in the function (reactive versus proactive) and form (relational versus physical) of aggression as well moderators of aggression, such as gender, have been studied in increasing detail in relation to attributions of intention. The present article reviews
the literature on hostile attributions and aggressive behavior in children and adolescents under consideration of aggression subtypes and the influence of gender. Results of 27 empirical research articles show that hostile attribution biases (1) are more consistently related to reactive rather than proactive aggression, (2) show evidence for separate pathways between relational and physical aggression and the respective attribution bias, and (3) are associated with aggression in both genders, with no clear gender differences in association strength. Implications for cognitive training to reduce attribution bias in treatment of childhood aggression and an outlook on further research domains are discussed.
Fish’s Clinical Psychopathology has shaped the psychiatric training and clinical practice of several generations of psychiatrists, but has been out of print for many years. The third edition of this modern classic presents the clinical descriptions and psychopathological insights of Fish to a new generation of students and practitioners. This is an essential text for students of medicine, trainees in psychiatry and practising psychiatrists. It will also be of interest to psychiatric nurses, mental health social workers, clinical psychologists and all readers who value concise descriptions of the symptoms of mental illness and astute accounts of the many and varied manifestations of disordered psychological function.
Completely revised edition of classic text.
New sections on personality disorder, cognitive distortion, defence mechanisms, memory and unusual psychiatric syndromes.
Updated references to contemporary literature.
This article seeks to understand Hawaii’s Opportunity Probation with Enforcement (HOPE) program through a desistance framework. The article commences with a brief overview of the literature on desistance and HOPE. It then explains how HOPE works. The main section of the paper describes observations of HOPE in action and the extent to which these align with McNeill et al.’s (2012) eight principles of desistance. The paper concludes with some observations on the HOPE program as a pathway towards hope, desistance and the promise of better communities.
