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Socio Economy and Policy Studies (SEPS) 1(1) (2021) 36-38
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DOI:
10.26480/seps.01.2021.36.38
Cite The Ar ticle:
Deepi ka Manand har, Di pak Khana l (2021) .
Beeke eping in Nepal and Its Status, Challe nges a nd Possibi lities: A Review.
Socio Economy and Policy
Studi es, 1(1 ): 36-38
.
ISSN: 2785-8715 (Online)
CODEN: SEPSCJ
REVIEW ARTICLE
Socio Economy and Policy Studies
(SEPS)
DOI: http://doi.org/10.26480/seps.01.2021.36.38
BEEKEEPING IN NEPAL AND ITS STATUS, CHALLENGES AND POSSIBILITIES: A
REVIEW
Deepika Manandhar*, Dipak Khanal
Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Paklihawa, Nepal
*Corresponding Autor Email: deepikamanandhar01@gmail.com
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
ARTICLE DETAILS
ABSTRACT
Article History:
Received 26 August 2021
Accepted 29 September 2021
Available online 04 October 2021
Beekeeping has been practiced in Nepal for a long time,beginning with the traditional log hive for personal
consumption and progressing to the contemporary hive for commercial purpose.It has received a lot of
attention in recent years in Nepal because of its minimal input and high output outcomes.Despite its growing
popularity,beekeepers in Nepal confront a number of obstacles,including poor bee management,colony
migration and absconding,pest and foes attack,insufficient bee research program and erroneous data on bee
floral recognition.This review paper highlights the current state of beekeeping in Nepal,as well as honeybee
species and honey production potential for long-term livelihoods.This paper emphasizes the enormous
potential for commercial beekeeping as well as the challenges that it faces and suggestions for improving it.
KEYWORDS
Beekeeping, Honey production, Honey hunting, Floral diversity, Threats, Potentality
1. INTRODUCTION
Honey bees are a key pollinator of fruits,flowers and vegetables and are a
very valuable insect.Beekeeping has been practiced to utilize bee products
like honey and wax. Not only that,it also provides a variety of benefits such
as revenue generating,job possibilities,nutritious food as well as
development of sustainable agriculture through pollination services in
Nepal.Traditional log hives and contemporary hives are the two types of
beehives typically utilized in Nepalese beekeeping. When it comes to
traditional log hives, they need minimal management,are inexpensive and
use locally accessible materials, but they produce low yields and have
higher risk of ant invasion which leads some bee colonies to flee (Allen,
1995). Overcoming these flaws,the modern hive generates a higher
production and has a very low absconding rate. Even though the modern
hive offers various advantages.it is out of reach for poor farmers.Each
modern hive cost around Rs.10000.
Nepal has a wide range of climatic conditions and a vast floral diversity,
which allows for the presence of a variety of bee species such as Apis
cerena, Apis mellifera, Apis florea, Apis dorsata and Apis laboriosa. Among
these, the only domesticated honeybee species are A.cerena and
A.mellifera.(Publications, n.d.)(Pfeffer & Wolf, 2020). The most commonly
utilized for beekeeping is A.cerena, which is endemic to the terai region
and mountain valleys below 2300 m.A.mellifera was recently introduced
to Nepal and can now be found in the Kathmandu valley.A.cerena is more
popular and preferable to A.mellifera as it is less susceptible to nosema
disease and predatory wasp invasion (Theisen-Jones & Bienefeld, 2016).
Other species, despite not being domesticated, can be found in the wild
establishing their own colonies.Dwarf honeybees,A.florea are native to the
Terai region and warmer mountain valleys below 1000 m(Thapa, 1996).
A.dorsata,the gaint honeybee is seen building honeycomb below 1350
m.A.laboriosa inhabits in Himalayan ranges of Nepal between 1500 and
4000 m.
Despite its economic importance,beekeeping is in steep decline and is on
verge of extinction in its natural habitat.Native bee populations in the
region are being harmed by habitat change from extremely diverse
ecosystems to significantly less diverse ecosystems,particularly owing to
deforestation.This habitat damage may result in the extinction of certain
types of bee flora.A.cerena colonies have been severely afflicted by
ailments such as nosema,viral clusters,sacbrood diseases and European
foul brood disease.Natural enemies of bees include
mites,wasps,lizards,ants and rodents,all of which have contributed to the
decline of bee populations.Given the obstacles,if adequate
manangement,frequent inspection and care are provided,there is high
potentiality of beekeeping in Nepal due to floral diversity ranging from
presence of Rhododendron sps in the mountain region to Brassica
campestris in the Terai region.
2. METHODOLOGY
The primary and secondary methods are used in this review paper.In
terms of the primary method,several beekeeping farms were visited and a
few beekeepers in the Rupandehi district were questioned.The photos
were taken during a visit to a bee farm in the Rupandehi district.It is also
reviewed using secondary method,which involved reviewing a variety of
available research papers published in journals,in national and
international seminars and annual reports.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
There are two forms of beekeeing:Traditional hive and Modern beehive in
Nepal.Traditional A.cerena beekeeping is the most popular beekeeping
conducted by farmers in Nepal’s rural areas.It only necessitates a small
amount of financial commitment and management compared to modern
beehive.Log and wall hives are the most commonly utilized traditional
behives.Log hives are built of wood(mainly Sal tree),have one or two
entrance holes and sealed at the ends with a stopper and mud.They are
placed horizontally,generally from ropes,on the external walls or under
the eaves of farmer’s house to prevent colony losses due to predator
Socio Economy and Policy Studies (SEPS) 1(1) (2021) 36-38
Cite The Ar ticle:
Deepi ka Manand har, Di pak Khana l (2021) .
Beeke eping in Nepal and Its Status, Challe nges a nd Possibi lities: A Review.
Socio Economy and Policy
Studi es, 1(1 ): 36-38
.
attacks.Wall hives are cube-shaped chambers integrated into the structure
of a house.A little aperture on the outside allows bees to enter,while a
wooden door within the house permits honey gathering(Allen, 1995).
Modern beehives have recently become popular in Nepal(Bhusal et al.,
2011).It comes with replaceable frames that apiarists can use to check for
illnesses and parasites.Frames are thin rectangular constructions made of
wood or plastic that are hung parallel inside the boxes.Each hive has ten
frames with the appropriate amount of bee space between them.A modern
beehive comprises of a hive stand,bottom board(bee entry),broad
box(where queen lays her eggs),honey super(where honey is
stored),inner cover(a feeding shelf), and an outer cover that protects the
hive from the extreme weather.It is ideal for honey production on a large
scale.Modern hives make bee colony management and transportation
simple.Honey is extracted using a centrifugal honey extractor, which
allows honey to be removed without causing damage to the
comb.However,it is prohibitively expensive for poor farmers and the
construction of the hive necessitates a high level of craftsmanship.
A
B
C
Figure 1: A.Modern beehive in Jyotinagar, Rupandehi, B.A.cerena bee,
C.Traditional log hive seen in Nayamil
4. HONEY HUNTING
Honey hunting or Tamumai in Tibetan, is a practice of collecting honey
from wild bee species especially Apis dorsata, practiced by the gurungs,a
Nepalese highland tribe.A huge A.dorsata single comb nest hangs midway
up the rock to gain enough sunshine and defend themselves from
predators.Honey hunting is a risky adventure that involves harvesting
honey from these large nest.The method entails using smoke to subdue
and repel aggressive bees as well as a ladder built from mountain bamboo
cortical thread.The ladder is suspended from the cliff’s top and is firmly
attached to the trees on both sides.The honey hunter climbed down the
ladder,chopped the honey combs and gathered them in the
basket.Gurungs generally love chewing honeycomb lumps.They spit out
the wax and the juices they consume make them pleasantly drunk.Honey
is most commonly used as a sweetener in rice and wheat flour.Honey is
occasionally heated and blended with popped rice or barley or allowed to
cool into toffee for kids(Strickland, 1982)(Gathering et al., 2019).
4.1 Floral Diversity
Beekeeping success is determined not just by honeybee
strains,management and hive structures,but also by the abundance and
availability of bee floral plants around bee farming area(Pokhrel,
n.d.).Artificial feeding during the cold and rainy months as well as other
management methods, must be considered.The colony development
periods were reported to be early spring(mid-February to mid-March)
and autumn(mid-August to mid-September). Plant species like Caryopteris
odorata,Leucosceptrum canum,Buddleia spp.,Prunus domestica, Prunus
domestica,Prunus persica and Eupatorium spp during early spring season
and Rhus spp.,Porana grandiflora,Glycine max,Osbeckia stellate and Rubus
spp during autumn season helps to flourish colony of bee.Rainy season and
winter season are death periods for beekeeping with low
temperature,very few flowering species like Reinwardtia
indica,Pogestemon glaber,Caesalpinia spp.,Eupatorium spp and more
uncertain death of honeybees(Bista & Shivakoti, 1970)(Cholis et al., 2020).
4.2 Honey Production and Demand
Honey is fundamentally a product and a source of long-term income for
poor beekeepers and traditional honey hunters.Honey comes in a variety
of brands in Nepal’s market.According to available data,Nepal generates
1105 metric tons of honey,with 330 metric tons coming from A.cerena,400
metric tons from wild bees nad roughly 375 metric tons coming from
A.mellifera.The domestic demand for honey is expected to be over 300
metric tons.Nepal exports a little amount of honey to other nations but
imports a large amount of honey from other countries.Many nations
outside of Nepal like Norway have banned Nepali honey due to pesticide
residue concerns(Sivaram, 2012).
5. CHALLENGES
Several biotic and abiotic causative agents such as parasite mite
infestations,bacterial and viral infections,pesticide
contamination,frequent queen losses,poor management,genetic
weakening,habitat fragmentation,transgenic plant cultivation,migratory
stress and climatic variability are some of the challenges responsible for
widespread decline in honey bee populations(Thapa, 1996).A significant
percentage of bee illness and mortality has been documented,posing
serious issues for food security and biodiversity preservation in
Nepal.Beekeepers and researchers have been paying close attention to the
dramatic decline in honey bee numbers as a result of agricultural
intensification,widespread use of agriculturally administered insecticides
and environmental degradation.Loss of floral diversity due to
urbanization and industrialization is one of the major challenges that
needed to be address in time(Potts et al., 2010).
Hornets have been identified as the most dangerous bee
predators.V.velutina and V.mandarina are the most abundant and serious
enemies of honey bees in beekeeping(Ranabhat & Tamrakar,
2009)Neupane, 2009).Among six species of birds,Dicrurus macrocercus
and Dicrurus aeneus are serious perdators which mainly feed on flying
honeybees during rainy seasons(Bista et al., 2020).Species of ants such as
Componatus sp.,Monomorium sp., and Myrmica sp are seen attacking
beehives.Palatar indicus,Ariope areuta are species of spider found
attacking beehives.One species od beetle, One chalcid and lizards were
identified as natural enemies of bees. Viral diseases such as Thai sac brood
virus, bacterial diseases such as American Foulbrood and European
Foulbrood, protozoan diseases such as nosema diseases,amoebic disease,
septicaemia and fungal diseases such as chalkbrood are all frequently seen
diseases in honeybees (Amiri et al., 2017).
Socio Economy and Policy Studies (SEPS) 1(1) (2021) 36-38
Cite The Ar ticle:
Deepi ka Manand har, Di pak Khana l (2021) .
Beeke eping in Nepal and Its Status, Challe nges a nd Possibi lities: A Review.
Socio Economy and Policy
Studi es, 1(1 ): 36-38
.
With the advancement of agricultural modernity,the use of pesticides and
insecticides has been increased dramatically,affecting honey bee
populations directly. During pollination, honeybees ingest these harmful
pesticides and perish instantaneously. Another challenge in Nepalese
apiculture is the conservation of the wild honeybee due to increasing
deforestation. Apiculture also faces obstacles such as a lack of data on bee
floral identification and mapping of bee pastures with carrying capacity.
Poor beekeeper face a lack of government help(Aryal et al., 2015). The lack
of competent honeybee research has resulted in a reduction in beekeeping
in Nepal. Research on management of hives as well as training sessions are
still insufficient in our country. In Nepal,the lack of experienced labor and
the infrastructure required for beekeeping is posing additional obstacles
(Cobb, 2019)(Abou-Shaara, 2019).
6. POSSIBILITIES AND STRATEGIES
Aside from honey production,farmers are drawn to beekeeping because of
the additional money generated by by-products such as wax,pollen,royal
jelly and queen bees.Also beekeeping has a lot of prossibilities in Nepal
because of Nepal’s diverse flora and the fact that it is a low-
investment,high return enterprise(Bhandari & Kattel, 2020). If
government and international organisations conduct enough research and
provide adequate support,beekeeping in Nepal can develop to next
level.Nepalese beekeeping can thrive well through appropriate instruction
in beehive management and awareness of honeybee seasonal
managment.Trees for bees in planting programs to boost pollination and
raise crop yields,supporting honey hunters through beekeeping and
exporting honey wines or beeswax cosmetics all facilitate beekeepers in
Nepal better their livelihoods.(Abd Jalil et al., 2017)
7. CONCLUSION
To summarize,the review paper focuses on beekeeping in Nepal including
its cahllenges and opportunities.Nepal offers a lot of potential for
beekeeping because of its numerous ecological conditions.Increasing
honey production can help alleviate some of the pressure in food security
in a developing country like Nepal.Better administration,regular
inspection,quality floral availability,more research, and more experienced
workforce involvement can help to bring beekeeping to next
level.Hence,There is further scope for beekeepers to grow through the
development and popularization of modern beehives,streamlining
community based beekeeping and tackling numerous challenges for the
promotion of beekeeping in Nepal.
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