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The Pharma Innovation Journal 2018; 7(4): 732-734 Handling of pre-partum vaginal prolapsed in an advanced pregnant murrah she buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) followed by hypocalcaemia: A case report
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Abstract
A she buffalo of institutional livestock farm aged about 7 years and 3 rd parity with advance pregnancy presented to gynaecology clinic with complaint of vaginal prolapsed. The prolapsed mass was replaced to normal position and prior to reposition animal has been given posterior epidural anaesthesia, anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic preparation as well as rope truss for a week. The green fodder Berseem which was used for routine feeding since 15 days was reduced to half. After a week, animal did not show any vaginal prolapse onwards. Later after 12 days, since report of vaginal prolapsed, animal successfully delivered a healthy male calf. A day after parturition animal became weak, anorectic, and inactive and finally went into sternal recumbency with hypothermia and ruminal stasis. The animal was tentatively diagnosed as hypocalcaemic. Blood serum calcium level showed 5.87 mg/dL. The buffalo successfully recovered after administration of calcium borogluconate together with Magnesium and Phosphorous and Dextrose solution. Excess feeding of phytoestrogenic fodder may have detrimental effects in the form of prolapsed of vagina especially in last trimester of gestational stages.
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Buffaloes are unique in many ways compared to other cattle in many aspects of animal health. The reproductive performance in buffalo is poor due to various diseases of the reproductive system, including genital prolapsed. Prepartum vaginal prolapse is one of the major reproductive disorders in buffaloes. The presented case report of a primiparous Murrah buffalo which was affected with pre-partum vaginal prolapse of low grade intensity which did not respond to conventional therapy instituted and latter after assisted parturition complicated into utero-vaginal prolapse. After manual repositioning, infection in the uterus resulted in puerperal metritis andlater urinary bladder infection. The condition was not responding favorably to intrauterine and systemic medication with suitable antibiotic, antiinflammatory and other supportive therapy. It resolved only after antibiotic administration both locally oxytetracycline hydrochloride (500mg tabletPfi zer® dissolved in 60 ml pyrogen free water) into the urinary bladder as well as systemic intravenous infusion of broad spectrum antibiotic combination of Ceftriazone 3000 mg and Tazobactam 375 mg (Vetazo® Zydus Animal Health Limited) for 3 days.
Fourty buffaloes in early, mid and late lactation with a drop in a milk production were screened for haematological and blood biochemical profile. In early stage of lactation haemoglobin concentration showed lowered trend as compared to recorded means in other groups of lactating buffaloes. The mean value of TLC in dry pregnant group of buffaloes was 10.05± 0.89 X 103 / cmm showed slightly higher trend than the normal healthy control group. The blood glucose was significantly higher in dry buffaloes (52.72±4.22 mg/dl) than the early and late lactating buffaloes (48.23±3.44 mg/dl). During early stage of lactation the serum total protein values (8.36±0.47 g/ dl) was slightly elevated than the normal healthy control (8.00±0.57 g/dl). The urea nitrogen values differ significantly (P<0.05) amongst different groups of lactating buffaloes. The descending trend in the serum cholesterol concentration in dry pregnant buffaloes compared to lactating buffaloes was observed. There was drop in calcium level during early stage of lactation (8.19±0.83 mg/dl) than the normal healthy buffaloes (11.21±0.19 mg/dl). As the stage of lactation progresses the serum calcium level increased. Serum magnesium concentration in various groups of buffaloes did not differ significantly. Early lactation showed highest susceptibility for ketosis and hypocalcaemia. The metabolic disorder associated with hypophosphatemia was significantly high in dry (advance pregnant) buffaloes.
The present study was designed with the objective to determine the hormones (estradiol, progesterone) and minerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium) in serum of buffaloes suffering from pre-partum vaginal prolapse. A total of 200 buffaloes were included in this study, half of these were suffering with pre-partum vaginal prolapse (affected group) between 7 th to 10 th months of gestation while the remaining were normal pregnant buffaloes (healthy group). Blood samples were collected to procure serum from each animal. Serum hormones and minerals were determined by ELISA technique and direct colorimetric method, respectively. The mean serum estradiol and magnesium concentrations were significantly higher (P<0.01) whereas progesterone, calcium and phosphorus concentrations were significantly lower (P<0.01) in buffaloes suffering with pre-partum vaginal prolapse as compared to healthy pregnant buffaloes. It was concluded that the serum hormones (estradiol and progesterone) and minerals (magnesium, calcium and phosphorus) concentrations differ between the vaginal prolapse affected and healthy buffaloes. ©2012 PVJ. All rights reserved To Cite This Article: Akhtar MS, LA Lodhi, I Ahmad, ZI Qureshi and G Muhammad, 2012. Serum ovarian steriod hormones and some minerals concentration in pregnant Nili-Ravi buffaloes with or without pre-partum vaginal prolapse. Pak Vet J, 32(2): 265-268.
The objective of this study was to determine blood levels of macro- and micronutrients in Simmental cows (n=45) during the transition period and full lactation. The experimental cows were assigned to three groups: Group A (n=15) including clinically healthy late gestation cows, Group B (n=15) comprising clinically healthy cows in the puerperium, and Group C (n=15) made up of clinically healthy full lactation cows. Blood samples were collected from all experimental cows. Blood serum samples were analysed for calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus, iron, copper, manganese, zinc and cobalt levels using spectrophotometry. Blood levels of macro- and micronutrients were within the physiological range in all experimental cows. Blood concentrations of calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphorus in cows in the puerperium were statistically significantly lower (p<0.05) compared with those in dairy cows during late gestation and full lactation, which may indicate the increased use of these macronutrients in early lactation for the mammary gland. Serum levels of iron, copper, manganese and cobalt showed no significant variation (p>0.05) across cows, whereas serum zinc levels were significantly lower (p<0.05) in puerperium cows compared with late gestation and full lactation cows. The results show that the homeostasis of the macroand micronutrients tested in the blood of transition and full lactation dairy cows was maintained, suggesting their adequate supply from alimentary sources. © 2014, National Centre for Agrarian Sciences. All rights reserved.
Postpartum uterine infections result from uterine contamination with bacteria during parturition. The prevalence of uterine infections varies considerably among studies. Uterine infection implies adherence of pathogenic organisms to the mucosa, colonization or penetration of the epithelium, and/or release of bacterial toxins that lead to establishment of uterine disease. The development of uterine disease depends on the immune response of the cow as well as the species and number (load or challenge) of bacteria. Postpartum metritis is one of the most important disorders in buffaloes. The incidence rate of uterine infection in buffalo cows has been found to be much higher than in cows. A variety of species of bacteria, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobes and anaerobes, can be isolated from the early postpartum uterus. Most of these are environmental contaminants that are gradually eliminated during the fi rst 6 weeks postpartum. Bacterial contamination of the vagina and other external reproductive organs might occur during wallowing.
The present study was planned to determine the macro-mineral status (calcium, phosphorus and magnesium) in riverine buffaloes suffering with prepartum vaginal prolapse (n=100) in comparison with control (n=100) buffaloes kept in irrigated and rain fed (Barani) agro-ecological zones of Punjab, Pakistan. Serum macro-mineral status was determined by spectrophotometer using commercially available kits. Mean serum calcium and phosphorus levels were lower in buffaloes suffering with prepartum vaginal prolapse compared with their healthy counterparts (P<0.01), while reverse was true for serum magnesium concentration. Mean serum calcium was significantly higher (P<0.01) and phosphorus was non-significantly lower in control and vaginal prolapse affected buffaloes kept in irrigated zone compared to their counterparts in rain fed zone. However, magnesium concentration was non-significantly higher in control buffaloes and significantly lower in vaginal prolapse affected buffaloes belonging to irrigated zone compared to their counterparts in rain fed zone. It may be inferred that deficiency of calcium and phosphorus and higher levels of magnesium may possibly be the contributing factors in causing prepartum vaginal prolapse in buffaloes. The levels of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium were, at least partially, zone dependent.
Prolapse of vagina is one of the important maternal abnormalities during pregnancy in cattle and buffaloes. A field investigation was carried out on 26 Murrah graded buffaloes to study clinical characteristics of vaginal prolapse in buffaloes in Nepal. Fifty-seven percent of the 26 buffaloes with vaginal prolapse were either heifers or in first lactation. Sixty-five percent of the cases were in seventh month of pregnancy or later. About three quarters of the cases occurred between June and October. Twelve cases (63%) of the 19 animals excluding 7 heifers had a history of vaginal prolapse in previous gestations. A half of the buffaloes were showing prolapse of the vagina even when they were in standing position and showing moderate or vigorous straining. After the conventional treatments, twenty-three buffaloes retained the replaced vagina and calved normally. One animal aborted although the vagina was retained. Two buffaloes had severest degree of vaginal prolapse complicated with edema, injury and cyanosis, and they did not respond to the treatment. The two buffaloes had frequently recurrent prolapse and subsequently died. Early detection and prompt treatment may be imperative to control the vaginal prolapse in buffaloes.
Prolapse of genitals, particularly pre-partum vaginal prolapse, is one of the major reproductive disorders affecting buffaloes and being highly stressful to the animal, it leads to heavy morbidity. The line of treatment of pre-partum vaginal prolapse, so far has been adopted arbitrarily due to many predisposing factors for the condition. Retention of prolapsed part is most important to prevent trauma to the prolapsed part. Administration of epidural analgesia to check straining with short acting drug lignocaine hydrochloride or long acting bupivacaine hydrochoride alone or in combination with alcohol (Mavi, 1990) have resulted in recumbency and prolonged flaccidity of tail. Contrarily, Gessert and Scott (1995) have used xylazine alone or in combination with lignocaine epidurally to retain the prolapsed part of vagina in ewes for upto 24 hrs without repetition in most of the cases. The present study was thus conducted to evaluate the effect of epidural administration of xylazine on retention of vaginal prolapse and its effect on haematological and physiological parameters in buffaloes.
The present communication places on record clinical management of a case of spontaneous rupture of vagina with herniation of intestines and uterus as a sequelae to prolapse of vagina and abortion in a buffalo heifer.
In food animal practice, the majority of the calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium balance disorders are due to low blood concentrations of one or more of these minerals. The purpose of this article is to review methods that can be used to restore normal blood concentrations of these minerals. Low plasma calcium is often accompanied by changes in plasma phosphorus and magnesium. Initial discussions will consider each mineral separately, followed by pros and cons of combined therapies. In all cases the doses of the treatments described in this article are those appropriate for the 600-kg cow.
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and its related peptide, adrenomedullin (AM), are potent smooth muscle relaxants in a variety of tissues. The CGRP has been reported to play an important role in maintaining uterine relaxation during pregnancy. We have previously reported that CGRP-induced uterine relaxation was gestationally regulated. Calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR), a seven-domain transmembrane protein functions as CGRP-A receptor, in association with receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP) 1, a single-domain transmembrane protein, whereas CRLR and RAMP2 or RAMP3 constitute a receptor for AM. In the present investigation, we examined the mRNA expression of CRLR, RAMP1, RAMP2, and RAMP3 in rat uterus (n = 8) by reverse transcriptional analysis and polymerase chain reaction to assess the changes in the expression of CGRP-A- and AM-receptor components during pregnancy and labor and by steroid hormone treatments in adult ovariectomized rats. The changes in mRNA are expressed relative to the 18S mRNA in the uterus of rats at various stages: nonpregnant, pregnant on Day 18, spontaneous labor at term, Day 2 postpartum, and in pregnant rats on treatment with RU486. Ovariectomized rats treated for 3 days twice daily s.c. with estradiol-17beta (2.5 microg/injection), progesterone (2 mg/injection), and the combination of estradiol-17beta and progesterone (same doses as above) were also examined for the expression of various receptor components. Results showed that mRNA expression of the receptor components was significantly higher (P < 0.001 for CRLR, P < 0.01 for RAMP1, P < 0.05 for RAMP2, and P < 0.01 for RAMP3) in pregnant compared to nonpregnant rats. Except for RAMP3, expression of all the other three genes decreased significantly (P < 0.05) during labor. A progesterone antagonist, RU486 significantly decreased (P < 0.01 for CRLR, P < 0.05 for RAMP1, RAMP2, and RAMP3) all the receptor components during pregnancy. In adult ovariectomized rats, progesterone caused significant increases in CRLR (P < 0.001), RAMP1 (P < 0.05), and RAMP2 (P < 0.01). Levels of RAMP3 were unaffected by the progesterone treatment. Estradiol-17beta treatment decreased all of the four receptor components significantly (P < 0.01 for CRLR, P < 0.05 for RAMP1, RAMP2, and RAMP3). Our results demonstrate that both CGRP and AM may play a role in uterine quiescence during pregnancy and that their receptor components are regulated by the steroid hormones.
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