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Electrical, Control and Communication Engineering
ISSN 2255-9159 (online)
ISSN 2255-9140 (print)
2021, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 19–25
https://doi.org/10.2478/ecce-2021-0003
https://content.sciendo.com
19
©2021 Ayesha Faryal, Farhana Umer, Muhammad Amjad, Zeeshan Rashid, Aoun Muhammad.
This is an open access article licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), in the manner
agreed with Sciendo.
Modelling and Simulation of SCADA and PLC
System for Power System Protection Laboratory
Ayesha Faryal (M. Sc. Student, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan),
Farhana Umer* (Assistant Professor, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan),
Muhammad Amjad (Professor, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan),
Zeeshan Rashid (Assistant Professor, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan),
Aoun Muhammad (Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, The Islamia University of
Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan)
Abstract – The protection of power system is an essential trait in
a huge network to efficiently detect and isolate the sections
undergoing faults or abnormal behaviour. The key components of
a protection scheme include circuit breakers, relays, switchgears
and fuses which employ communication from one station to
another to achieve high-speed tripping. The automation of these
components at the laboratory level using programmable logic
controller (PLC) along with supervisory control and data
acquisition (SCADA) system owns paramount importance for
intelligent decision making, sensing, actuating, monitoring and
maintaining the record in the host server. This paper discusses
such a technique for conventional power system protection
laboratory at a new level of development to promote a control
system through PLC and SCADA. The control system has
indication of over and under values of voltage, load and frequency,
which can trigger malfunctioning of equipment and must be
rectified. Furthermore, ground fault and inverse current
indication are added to the system for monitoring and controlling
purposes. The proposed system enhances the efficiency and safety
of the expensive equipment and the personnel to the next level and
also introduces new standards of automated protection schemes
for modern technical institutes.
Keywords – Automatic control; Electrical safety; Frequency
control; Power system protection, Programmable logic devices;
SCADA systems; Supervisory control; Voltage control.
I. INTRODUCTION
Instrumentation covers up an extensive range of areas from
signal and system, electrical circuit, data communication,
sensor technology, electronic, digital signal processing, design
and software engineering. It is imperative to control and
monitor industrial distribution systems, water management, oil
and gas, production and processing, transmission, distribution,
power generation, car manufacturing and others [1].
In the mid-1960s, Hydramatic, a division of General Motors
Corporation, proposed that logic functions could be performed
by a computer and then performed by relays [2]. With this
proposed technique, SCADA system became popular due to an
increasing demand for monitoring and controlling the
* Corresponding author
E-mail: farhana.umer@iub.edu.pk
equipment. With the introduction of cyber-network security,
threats and attacks on the control system became a problem [3].
Earlier systems were expensive because they needed a manual
operation and monitoring [4]. These are extremely tedious tasks
which take a lot of manpower. Recent technology has improved
with the automated-SCADA system having maximum
efficiency at reduced cost. As a result, the need for such
progressive control of automatic system that investigates the
required target is growing into essential to overtake
antediluvian paths that are persevering in the present system
[5]. Control systems, nowadays, can provide much more
reliability than they did in the past. They are more flexible and
modular than before. Power industries need techniques of rapid
and modern development that require the use of equipment,
resources and knowledge of technology to manage the future
stations as an automation system is a mesh of interconnected
wires. To make them utilise and function for the operation, a
programmable logic controller (PLC) along with supervisory
control and data acquisition (SCADA) is required within the
automation sector. The automation industry is in the need of the
hour for sustainable growth of the economy [6]. PLC and
SCADA systems contribute to real-life problems and help
understand the concept of automation. Moreover, it also helps
solve such problems as transforming them into tech-giant.
There are several kinds of faults happening in a power
protection system. Sometimes, a protective device fails to
deliver the required task [7]. If a protective relay does not work
properly, then consequential damage will be very costly and
cause loss of energy and abnormal behaviour of the system [8].
In such cases, a backup case system must be there for
replacement and protection. There are some security issues in
deploying these systems but there are also some obvious
security and best practice procedures, such as using separate
PCs to perform office and PLC-related admin to avoid such
security threats [9]. It is time for Pakistan industries to adopt the
new latest technologies to meet the world standards and
compete with other developed countries. On the governmental
level, there is a need to introduce such laws that make it
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compulsory for industries to follow modern safety standards.
This will increase the skill set of the students as well as increase
the worth of the students. The proposed method will help the
Pakistani industry increase its production and a lot of revenue
will be saved, as this method meets the advanced international
standards. Furthermore, the quality of the products will also be
increased, which will surely result in the increasing exports of
Pakistan and eventually the economy of Pakistan will get better.
Students having good knowledge of this system will be in high
demand in the coming few years due to an increase in
technology to compete with other countries. Our industry will
have to deploy such systems and these systems require specific
skill sets to operate in the right way. In the near future, the scope
of such a technology is very high. In Pakistani industries, if this
culture of adopting new trends starts, the quality of products
will increase and job seekers who are trained in these systems
will have many opportunities. Therefore, there is no question
that this is the best way to teach PLC controlled process [10].
This paper contains a description of the modern controlled
SCADA system and how it is implemented on Power System
Laboratory. The newly built protection system based on
automation tools will be reliable and time saving. All of it will
cost less and minimum maintenance. The area under discussion
will not only tend to fulfil future technological needs but also
open new opportunities for industrialization and employment.
The detail for the cost-effective system of the laboratory set up
using PLC and SCADA is proposed.
II. STRUCTURE OF THE CONTROL AND MONITORING SYSTEM
Regardless of the differences, all SCADA systems have a
common and regular structure connected to various units.
Rapidly advanced hardware and software technologies have
made it possible to develop a new generation of SCADA system
[11]. Management actions in SCADA system are performed by
PLC or Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) that transmit
information to a controlled system. All devices and sensors in
system communicate with PLCs which have a direct link to a
human-machine interface (HMI) [9]. The purpose of HMI is to
manage and control all the process and measure the values [10],
[11]. The main objectives to automate the power system
laboratory are as follows:
• to upgrade the conventional power system protection
laboratory;
• to design and simulate the sensors available in the Power
System Protection Laboratory;
• to increase reliability for continuous operation;
• to develop the control system;
• to perform the monitoring and control of the system;
• to upgrade the system that will have fast response and low
maintenance cost;
• to develop the understanding of students regarding
advanced techniques used worldwide.
Figure 1 shows the control structure used for the proposed
system. To monitor and control the system, first, it is needed to
visit the power system protection laboratory and understand the
operation of the laboratory environment and all devices
available in the laboratory. It has a basic role to make algorithm
and HMI design. To make the strategy, it is necessary to enlist
all the analogue and digital sensors available in the power
system protection laboratory because the selection of PLC is
made on the basis of inputs and outputs of all the available
devices and sensors. The price of I/O increases the price of PLC
proportionally. PLC works as a gateway. It sends and receives
data between sensors and controlled system. PLC sends and
gets data from sensors that are contacted to it. If any sensor
undergoes fault, HMI will show fault at that sensor and alert the
operator to take action remotely.
The method used has the following important steps:
• Installation of relays/sensors;
• Selection of suitable PLC to read data between sensors
and control system;
• Development of algorithms in PLC software;
• HMI design for laboratory;
• SCADA system design for the laboratory to control and
monitor the system.
Fig. 1. Flow chart for the proposed system.
III. PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER (PLC)
A PLC module is like a hard-real-time system in the sense
that the output result is dependent on what conditions of input
are applied with a certain range of time. In other cases, the
output produced may be unwanted and not suitable. PLC has
five major components that are used for the successful
conduction of operation. They are input assembly, output
assembly, programming software, power supply, rack or
mounting and lastly a processor or central processing unit
(CPU) [12]. PLC ranges from small sizes (about tens of I/O
devices) to large rack-mounted devices in which thousands of
I/O devices are connected. These devices are often connected
to other PLC and SCADA systems. These chips are used to
design many digital and analogue I/O devices, including
temperature ranges, electrical noise immunity and resistance to
vibration. All programs are stored in non-volatile memory that
can be utilized for future use. PLC modules are used when field
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control is needed to perform. Examples may include a water
tank controller. Only information PLC modules require is the
number of necessary inputs to generate a suitable output.
PLC programming usually employs the use of relay ladder
logic (RLL). As PLC ladder observes sequential repetitive
nature, it also has a sensitive response in terms of speed
maximization [13] but as long as it involves minimum and no
complex hardware, it is set to pass the test. PLC ladder logic
(LL) program well matches custom used by engineers [14]. The
consecutive respective behaviour of PLC ladder logic needs
cautious thought to exploit the speed of replay or response.
However, it offers numerous benefits as compared to hardware
correspondent [15].
The selection of PLC is made on the bases of project
environments and CPU numbers [16]. In general, the CPU
numbers are 1st/2nd/3rd. PLC has three types according to their
CPU: DC/DC/RLY, AC/DC/RLY and DC/DC/DC. In the
proposed system, DC/DC/RLY CPU is selected. The reason to
select this PLC is that all types of equipment in the laboratory
are sensors and we have to deal in the laboratory only with
sensors.
PLC software selected is Siemens TIA Portal. It can migrate
projects to STEP7 and online diagnostic function is available
which is fast and easy. The up-to-date series of Siemens PLC
are S7-1200 and S7-1500. PLC shown in Fig. 2 is the PLC used
for the proposed controlled system. After the selection of PLC
type, the next step is to download and install the PLC software
according to the PLC type. After downloading and installing the
PLC software, next task is to make an algorithm for the control
system. The algorithm should be short and simple enough to
understand because long programs have disadvantages such as
memory consumption taking a large number of I/O, which
increases the price of PLC.
Fig. 2. PLC module used for the proposed system.
IV. SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISIT ION
(SCADA)
Modern SCADA systems can uplift industries by providing
strong and impactful operators that give users a view of real-
time operation [17]. They are used to maximise efficiency and
optimise even greater power distribution. They can be utilised
to arrange data in several ways and simplify the analysis using
graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Both terminologies work side
by side but as the existing labs are unable to provide high-class
equipment, firstly, labs must be automated to advance levels of
power system protection and then they must be utilised in every
efficient way possible. However, SCADA system is generally a
scheme that is usually used for supervision and monitoring
purposes [18], [19].
A SCADA system is made to control and monitor the whole
system and this system is upgraded with improving computer
technology [20]. The control program designed will monitor the
system and if any error or fault occurs, it will show that error
by generating an alarm. If a relay detects any fault that is
connected to PLC, it will process the fault and send data to HMI
that will show the fault with all information. A PLC is
connected to a PC through a compatible cable for
communication between the two. PLC works as intermediate
equipment. The PLC used is connected to a DC supply and the
other 24 V DC is required for PLC to energize its input. The
desired equipment is connected to the output of PLC. SCADA
system is established to use standard protocol communication.
Alarms are introduced to alert in case of a fault. This makes the
system more integrated to meet the needs of users. It makes the
small process and large control easy for the operator. The
SCADA system can generate an automated report and send it to
the supervisor. This report can be generated and sent in different
periods according to the design and requirement. After making
the algorithm, next step is to implement that algorithm in order
to make a control program. Once a program is made, it is
compiled and checked for errors. If any error occurs, it is
removed and again compiled until all errors are removed. After
compiling, the program is simulated.
After compilation and simulation of PLC program, it is time
to design HMI. SCADA software performs control according
to the power system protection laboratory. Figure 3 shows the
SCADA system and devices connected to it.
Fig. 3. SCADA System and components connected.
V. POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION LABORATORY
People worldwide are converting to a class that uses
technology which is absolutely labour free and time saving.
They no longer use complex hardware or employ some manual
labour to reduce the speed of work. This study specifically
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revolves around a power protection system that will be used in
laboratories. The system designed for such a purpose will be in
charge of a continuous power supply to the consumer in a
reliable way [9]. As mentioned earlier, designing such a system
will automatically reduce the cost factor and also have lower
maintenance. By programming power system laboratory
equipment to the latest standards, we will be able to transform
our laboratories to meet the international criteria that will also
provide faster responses to faults in the system, thus increasing
its reliability. A detail of such events is discussed below that
will provide enough information to understand what PLC and
SCADA are and how they are modelled and simulated for
power protection laboratory.
To start with the process, first, we have to install sensors in
the protection system. These sensors work as an alarm that will
alert us of anything unwanted. They are basically installed for
the detection of an unusual entity and then convert it into a
useful result that can be measured. Next task is the instalment
of PLC that will be able to decode the data coming from sensors
or the relays. In the third part, an interface is designed
specifically for HMI. This interface basically allows an operator
to connect with the controller of the system. It has hardware and
software that take inputs from a user to be translated into signals
for machines, which will provide the required output as a result.
Lastly, a SCADA system is implanted which will control,
monitor and supervise the above products compiled in a form
of system.
The automation system designed will be based on the
integration of the following systems that are built prior to the
main systems. Sensors and relays are interfaced with the central
control unit (CCU) through some devices at the end.
• PLC which is the control unit at this stage will send an
output based on input and send it to the circuit breakers
and other equipment that are protection controlled.
• All of this will be monitored through HMI details which
are mentioned above. It will also control the process being
the face of the functional logic of the system.
By performing this lab, students will be able to automate any
system related to any field by programming the PLC and
SCADA system.
A. Configuration in PLC Software
Siemens has made many PLC line products in the family of
SIMATIC S7, i.e., S7-200, 300 and 400. For automation, Step 7
is a powerful software solution for Siemens. It has a
programming environment for Siemens PLCs. The unique
feature of this software is the construction of reusable logic,
single integration of numerous automation devices and
controlled program architecture.
First, it is necessary to install Soft PLC that comes with
Hardware of PLC. After installing PLC software logic is made
according to the laboratory system. For the development of an
algorithm of a program, a proper set of strategy must be charted
during program implementation and its organisation. To plan a
program after developing a description, a flow chart can be used
for it. The flow chart allows for better understanding of
sequence and tells how to sort out. It represents the process,
analysis, record, communication and sequence of the control
process. Defining a control task is the first step of the control
program. It tells about what must be done. These tasks depend
on the operation of the instrument. Defining a control strategy
is the second step in the development of a control program. To
generate the desired control output, order for those
programming steps should occur within the program. This is
also called the development of the algorithm.
B. TIA Portal
In the proposed system, software in the TIA Portal is used.
With this portal we can integrate basic software, such as:
SINAMICS, Startdrive, WinCC, STEP7, SIMOTION SCOUT,
TIA, SIMOCODE, new functionality energy management and
multiuser in single interference [21]. Figure 4 shows the ladder
diagram for single phase digital/analogue for under/over
voltage relay. Similarly controlled networks for other
components are also made and they are:
• Single-phase digital and analogue current, voltage and
frequency relay;
• Three-phase, digital and analogue current, voltage and
frequency relay;
• Inverse current relay;
• Ground fault relay.
Fig. 4. Ladder diagram for single phase digital and analogue under/over voltage
relay.
C. Design of SCADA System and SCADA Software
A typical SCADA system contains operations for users,
SCADA computer server, workstation, programmable
controllers, communication networks, signals and field devices.
All the working computers are integrated flawlessly into an
absolute operational system [22]. This system can make
available both user-controlled and automated operations.
Fig. 5. Home screen for SCADA simulation.
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Flutek WinTr software has been used for SCADA
programming, which has two kinds of features: standard
features and optional features. Standard features in a single
package have runtime and development module, cutaway,
symbol factory, dundas chart, alarm-view, VB and SQL server.
Optional features include print server, reports, SMS, emails,
WinTr server, PLC drivers for Modbus, RTU, Profitnet, PPI
and S7 MPI. WinTr-SCADA trumped-up is divided into
runtime and development with the following competence.
Warning and Alarms are used for operation values. For the good
and complete understating of power system protection
laboratory, it is required to first understand the control of all
sensors available in the laboratory. For this purpose, all
experiments are performed in the laboratory on different
sensors. Figure 5 shows the home screen for the SCADA
system and Fig. 6 shows HMI screen for the Power Protection
System Laboratory. The main screen contains a different button
by using which we can go on another screen.
Fig. 6. Protection screen for SCADA system control according to power
protection laboratory of university.
D. Undervoltage Detection at Single Phase for
Digital/Analogue Relay
An experiment has been done to detect undervoltage for
digital/analogue relay at single phase (Fig. 7). The value is set
as 1.5 V for undervoltage condition. As voltage is dropped to
the set value on sensor of 1.5 V, it sends a signal to PLC
software through CPU connected. It will show a green line. The
green line shows the power flow. Blue dotted lines indicate
disconnectivity. As the fault has occurred, it appears on the
projection screen. The associated green LED will turn into red
and it will show Fault. Single-phase relay can be connected to
any phase. It is connected to the blue phase so when the fault
occurs the corresponding blue under-voltage LED turns into red
on a protection screen. Figure 7 shows the undervoltage fault
for digital/analogue relay at single-phase and Fig. 8 below
shows the fault in HMI. It tells that relay is connected at the red
phase.
Fig. 7. PLC simulation for under-voltage fault for digital/analog relay at a single
phase.
Fig. 8. Fault occurred at single phase undervoltage for digital/analogue relay in
HMI.
E. Protection Scheme Used in Programming
If the voltage is below or above the prescribed limit than a
protection scheme activates and send signals to a circuit
breaker, which turns off the system. Figure 9 shows the
protection scheme of under/overvoltage for analogue/digital
relay.
Fig. 9. Protection scheme of under/overvoltage for analogue/digital relay.
If a sensor undergoes any internal fault or gets damaged, it
starts giving a signal. This case is very rare. However, if it
happens, a circuit breaker will turn on and protect the system.
VI. CONCLUSION
A controlled and monitored system for power system
protection laboratory has been introduced. The proposed
system will enhance the existing power protection systems used
conventionally in Pakistan to an advanced level that will be
reliable and require less cost and maintenance. It will basically
transform manual operation to the digital, create an automatic
and user-friendly system that will reduce labour costs and
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provide an efficient solution to the problem despite the
traditional ways. The present research further emphasises that
PLC and SCADA systems that are now used worldwide should
be taught as a regular course to students as they will use this
technology in industries and at home. It can be seen from the
proposed system that people have become more aware of PLC
and SCADA systems than before as these products contribute
to solving the real-life problems and help understand the
concept of automation. It is not possible to make a record and
control a laboratory in a remote area. If new instruments are
introduced in a power system protection laboratory in future,
they will easily be adjustable with this programming and
compatible with this controller as it provides a large range of
I/O and additionally I/O can be added. The newly built
protection system based on automation tools will be reliable and
time saving. The proposed system that will cost less and have
minimum maintenance can be extended to several protection
schemes and can be applied to other laboratories.
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Ayesha Faryal received her B. Sc. and M. Sc.
degrees in Electrical Engineering from NFC Institute
of Engineering & Technology, Multan and the Islamia
University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan in 2017 and 2020,
respectively. Her areas of research include
controlling, power protection system, transmission,
modelling of SCADA systems, programmable logic
controllers (PLC), integration of PLC and SCADA
systems and automation of home appliances and
laboratories.
Address: Department of Electrical Engineering, the
Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
E-mail: ayeshasaleem511@gmail.com
Farhana Umer received PhD degree from the School
of Electrical/Electronics Engineering, Selcuk
University, Turkey in 2017. She received her M. E.
degree in Electrical Power Engineering from Mehran
University of Engineering & Technology, Pakistan, in
2013. She worked as a Lecturer at the department of
Electrical Engineering, the IUB from 2009 to 2016.
Now she is an Assistant Professor at the Department
of Electrical Engineering, the Islamia University of
Bahawlpur, Pakistan. Her research interests include
transient analysis of power systems, distributed energy
generation and power system analysis.
Address: Department of Electrical Engineering, the Islamia University of
Bahawalpur, 63100, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
E-mail: farhana.umer@iub.edu.pk
ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5392-7964
Muhammad Amjad received PhD degree from the
University of Technology, Malaysia, in 2013. He has
been working as a Professor at the Department of
Electronic Engineering, the Islamia University of
Bahawalpur, Pakistan since 1999. In addition, he is
serving as the Dean of the Faculty of Engineering at
the same university. He has published several
conference papers and more than 21 papers in well
reputed international journals. His research interests
include advanced power electronics, fuzzy logic
control particle swarm optimization, design of model
predictive controller for machine design and implementation of transformerless
ozone implementation using LCL filters.
Address: Department of Electronic Engineering, the Islamia University of
Bahawalpur, 63100, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
E-mail: Muhammad.amjad@iub.edu.pk
Electrical, Control and Communication Engineering
________________________________________________________________________________________2021, vol. 17, no. 1
25
Zeesha n Rashid received PhD degree from Koc
University, Istanbul, Turkey in 2018. Currently, he is
working as an Assistant Professor at the Department
of Electrical Engineering, the Islamia University of
Bahawalpur, Pakistan. His research interests include
modelling of fibre lasers, harmonic wave propagation
in smart grids, and high frequency distortion in
underground cables, model predictive control and
modelling of low voltage power circuits at harmonic
frequencies in a smart network.
Address: Department if Electrical Engineering, the Islamia University of
Bahawalpur, 63100, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
E-mail: zeeshan.rashid@iub.edu.pk
Aoun Muhammad did his M. Sc. Electrical
Engineering from University of Engineering and
Technology, Lahore, Pakistan in 2011. He did his B. Sc.
Electrical Engineering from Bahauddin Zakariya
University, Multan, Pakistan in 2006. He worked as a
lecturer at the department of Electronic Engineering
2007–2015. Since 2015 he is an Assistant Professor at
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. His
research interests are power electronics and power
systems analysis.
E-mail: aoun.muhammad@iub.edu.pk
