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POLA KONFLIK AGAMA DI WILAYAH PLURAL: STUDI KASUS PENDIRIAN RUMAH IBADAH DI KOTA JAMBI
Abstract
Kota Jambi memiliki potensi konflik sosial, khususnya konflik agama terkait pendirian rumah ibadah. Sejarah konflik agama di Indonesia mencatat bahwa rumah ibadah menjadi salah satu sumber konflik potensial yang seringkali berujung pada perusakan dan pembakaran. Terkait hal tersebut, perlu dilakukan upaya agar konflik ini tidak berkepanjangan, salah satunya dengan revitalisasi kearifan budaya lokal yang tumbuh di masing-masing daerah. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan penelitian kualitatif dengan mengambil objek lokasi di Telanaipura, Alam Barajo, dan Kotabaru Kota Jambi. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa sebagai kawasan majemuk, Kota Jambi juga tak luput dari konflik pendirian rumah ibadah yang terjadi di tiga wilayah, namun tidak berkepanjangan. Pola konflik diawali dengan aksi damai masyarakat muslim terhadap pendirian gereja di pemukiman mayoritas muslim. Konflik tersebut tidak berlanjut menjadi anarkis karena kearifan lokal masyarakat Kota Jambi menyelesaikan perkara melalui mufakat bersama tuo-tuo tengganai, tokoh adat, dan tokoh agama sehingga dapat diselesaikan oleh tokoh adat, tokoh agama dan pemerintah daerah di Kota Jambi. Jambi City has the potential for social conflict, especially religious conflict related to the establishment of houses of worship. The history of religious conflict in Indonesia notes that houses of worship have become a source of potential conflict which often leads to destruction and burning. Related to this, it is necessary to make efforts to prevent this conflict is not prolonged, one option is by revitalizing of the local cultural wisdom that grows in each region. This study was conducted using a qualitative research approach. This research was conducted in Telanaipura, Alam Barajo, and Kotabaru in Jambi City. The results of this study found that as a pluralistic area, Jambi City was also not spared from the conflict of the establishment of places of worship that occurred in three regions, but was not prolonged. The pattern of conflict began with peaceful actions by Muslim communities against the construction of churches in Muslim-majority settlements. The conflict did not continue to be anarchic because the local wisdom of the people of Jambi City resolved cases through consensus with tuo-tuo tengganai, traditional leaders, and religious leaders so that it could be resolved by traditional leaders, religious leaders and local governments Jambi City.
... Likewise, conflict studies related to the establishment of houses of worship have been carried out. Some of them are in West Java (Hermawati, Paskarina, and Runiawati 2016;Jamaludin 2018), North Sumatra (Kahpi 2020), Aceh (Hartani and Nulhaqim 2020), West Kalimantan (Jamil 2021), Jambi (Halim and Mubarak 2020). ...
... Representation of authoritative parties in resolving conflicts in the establishment of houses of worship is the key to ending conflicts peacefully. This is due to several studies such as in Jambi (Halim and Mubarak 2020) and West Kalimantan (Jamil 2021) which states that it is important to involve authoritative parties in resolving conflicts over the establishment of houses of worship. Another important point in the collaborative process of conflict resolution is the enforcement of agreements. ...
The construction of houses of worship in some areas of Indonesia often causes social conflict. In some cases, the conflict of houses of worship can be resolved well and some are not resolved. The establishment of houses of worship in Tangerang Regency, Banten Province, namely the construction of HKBP Rogate, GKBJ Sepatan, and GBI Tanjakan churches also triggered the social conflict. This article aims to reveal the chronology of the conflict over the construction of the three churches and the local government's actions in overcoming the conflict issues that arose. These three cases were studied by researchers using a qualitative approach and analyzed using the CGR (Collaborative Governance Regime) model. This CGR model analysis is part of the early response of the parties related to the conflict and can reveal the weaknesses, and strengths in the conflict resolution of the establishment of houses of worship. The data collection method uses interview techniques and documentation studies. The findings of this research show that in the three cases of conflict, two cases show an escalating conflict (the emergence of mass action), and one case does not escalate. Conflict resolution against the establishment of the three houses of worship by the government and community leaders can prevent conflict escalation in the form of mass mobilization if the parties succeed in identifying problems at the location. Identification of parties who have the authority to determine the final direction of the conflict, especially those who reject the presence or establishment of houses of worship, is important in conflict resolution efforts. The success of conflict resolution efforts depends on the involvement of all parties who are authorized to determine the end of the conflict.
... The problem with the construction of houses of worship that most often occurs is the construction of churches. This problem is an old issue that disrupts harmonious relations among religious believers in Indonesia (Ajiyastuti, 2018;Burhanuddin et al., 2019;Halim & Mubarak, 2021). ...
Catholics in Bekasi Regency don’t yet have a permanent and licensed church building, even though the number of Catholics in Bekasi Regency is relatively large, around 12 thousand people. building the Mother Teresa Church in Cikarang did not materialize, although it had been proposed since 2015 with complete requirements according to existing regulations, the Bekasi Regency Government did not issue a permit. Through research with an approach approach, it was found that there are several factors that can be categorized as supporting and inhibiting factors. The inhibiting factor is the unresponsive attitude of the Bekasi Regency Government and discriminatory administrative regulations. Meanwhile, the supporting factor is the moderate attitude of local residents who provide support for the establishment of the church. The delay in building permits for the church has resulted in obstacles in terms of worshiping Catholics and getting proper religious education. The attitude shown by the Bekasi Regency Government has violated the basic rights of Catholics to practice religious worship which are guaranteed in the constitution and statutory regulations.
... Conflict management strategies by understanding the process and resolution have not been effective, in which it is proven that conflicts are still ongoing. Social conflicts include those that occur in houses of worship in plural communities, conflicts between ethnicities in rural areas, political conflicts in local democracies, and natural resource conflicts related to mining (Desike et al., 2021;Halim & Mubarak, 2020;Putri et al., 2021;Rochayati, 2017). ...
The intention to accurately predict the performance of social conflict behavior is influenced by stereotypes, social identity, and prejudice. Based on the dynamics of the relationship, this research aims to find the relationship between stereotypes, social identity, and prejudice with the intention of doing social conflict. Based on the analysis result, intentions are useful for preventing social conflict. This study used purposive sampling with the participants of 150 students in the 10th grade of State Senior High School (SMAN) 1 Belitang in East Oku Regency, South Sumatra Province. The research data were collected using a social conflict intention scale with a total of 21 items with the item determinant (rit) ranging from 0.274-0.777, a stereotypes scale with a total of 24 items ranging from 0.291 to 0.841, a social identity scale with a total of 21 items ranging from 0.290 to 0.897, and a prejudice scale with a total of 21 items ranging from 0.400. -0.796. The results of data analysis using multiple linear regression showed that the correlation coefficient of R is 0.269 with the p = 0.000 (p <0.05), which showed a significant positive relationship between stereotypes, social identity, and prejudice with the intention of social conflict. Based on the research results, the intention of a social conflict occurs because of stereotypes in which people give negative attributes or traits to other parties, social identity that causes bias to judge other groups, and prejudice that causes hostility to members of other groups. These findings can be used for conflict prevention by minimizing the intention of social conflict by changing stereotypes into positive judgment, knowing that social identity does not affect the objective judgment of other groups, and reducing prejudice so that a peaceful situation can be realized.
... Ini akibat karena tidak memahami pesan suci dari agama. Persoalan yang sering kali terjadi, menyangkut hubungan antar umat beragama di Indonesia, adalah terkait pendirian rumah ibadat (Fidiyani 2016;Mukri Aji 2018;Arifinsyah dan Fitriani 2019;Rabitha 2014;Halim dan Mubarak 2021;Saprillah 2017) yang dipahami oleh sebagian masyarakat memiliki kepentingan politis (Asry 2011). ...
This article describes how problematic the construction of houses of worship for minorities is in South Kalimantan. This article is the result of field research with a qualitative approach and used observation, interviews, and documentation as data collection techniques. This finding state that the causes of conflicts over the construction of houses of worship for minorities in South Kalimantan are motivated by several factors, namely the different interpretations of regulations and regulations that are not fully representative. Another cause is socio-religious factors, namely, the majority of people reject the existence of houses of worship of other religions in their vicinity, some even have the view that approving the establishment of houses of worship of other religions is not justified in the Islamic faith, and is not an area of tolerance. Another factor is the politicization of religion in the contestation of regional head elections (Pilkada) and legislative elections (Pileg). Another cause is marriage due to a change of religion which raises suspicion among religious communities. These factors occurred in the construction of the Indonesian Bethel Church (GBI) of Pasir Mas, Banjarmasin City, and the Guan Te Temple, Persada Mas Complex, Banjar Regency.
... The plurality of the Indonesian nation is a wealth, uniqueness and blessing in itself, but if it is not managed properly, the heterogeneity and plurality of the Indonesian nation can actually be a threat because of the potential for high social frictions to emerge. Heterogeneous regions in Indonesia also experienced the 'effect' of the plural predicate, so that there were many conflicts that caused great damage such as the Poso conflict (1998)(1999)(2000)(2001), Sampit, Sambas West Kalimantan (1997Kalimantan ( , 1999Kalimantan ( -2001, Maluku, Maluku North (1999), and the Aceh conflict (1999-2005) (Halim & Mubarak, 2021). ...
The Lamaholot local wisdom encapsulated in the phrase /koda kirin nulun walen melan senaren/ transcends mere kinship expressions. This phrase serves as a guiding principle for the Lamaholot community in East Flores Regency, particularly in fostering the values of religious moderation. This research aims to investigate how this Lamaholot expression aids in internalizing religious moderation values in Pepakgeka Village. The study employs a descriptive field research methodology with an ethnographic approach. Data were collected through observations, interviews, and documentation. Analysis was conducted using Huberman and Miles' framework, which includes phases of data collection, data condensation, and conclusion drawing. The research was carried out from August to October 2024. The results indicate that the local wisdom /koda kirin nulun walen melan senaren/ is effective in promoting the values of religious moderation. The essence of local wisdom is communicated through advice shared in speech (koda kirin) and through actions (nulun walen), enabling the Lamaholot people to aspire to be virtuous individuals (melan senaren). The foundation of religious moderation within the Lamaholot community is deeply embedded in local wisdom, including the expression /koda kirin nulun walen melan senaren/, which has been upheld since ancient times and is reflected in their everyday speech and behavior.
This study aims to explain the theological factor as the root of religious conflict in the construction of houses of worship. Many religious conflicts are studied from political, legal, or social factors but less elaborated theological dimension as a fundamental factor. The rejection of houses of worship is not only done by people of different religions but also by the internal religious community itself. One of the reasons for rejection is the theological dimension, namely religious views. This research uses a qualitative approach and data collection through interviews and literature studies. Important findings show there is no single factor in the conflict of building houses of worship. The rejection of houses of worship is usually motivated by complex issues, and one of them is a theological factor. Islamic jurists have different theological views; some are accommodative and moderate, and some are intolerant of the construction of houses of worship of other religions. This difference is due to the perspective of religious text and social context in determining Islamic law. The view of textualist theology encourages a less accommodating and even intolerant attitude toward the construction of other religions, even though administratively and state law is legal. On the other hand, the theological view of Islam also encourages the spirit of inclusivism, and even normatively, Muslims are commanded to respect places of worship of other religious groups.
Tolerance in a diverse society of ethnicity, race, religion, and culture is an attitude of absolute openness to accept without devaluing, reducing, equating others, or making the difference an alter-ego. The purpose of this research is to describe and analyze PAI Alumni IAIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon's efforts to maintain tolerance. The data is presented in descriptive form using qualitative methods to assess the validity of the data through triangulation. The research included alumni from the 2019 graduating class, with 40 alumni from each of the respondents. Data is gathered through interviews, observations, and documentation. The collected data is then described. Based on the findings of observations, interviews, and data triangulation, it was discovered that PAI IAIN Syekh Nurjati alumni contributed to the community's tolerance of religious communities. As a follow-up to this research, synergistic collaboration between universities and alumni as partners is required in order to maintain harmony and tolerance between religious communities.
Religious conflict is not only a matter of religion, but also a matter of human life who wants peace in life. By understanding the Islamic strategy in building peace in Indonesia, we can find conflict resolution that must be developed in life. This study argues that conflict and Islam's strategy in building peace is a study of conflict resolution in overcoming violence and truth claims in religion. Thus, this study formulates the question of how religious conflict and Islamic strategies of peace building in Indonesia are? This study uses the library research to find sources of conflict and Islamic strategies in building peace in Indonesia. The results of this study indicate that conflict and Islamic strategies in building peace provide an overview: (1) the conflict has become a public debate about truth claims and religious violence; (2) religious culture and moderation are the strategy of Islam in building peace in Indonesia. The findings of this study indicate that conflict and Islamic strategies in building peace as conflict resolution exist in Indonesia.
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