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Stress, Trauma, and Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs) represent a newly defined category of disorders that include obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), hoarding disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, trichotillomania, and skin-picking disorder. Many environmental factors can influence the etiology and expression of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and OCD, such as exposure to environmental stressors, including traumatic and other life stressors. Stressors include incidents and experiences that disrupt a person’s homeostatic state and can range from mild acute stressors to traumatic stressors. Although all stressors are inherently stressful, most of them are not traumatic in nature. Although multiple researchers have reviewed the contributions of stress and trauma on OCD, currently no reviews exist that consider the associations among stress, trauma, and the other putative OCRDs. This chapter reviews the extant literature on the associations among OCRDs and stress, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder and discusses how these factors may influence the incidence, etiology, expression, and treatment of OCRDs.
... Although beyond the scope of this review, there is also evidence to suggest that trauma is associated with several obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs) other than OCD (Forte et al., 2021). This field of study is in its infancy and may benefit from the creation of tools akin to the OTTI or P-TOCS or from adaptations to existing measures of OCRDs to probe associations between OCRD symptoms and trauma. ...
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are commonly comorbid and share prominent features (e.g., intrusions, safety behaviors, and avoidance). Excellent self-report and clinician-administered assessments exist for OCD and PTSD individually, but few assess both disorders, and even fewer provide instruction on differential diagnosis or detection of comorbid OCD and PTSD. To address this gap in the literature, the current paper aims to (1) highlight diagnostic and functional similarities and differences between OCD and PTSD to inform differential diagnosis, (2) outline assessment recommendations for individuals with suspected comorbid OCD and PTSD, OCD with a significant trauma history or posttraumatic symptoms, or PTSD with significant obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and (3) explore future directions to evaluate and improve methods for assessing co-occurring OCD and PTSD.
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