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The Insight of Body’s Immune System, Inflammation and Damages in Wound Healing- The review

August 2021

DOI:10.22214/ijraset.2021.37868868

Authors:

D.Y. Patil Education Society

The injuries and its infections are the most painful form of trauma. Wound infections are the growth of microorganisms within the wound area. This infection causes the body’s immune system, inflammation and damages the tissue within the wound site. Hence, there is an immense need to formulate new dressing materials for wound dressing application. To know more about new dressing material working it is need of time to study the mechanism of wound healing. Today’s review focus on mechanism of wound healing, wound dressing, new dressing material and necessity of wound dressings. Keywords: Wound healing, dressing material

Schematic diagram of the wound healing process of (A) Haemostasis, (B) Inflammation, (C) Proliferation and (D) Remodeling.

…

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9 VIII August 2021

https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37868

International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)

ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.429

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The Insight of Body’s Immune System, Inflammation

and Damages in Wound Healing- The review

Priyanka Patil1, Abhinandan Patil2, Shashikant Upadhye3, Sonali Nirankari4, Atharv Mali5

1Sigma Institute of Science Bakrol, Vadodara, Gujrat.

2, 3, 4, 5School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanjay Ghodawat University, Kolhapur, (MS)

Abstract: The injuries and its infections are the most painful form of trauma. Wound infections are the growth of

microorganisms within the wound area. This infection causes the body’s immune system, inflammation and damages the tissue

within the wound site. Hence, there is an immense need to formulate new dressing materials for wound dressing application.

To know more about new dressing material working it is need of time to study the mechanism of wound healing. Today’s review

focus on mechanism of wound healing, wound dressing, new dressing material and necessity of wound dressings.

Keywords: Wound healing, dressing material I. INTRODUCTION

Scientist all over the world is trying to find out the comfort zone to many kind. It may be food habits like probiotics for healthy life

or protection to body skin as nutraceutical products [1, 3, 18-27]. Human skin is one of the important and protective organs of the

body. Every year, several million people have affected skin injury of both acute and chronic nature [1, 2]. Worldwide 3, 00,000

people die every year in lower middle-income countries due to the chronic and burn injury [2]. The injuries and its infections are the

most painful form of trauma. Wound infections are the growth of microorganisms within the wound area. This infection causes the

body’s immune system, inflammation and damages the tissue within the wound site. Therefore, it causes delay in wound healing

and may come to life-threatening infections [3]. Thus, these bacterial wound infections are serious complications of wound

management. Initially, microorganisms of an initial stage of the infected process involved gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S.

aureus) and Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) bacteria. Gram- negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) and

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) etc are involved in later stage of the infectious process that is when a chronic wound is

formulated [4]. The main signs of wound infections include pus formation, spreading redness, increased pain or swelling, and

fever for patients [5]. This problem can be overcome by protecting the wound from proper antibacterial wound dressing materials.

Based on these, different types of dressings are available in the market. Most of these dressing materials are lacking one or the other

reasons such as low level of mechanical properties, insufficient blood clotting ability, lower swelling ability, and inadequate

antibacterial activity [6, 7]. Hence, there is an immense need to formulate new dressing materials for wound dressing application.

The potential dressings offer the development of antibacterial dressings based on biomaterials has become an important area of

research because of the materials are of biological origin [8, 9]. According to the literature study, biomaterials based composite

materials have been used as the best wound dressing materials [10]. The main aim of this chapter is to introduce the background of

wound and healing process, wound healing model, the necessity of wound dressings, types of dressings and requirements of

wound dressing materials. Further, it also focuses on the different types of biomaterials and the advantages of Silk fibroin (SF)

and its composite films for wound dressing applications.

A. Wound and wound Healing Process

1) Wound: The wound is a type of injury to the body. It damages the underlying tissue with disruption in anatomical structure and

function due to accidents, burns, surgery etc. [11]. The wounds are classified into several types according to the wound depth,

tissue loss, and type of injury, location or clinical appearance of the wound. Wounds are classified into two types based on

wounds with and without tissue damage. Wounds by tissue damage comprise second and third-degree burns wounds, diabetic

foot ulcer etc. and wounds without tissue damage comprise first- degree burn wound and laceration etc [12]. According to the

time of healing process, wounds are divided into two different types, first acute wound and second chronic wound. The acute

wound heals normally 8-12 weeks, and the chronic wound heals very slowly beyond 12 weeks [13]. Wounds involving

epidermis only is called a superficial wound whereas wound includes epidermis, deeper dermal layer, blood vessels etc.

considered as partial thickness wounds. When wound consisted of epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue may be referred

to as full thickness wounds [14].

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2) Wound Healing Process: Wound healing progress is the multistep method for formation of cell growth and tissue

regeneration. It is a typical biological process in human anatomy shows in figure 1.1. Regeneration of tissue is achieved by four

phases including coagulation or haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling or maturation phase.

Figure 1.1 Schematic diagram of the wound healing process of (A) Haemostasis, (B) Inflammation, (C) Proliferation and (D)

Remodeling.

International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)

ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.429

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The first phase of hemostasis is within the first few minutes of injury, with the production of a fibrin clot in the blood to the injured

site and vascular constriction [15, 16]. Surrounding wound tissue and blood clot release cytokines and growth factors such as

interleukin-1 (IL-1) β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, transforming growth factor (TGF) β, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF),

basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), which causes migration of neutrophils (after 6 hrs), formation

of initial matrix for early wound healing by fibrins, lymphocytes and histiocytes (after 12 hrs) .

During the inflammation phase, dead and damaged cells are cleared out, along with microorganisms and debris. In this stage,

neutrophils appear in the wound area, followed by lymphocytes and monocytes which differentiate into macrophages. This takes

place with the process of phagocytosis. In this process, the bacteria, foreign particles and injured tissues are removed. Neutrophils

also create substances like proteases and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause some supplemental bystanders damage. In the

wound healing process, macrophages show various roles. Macrophages release cytokines and cytokines stimulate the inflammatory

response by activating additional leukocytes. Macrophages are responsible for inducing apoptotic cells (including neutrophils) thus

paving the way for the resolution of inflammation [16].

The proliferative phase is beginning from the 3rd day after the formation of wound and lasts for about 2 weeks thereafter. During the

proliferative healing phase, fibroblast migration, deposition, collagen synthesis, angiogenesis and granulation tissue formation takes

place in the wounded area. Fibroblasts generate collagen also glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans that are major constituents of

the extracellular matrix (ECM).

In the final remodeling phase, reversion of several newly created tissues occurs. Scar maturation is another major avenue in this

phase of healing. Collagen remodeling and maturation continues for two years [14-16].

II. CONCLUSION

Wound healing is the natural process, but if it not start in time may result into many dreadful health condition. Minor accident to

major surgery are closely related to the wound healing. Thus by knowing the mechanism of wound healing and new strategy to

develop the new dressing material can save lives of many people with good and timely healing of the patient.

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Innovative Science, Engineering and Technology, 31-37

MEHSANA BUFFALO MILK AS PREBIOTICS FOR GROWTH OF LACTOBACILLUS

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2022

Milk is the basic source of food in the country like India and many Asian countries. There are two types of milks-A1 and A2 Milk. Nearly50 samples of Mehsana buffalo milk samples were collected in local areas of Maharashtra. The parameters screened were protein, fat, lactose, total solid content and percentage of casein in the raw milk of Mehsana reported as 5.4 ± 0.62; 6.1 ± 0.66; 6.2 ± 0.65; 18.8 ± 1.54; 11.4 ± 1.02 respectively. Similarly, the parameters screened for pasteurized milk sample were protein, fat, lactose, total solid content and percentage of casein as 5.2 ± 0.21; 6.2 ± 0.22; 6.1 ± 0.71; 18.1 ± 0.54; 10.4 ± 2.02 respectively. Milk is the basic source of food in the country like India and many Asian countries. There are two types of milks-A1 and A2 Milk. A1 Milk is most commonly used milk. It is obtained from cow or some hybrid milking animals. A1 type of milk raises the issues of digestion. Stomach pain and respiratory problems can occur due to consumption of A1 milk. In type 1 diabetes, the production of insulin is in fewer amounts because of intake of A1 milk thus type 1 diabetes is triggered at the end 1-3. Milk also negatively effects on the blood vessel's function and blood pressure rate by controlling the cholesterol content. A1 milk is not good for infants' health. It also contains more amount of fat which is not healthy for human beings 4-7. Similarly, there is another type of milk that is calledA2 milk. This milk is obtained from desi cows in countryside. A2 milk is a great source of vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, Calcium and Potassium. As compared to A1 milk the A2 milk is more beneficial for health concerns. Due to Consumption of A2 milks bones and teeth get stronger. It maintains tissue growth and cell growth in human body. It maintains good nourishment and the well-being in the human body 8-11. Camel's milk contains also contain A2 caseins. It is used as nutrition support for the human who are living in desert area.Buffalo milk is used in the dairy products like Mozzarella cheese. It is most common animal milk used in dairy products. It contains more amounts of fats proteins and minerals.The Cow's milk also known as A2 milk. As we know in the cow's milk is having higher amount of casein which help into whitening of the color of milk. The cows' milks are thick than the other animal's milk. Nearly50 samples of Mehsana buffalo milk samples were collected in local areas of Maharashtra. To conduct the experiment approximately 40 ml quantity of milk was used. Before the study to initiate the milk was processed with ultra-high-temperature (UHT) pasteurizedin cyclic process of 8 s for a period of 1 hour 12-18. To analyse the nutrient content FOSS milk scan TM 120 (calibrated with buffalo standards, Swabhimani dairy, India)

Formulation and Evaluation of Probiotics Properties of Lactobacillus with Antimicrobial Activities

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Pralhad Mudalkar

ABSTRACT This study emphasizes exhibiting probiotics activities of Lactobacillus, formulation as granules, synthesizing nanoparticle by using Lactobacillus and demonstrating antimicrobial activity. Probiotics are not only microbes present in milk but also as are functional food to heal diseases. Four different isolates were obtained from sheep milk. These microbe’s growth profile was observed in different animal milk, and some biochemical studies were conducted. All four isolates were tested against gram positive and negative microorganisms like Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Enterococcus faecalisis, Staphylococcus aureus etc. The nanoparticles of TiO2 was developed by using LAB via green synthesis. Granules of probiotics were prepared by using maltodextrin as agent by a lyophilization drying technique. The flow properties were studied for the prepared granule as formulation. The colony forming unit observed in case milk of buffalo was higher (12* X 109 CFU ± 2.5) which was observed in the other milking animals milk. The four isolates were identified as Lactobacillus (LAB) by Gram staining, motility catalase activity, along with other biochemical assays. The mimicking in-vitro simulation study showed higher survival rate in the intestine, demonstrated by bile salt studies. Microbes as a whole showed a good zone of inhibition as compared to the supernatant. Finally, these isolates have proven to be a good probiotic candidate that can be used as a natural antibiotic agent as a nutraceutical nominee. Granules exhibit good flow properties in case of all LAB formulations. The green synthesis of nanoparticles from LAB was observed at the absorption band at 405 to 410 nm using the UV method. LAB extracted from sheep milk was proven in the current investigation exhibiting as a potential candidate for the future probiotic antibacterial agent that resists GI environment. Keywords: Formulation, Evaluation, Probiotics, Lactobacillus, Nanoparticle, Functional food, Antimicrobial

Formulation and Evaluation of Probiotics Properties of Lactobacillus with Antimicrobial Activities

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2023

This study emphasizes exhibiting probiotics activities of Lactobacillus, formulation as granules, synthesizing nanoparticle by using Lactobacillus and demonstrating antimicrobial activity. Probiotics are not only microbes present in milk but also as are functional food to heal diseases. Four different isolates were obtained from sheep milk. These microbe’s growth profile was observed in different animal milk, and some biochemical studies were conducted. All four isolates were tested against gram positive and negative microorganisms like Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Enterococcus faecalisis, Staphylococcus aureus etc. The nanoparticles of TiO2 was developed by using LAB via green synthesis. Granules of probiotics were prepared by using maltodextrin as agent by a lyophilization drying technique. The flow properties were studied for the prepared granule as formulation. The colony forming unit observed in case milk of buffalo was higher (12* X 109 CFU ± 2.5) which was observed in the other milking animals milk. The four isolates were identified as Lactobacillus (LAB) by Gram staining, motility catalase activity, along with other biochemical assays. The mimicking in-vitro simulation study showed higher survival rate in the intestine, demonstrated by bile salt studies. Microbes as a whole showed a good zone of inhibition as compared to the supernatant. Finally, these isolates have proven to be a good probiotic candidate that can be used as a natural antibiotic agent as a nutraceutical nominee. Granules exhibit good flow properties in case of all LAB formulations. The green synthesis of nanoparticles from LAB was observed at the absorption band at 405 to 410 nm using the UV method. LAB extracted from sheep milk was proven in the current investigation exhibiting as a potential candidate for the future probiotic antibacterial agent that resists GI environment.

PROFILING OF LACTOBACILLUS BY DIVERSE CYTOTOXIC PARAMETERS

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2022
WJPR

The cytotoxicity studies of the nutraceutical products, especially the lactobacillus (LAB) formulation are gaining importance due to its industrial application. To support the claim MTT test was performed on three different strains of Lactobacillus i.e. Lp-Lactobacillus plantarum; Lr-Lactobacillus rhamnosus and La-Lactobacillus acidophilus. The viability study conducted by MTT assay on HCT 115 cell lines shows a decrease in percentage cell viability, an approximately around 40% in case of the Lp for its highest dose of 50 µg/ml and further, showing the strongest anti-proliferative activity as compared to control group. SHORT COMMUNICATION The pharmacology research, for the evaluation of the toxicity, is become vital in regards to the neutraceuticals products development 1-7. The cytotoxicity studies of the nutraceutical products, especially the lactobacillus (LAB) formulation is gaining importance due to its industrial application 11-12. The interaction of the probiotics cells with the living host cells may rarely precipitate toxicity 13-18. The interaction of the LAB in pathophysiological conditions such as cancer is gaining importance as an alternative source of functional food 14-16. To support the claim MTT test was performed on three different strains of Lactobacillus i.e. Lp-Lactobacillus plantarum; Lr-Lactobacillus rhamnosus and La-Lactobacillus acidophilus. The culture of Lp and La were discovered by our team from sheep milk and whole genome

NAGPURI BUFFALO MILK ANALYSIS AS PREBIOTICS FOR GROWTH OF PROBIOTICS

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Milk plays vital role in the human daily life. Because it contains the fat, protein, vitamin, carbohydrates and minerals. It contains sodium, potassium, vitamin B6, vitamin D, vitamin C, iron, Phosphorous, casein. Most probably calcium is an important content in the milk along with casein which contains highest amount of protein. Sheep and Buffalo milk contains more amount of casein than the human milk. Daily consumption of milk can help in our growth and development. Prevents wear and tear of the body. Daily consumption of milk helps to increases the RBC count in the human body and even it makes muscles strong. It provides the energy to the body due to the presence of phosphorous in it. It controls the weight gain in body. Milk plays important role in children it helps to make their bones strong because of the nutrients present in it.

NUTRACEUTICAL MULTIGRAIN LACTOBACILLUS FORMULATION WITH ITS MOISTURE CONTENT ESTIMATION

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Nov 2022

Nutrients that are generally present at relatively low concentrations in living tissues and which are needed for optimum performance of a particular function in the living system are designated as 'Micronutrients'1-3. They include vitamins and minerals. Micronutrients, although do not provide energy themselves unlike macronutrients (carbohydrate, fat and protein), but help in the liberation and utilization of energy from the macronutrients. In addition, they have other specific vital functions in the body. Vitamins are essential for the utilization of the macronutrients and also in the regulation of the body processes-metabolism and circulation, digestion and absorption of nutrients and reproduction. Macrominerals such as calcium and phosphorous are structural components of bones and skeleton; sodium and potassium are elements present in cellular fluids; magnesium is an active constituent of many enzyme systems

The Diverse Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Lactobacillus Discovered from Sheep Milk

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ANALYSIS OF BHADAWARI BUFFALO MILK AS PREBIOTICS FOR GROWTH OF PROBIOTICS

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The milk of buffalo is consumed mostly in all local areas of Maharashtra. A2 type of milk is found effective in marinating the health profile of consumers. It is assumed that the milk obtained from the different breeds of the buffalo are rich in probiotics especially Lactobacillus. Researchers are working in culturing probiotics in milk of A2 milk from different milking animals. The maximum growth profile observed in the milk of milking animal is considered as prebiotics source.

ANTIDEPRESSANT LIKE ACTIVITY OF MADHUCA LONGIFOLIA IN RAT MODEL

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Nov 2022

Depression is state of low mood and aversion to activity which affect a person's thoughts, behavior, feelings and sense of well-being". Its characterization done by change in mood, lack of interest in the surroundings, psychomotor retardation. In the present study Antidepressant Like Activity of Madhuca longifolia In Rat Model was studied using Forced Swim test model. In the present study, Methanolic extract of Madhuca longifolia (MEML) was evaluated by using various experimental models. MEML at doses of 750 mg/kg, p.o showed significant increase in the motor activity of mice which elevate depressed mood by decreasing immobility time of rats in Forced Swim Test.

Recent Advances in Polymer-based Wound Dressings For the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcer: An Overview of State-of-the-art

Article

Full-text available

May 2017

Background: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are the chronic, non-healing complications of diabetic mellitus which compels a significant burden to the patients and the healthcare system. Peripheral vascular disease, diabetic neuropathy, and abnormal cellular and cytokine/chemokine activity are among the prime players which exacerbate the severity and prevent wound repair. Unlike acute wounds, DFUs impose a substantial challenge to the conventional wound dressings and demand the development of novel and advanced wound healing modalities. In general, an ideal wound dressing should provide a moist wound environment, offer protection from secondary infections, eliminate wound exudate and stimulate tissue regeneration. Objective: To date, numerous conventional wound dressings are employed for the management of DFUs but there is a lack of absolute and versatile choice. The current review was therefore aimed to summarize and critically discuss the available evidences related to pharmaceutical and therapeutic viability of polymer-based dressings for the treatment of DFUs. Results: A versatile range of naturally-originated polymers including chitosan (CS), hyaluronic acid (HA), cellulose, alginate, dextran, collagen, gelatin, elastin, fibrin and silk fibroin have been utilized for the treatment of DFUs. These polymers have been used in the form of hydrogels, films, hydrocolloids, foams, membranes, scaffolds, microparticles, and nanoparticles. Moreover, the wound healing viability and clinical applicability of various mutually modified, semi-synthetic or synthetic polymers have also been critically discussed. Conclusion: In summary, this review enlightens the most recent developments in polymer-based wound dressings with special emphasis on advanced polymeric biomaterials, innovative therapeutic strategies and delivery approaches for the treatment of DFUs.

Banana fibers camouflaging as a gut worm in a 6-month-old infant

Article

May 2020

Worm infestation issue is a common health condition observed mostly in Asian countries. The prevalence of worms in children is higher due to the habit of playing in mud or outdoors which is not found in the case of an infant. Very rarely worm infestation is observed in infants. There is a need for an investigation to be carried out for live worms in the stool. Sometimes the change in the diet of the infant, irregular bowel movements, and worm-like things in stool makes an alarming situation. We report the original case of a 6-month-old infant camouflaging for worm infestation due to the presence of the thread-like parasite in stool. The routine stool and chemical analysis of black thread thing from stool revealed solid diet fibers of banana and not any parasitic infection.

Probiotics and Cancer: Boosting the Immune System

Chapter

Jan 2021

The concept of use of functional food/probiotics in the recent years as adjuvants for prevention and treatment of cancer has been on rise owing to their capabilities to restrain the host immune response and modulate the intestinal microflora. Numerous studies have proved that probiotics can be of potential use in the prevention and treatment of cancer through microbiota and immune modulation, condensed bacterial translocation, enhanced gut barrier function, anti-inflammatory, anti-pathogenic activity, reduced tumour formation, reduced metastasis, etc. Probiotics refer to live microbial incorporations available in a variety of food, mainly the fermented ones. Other than that, bacteria producing lactic acid, perceived to have useful properties such as resistance to pathogens, improving lactose digestion, etc. are also commonly referred as probiotics. The present chapter discusses the role of various probiotic strains in cancer and summarizes the important findings in relation to the probiotic mediated suppression of gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal cancers.

Lactobacillus rhamnosus ARJD as a Functional Food with Potential Antioxidant and Antibacterial Abilities

Article

Jul 2019

Probiotic potential of Lactobacillus plantarum with the cell adhesion properties

Article

Dec 2018

The uses of microbes as functional food maintain health and prevent many disease and disorder. The isolation and research of new strains of probiotic strains especially lactobacilli proven to be useful to satisfy the increasing demand of the population. In the current study, the probiotic potential of Lactobacillus strains isolated from sheep milk was investigated. The Lactobacillus strains were identified and evaluated for tolerance against gastric acidity and bile toxicity, along with the adhesion to HT-29 cells. The study proved the antimicrobial activities and antibiotic susceptibility. Survival of the strains through the host intestine was examined by the 12 week Wister rat feeding and faecal analysis trial. The in-vivo trials not only proved the adhesion but also the survival of the Lactobacillus plantarum MCC 3595 inside the intestinal lumen of the host. Thus, the isolated strain can act as the functional food by the further clinical investigation.

Shelf life stability of encapsulated lactic acid bacteria isolated from Sheep milk thrived in different milk as natural media

Article

Sep 2018
SMALL RUMINANT RES

Four types of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from sheep milk and identified by physiological, biochemical and 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. These LAB were thrived in the milk of cow, buffalo, goat, and sheep and hence characterized for colony forming unit (cfu). It is revealed that in case of buffalo milk the cfu count was found higher ∼14 × 10¹⁰ cfu mL⁻¹ comparative to other milk treated samples. Thus, this was further selected for various stress tolerance studies such as in vitro bile salt, pH, and other biochemical studies. The shelf life of LAB was also studied and found to be enhanced by encapsulation using maltodextrin and starch (2:1) by spray dry technique. The effect of maintenance temperature on shelf life stability of encapsulated LAB was found highest; 82 ± 2.5% at 4 °C after 12 months study as compared to 37 °C.

Skin microbiota-host interactions

Article

Jan 2018
NATURE

The skin is a complex and dynamic ecosystem that is inhabited by bacteria, archaea, fungi and viruses. These microbes-collectively referred to as the skin microbiota-are fundamental to skin physiology and immunity. Interactions between skin microbes and the host can fall anywhere along the continuum between mutualism and pathogenicity. In this Review, we highlight how host-microbe interactions depend heavily on context, including the state of immune activation, host genetic predisposition, barrier status, microbe localization, and microbe-microbe interactions. We focus on how context shapes the complex dialogue between skin microbes and the host, and the consequences of this dialogue for health and disease.

Venom of the Peruvian snake Bothriopsis oligolepis: Detection of antibacterial activity and involvement of proteolytic enzymes and C-type lectins in growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus

Article

May 2017

There is a rising interest in snake venoms proteins (SVPs) because these macromolecules are related to pharmacological properties that manifest themselves during poisoning and can lead to secondary microbial infections. Interestingly, researchers have somehow neglected the antimicrobial activity of SVPs. The aims of this study were: (i) to verify whether the venom of the Peruvian snake Bothriopsis oligolepis displays such activity; (ii) to isolate and identify some its antimicrobial constituents. Liquid growth inhibition assays revealed that the crude venom inhibited the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but not of Candida species. Fractionation of the venom by anion-exchange chromatography provided fractions P2, P4 and P8 active against S. aureus. Fractionation of P2 or P8 by gel-filtration chromatography and of P4 by RP-HPLC furnished the sub-fractions P2-I, P8-II and P4-II, respectively, being both active against S. aureus. Analyses of these sub-fractions by SDS-PAGE under denaturing/reducing conditions evidenced SVPs with 59–73, 27 and 14–28 kDa, respectively. Their in-gel tryptic digestion gave peptide fragments, whose sequencing by MALDI-TOF/MS followed by protein BLAST analysis allowed identifying PIII metalloprotease(s) [SVMP(s)], in P2-I, serine protease(s), [SVMP(s)], in P4-II and lectin(s) in P8-II. Detection of gelatinolytic activity in P2-I and P4-II reinforced the existence of PIII-SVMP(s) and SVSP(s), respectively. Activation of the coagulation cascade intrinsic pathway by P8-II (probably by interaction with factors IX and/or X as some snake C-type lectins do) supported the presence of C-type lectin(s). Altogether, these new findings reveal that the venom of the Peruvian snake Bothriopsis oligolepis displays antibacterial activity and that the isolated SVMP(s), SVSP(s) and C-type lectin(s) are associated to its ability to inhibit the growth of S. aureus.

Infection after fracture fixation: Current surgical and microbiological concepts

Article

Sep 2016

One of the most challenging complications in trauma surgery is infection after fracture fixation (IAFF). IAFF may result in permanent functional loss or even amputation of the affected limb in patients who may otherwise be expected to achieve complete, uneventful healing. Over the past decades, the problem of implant related bone infections has garnered increasing attention both in the clinical as well as preclinical arenas; however this has primarily been focused upon prosthetic joint infection (PJI), rather than on IAFF. Although IAFF shares many similarities with PJI, there are numerous critical differences in many facets including prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Admittedly, extrapolating data from PJI research to IAFF has been of value to the trauma surgeon, but we should also be aware of the unique challenges posed by IAFF that may not be accounted for in the PJI literature. This review summarizes the clinical approaches towards the diagnosis and treatment of IAFF with an emphasis on the unique aspects of fracture care that distinguish IAFF from PJI. Finally, recent developments in anti-infective technologies that may be particularly suitable or applicable for trauma patients in the future will be briefly discussed.

The physiology of wound healing and wound assessment

Article

Sep 2001
Br J Perioperat Nurs

Damian Muncaster

Wound healing is a complex and remarkable process that occurs when the body responds to trauma. It requires the interaction of several intricate processes with the ultimate aim being to maintain homeostasis. With advances in surgery and increases in the amount of surgery being undertaken, research into wound healing has become of great importance. Providing the optimum conditions for wounds to heal is of great significance as pressures on nursing and hospital resources become ever greater.

The Insight of Body’s Immune System, Inflammation and Damages in Wound Healing- The review

Abstract and Figures

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