Content uploaded by Waill Ahmed Elkhateeb
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Waill Ahmed Elkhateeb on Sep 06, 2021
Content may be subject to copyright.
Open Access Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
ISSN: 2574-7797
MEDWIN PUBLISHERS
Commied to Create Value for researchers
Highlights on the Wood Blue-Leg Mushroom Clitocybe Nuda and Blue-Milk Mushroom Lactarius
Indigo Ecology and Biological Activities
Pharm Res
Highlights on the Wood Blue-Leg Mushroom Clitocybe Nuda and
Blue-Milk Mushroom Lactarius Indigo Ecology and Biological
Activities
Elkhateeb WA* and Daba GM
Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical Industries
Researches Division, National Research Centre, Egypt
*Corresponding author: Waill A Elkhateeb, Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products
Department, Pharmaceutical Industries Researches Division, National Research Centre, El
Buhouth St., Dokki, 12311, Giza, Egypt, Email: waillahmed@yahoo.com
Review Article
Volume 5 Issue 3
Received Date: August 09, 2021
Published Date: September 06, 2021
DOI: 10.23880/oajpr-16000249
Abstract
The need to improve the life quality together with the increase in the frequency of treating diseases attracted the attention
of many researches to view food as a source of nutritional and therapeutical agents. Since earliest times, several mushrooms
have been reported as a nutritious food with valuable medicinal properties. The genus Clitocybe and Lactarius belonging to
Basidiomycota fungi, is a potential group of edible mushrooms that are distributed in Europe, North America, Asia, Australia
and Mexico. The studies on Clitocybe nuda and Lactarius indigo species have revealed high nutritional and medicinal potentials.
This review aims to present Clitocybe and Lactarius genus importance as both food and medicine, and which will offer a new
vision to researchers to develop new drugs from natural sources.
Keywords: Medicinal Mushrooms; Clitocybe nuda; Lactarius Indigo; Biological Activities
Introduction
Mushrooms (Phylum Basidiomycota and Ascomycota)
naturally produce numerous substances with
bioactive properties such as antitumoral, antidiabetic,
immunomodulatory, antioxidant, trypanocide,
[1-10]. The research on new substances have biological
activities especially as antimicrobial is highly necessary,
due to the emergence of resistant bacterial strains and
new opportunistic species. Mushrooms produce a variety
of bioactive compounds that are known to have a potential
source of biological activities. Natural antioxidants can
protect against free radicals without any side effects. For
millennia, mushrooms have been valued by humankind as an
edible and medical resource. The Basidiomycetes mushrooms
are famous for their use as sources of therapeutic bioactive
compounds, such as Geastrum fimbriatum and Hydnellum
peckii which exhibit promising anticoagulant activity.
Handkea utriformis, Hericium erinaceus, Sparassis crispa,
Agaricus blazei and Ganoderma oregonense have wound-
healing capabilities, Trametes versicolor and Dictyophora
indusiata show promising antioxidant, antimicrobial,
antihyperlipidemia, antitumor and immunity enhancement
effects, Fomes fomentarius and Polyporus squamosus have
[3,5,10-17].
Many mushroom genera are famous for their promising
therapeutic capabilities and one of the mushrooms attracting
attention is Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi), Lentinus edodes
Open Access Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
2
Elkhateeb WA and Daba GM. Analytical Method Development and Validation of Tramadol
Hydrochloride by Pharmaceutical Dosage Form by Ultraviolet Spectroscopy. Pharm Res 2021, 5(3):
000249.
Copyright© Elkhateeb WA and Daba GM.
(Shiitake), Inonotus obliquus (Chaga) and many others have
been collected and used for hundreds of years in Korea, China,
Japan, and eastern Russia. Those practices still form the basis
All these vital activities have been reported from extracts of
fruit bodies of these mushrooms or their biologically active
isolated compounds [18-28]. Polysaccharides are the best
known and most potent mushroom derived substances with
antitumor and immunomodulating properties. Biologically
active polysaccharides are widespread among higher
Basidiomycetes mushrooms, and most of them have unique
structures in different species. Moreover, different strains
of one Basidiomycetes or Ascomycetes species can produce
polysaccharides with different properties [29-39]. This
review describes pharmacologically active compounds from
mushrooms.
Clitocybe Nuda
Clitocybe nuda also known as Lepista nuda, and
sometimes given the common name “blewit or blue-Leg
mushroom. Clitocybe nuda belonging to; Basidiomycota;
Class: Agaricomycetes; Order: Agaricales; Family
Tricholomataceae. Clitocybe nuda is fairly easily recognized
when fresh and young, but older specimens can be confused
with many potential look-alikes. Gorgeous shades of lilac
and lavender on the cap, gills, and stem fade quickly; the cap
becomes brownish, and the gills and stem fade to buff. But
this color transformation is one of the mushroom›s unique
features, along with its pale pinkish spore print, its lack of
a partial veil, and its tendency to grow in plenty on organic
remains. Clitocybe nuda may look innocent enough, from a
human perspective, Clitocybe nuda sends out tiny hyphae
that penetrate bacteria colonies and kill them, sucking up
their nutrients.
Clitocybe nuda ecology: Saprobic; growing alone,
scattered, or in clusters in organic debris in woods or in
urban locations; late summer and fall; widely distributed
in North America. Cap: 4-20 cm; convex with an enrolled
or with an uplifted, wavy margin in age; surface smooth,
the center; usually dull purple, or purplish with brown
lighter. Gills: Attached to the stem sometimes by a notch or
beginning to run down it; close or crowded; pale lavender
to lilac, fading to buff, pinkish buff, or brownish. Stem: 3-10
cm long; 1-3 cm thick at apex; equal, or enlarged at the base;
or colored like the gills; becoming brownish in age; base
often covered with lilac to buff mycelium. Flesh: Thick; soft;
purplish to lilac-buff or whitish. Odor and Taste: Taste not
distinctive, pleasant, or slightly bitter; odor fragrant. Spore
Print: Pinkish. Microscopic Details: Spores 5.5-8 x 3.5-5
µ; ellipsoid; roughened or sometimes smooth; in amyloid.
Cystidia absent Pileipellis a cutis of hyphae 1-4 µ wide. Clamp
connections present (Figures 1, 2) [40-43].
Figure 1: Clitocybe nuda, (Photo was taken by: Damon
Tighe. Locality: United States, California, Knowland Park,
Oakland (Cited in: https://mycoportal.org).
Figure 2: Clitocybe nuda, (Photo was taken by Evan Casey.
Locality: United States, California, San Bernardino, Yucaipa
(Cited in: https://mycoportal.org).
Clitocybe nuda biological activities
Clitocybe nuda (Fr.) (Lepista nuda, commonly known
as wood blewit or blue stalk mushroom) is an edible
woodland mushroom found in Europe, North America, Asia,
and Australia [44]. Due to its special cologne and delicate
texture, it has been cultivated in France, Holland, Britain, and
Taiwan. Several bioactive extracts from Clitocybe nuda have
been found to exhibit antioxidant and antimicrobial
properties [45]. Furthermore to its edible properties, many
researchers have conducted biological activity studies on
Clitocybe nuda. Many studies have shown that Clitocybe
nuda mushroom has, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, enzymatic,
antiviral and antiproliferative activities [46]. As a result,
Clitocybe nuda, which is an edible mushroom, has important
medicinal properties in addition to its nutritional properties
[47]. Clitocybe nuda is reported to exhibit many biological
Open Access Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
3
Elkhateeb WA and Daba GM. Analytical Method Development and Validation of Tramadol
Hydrochloride by Pharmaceutical Dosage Form by Ultraviolet Spectroscopy. Pharm Res 2021, 5(3):
000249.
Copyright© Elkhateeb WA and Daba GM.
activities. Clitocybe nuda extract was studied its action on
HL60 (leukemia) and MCF7 (breast cancer) cancer cell lines
with drugs protocatechuic acid, paclitaxel and doxorubicin
against HL-60 cell line with regard to both proliferation and
apoptotic effects (>%75).
Clitocybe nuda was extracted, with 95% ethanol and
the extract showed good antibacterial activity against four
pathogenic foodborne bacteria: Listeria monocytogenes,
Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus
aureus [49,50]. Secondary metabolites of Clitocybe nuda
displayed antimicrobial activity against Phytophthora capsici.
Clitocybe nuda was extracted with
ethanol and chromatographically separated on a Sephadex
LH-20 column and fractionated on a silica gel column to give
eight fractions. These fractions were tested for the ability to
inhibit zoospore germination of Phytophthora capsici. The
chromatography to yield three compounds: 2-methoxy-
5-methyl-6-methoxymethyl-p-benzoquinone, 6-hydroxy-
2H-pyran-3-carbaldehyde, and indole-3-carbaldehyde.
At a concentration of 500 mg/L, indole-3-carbaldehyde
showed complete inhibition of zoospore germination, while
2-methoxy-5-methyl-6-methoxymethyl-p-benzoquinone
and 6-hydroxy-2H-pyran-3-carbaldehyde, showed inhibition
rates of 97 and 86%, respectively.
Clitocybe nuda was studied by
Chen and Huang, and reported that Clitocybe nuda culture
of Colletotrichum higginsianum
Clitocybe nuda contained substances that had the capacity
to completely inhibit spore germination of Alternaria
brassicicola. Clitocybe nuda
suppression of spore germination of Phytophthora capsici
and moderately inhibited spore germination of Fusarium
oxysporum Clitocybe nuda and
Coprinus comatus effectively reduced the disease severity
of Phytophthora blight of pepper caused by Phytophthora
capsici. All these results suggest that substances from
edible mushrooms have the potential to be developed into
biocontrol agents for the control of plant diseases [51].
Lactarius indigo
Lactarius indigo belonging to; Basidiomycota; Class:
Agaricomycetes; Order: Russulales; Family Russulaceae.
Lactarius indigo it is a truly beautiful, blue species that
exudes dark blue milk when damaged with a knife point.
Only Lactarius indigo, Lactarius chelidonium and Lactarius
paradoxus come close in appearance and they only do so when
very young, before they have begun to develop their brown
and yellow shades (they also have yellowish and brown milk,
respectively). Lactarius indigo description; small cap (3-5
cm across), flesh that turns green within a few minutes of
exposure, and a pure white spore print. Lactarius indigo was
found in many diverse ecosystems from oak-hickory forests
to ponderosa pine zones in the southwestern United States to
cloud forests in Mexico. Ecology: Mycorrhizal with oaks and
with pines; growing alone, scattered, or grouped; summer
and fall; fairly widely distributed in North America from
the northeast to the southwestern United States, Texas, and
when fresh; grayish or silvery blue when faded; sometimes
developing brownish areas when old; with concentric zones
of color, or sometimes evenly colored; sticky or slimy when
fresh; bruising and discoloring deep green, especially with
age. Gills: Attached to the stem or beginning to run down
it; close; colored like the cap or a little paler; becoming
nearly yellowish at maturity; staining green. Stem: 2-8 cm
long; 1-2.5 cm thick; equal or tapering to base; sometimes a
usually with potholes on the surface. Flesh: Whitish, turning
indigo blue when cut; staining slowly greenish. Milk: Deep
indigo blue; becoming dark green on exposure. Odor and
Taste: Odor not distinctive; taste mild to (sometimes) slowly,
slightly acrid. Spore Print: Cream. Microscopic Features:
Spores 7-10 x 5.5-7.5 µ; broadly ellipsoid to subglobose;
ornamentation about 0.5 µ high, as amyloid warts and
connecting lines that sometimes form partial reticula.
Pleuromacrocystidia cylindric-ventricose; inconspicuous;
to about 60 x 8 µ. Cheilocystidia inconspicuous; clavate to
subcylindric; to about 30 x 6 µ. Pileipellis an ixocutis (Figures
3, 4) [54, 55].
Figure 3: Lactarius indigo, (Photo was taken by: Patricia R.
Miller. Locality: USA, Mississippi, Grenada, Grenada Dam,
(Cited in: https://mycoportal.org).
Open Access Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
4
Elkhateeb WA and Daba GM. Analytical Method Development and Validation of Tramadol
Hydrochloride by Pharmaceutical Dosage Form by Ultraviolet Spectroscopy. Pharm Res 2021, 5(3):
000249.
Copyright© Elkhateeb WA and Daba GM.
Figure 4: Lactarius indigo, (Photo was taken by Patricia
R. Miller. Locality: USA, Mississippi, Lafayette, Oxford,
Washington Ave. (Cited in: https://mycoportal.org).
Lactarius indigo biological activities
The major role of Lactarius indigo in the world is in
cooking. It is known for its fascinating color and the cultural
significance it has in countries such as Mexico [56]. However,
research has indicated the mushroom has antibacterial
and cytotoxic properties [57]. Bioassays and cytotoxic
assays were created to compare the inhibition of strains
with only hexane and methanol versus with the Lactarius
indigo. When tested against different bacteria, such as
diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains, the Lactarius indigo
inhibited proliferation of certain pathogenic bacteria, the
inhibitory effect depended on the bacteria it was tested
against and the dosage of Lactarius indigo. Overall, the study
indicated possible medicinal properties in L. indigo [57]. Both
aqueous and organic extracts of Lactarius indigo basidiocarp
have pharmacological activity, Ochoa-Zarzosa, et al., show
that the basidiocarp of the edible Lactarius indigo is a source
of pharmacological substances having varied therapeutic
applications, which makes it necessary to perform further
studies in that regard by isolating and characterizing the
molecules responsible for the observed activities [58].
Conclusion
Basidiomycetous mushrooms represented by Clitocybe
nuda and Lactarius indigo have a rich history of use as a food
source and well-claimed medicinal properties. This review
summarises a number of sources with details of nutritional
to antitumor, health-promoting nutrients and others). Despite
these advances, there is much we have yet to understand and
these hypogeal fruiting Basidiomycetes prove to be a fruitful
source of novel medicinal compounds.
References
1. Elkhateeb WA, Daba GM, Thomas PW, Wen TC (2019)
Medicinal mushrooms as a new source of natural
therapeutic bioactive compounds. Egypt Pharmaceu J
18(2): 88-101.
2. Elkhateeb WA, Daba GM, Elnahas M, Thomas P,
bioactivities of Cerioporus squamosus hydromethanolic
extract. Biodiversitas 21(10): 4732-4740.
3. Elkhateeb WA, Daba G (2020) The endless nutritional
Cordyceps; Current knowledge and prospective
potentials. Biofarmasi Journal of Natural Product
Biochemistry 18(2): 70-77.
4. Elkhateeb WA, Daba GM (2020) Termitomyces Marvel
Medicinal Mushroom Having a Unique Life Cycle. Open
Access Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 4(1): 1-4.
5. Daba GM, Elkhateeb W, EL Dien AN, Fadl E, Elhagrasi A,
et al. (2020) Therapeutic potentials of n-hexane extracts
of the three medicinal mushrooms regarding their anti-
colon cancer, antioxidant, and hypocholesterolemic
capabilities. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
21(6): 1-10.
6. Elkhateeb WA (2020) What medicinal mushroom can
do?. Chem Res J 5(1): 106-118.
7. Elkhateeb WA, Daba GM, Elmahdy EM, Thomas PW,
Wen TC, et al. (2019) Antiviral potential of mushrooms
in the light of their biological active compounds. ARC J
Pharmac Sci 5(2): 45-49.
8. El-Hagrassi A (2020) In vitro bioactive potential and
chemical analysis of the n-hexane extract of the medicinal
mushroom, Cordyceps militaris. Malays J Microbiol 16(1):
40-48.
9. Elkhateeb WA, Daba GM, El-Dein AN, Sheir DH, Fayad W, et
al. (2020) Insights into the in-vitro hypocholesterolemic,
antioxidant, antirotavirus, and anticolon cancer
activities of the methanolic extracts of a Japanese lichen,
Candelariella vitellina, and a Japanese mushroom,
Ganoderma applanatum. Egyptian Pharmaceutical
Journal 19(1): 67.
10. Elkhateeb WA, Elnahas MO, Thomas PW, Daba GM (2019)
To Heal or Not to Heal? Medicinal Mushrooms Wound
Healing Capacities. ARC Journal of Pharmaceutical
Sciences 5(4): 28-35.
11. Elkhateeb WA, Daba GM, Elnahas MO, Thomas PW
Open Access Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
5
Elkhateeb WA and Daba GM. Analytical Method Development and Validation of Tramadol
Hydrochloride by Pharmaceutical Dosage Form by Ultraviolet Spectroscopy. Pharm Res 2021, 5(3):
000249.
Copyright© Elkhateeb WA and Daba GM.
(2019) Anticoagulant capacities of some medicinal
mushrooms. ARC J Pharma Sci 5(4): 1-9.
12. Elkhateeb W, Elnahas MO, Paul W, Daba GM (2020)
Fomes fomentarius and Polyporus squamosus models
of marvel medicinal mushrooms. Biomed Res Rev 3(1):
1-4.
13. Elkhateeb WA, Daba GM (2021) Mycotherapy of the
good and the tasty medicinal mushrooms Lentinus,
Pleurotus, and Tremella. Journal of Pharmaceutics and
Pharmacology Research 4(2): 1-6.
14. Elkhateeb WA, Daba GM (2021) The Fascinating Bird’s
Nest Mushroom, Secondary Metabolites and Biological
Activities. International Journal of Pharma Research and
Health Sciences 9(1): 3265-3269.
15. Elkhateeb WA, Daba GM, and Gaziea SM (2021) The Anti-
Nemic Potential of Mushroom against Plant-Parasitic
Nematodes, Open Access Journal of Microbiology &
Biotechnology 6(1): 1-6.
16. Elkhateeb WA, Elnahas MO, Thomas PW, Daba GM
(2020) Trametes Versicolor and Dictyophora Indusiata
Champions of Medicinal Mushrooms. Open Access
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 4(1): 1-7.
17. Thomas PW, Elkhateeb WA, Daba GM (2020) Chaga
(Inonotus obliquus): a medical marvel but a conservation
dilemma?. Sydowia 72: 123-130.
18. Sharma SK, Gautam N (2017) Chemical and bioactive
19. Jais HM, Tajuddin R, Iffendy KA (2014) Macrofungi of a
20. Kuo M, Methven A (2010) 100 cool mushrooms.
University of Michigan Press.
21. Kamalakannan A, Syamala M, Sankar P, Shreedevasena
M, Ajay M (2020) Mushrooms–A Hidden Treasure. JPS
22.
mushrooms. Nut Bull 35(4): 292-299.
23. Hobbs C (2002) Medicinal mushrooms: an exploration
of tradition, healing, and culture. Book Publishing
Company, pp: 1-402.
24. Rathee S, Rathee D, Rathee D, Kumar V, Rathee P (2012)
Mushrooms as therapeutic agents. Braz J Pharmacog
22(2): 459-474.
25. Xu T, Beelman R (2015) The bioactive compounds in
medicinal mushrooms have potential protective effects
against neurodegenerative diseases. Adv Food Technol
Nut Sci 1(2): 62-66.
26. Halpern G (2007) Healing mushrooms. Garden City Park,
New York, USA: Square One Publishers Inc., pp. 1-194.
27. Rahi D, Malik D (2016) Diversity of mushrooms and
their metabolites of nutraceutical and therapeutic
28. De Silva D, Rapior S, Sudarman E, Stadler M, Jianchu X,
et al. (2013) Bioactive metabolites from macrofungi:
ethnopharmacology, biological activities and chemistry.
Fungal Div 62: 1-40.
29. Vandegrift R (2014) Newsletter of the Mycological
Society of America. Mycologia 65: 6.
30. Mortimer PE, Xu J, Karunarathna SC, Hyde KD (2014)
mushrooms of the Mekong region. Kunming: The World
Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF).
31. Venkatachalapathi A, Paulsamy S (2016) Exploration of
wild medicinal mushroom species in Walayar valley, the
Southern Western Ghats of Coimbatore District Tamil
Nadu. Mycosphere 7(2): 118-130.
32. Wasser SP (2002) Medicinal mushrooms as a
source of antitumor and immunomodulating
polysaccharides. Applied microbiology and
biotechnology 60(3): 258-274.
33. Lindequist U, Niedermeyer TH, Jülich WD (2005) The
pharmacological potential of mushrooms. Evidence-
based complementary and alternative medicine 2(3):
285-299.
34. Krupodora TA, Barshteyn VY, Zabeida EF, Pokas EV
(2016) Antibacterial Activity of Macromycetes Mycelia
and Culture Liquid. Microbiology and Biotechnology
Letters 44(3): 246-253.
35. Korzeniewska E, Korzeniewska A, Harnisz M (2013)
Antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli in hospital and
municipal sewage and their emission to the environment.
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 91: 96-102.
36. Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, Carmeli Y,
Falagas ME, et al. (2012) Multidrug-resistant, extensively
drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an
international expert proposal for interim standard
and Infection 18(3): 268-281.
Open Access Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
6
Elkhateeb WA and Daba GM. Analytical Method Development and Validation of Tramadol
Hydrochloride by Pharmaceutical Dosage Form by Ultraviolet Spectroscopy. Pharm Res 2021, 5(3):
000249.
Copyright© Elkhateeb WA and Daba GM.
37. Ajith TA, Janardhanan KK (2015) Medicinal Mushroom
Cracked-Cap Polypore, Phellinus rimosus (Higher
Basidiomycetes) Attenuates Acute Ethanol-Induced
Lipid Peroxidation in Mice. International Journal of
Medicinal Mushrooms 17(11): 1061-1067.
38. Alves MJ, Ferreira ICFR, Dias J, Teixeira V, Martins A, et al.
(2012) A review on antimicrobial activity of mushroom
(Basidiomycetes) extracts and isolated compounds.
Planta Medica 78(16): 1707-1718.
39. Rosa LH, Machado KM, Rabello AL, Souza-Fagundes
EM, Correa-Oliveira R, et al. (2009) Cytotoxic,
immunosuppressive, trypanocidal and antileishmanial
activities of Basidiomycota fungi present in Atlantic
Rainforest in Brazil. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 95(3):
227-237.
40. Flores R, Díaz G, Honrubia M (2005) Mycorrhizal
synthesis of Lactarius indigo
Neotropical pine species. Mycorrhiza 15(8): 563-570.
41. Montoya L, Bandala VM (1996) Additional new records
on Lactarius from Mexico. Mycotaxon 57: 425-450.
42. Kalita K, Bezbaroa RN, Kumar R, Pandey S (2016)
Documentation of wild edible mushrooms from
Meghalaya, Northeast India. Current Research in
Environmental & Applied Mycology 6(4): 238-247.
43. DõÂaz G, Flores R, Honrubia M (2007) Lactarius indigo
and L. deliciosus form mycorrhizae with Eurasian or
Neotropical Pinus species. Nine 32: 45.
44. Barros L, Venturini BA, Baptista P, Estevinho LM,
Ferreira IC (2008) Chemical composition and
biological properties of Portuguese wild mushrooms: a
comprehensive study. Journal of Agricultural and Food
Chemistry 56(10): 3856-3862.
45. Chen MH, Lin CH, Shih CC (2014) Antidiabetic and
antihyperlipidemic effects of Clitocybe nuda on glucose
transporter 4 and AMP-activated protein kinase
phosphorylation in high-fat-fed mice. Evidence-Based
Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014: 1-14.
46. Dulger B, Ergul CC, Gucin F (2002) Antimicrobial activity
of the macrofungus Lepista nuda. Fitoterapia 73(7-8):
695-697.
47. Mercan N, Duru ME, Turkoglu A, Gezer K, Kivrak I, et
al. (2006) Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of
ethanolic extract from Lepista nuda (Bull.) Cooke. Annals
of Microbiology 56(4): 339-344.
48. Özmen
apoptotic activity of edible mushroom Lepista nuda (Bull.)
Cooke on leukemia and breast cancer compared with
protocatechuic acid, paclitaxel and doxorubicin. Indian
Journal of Experimental Biology (IJEB) 59(3): 147-152.
49. Bo L (2012) Antibacterial activities of Clitocybe nuda
extract on foodborne pathogens (Doctoral dissertation).
50. Hou Z (2013) Antibacterial activities of secondary
metabolites from Clitocybe nuda (Doctoral dissertation).
51. Chen JT, Huang JW (2010) Antimicrobial activity of edible
Pathology Bulletin 19: 261-270.
52. Lamus V, Montoya L, Aguilar CJ, Bandala VM, Ramos D
(2012) Ectomycorrhizal association of three Lactarius
species with Carpinus and Quercus trees in a Mexican
montane cloud forest. Mycologia 104(6): 1261-1266.
53. Ban SE, CHO, DH (2011) Study on Korean
Basidiomycetes. Korean Journal of Nature Conservation
9(3-4): 153-161.
54. Rogers C (2005) Database of the Macrofungi of the
Monteverde Reserve. CIEE, Monteverde, Costa Rica, pp:
260-70.
55. Guzmán G (2008) Diversity and use of traditional
Mexican medicinal fungi. A Review. International Journal
of Medicinal Mushrooms 10(3): 209-217.
56. Montoya A, Hernández-Totomoch O, Estrada-Torres
A, Kong A, Caballero J (2003) Traditional knowledge
about mushrooms in a Nahua community in the state of
Tlaxcala, México. Mycologia 95(5): 793-806.
57. Zarzosa AO, Garcidueñas S, Fuentes V, Marrufo G (2011)
Antibacterial and cytotoxic activity from basidiocarp
extracts of the edible mushroom Lactarius indigo (Schw.)
Fr. (Russulaceae). African Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmacology 5(2): 281-288.
58. Ochoa-Zarzosa A, Vázquez-Garcidueñas MS, Robinson-
Fuentes VA, Vázquez-Marrufo G (2011) Antibacterial
and cytotoxic activity from basidiocarp extracts
of the edible mushroom Lactarius indigo (Schw.)
Fr.(Russulaceae). African Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmacology 5(2): 281-288.