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Safety Hazards Along Animal Food Supply Chain in Nigeria
Abstract
Nigeria, like many other developing countries is actively promoting agricultural and food production to confront the challenge of providing adequate food supply. The Nigerian national food hygiene and safety policy was enacted to ensure the sale and consumption of wholesome food. However, our studies on Nigeria’s animal food safety status revealed that farm-to-fork; production, processing and sales procedures are sub-optimal. Additionally, there is a gap between research on possible impacts on human health, policy development and implementation. For example, antibiotics misuse by livestock farmers has impeded efficiency of antibiotic treatments leaving harmful residues in animal products. Control systems for animal food quality and safety should therefore range from operators along the food chain being well-informed, to external regulatory bodies. Animal food safety legislation should be followed by surveillance and collaboration among stakeholders (relevant governmental competent authorities, academia, non-governmental organisations, and industries) for effective planning and execution of Nigeria’s food hygiene and safety agenda. Food safety advisory/extension services is also advocated both to bridge the current gap as well as aid in the monitoring and evaluation of the different aspects of food safety from farm through processing, storage, conveyance, marketing to the table of consumers.
... Livestock diseases instigate numerous losses such as the death of the animal, treatment cost, yield loss, and decline in product acceptability (Govindaraj et al. 2021;Charlier et al. 2020). Livestock supply chain effectiveness may be hamper due to the unavailability of input and production risk (Abu Hatab et al. 2021;Adeyemo et al. 2021). The risk related to the livestock supply chain is directly impacts the farmer's income and their investment decision. ...
... The next highest risk dimension is the "production risk" among the identified risk dimensions, under the "production risk" the priority of the risk is as follows: "lack of proper living infrastructure" > "illness/Injury/ disability of animal" > epidemic attack such as foot and mouth disease" > "production loss due to drought and flood" > "theft." Previous studies also express that production risk which includes the disease and climatic risk are among the top risk category across the livestock supply chain (Govindaraj et al. 2021;Adeyemo et al. 2021;Cao et al. 2019;Nardone et al. 2010;Meuwissen et al. 2001). Government should focus on environmental quality (Rafei et al. 2022;Chen et al. 2022). ...
The purpose of the study is to identify and assess the risks related to the livestock supply chain. The major risk related to the livestock supply chain are identified through the comprehensive literature review and finalized with the help of the expert's feedback. Initially, seventeen major livestock supply chain risks are finalized, and these risks are categorized into four major dimensions. Further, analytical hierarchical process (AHP) is used to prioritize these identified major risks based on their severity. Finally, sensitivity analysis is conducted to check the robustness of the risk priorities. The result shows that "input supply risk" is the most significant risk dimension followed by "production risk," "post-harvest risk," and "marketing & price risk." The finding also suggests that "poor quality and under supply of feed and fodder," "lack of proper waste disposal," and "absence of certification for the quality of animals" are the major risks among all seventeen risks. The highest priority risks are input supply risks which require the attention of the livestock supply chain partners. The proposed research framework is used to identify and analyze the livestock supply chain risks. The findings of this research might be beneficial for the farmers and other livestock supply chain stakeholders in developing policies/plans/strategies to control the risk in their livestock supply chain.
... "We don't seek for veterinary services when chickens are sick because of the slow response we get from them, but we call them only to fumigate the market premises". Lack of access to veterinary services is a common subject consistently raised as a concern among livestock producers in the country, and one of the perceived reasons for antimicrobial misuse [1,[26][27][28]. Although AMU in animals for prophylaxis and metaphylaxis may have been substantially reduced in high-income countries, it is still a challenge in developing countries. ...
Live bird markets (LBM) remain a critical link from farm to fork in the poultry value chain, which oftentimes promotes indiscriminate antimicrobial use (AMU) and resistance (AMR). In this study, we assessed biosecurity practices, AMU, and associated these with multidrug resistant (MDR) E. coli in LBMs in Abeokuta, Ogun State. A cross-sectional survey among live bird sellers (LBS) in eight LBMs was conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire. Also, cloacal samples (n = 200) were randomly collected and pooled for bacteriological detection of MDR E. coli in live chickens of consenting LBS. Susceptibility to 14 antimicrobials belonging to 6 different classes was determined using the disk diffusion method. Biosecurity level and AMU were generally low. LBS less than 46 years were 6.8-fold more likely to fall within the poor biosecurity level (Crudes odds ratio = 6.8; 95% CI; 1.20-38.56; p = 0.03) than others. An informal or primary school education increased the odds of having a poor practice of AMU by 15.1 folds (Crudes odds ratio = 15.1; 95% CI; 2.73-84.18; p = 0.002) than those with secondary or tertiary. The prevalence of E. coli and MDR E. coli at the LBM level were 80% and 56.3%, respectively. Extremely high resistance rates were observed for ceftazidime (96.9%) and imipenem (90.6%). The odds of MDR E. coli increased eight-fold in poultry kept by LBS who use AMs as prophylaxis. This current data could be useful for the development of targeted behavioral risk communication and mitigation strategies for AMR to impede the potential horizontal transfer of AMR genes to humans through animal-sourced food.
The extensive use and misuse of antimicrobials for treatment and prophylaxis in livestock production generally and aquaculture in particular is of great concern to environmental and public health. In Nigeria, regulation and monitoring of aquaculture and other livestock production activities at best is lax. Drug resistance pathogens have therefore been consistently reported in Nigeria.
Ninety-eight adult live fishes weighing an average of 684.88±141.73g were purchased at random from different live-fish selling points fortnightly over a fourteen-week period. Fish were anaesthetized using Tricaine Methane Sulfonate (MS222 and 15g of muscle excised and processed according to standard methods. Growth, isolation and characterization of Aeromonas hydrophila was accomplished using Rimler-Shotts agar medium which had been infused with ampicillin supplement for 24 hours and incubated at 37oC and appropriate biochemical tests.
Ten positive isolates (AH1-AH10) were subjected to culture and sensitivity test using the disc diffusion method on nutrient agar. Zones of growth inhibition around the colonies were observed, measured and characterized as sensitive, intermediate and resistant based on the Manual of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing method. All the isolates had MAR >0.2. Isolate AH9 had the highest MAR index (1). Three of the isolates (AH3, AH5 and AH8) had MAR indices of 0.89, while AH2, AH4 and AH7 had MAR indices of 0.67. This study established the resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila isolates from fish muscle to a wide range of antibiotic. The detection of high MAR A. hydrophila in muscle of fish intended for consumption is significant and could act as a potential source of resistant bacteria for humans. Further investigation into antimicrobial resistance is recommended.
Poultry production contributes largely to the Nigerian economy. However,
antibiotics misuse by poultry farmers has resulted in multidrug resistance and
impeded efficiency of antibiotic treatments in the industry. The study was carried
out to assess antibiotic usage in commercial poultry farms. A survey using
a structured farm-manager questionnaire was conducted to obtain information
on socioeconomic characteristics of the farm owners or managers, the types of
antibiotics used, their frequency and purpose of use, the awareness of antibiotics
usage and associated consequences, and farmers’ preferred channels of information
on prudent antibiotic usage. The respondents’ level of education was
university or equivalent (70.9%), high school (12.6%), or no formal education
(13.6%). Antibiotics were primarily used for prophylaxis (> 60%) and therapeutics
(< 15%). Gentamicin (76.7%) was the most used, followed by tetracycline
(64.1%), enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin (57.3%), furazolidone (49.5%), streptomycin
(46.6%), furaltadone (43.7%), chloramphenicol (41.7%), penicillin
(25.2%), erythromycin (24.3%), and nalidixic acid (11.7%). About half of the
farms used banned furazolidone and chloramphenicol. In total 82 (79.6%) farmers
were aware that the use of random antibiotics in the treatment of improperly
diagnosed diseases can lead to antibiotic resistance. However 73 (70.9%) were
less aware that antibiotics misuse in animals poses a serious threat to human
health. Antibiotics were not prudently used by poultry producers, whose lack
of awareness may contribute to the issue. It is anticipated that the results of this
survey will assist in developing relevant policies toward controlling antibiotic
use in poultry farms in Nigeria.
The reprotoxic effects of malachite green on Clarias gariepinus was investigated in this study. Male and female broodstock were exposed to malachite green preparation at 20 mg mL-1 stock solution dissolved in 20 L of well-aerated water for 45 min. After which fish were removed and placed in fresh water. Treatment was repeated every other day for three treatments; after which spawning was artificially induced. Malachite green had a significantly detrimental effect on reproduction outcome, including egg and milt quality and hatchability. Histological assessments revealed distorted and necrotic eggs, disrupted and depleted seminiferous tubules in the testes. Additionally, in other organs harvested from sacrificed male broodstock, there was local degeneration of the skin. The use of malachite green should be discouraged in Nigerian aquaculture industry by imposing and enforcing a ban on its usage. This is both necessary for sustainable aquaculture production and public health protection. Furthermore, the potential of alternative parasiticides, like humic acid and chlorine dioxide, should be explored to replace malachite green.
Antibiotics are used by the veterinarians and poultry industry to enhance growth rates, health of the birds, feed efficiency, egg production and for therapeutic reasons to reduce the incidence of poultry diseases. Antibiotics had been used in poultry production for both therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. Most poultry farmers in Nigeria have employed the use of various antibiotics with or without the guidance of veterinarians. Although antibiotics benefit most of its uses, the illegal use of these drugs has led to the accumulation of toxic antibiotic residues in edible poultry products destined for human consumption. And this poses a major threat and hazard to the public that could be toxicological, microbiological or immunological. Several analytical techniques are available to screen edible poultry products with levels of toxic antibiotic residues. Drug withdrawal period and maximum residue level of antibiotics should be strictly observed in treated birds before any poultry product (meat or eggs) is passed " wholesome " for human consumption. There are still few researches addressing this major public health problem coupled with lack of awareness in Nigeria. Therefore, there is need for public enlightenment campaign on the dangers of antibiotic residues in edible poultry tissues and products to the teeming populace and restriction and regulation of indiscriminate use of antibiotics in poultry production and industry to curb the incidence of this public health hazard in Nigeria.
This study was carried out to isolate, characterise and identify bacteria from diseased Clarias gariepinus and
also assess the occurrence of resistance to antimicrobial in isolated bacteria. Samples of diseased African Catfish were collected for a period of six weeks from consenting farms in Ibadan and Ikorodu in Nigeria and examined for clinical signs of disease. Pond water samples along with organs such as gills, skin, intestine, kidney and lungs from these fish were analyzed microbiologically using differential and selective media. Bacteria enumeration, identification and biochemical characterization were carried out and the physiochemical parameters of the water samples determined. All isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity test using the standard Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The total bacterial load for the organs ranged between 3.0 x 104 (lungs sample) and 6.0 x 107cfu/g (gill sample). The gills had the highest average total bacterial count, while lungs had the least. Morphologically unique bacterial isolates obtained
included Salmonella (14 isolates), Pseudomonas (4 isolates), Aeromonas (2 isolates), Edwardsiella (3 isolates) and Shigella (3 isolates). These isolates displayed antibiotic resistance profile to the following: Ceftazidime (38%), Cefuroxime (77%), Gentamicin (37%), Cefixime (73%), Ofloxacin (23%), Augmentin (66%), Nitrofurantoin (58%) and Ciprofloxacin (15%). Two Salmonella isolates had multi-drug resistance pattern. This study showed that indiscriminate use of unlicensed or unapproved antibiotics for aquaculture portends significant hazards to public health therefore disease prevention is preferable through good culture and health management to ensure optimum yields and wholesome products.
Poultry processing procedures and environment are integral to the quality and safety of meat derived from poultry. The existing practices used in the slaughter and processing of poultry and the disposition of poultry workers towards poultry inspection in four major live bird markets in Kaduna were evaluated using structured questionnaires administered to 30 marketers, 51 processors, 19 marketers/processors and each market manager respectively. Background public health regulations related to poultry production and processing as provided within the Meat Law (1968), Food and Drug Act (1974) and Animal Diseases (Control) Act (1988) were also assessed for gaps that could compromise quality and safety of poultry products in Nigeria. The diseases detectable at postmortem inspection of 1000 poultry carcasses processed in these live bird markets were documented. Live bird market workers were all males mainly between 20-39 years of age and had secondary school education (64%). Majority (51%) consist of poultry processors, largely ignorant of public health laws. Up to 95% and 74% of the workers will welcome routine ante-mortem and post mortem inspection respectively. Lesions related to Newcastle disease had the highest frequency of occurrence (41.6%) amongst inspected birds. Existing laws have made provisions to ensure that animal production and processing are coordinated for the benefits and health of the general populace. Laws evaluated have gaps that could compromise various stages of quality assurance along the poultry value chain, lack specificity in terms of addressing specific issues of poultry hygiene and did not adequately empower the veterinary services to enforce measures that will ensure safe poultry products. Hence, the revised Animal Disease Control Edict and Meat Hygiene Act should be passed into law, Nigerian live poultry market workforce needs training on poultry processing precautionary public health measures, and the use of protective clothing should be made mandatory. Keywords: Inspection, Legislation, Poultry, Processing, Public health
Commercial fishes found in Nigeria have been discovered over several thousand years ago. They are found in the Nigeria water ways such as, stream, lakes, rivers lagoon and even the sea. Notably among the fishes are the Cat fish (Scaly and non-scaly etc.). It has been established that protein from foods of animals origin is dangerously lacking in the diets of Nigerians and most Africans Idodo-Umeh (2003).The supply of meat from games and various domestic animals are not enough to meet the protein demand of the growing population in most African countries (Federal Department of Fisheries, 2003).The importance of fish protein in Nigeria cannot be over emphasized since more than 40% of the animal protein consumed by an average Nigeria comes from fish. Thus the total demand for fish in Nigeria is expected to increase since the population is increasing.