WOUND HEALING EFFICACY OF MEDICINAL PLANT FORMULATIONS -AN OVERVIEW World Journal of Publisher WOUND HEALING EFFICACY OF MEDICINAL PLANT FORMULATIONS - AN OVERVIEW

Abstract

Wound-healing agents derived from plants need to be identified and formulated for treatment and management of wounds. Various herbal products have been used in management and treatment of wounds over the years. The efficacy of plants in wound management is surveyed with respect to the dosage used, the period of complete healing and the standard used.

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ISSN: 2319-8737
S.K. SRIPATHI
L. KANDASAMY
Sripathi et al., World Journal of Pharmacy 2014; 2(1):313-336
WOUND HEALING EFFICACY OF MEDICINAL PLANT FORMULATIONS – AN
OVERVIEW

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Sripathi et al., World Journal of Pharmacy 2014; 2(1):313-336
ISSN: 2319-8737
Research Article
WOUND HEALING EFFICACY OF MEDICINAL PLANT FORMULATIONS –
AN OVERVIEW
*Shubashini K. Sripathi and Logeeswari Kandasamy
Department of Chemistry, Avinashilingam Institute for Homescience and Higher Education for
Women - University, Coimbatore, TamilNadu, South India – 641043.
ABSTRACT
Wound-healing agents derived from plants need to be identified and formulated for treatment and
management of wounds. Various herbal products have been used in management and treatment of wounds
over the years. The efficacy of plants in wound management is surveyed with respect to the dosage used,
the period of complete healing and the standard used.
Key words: Wound healing plants, ointment base and formulation.
INTRODUCTION
Plants and their extracts have immense potential
for the management and treatment of wounds.
The presence of various life sustaining
constituents in plants has urged scientists to
examine these plants with a view to determine
potential wound healing properties. In the
developed countries 25 percent of the medical
drugs are based on plants and their derivatives
(Principe, 2005), and the use of medicinal plants
is well known among the indigenous people in
rural areas of many developing countries. The
medicinal value bestowed upon plants is due to
their phytochemical components comprising
alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and other phenolic
compounds, which produce a definite
physiological action on the human body.
Scientific reports have also shown that leaves of
plants are major sources of antioxidants,
antimicrobials and phytochemicals with
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Research & Review
World Journal
Of
Pharmacy
Corresponding Author: Dr. S.K. Sripathi
E-mail: adusks@gmail.com
Mobile No. : 09842267798
Received on 01 February, 2014;
Revised on 05 February, 2014;
Accepted on 11 February, 2014.

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ISSN: 2320-561X
medicinal values. Today a substantial number of
drugs are developed from plants (Fabricant et al.,
2001) which are active against a number of
diseases. The majority of these involve the
isolation of the active ingredient (chemical
compound) found in a particular medicinal plant
and its subsequent modification. Nowadays, the
traditional usage of medicinal plants for wound
healing has received much attention by the
scientific community. The World Health
Organization (WHO) has been promoting
traditional medicine as a source of less
expensive, comprehensive medical care,
especially in developing countries. Eight percent
of the world’s population relies on medicinal
plants for their primary health care (Sanjay Jain
et al., 2007; Farooqi, et al., 2001; Vaibhav
Shinde et al., 2007). Wound healing is the
process of repair that follows injury to the skin
and other soft tissues. The objective in wound
management is to heal the wound in the shortest
time possible, with minimal pain, discomfort and
scarring to the patient. The rapidity of wound
healing depends to a considerable extent on the
contraction that begins a few days after injury
and continues for several weeks (Alison, M.R.
1992).Healing is not complete until the disrupted
surfaces are firmly knit by collagen (Govindrajan
et al., 2007). A number of secondary
metabolites/active compounds isolated from
plants have been demonstrated in animal models
(in vivo) as active principles responsible for
facilitating healing of wounds. Some of the most
important ones include tannins from Terminalia
arjuna (Chaudhari and Mengi, 2006), oleanolic
acid from Anredra diffusa (Letts et al., 2006),
polysaccharides from Opuntia ficus-indica
(Trombetta et al., 2006), gentiopicroside,
sweroside and swertiamarine from Gentiana
lutea (Ozturk et al., 2006), shikonin derivatives
from Onosma argentatum (Ozgen et al., 2006),
asiaticoside and other actives from Centalla
asiatica (Maquart et al., 1999; Shukla et al.,
1999a,b; Hong et al., 2005 ), flavonoids from
Hippophae rhamnoides (Fu et al., 2005),
curcumin from Curcuma longa (Jagetia and
Rajanikant, 2004), proanthocyanidins and
reseveratrol from grapes (Brakenhielm et al.,
2001; Khanna et al., 2002), acylated iridoid
glycosides from Scrophularia nodosa (Stevenson
et al., 2002). Reports on the random screening of
plants for their wound healing efficacy have
increased enormously in the last decade. A
comparison of the efficacy of plants in wound
management with respect to the dosage used, the
period of complete healing and the standard used
is given (Table 1). Extracts of the plants studied
have been incorporated in an ointment base in 5-
10% composition mostly and complete healing
equivalent to standard used was observed within
a period ranging from 12-22 days.
CONCLUSION
Of the 167 plants reported over a 4 year period,
Achillea biebersteinii Afan, Adhatoda vasica
Linn, Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f) Wall,
Annona muricara Linn, Avena sativa Linn, Ficus

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deltoidea Linn, Mimosa pudica Linn, Murraya
koenigii Linn, Myristica andamanica Hook.f,
Pedilanthus tithymaloides Linn, Pseudarthria
viscida Linn, Rubus sanctus Schreber, Solanum
xanthocarpum Schrad and Wendl, Sphaeranthus
indicus Linn, Stevia rebaudiana Bert, Tagetes
erecta Linn have higher wound healing potential.
Complete healing in such cases was observed
within 12 at a dosage of 1-5% w/w of ointment.
This review highlights the significance of use of
medicinal plants as wound healing agents.
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Table 1: Comparison of Wound Healing Efficacy of Medicinal Plan.
S.No
Plant name
Concentration
of the Extract
(percentage /
dose) used for
Assay
Number of days
of complete
healing
(equivalent to
standard)
Standard
used
Reference
used
1
Abutilon indicum Linn#
5% w/w
16
Nitrofurazone
Suresh et al., 2011
2
Acacia leucophloea
Wild#
2% w/w
18
Betadine
Suriyamoorthy et al.,
2012
5% w/w
17
3
Acalypha fruticosa
Forssk$
5% w/w
18
Nitrofurazone
Gopalakrishnan et al.,
2010
10% w/w
20
4
Achillea biebersteinii
Afan#
1% w/w
12
Medecassol
Akkol et al., 2011
5
Achillea kellalensis
Bioss & Hausskn+
10% w/w
18
Nitrofurazone
Pirbalouti et al., 2010
6
Achillea millefolium
Linn*
10% w/w
18
Nitrofurazone
Nirmala et al., 2011
7
Achyranthes aspera
Linn#
1% w/w
16
Soframycin
Ghosh et al., 2011
8
Adhatoda vasica Linn+
10% w/w
16
Nitrofurazone
Vinothapooshan et al.,
2010
1% w/w
12
Povidone iodine
Subhashini et al., 2010
9
Aegele marmelos (L.)
corr.serr+
5% w/w
12
Povidone iodine
Solanki et al., 2012
10
Aegle marmelos Linn#
5% w/w
22
Betadine
Sharma et al., 2011
10% w/w
20
11
Aegle marmelos Linn+
5% w/w
15
Povidone iodine
Solanki et al., 2012
12
Ageratum conyzoides
Linn+
10% w/w
16
Soframycin
Sachin et al., 2009
13
Ageratum conyzoides
Linn#
10% w/w
22
Nitrofurazone
Dash et al., 2011
14
Alafia multiflora Stapf#
25 mg
10
Dexamethasone
Tsala et al., 2012
15
Alternanthera brasiliana
Kuntz>
5% w/w
21
Himax
Baura et al, 2009
16
Aloe littoralis Barker&
12.5% v/w
26
Silver
sulfadiazine
Hajhashemi et al.,
2012
100% v/w
24
17
Ammannia baccifera
Linn#
2.5 w/w
15
Framycetin
Rajasekaran et al.,
2012
5% w/w
14

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ISSN: 2320-561X
18
Andrographis paniculata
(Burm.f) Wall+
2% w/w
12
Povidone iodine
Mohanty et al., 2010
19
Annona muricara Linn+
4% w/w
12
NR
Paarakh et al., 2009
20
Anogeissus acuminate
Wall+
1% w/w
18
NR
Hemamalini et al.,
2011
5% w/w
16
10% w/w
16
30% w/w
16
21
Argemone mexicana
Linn*
10% w/w
16
Nitrofurazone
Dash et al., 2011
22
Argyreia nervosa
(Burm.f) Bojer+
15% w/w
16
Mupirocin
Singhal et al., 2011
200 mg/kg p.o
18
23
Arisaema leschenaultii
Blume*
5% w/w
19
Povidone iodine
Suruse et al., 2011
24
Aristolochia bracteata
Linn+
5% w/w
18
Nitrofurazone
Jayasutha et al., 2011
25
Arnebia densiflora
(Nordm.) Ledeb<
10% w/w
14
NR
Kosger et al., 2009
26
Arnebia euchroma
Rolye. (Johnst)@
200 mg/kg/day
16
Silver
sulphadiazine
Pirbalouti et al., 2009
10% w/w
18
Silver
sulphadiazine
Pirbalouti et al., 2011
27
Artocarpus
heterophyllus Lam+
5% w/w
16
Betadine
Gupta et al., 2009
28
Asparagus recemosus
Wild#
200 mg/kg
16
NR
Kodancha et al., 2011
400 mg/kg
18
29
Aspila Africana Fam+
1% w/w
17
Cicatrin
Attama et al., 2011
30
Avena sativa Linn#
1% w/w
12
Madecassol
Akkol et al., 2011
31
Azadirachta indica
A.Juss#
0.22 ml/kg
16
Dexamethasone
Pandey et al., 2012
32
Baliospermum
montanum Wild+
5% w/w
20
Furamyetin
Kumar et al., 2011
33
Barleria cuspidate
Heyne ex Nees#
10% w/w
20
Nitrofurazone
Mazumder et al., 2009
15% w/w
18
34
Bauhinia purpurea
Linn*
2.5% w/w
22
Aloe vera
Ananth et al., 2010
5% w/w
22
35
Bidens pilosa Linn+
100 mg/ml
15
Neomycin
sulfate
Hassan et al., 2011
36
Blechnum orientale
Linn+
1% w/w
17
Povidone iodine
Lai et al., 2011
2% w/w
13
37
Blepharis
maderaspatensis Linn#
2.5% w/w
16
Framycetin
Rajasekaran et al.,
2012
5% w/w
14
38
Bombax malabaricum
D.C!
2% w/w
21
Nitrofurazone
Chandrika et al., 2010
4% w/w
20
39
Brassica juncea Linn+
200 mg/kg
13
Povidone iodine
Malan et al., 2011
40
Bridelia ferruginea
Benth+
5% w/w
18
Gentamycin
Udegbunam et al.,
2011
41
Butea monosperma
Lam*
200 mg/kg b.w
16
Soframycin
Muralidhar et al., 2011
42
Butea monosperma
Lam+
5% w/w
19
Soframycin
Sharma et al., 2012
10% w/w
18

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43
Calotropis gigantean
Linn*
5% w/w
16
Nitrofurazone
Shirsat et al., 2011
10% w/w
14
44
Capparis zeylanica
Linn+
2% w/w
20
Nitrofurazone
Padhan et al., 2011
4% w/w
18
45
Carapa guianensis
Linn*
250 mg/kg
15
NR
Nayak et al., 2011
46
Cassia tora (L.) Roxb+
5% w/w
18
Nitrofurazone
Jayasutha et al., 2011
47
Cassia tora (L.) Roxb#
10% w/w
12
Povidone iodine
Janghel et al., 2012
48
Centella asiatica Linn*
5% w/w
19
NR
Chatterjee et al., 2011
10% w/w
18
49
Centratherum
anthelminticum Linn#
5% w/w
20
Nitrofurazone
Sahoo et al., 2012
10% w/w
18
50
Centrosema pubescens
Benth#
100 mg
17
Nitrofurazone
Ekpo et al., 2011
51
Cinnamomum
zeylanicum Linn+
1.5% w/w
18
Placebo
Farahpour et al., 2012
3% w/w
16
52
Cissus multistrita
Barker+
10% w/w
16
Povidone iodine
Omale James et al.,
2011
53
Cleome rutidosperma
DC#
10% w/w
16
Nitrofurazone
Mondal et al., 2012
54
Cleome viscosa Linn+
5% w/w
16
Neosporin
Panduraju et al., 2011
55
Clerodenron splendens
G.Don#
33% w/w
13
Nitrofurazone
Gbedema et al., 2010
56
Clitoria ternatea Linn*
50 mg
10
Cotrimoxazole
Solanki et al., 2012
500 mg
10
57
Coccinia indica (W.A)#
10% w/w
17
Framycetin
sulphate
Bambal et al., 2011
58
Cocculus pendulus (J.R
and G.Forst.) Diels+
200 mg/kg b.w
23
Povidone iodine
Rabari et al., 2010
400 mg/kg b.w
17
59
Coleus aromaticus
Benth+
5% w/w
20
Povidone iodine
Jain et al., 2012
10% w/w
16
60
Colutea Cilicia Bioss &
Bal#
1% w/w
23
Madecassol
Suntar et al., 2011
61
Cordia macleodii Hook.f
and Thoms*
100 mg
29
Betadine
Bhide et al., 2011
62
Cordia rothii Roem
&Schult+
100 mg/kg b.w
25
Povidone iodine
Hajabhai et al., 2012
200 mg/kg b.w
22
400 mg/kg b.w
18
63
Crinum zeylanicum
Linn#
1% w/w
18
Gentamycin
Yahaya et al., 2011
5% w/w
15
10% w/w
12
64
Crossandra
influndibuliformis Linn+
200 mg/kg
18
Nitrofurazone
Sumalatha, 2012
400 mg/kg
16
65
Croton bonplandianum
Baill+
10% w/w
28
Tocopherol
Divya et al., 2011
66
Curculigo orchioides
Gaertn+
200 mg/ kg
18
Nitrofurazone
Agrahari et al., 2010
400 mg/ kg
16
67
Curcuma aromatica
Salisb+
1% w/w
16
Povidone iodine
Amit Kumar et al.,
2009
2% w/w
18

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68
Curcuma longa Linn and
Cynodon dactylon Linn*
10% w/w
16
Framycetin
Thakare et al., 2011
69
Delonix regia
(Boj.ex.Hook) Raf*
5% w/w
23
Povidone iodine
Khan et al., 2012
10% w/w
21
70
Dodonea viscosa Linn+
5% w/w
18
Povidone iodine
Ramya et al., 2011
10% w/w
20
71
Echium amoenum Fish
and C.A.Mey+
1.5% w/w
24
Eucerin
Farahpour et al., 2012
72
Eichornia crassipes
(Mart) Solms+
10% w/w
20
Nitrofurazone
Ali et al ., 2010
15%w/w
18
73
Elaeis guineensis Jacq+
10% w/w
16
NR
Sasidharan et al., 2010
74
Emblica officinalis
Gaertn+
500 mg/kg b.w
21
Betadine
Agrawal et al., 2012
75
Equisetum arvense Linn+
5% w/w
16
Vaseline-
lanolin
Ozay et al., 2010
10% w/w
14
76
Eriolaena hookeriana
Wt. & Arn#
5% w/w
16
Nitrofurazone
Kumar et al., 2012
77
Eugenia jambolana
Lam+
5% w/w
18
Nitrofurazone
Palanimuthu et al.,
2011
10% w/w
16
78
Euphorbia heterophylla
Linn+
10% w/w
24
Povidone iodine
Omale James et al.,
2010
79
Fagonia schweinfurthii
Hadidi+
10% w/w
20
Betadine
Alqasoumi et al., 2011
20%w/w
19
80
Ficus benghalensis Linn#
200 mg/kg
17
NR
Garg et al., 2011
8% w/w
19
Dexamethasone
Krishna murti et al.,
2011
81
Ficus deltoidea Linn+
5% w/w
13
Intrasite gel
Abdulla et al., 2010
10% w/w
12
82
Ficus religiosa Linn!
5% w/w
17
Nitrofurazone
Nayeem et al., 2009
10% w/w
15
83
Ficus religiosa Linn#
5% w/w
20
Povidone iodine
Kalyon Roy et al.,
2009
10% w/w
18
5% w/w
20
Povidone iodine
Murti et al., 2011
10% w/w
19
84
Galium odoratum (L.)
Scop@
15% w/w
16
Silver
sulfadiazine
Kahkeshani et al.,
2012
30% w/w
20
85
Gossypium herbaceum*
200 mg/kg
10
Povidone iodine
Velmurugan et al.,
2012
86
Gymnema sylvestere
R.Br^
2.5% w/w
14
Carbopol
Kiranmai et al., 2011
87
Gymnosporia
emerginata Wild+
1% w/w
18
NR
Hemamalini et al.,
2011
5% w/w
16
10% w/w
16
30% w/w
16
88
Gynura procumbens
(Lour.) Merr+
100 mg/ml
14
Intasite gel
Zahra et al., 2011
200 mg/ml
13
89
Heliotropium indicum
Linn*
5% w/w
18
Sodium alginate
Ashoka et al., 2011
90
Heliotropium indicum
Linn#
10% w/w
16
Nitrofurazone
Dash et al., 2011
91
Hemidesmus indicus
R.Br+
5% w/w
14
Soframycin
Ganesan et al.,2012

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92
Hibiscus rosa sinensis
Linn*
5% w/w
18
Nitrofurazone
Anusha Bhaskar et al.,
2012
10% w/w
16
93
Ichnocarpus frutescens
R.Br#
1% w/w
18
Framycetin
sulphate
Pandurangan et al.,
2010
2% w/w
20
94
Ipomoea batatas (L.)
Lam#
3% w/w
22
Povidone iodine
Panda et al., 2011
6% w/w
21
10% w/w
18
95
Jasminum grandiflorum
Linn$
250 mg/kg/day
18
Sulfathaizole
Mishra et al., 2010
96
Jasminum sambac
(Linn)+
200 mg/kg b.wt
17
Povidone iodine
Sabharwal et al., 2012
400 mg/kg b.wt
15
97
Jatropha curcas Linn+
5% w/w
18
Gentamycin
Esimone et al., 2009
10% w/w
17
15% w/w
15
5% w/w
22
Silver
sulfadiazine
Sachdeva et al., 2011
10% w/w
19
98
Lantana wightiana Wall+
10% w/w
14
Nitrofurazone
Reddy et al., 2011
99
Lawsonia ulba Linn$
5% w/w
18
Nitrofurazone
Nithya et al., 2011
10% w/w
16
100
Leonotis nepetaefolia
R.Br@
1g
20
Soframycin
Nithya et al ., 2011
2g
20
101
Litsea glutinosa (Lour)
C.B.Rob#
2% w/w
22
Nitrofurazone
Devi et al., 2010
4% w/w
20
102
Luffa cylindrica Linn+
5% w/w
21
Mupirocin
Abirami et al., 2011
10% w/w
18
103
Malva sylvestris Linn@
200 mg/kg/day
16
Silver
sulphadiazine
Pirbalouti et al., 2009
104
Malva sylvestris Linn+
200 mg/kg/day
18
Nitrofurazone
Pirbalouti et al., 2010
200 mg/kg
16
Nitrofurazone
Pirbalouti et al., 2011
105
Melia azedarach Linn+
2% w/w
18
Povidone iodine
Vidya et al., 2012
5% w/w
18
106
Michelia champaca
Linn@
10% w/w
16
Silver
sulphadiazine
Shanbhag et al., 2011
100 mg/kg
18
107
Mimosa pudica Linn#
0.5% w/w
23
Betadine
Kokane et al., 2009
1% w/w
21
2% w/w
19
108
Mimosa pudica Linn*
2.5% w/w
13
Aloe vera
Paul et al., 2010
5% w/w
12
109
Mimosa pudica Linn^
5% w/w
18
Mupirocin
Singh et al., 2010
10% w/w
17
110
Mimosa pudica Linn#
5% w/w
16
Neosporin
Venkateshwarlu et al.,
2011
111
Mimosa elengi Linn*
5% w/w
16
Betadine
Gupta et al., 2011
112
Moringa oleifera Lam
5% w/w
20
Povidone iodine
Lambole vijay et al.,
2010
113
Murraya koenigii Linn+
10% w/w
12
NR
Patidar et al., 2010
114
Mussaenda frondosa
Linn*
200 mg/kg b.w
16
Gentamycin
Patil suhas et al., 2011
115
Myristica andamanica
Hook.f+
1% w/w
12
Povidone iodine
Arunachalam et al.,
2011

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116
Nyctanthes arbor-trisitis
Linn#
2% w/w
20
Betadine
Bharti et al., 2011
117
Ocimum basilicum Linn+
5% w/w
15
Povidone iodine
Solanki et al., 2012
118
Ocimum suave Wild+
100 mg/ml
13
Neomycin
sulfate
Hassan et al., 2011
119
Pedilanthus
tithymaloides Linn+
0.5% w/w
12
NR
Sriwiroch et al., 2010
5% w/w
14
120
Piper hayneanum C.DC+
1 mg/g
15
Gentamicin
Miconazole
Bastos et al., 2011
20 mg/g
15
121
Pistacia atlantica Desf
and Pistacia khinjuk
Linn
5% w/w
18
Eucerin
Tohidi et al., 2011
122
Pistia stratiotes Linn+
5% w/w
23
Povidone iodine
Jha et al., 2012
10% w/w
22
123
Plagiochila beddomei
Steph#
0.5g
14
Madecassol
Manoj et al., 2012
124
Plectranthus tenuiflorus
Shara+
10% (Juice)
14
NR
Khorshid et al., 2010
80% (Juice)
17
10%
(Essential oil)
18
50%
(Essential oil)
20
125
Plumbago Zeylanica
Linn+
10% w/w
16
Framycetin
Kodati et al., 2011
126
Polygonum barbatum
Linn#
10% w/w
16
Povidone iodine
Kinger et al., 2012
127
Protea madiensis Oliv+
10% w/w
18
Cicatrin
Udegbunam et al.,
2012
128
Pseudarthria viscida
Linn+
5% w/w
12
Neomycin
Vijaya Baskaran et al.,
2011
10% w/w
12
129
Pterocarpus marsupium
Roxburgh*
20% w/w
16
Mupirocin
Singhal et al., 2012
130
Punica granatum Linn+
200 mg/kg/day
18
Nitrofurazone
Pirbalouti et al., 2010
10% w/w
16
Nitrofurazone
Pirbalouti et al., 2010
5% w/w
20
Cetrimide based
cream
Hayouni et al., 2011
131
Punica granatum Linn
and Coleus aromaticus
Benth*
2% w/v
17
NR
Soni et al., 2011
132
Quercus persica Jaub
ans Spach+
5% w/w
18
Povidone iodine
Akram et al., 2012
133
Rubia cordifolia Linn+
0.2% w/w
23
NR
Karodi et al., 2009
0.5% w/w
20
1% w/w
18
134
Rubus sanctus Schreber#
1% w/w
12
Madecassol
Suntar et al., 2011
135
Saba florida Benth#
10% w/w
24
Povidone iodine
Omale James et al.,
2010
136
Salvia splendens Sellow
ex J.A.Schultes#
10% w/w
20
Nitrofurazone
Narayan et al., 2011
15% w/w
18
137
Senna alata Linn+
125 mg
21
Spray plus
Midawa et al.,2010

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250 mg
19
500 mg
17
138
Sesbania grandiflora
Linn#
2% w/w
20
Nitrofurazone
Sheikh et al., 2011
4% w/w
18
139
Sesbania grandiflora
Linn+
2.5% w/w
20
Framycetin
Karthikeyan et al.,
2011
5% w/w
19
10% w/w
17
140
Shorea robusta Gaertn.
f. (Sal)#
3% w/w
18
Framycetin
Wani et al., 2012
10% w/w
15
30% w/w
14
141
Sida acuta Burm.f
5% w/w
18
Nitrofurazone
Akilandeswari et al.,
2010
10% w/w
20
142
Sida spinosa Linn#
5% w/w
18
Nitrofurazone
Krishnan et al., 2011
10% w/w
18
143
Solanum xanthocarpum
Schrad and Wendl#
10% w/w
12
Aloe vera
Kumar et al., 2010
10% w/v
20
Silver
sulphadizine
Dewangan et al., 2012
144
Spathodea campanulata
P.Beauv+
10% w/w
28
Cicatrin
Ofori-kwakye et al.,
2011
20% w/w
24
145
Sphaeranthus indicus
Linn#
2% w/w
12
Neomycin
Jha et al., 2011
4% w/w
14
6% w/w
16
146
Stachys lavandulifolia
Vahl +
200 mg/kg
16
Nitrofurazone
Pirbalouti et al., 2011
147
Stereospermum Colais+
10% w/w
16
Gentamycin
Vijaya Bharathi et al.,
2010
148
Stevia rebaudiana Bert#
2.5% w/w
13
Povidone iodine
Kundal Das, 2012
5% w/w
11
149
Strobilanthes Crispus
Linn+
100 mg/ml
14
Intrasite gel
Al-Henhena et al.,
2011
200 mg/ml
13
150
Tagetes erecta Linn*
5% w/w
18
NR
Chatterjee et al., 2011
10% w/w
14
151
Tagetes erecta Linn^
2.5% w/w
12
Carbopol
Kiranmai et al., 2011
152
Tamarix aphylla (L.)
karst+
15% w/w
16
Betadine
Yusufoglu et al., 2011
25% w/w
16
153
Tecomaria capensis
(Thunb.) Lindl*
5% w/w
20
Povidone iodine
Saini et al., 2012
10% w/w
19
154
Terminalia
avicennioides Guill and
Perr#
5% w/w
19
Penicillin
Mann et al., 2011
155
Terminalia chebula
Retz#
5% w/w
18
Nitrofurazone
Choudhary et al., 2011
10% w/w
20
156
Terminalia coriacea
(Roxb.) wight & Arn+
5% w/w
17
Povidone iodine
Khan et al., 2012
157
Tinospora cordifolia
Wild#
10% w/w
12
Povidone iodine
Nema et al., 2012
158
Tribulus terrestris
(Linn)!
2.5% w/w
17
Aloe vera
John Wesley et al.,
2009
5% w/w
17
159
Tridax procumbens
Linn#
200 mg/kg
15
Cipladine
Talekar et al., 2012
160
Vernonia arborea Buch-
5% w/w
18
Framycetin
Pradhan et al., 2009

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Ham*
161
Viscum articulum Brm*
1% w/w
18
Soframycin
Garg et al., 2012
162
Vitis vinitera Linn and
Vaccinium macrocarpon
Linn+
100 mg/kg b.w
13
Mupirocin
Nayak et al., 2011
163
Wrightia arborea
(Dennst) Mabb#
2% w/w
20
Nitrofurazone
Lakshmi Devi et al.,
2012
4% w/w
20
164
Ziziphus jijuba +
5% w/w
27
Povidone iodine
Sampath kumar et al.,
2012
10% w/w
24
165
Ziziphus oenoplia Mill*
5% w/w
17
Framycetin
Kuppast et al., 2012
166
Ziziphus nummalaria
Linn+
20 w/w
18
Betadine
Yusufoglu, 2011
30% w/w
16
167
Ziziphus xylopyrus
Willd*
5% w/w
20
Framycetin
Jena et al., 2012
10% w/w
18
NR – Not Reported
The plants marked @ have been investigated by Burn wound model only
The plants marked < have been investigated by Incision wound model only
The plants marked + have been investigated by Excision wound model only
The plants marked & have been investigated by Incision and Burn wound model
The plants marked ^ have been investigated by Excision and Burn wound model
The plants marked # have been investigated by Excision and Incision wound model
The plants marked $ have been investigated by Excision and Dead space wound model
The plants marked ! have been investigated by Excision, Incision and Burn wound model
The plants marked * have been investigated by Excision, Incision and Dead space wound model
The plants marked > have been investigated by Excision, Incision and Chorioallantoic membrane wound model