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Two new species of Phanera (Fabaceae: Cercidoideae) from Lao PDR
Abstract and Figures
Two new species of the genus Phanera, P. laotica Mattapha & Lanors. and P. rubra Lanors. & Mattapha,
are described and illustrated. Their taxonomic affinities are discussed. They were discovered in central Lao PDR
and are assessed here as endemic and rare species.
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... To assess the nobility of the new species and confirm distribution records in Laos, we consulted taxonomic literature (Kurz 1873, Gagnepain 1952, Larsen 1968, Larsen & Larsen 1980, 1984, Hô 2000, Kress et al. 2003, Newman et al. 2007, Chen et al. 2010, Mackinder & Clark 2014, Sinou et al. 2020, Mattapha et al. 2021, 2022 and herbarium specimens housed at BKF, FOF, FU, HNL, KAG, VNM and those digitized images available at JSTOR Global Plants (https://plants.jstor.org), AAU Herbarium Database (https://sciencemuseerne.dk/herbariet), Botanical Collections of Meise Botanic Garden (https://www.botanicalcollections.be), ...
A new species of Phanera (Fabaceae), P. roseoalba from the Bolaven Plateau, southern Laos, is described and illustrated, along with its vernacular name and preliminary conservation status. In addition, a distribution of P. nervosa is recorded in Laos for the first time, and a second-step lectotypification is made for Bauhinia involucrans, with a proposal of its new combination P. involucrans.
... & Souvann., was found near the border of Bolikhamxay Province near the Mekong River. This location lies within one of Laos' most important protected areas, the Phou Khao Khouay National Biodiversity Conservation Area, where several endemic plant species occur (Tagane et al., 2018;Mattapha et al., 2021;Souvannakhoummane et al., 2021). ...
Globba amicitia (Zingiberaceae: Globbeae), a new species from Laos is described and illustrated. This species is morphologically most similar to G. larsenii, a species from Thailand, in having erect inflorescences and entirely yellow flowers without spots, but easily recognizable by its sessile cincinni and puberulent lateral staminodes. A proposed IUCN Red List assessment and notes on distinguishing characters are provided. A key to species of Globba subgenus Globba in the Indo-Chinese region is included.
For much of the last thirty years, the caesalpinioid genus Bauhinia has been recognised by numerous authors as a broadly circumscribed, ecologically, morphologically and palynologically diverse pantropical taxon, comprising several subgenera. One of these, Bauhinia subg. Phanera has recently been reinstated at generic rank based on a synthesis of morphological and molecular data. Nevertheless, there remains considerable diversity within Phanera. Following a review of palynological and molecular studies of Phanera in conjunction with a careful re-examination of the morphological heterogeneity within the genus, we have found strong evidence that the species of Phanera subsect. Corymbosae are a natural group that warrant generic status. We describe here the genus Cheniella R.Clark & Mackinder gen. nov. to accommodate them. It comprises 10 species and 3 subspecies, one newly described here. Generic characters include leaves that are simple and emarginate or bilobed; flowers with elongate hypanthia which are as long as or much longer than the sepals; pods that are glabrous, compressed, oblong, indehiscent or tardily dehiscent; and with numerous seeds, the seeds bearing an unusually long funicle extending most of the way around their circumference. A further distinctive floral character was found to be a fleshy disc on which the staminodes are mounted. An analysis carried out for this study reveals Cheniella to be characterised by a pollen type that is unique to the genus and previously unknown in the Leguminosae. Species diversity is richest in southern China, the full distribution extending westward to India and south- and eastward through Indochina into Malesia.
The classification of the legume family proposed here addresses the long-known non-monophyly of the traditionally recognised subfamily Caesalpinioideae, by recognising six robustly supported monophyletic subfamilies. This new classification uses as its framework the most comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of legumes to date, based on plastid matK gene sequences, and including near-complete sampling of genera (698 of the currently recognised 765 genera) and ca. 20% (3696) of known species. The matK gene region has been the most widely sequenced across the legumes, and in most legume lineages, this gene region is sufficiently variable to yield well-supported clades. This analysis resolves the same major clades as in other phylogenies of whole plastid and nuclear gene sets (with much sparser taxon sampling). Our analysis improves upon previous studies that have used large phylogenies of the Leguminosae for addressing evolutionary questions, because it maximises generic sampling and provides a phylogenetic tree that is based on a fully curated set of sequences that are vouchered and taxonomically validated. The phylogenetic trees obtained and the underlying data are available to browse and download, facilitating subsequent analyses that require evolutionary trees. Here we propose a new community-endorsed classification of the family that reflects the phylogenetic structure that is consistently resolved and recognises six subfamilies in Leguminosae: a recircumscribed Caesalpinioideae DC., Cercidoideae Legume Phylogeny Working Group (stat. nov.), Detarioideae Burmeist., Dialioideae Legume Phylogeny Working Group (stat. nov.), Duparquetioideae Legume Phylogeny Working Group (stat. nov.), and Papilionoideae DC. The traditionally recognised subfamily Mimosoideae is a distinct clade nested within the recircumscribed Caesalpinioideae and is referred to informally as the mimosoid clade pending a forthcoming formal tribal and/or cladebased classification of the new Caesalpinioideae. We provide a key for subfamily identification, descriptions with diagnostic charactertistics for the subfamilies, figures illustrating their floral and fruit diversity, and lists of genera by subfamily. This new classification of Leguminosae represents a consensus view of the international legume systematics community; it invokes both compromise and practicality of use.
The genus Bauhinia sens. lat. formerly accommodated numerous species that have now been transferred to one of several segregate genera. One of those genera, Schnella, includes all neotropical liana species with tendrils. This study comprises a summary of the taxonomic and nomenclatural history of Schnella, and presents a list of names accepted under Schnella, including 12 new combinations. We recognise here a total of 53 taxa including 47 species. Distribution details for each taxon are given, illustrated with a map showing numbers of taxa within the TDWG regions of the neotropics. Within Schnella, there exist two morphologically and palynologically distinguishable groups of species. Further work, including a molecular-based study, will be needed to discover whether those two species groups are congeneric.
The basal subfamily Caesalpinioideae of the Leguminosae generally is subdivided into four or five tribes, but their monophyly remains questionable. Recent cladistic analyses based on morphological characters and chloroplast rbcL sequences suggest conflicting hypotheses of relationships among tribes and subtribal groupings and of the identification of the basal Caesalpinioideae. Our phylogenetic analysis of the chloroplast trnL intron for 223 Caesalpinioideae, representing 112 genera, plus four Papilionoideae, 12 Mi-mosoideae and three outgroup taxa, provides some well-supported hypotheses of relationships for the sub-family. Our analysis concurs with the rbcL studies in suggesting that a monophyletic Cercideae is sister to the remainder of the Leguminosae. Among the other tribes of Caesalpinioideae, only the broadly circumscribed Detarieae (including Amherstieae or Macrolobieae) is also supported as monophyletic. The Detarieae s.l. occurs as sister to all Leguminosae, excluding Cercideae. Cassieae subtribes Dialiinae and Labicheinae together are sister to the remaining Leguminosae, which includes a monophyletic Papilionoideae, a paraphyletic Mimosoideae, and several monophyletic groups that correspond to previously defined generic groups or subtribes in the Caesalpinioideae. The trnL intron analysis suggests that basal legumes are extremely diverse in their floral morphology, and that presence of simple, actinomorphic flowers may be a derived feature in a number of lineages in the family.
The Leguminosae, the third-largest angiosperm family, has a global distribution and high ecological and economic importance. We examine how the legume systematic research community might join forces to produce a comprehensive phylogenetic estimate for the ca. 751 genera and ca. 19,500
species of legumes and then translate it into a phylogeny-based classification. We review the current state of knowledge of legume phylogeny and highlight where problems lie, for example in taxon sampling and phylogenetic resolution. We review approaches from bioinformatics and next-generation
sequencing, which can facilitate the production of better phylogenetic estimates. Finally, we examine how morphology can be incorporated into legume phylogeny to address issues in comparative biology and classification. Our goal is to stimulate the research needed to improve our knowledge
of legume phylogeny and evolution; the approaches that we discuss may also be relevant to other species-rich angiosperm clades.
The pantropical legume genus Bauhinia is currently subdivided into four subgenera. Subgenus Phanera, with ca. 150 species, is the largest. A parsimony analysis was conducted on ITS sequence data from 38 species, with representatives from all four subgenera, and species sampled from nine of 11 sections of subgen. Phanera, and includ- ing two Cercis species as the outgroup. The well-resolved strict consensus tree suggests that subgen. Phanera and the monotypic subgen. Barklya together form a monophyletic group. In the Phanera-Barklya clade, the African (sect. Tylosema), American (sect. Caulotretus), and Australasian (subgen. Barklya, subgen. Phanera sect. Lysiphyllum) spe- cies are the first (paraphyletic) lineages, while the Asian taxa (except species of sect. Lysiphyllum) form a monophyl- etic group. The ITS tree also revealed that sects. Phanera and Lasiobema are not monophyletic. Monophyletic groups supported by the phylogenetic analysis include ser. Fulvae and ser. Corymbosae of sect. Phanera, sect. Tubicalyx, and the Asian-Australasian sect. Lysiphyllum.
Subfamily Caesalpinioideae is a paraphyletic grade of 171 genera that comprises the first branches of the Leguminosae and from which are derived the monophyletic subfamilies Mimosoideae and Papilionoideae. We have sequenced the chloroplast matK gene, and the trnL and 3-trnK introns for 153 genera of caesalpinioid legumes. Parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of these data support the monophyly of several major groups within the caesalpinioid legumes: the Cercideae, Detarieae, Detarieae s.str., Prioria, Amherstieae, Dialiinae, Cassia, Caesalpinia, Peltophorum, and Tachigali clades. Relationships among the first branching lineages of the legumes are not well supported, with Cercideae, Detarieae, and the genus Duparquetia alternatively resolved as sister group to all of the legumes. The division of certain large genera (e.g., Caesalpinia s.l., Bauhinia s.l.) into segregate genera generally is supported by our molecular data. Using 18 well-documented fossils as calibration points, fixing the stem node of the legumes at 65 Ma, and using the Penalised Likelihood method, we estimate the crown node of the Leguminosae at 64 Ma and the crown age of each of the major caesalpinioid lineages varying from 34 to 56 Ma. Fossil cross-validation suggests that none of the 18 fossil calibrations is internally inconsistent. Analyses done without fossil calibrations yield much younger divergence times. The age estimates for the Detarieae clade are more sensitive to the presence of calibration points than other caesalpinioid clades, a situation which we attribute to the slow rate of chloroplast DNA evolution in this group.
As the largest genus in tribe Cercideae, the pantropical genus Bauhinia has been the subject of a number of regional treatments in which it has been recognized either as a single genus with several subgenera or as several distinct genera. With the aim to better understand the taxon relationships within Bauhinia and between it and related genera, we have sequenced the plastid trnLtrnF region for 85 species, which together are representative of the eight genera recognized within Bauhinia sensu lato by some workers. In addition, representative taxa were verified for the presence or absence of the plastid rpl2 intron, which previous studies indicated might be a marker for specific lineages within Bauhinia s.l. Both Bayesian and parsimony analyses indicate that Bauhinia s.l. is paraphyletic with the monospecific genus Brenierea clustered within it. This genus, usually described as sister to Bauhinia s.l., forms a clade with the genera Piliostigma and Bauhinia sensu stricto. The remaining genera (Gigasiphon, Tylosema, Barklya, Phanera, Lasiobema, and Lysiphyllum) form a second clade sister to the first. All of these segregate genera are monophyletic except for Phanera, which is divided into two lineages comprising the Asian Phanera species together with the genus Lasiobema, and the second comprising the American Phanera species. The relationship between the BreniereaBauhinia s.str.Piliostigma clade, the GigasiphonTylosemaBarklyaPhaneraLasiobemaLysiphyllum clade and the genus Griffonia is not well resolved, but Adenolobus is sister to this large monophyletic group and the genus Cercis is sister to all other Cercideae. Preliminary analyses of the rpl2 plastid region also support the PiliostigmaBreniereaBauhinia s.str. clade, suggesting a unique loss event of the intron prior to the diversification of this clade.
Reconstructing the phylogenetic history of species in large taxonomic groups remains a challenge despite ever increasing access to molecular data. In subfamily Cercidoideae (Leguminosae), the large pantropical Bauhinia s.l. (~380 spp.) is never supported as monophyletic, but the generic boundaries and the number of genera that should be recognised remains a challenging taxonomic and phylogenetic question. Here we reconstruct the phylogeny of Bauhinia s.l. and related genera in the subfamily using sequences obtained from five loci (matK, trnL‐F, Leafy, and two previously undetected duplicate copies of Legcyc), which we analyse individually and in a concatenated matrix (excluding Leafy). The individual and concatenated analyses generally support two distinct lineages in Bauhinia s.l.: (1) the Bauhinia clade, containing Bauhinia s.str., Brenierea, and Piliostigma; and (2) the Phanera clade, containing Barklya, Cheniella, Gigasiphon, Lasiobema, Lysiphyllum, Phanera s.str., Schnella, and Tylosema. Based on our analyses, we recognise 14 genera in Cercidoideae. We resurrect the genus Tournaya from Gigasiphon, and synonymise the Asian segregate genus Lasiobema back into Phanera s.str. Our analyses reveal a clear gene duplication event in CYCLOIDEA that is shared by all Cercidoideae excluding the sister lineage to the subfamily, Cercis, supporting recent hypotheses for a whole genome duplication in all Cercidoideae except this genus.
The intron of the chloroplast gene rpl2 is absent from relatively few lineages of angiosperms, and is thus potentially a useful phylogenetic character. A previous extensive survey of Leguminosae showed that the intron was missing from chloroplast genomes of one of the two species sampled from the large caesalpinioid genus Bauhinia. A survey of 78 species of this genus, representing all four subgenera and most of the currently recognized sections, shows that the intron is absent from numerous species of the genus, in a pattern that is correlated, albeit imperfectly, with taxonomic groupings. The intron is present in chloroplast genomes of two of three species sampled from the small subg. Elayuna, all but one species of subg. Phanera, and the monotypic subg. Barklya. In contrast, the intron appears to be absent from the gene in nearly all species of subg. Bauhinia. Three species in two sections of subg. Bauhinia were found to be polymorphic for the presence of the intron. Comparisons of the distribution of the intron with current taxonomic groupings and the topology of a recent morphological cladistic analysis suggest either that there may have been multiple independent losses of the intron in the genus or that a polymorphism has been retained across speciation events.
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