Public Transport Systems and its Impact on Sustainable Smart Cities: A Systematic Review

Abstract

This article presents a systematic literature review that includes research papers published since 2015–2019, and addresses topics in the areas of on Public Transport Systems, Sustainability and Smart Cities. From 42 articles, 20 were documents that met the inclusion criteria and represented a diverse sample. This article also mapped 171 smart cities from 5 continents, where the transport system is most relevant. Although the results show a similar trend in terms of the close relationship between sustainability and public transport systems in terms of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), it differs from one country to another in terms of the implementation indicators, policies and user behaviors. In light of the above, this research offers a contemporary view of the activities carried out under the theme and creates the basis for future action plans.

Full text

Public Transport Systems and its Impact
on Sustainable Smart Cities:
ASystematicReview
Roberto Rivera , Marlene Amorim ,andJoãoReis
Abstract This article presents a systematic literature review that includes research
papers published since 2015–2019, and addresses topics in the areas of on Public
Transport Systems, Sustainability and Smart Cities. From 42 articles, 20 were docu-
ments that met the inclusion criteria and represented a diverse sample. This article
also mapped 171 smart cities from 5 continents, where the transport system is most
relevant. Although the results show a similar trend in terms of the close relation-
ship between sustainability and public transport systems in terms of Information and
Communication Technologies (ICT), it differs from one country to another in terms
of the implementation indicators, policies and user behaviors. In light of the above,
this research offers a contemporary view of the activities carried out under the theme
and creates the basis for future action plans.
Keywords Public transport systems ·Smart cities ·Sustainability ·Information
and communication technologies ·Urban mobility
1 Introduction
The concept of Smart City (SC) integrates the presence, application and use of
ICTs as a complex system that allow citizens, business, transports, communication
networks, services and utilities being interconnected to each other’s. The mentioned
situation allows efficiency in operations that improve the quality of life in public
R. Rivera (B
)
Research Unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies (GOVCOPP), University of
Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
e-mail: r.rivera@ua .p t
M. Amorim
Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism, University of
Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
J. Reis
Industrial Engineering and Management, Faculty of Engineering, Lusofona University, Campo
Grande, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2021
A. M. Tavares Thomé et al. (eds.), Industrial Engineering and Operations Management,
Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics 367,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78570-3_3
33

34 R. Rivera et al.
spaces, particularly with regard to urban mobility [1,2]. This phenomenon is also
facing challenges, mainly due to the population growth and climate changes. Thus,
in recent years, governmental initiatives have focused on policies and programs to
implement strategies and actions aimed to create sustainable urban environments,
monitoring environmental impacts, economic growth and social inclusion [3].
Access to urban services are rapidly changing, as cycles of technological innova-
tion are shorter, particularly regarding to the digitization and online communication
systems that are advancing at a fast pace. Connectivity and big data have also allowed
for a better evaluation of services and consequently an improvement in quality [4,5].
In light of the above, this research lies down on a systematic literature review,
which focuses on the challenges that urban mobility faces, specifically with regard
to the public transport service. The previous option is justified by the relevance that
this theme has for the citizens’ lifestyle, especially those residing in SC [6,7].
In the literature, the aspects related to public transport systems have been widely
discussed; mainly from the point of view of the development of urban transport, with
the sustainable panorama still being considered to a lesser extent [8]. As projects
that involve both, urban transport and sustainability, are becoming more relevant,
due to the pressure for better planning, greater sustainability and governance in
transport, new approaches are also emerging. Therefore, this research, emphasizes
those approaches that are integrating strategies developed by local authorities, which
allow the development of more sustainable transportation alternatives. These alter-
natives tended to result in efficiency and system reliability, passenger comfort and
the implementation of sustainability and safety policies [9].
Overall, this research tries to shed some light on the public transport systems by
standing on the shoulders of those that have significantly contributed to the literature
in this past 5 years. Additionally, our objective is to explain the development of
the public transport system and its close connection with sustainability in SC. In
particular on the development of innovative business models and the use of digital
technologies that directly contributed to the economic growth, the protection of the
environment and the health and safety of citizens.
The first section presents an overview of the 20 articles selected as well as data
from 171 cities around the world addressed in the papers; following, we focus on
the methodological process, which emphasized the inclusion and exclusion criteria;
then, the results highlighted the review process and findings discussion; finally, the
last section presented the conclusions and recommendations for future research.
2AnOverview
A great extent of mobility in urban areas is supported by public transport systems.
However, in several cities the services offered by public transport still hold important
inefficiencies as well as issues related with safety. Many systems are characterized
with delays, long waiting times, embarkation and disembarkation procedures, etc.
[10]. Therefore, major challenges remain to be addressed concerning the optimization

Public Transport Systems and its Impact … 35
of mobility through the implementation of efficient and effective urban transport
services [6,11].
According to Vanolo [12], transport systems represent a crucial factor in the
structures of SC, by directly impacting in terms of sustainability, as a result of the
use of ICTs and the access to citizen’s data for offering emerging technologies and
better services [3,13]. This exchange of information will influence the relationship
between transport companies and their stakeholders. Customer-centric services will
be based on data from individual users and their needs, and this will allow, for
example, real-time traffic management, increase in the frequency of public transport
under specific timetable demands or during special events [6,14].
Transport systems in urban areas involve environmental, social, economic and
cultural concerns [8,15]. Air pollution, traffic congestion, noise pollution, and loss of
time in transfers, are some of the factors that affect the quality of life in cities, which,
in addition to the impact on population health, also contribute to lost productivity
and economic efficiency [16,17]. For the European Commission [18], the economy
of this continent loses about 100 billion euros annually due to traffic congestion as
asourceofpollution,accidents,productivityandefficiencyincompanies.
In environmental terms, the increase in population and access to improved
purchasing power that allows the use of private cars as an essential element [19]
has caused serious traffic problems, especially in large cities, which consequently
increases pollution levels [6]. Staricco [20]estimatesbasedon27EuropeanUnion
countries that 25% of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions and more than 30% of the
total energy consumed were due to the transport sector. When considering that more
than 90% of the previous results come from non-renewable sources [15], several
proposals for solutions have been considered in order to somehow reverse the nega-
tive impact that the use of private vehicles brings, such as the increase in the use of
urban public services; bike path networks; shared transport services; etc. [21–23].
Although advanced economy countries are investing in the development of
projects of public transport systems that focus on reducing environmental impacts,
Roda et al. [15]mentionsthattheproblemofemissionsfromvehicleswithinternal
combustion engines is still relevant and caused mainly by the lack of capacity in
public transport guaranteeing quality and comfort services, therefore stimulating the
use of individual means of transport.
3 Research Methodology
This research draws on a systematic literature review (SLR). The SLR carried out
in January 2020 focused on documents retrieved from the following electronic
databases: SCOPUS and Web of Science (WoS). The documents ranged from 2015
to 2019, and the keywords used were: Sustainability, Smart Cities, Public Transport
or Public Transportation, as shown in Table 1.
In the first phase 42 articles were identified, 24 from Scopus database and 18 from
the Web of Science. The higher percentage of published articles ranged from 2017 to

36 R. Rivera et al.
Tabl e 1 Literature review process
Keywords “Smart cities” AND “sustainability” AND “public transport”
“Smart cities” AND “sustainability” AND “public transportation”
Fields Article title, Abstract, Keywords
Language English
Source type Journals and conferences
Document type Articles and conference paper
Years 2015–2019
Tabl e 2 Source and year of publication of articles identified
Year “smart cities” AND
“sustainability” AND “public
transport”
“smart cities” AND
“sustainability” AND “public
transportation”
TOTAL
SCOPUS WoS SCOPUS Wo S
2015 2 0 1 1 4
2016 0 3 1 2 6
2017 3 2 4 3 12
2018 3 2 1 3 9
2019 5 2 4 0 11
TOTAL 13 911 942
2019, indicating that manuscripts based on the selected keywords are gaining greater
interest in the scientific community. Table 2shows the distribution list.
From the 42 papers identified in the first filtering criteria, 12 were duplicated, one
was published in two different journals and, one document could not be accessed.
From the remaining 28 articles, eight papers were partially related to the keywords,
by using one or more of them only in the name of the Journal or Conference where
they were published or in the name of participating institutions without any signif-
icant involvement in the investigation. Thus, 20 papers were selected, of which 6
correspond to articles published in conferences and 14 published in journals. More-
over, 43% of the journals are in Quartile 1 of the SCimargo Journal Rank (SJR). The
SJR was considered ahead of Clarivate Analytics from Web of Science to calculate
the reliability score since it is an open access search engine [24].
Figure 1illustrates the process in a schematic way based on the Preferred
Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) technique,
a transparent process based on the evaluation of random documents focused on
reducing the margins of error in the selection of publications during systematic
reviews [25]. To increase the validity and reliability of the paper, the activities corre-
sponding to each of the stages that set up the PRISMA technique were distributed
among the authors. After the second author has collected and analyzed the data
according to the content analysis technique, the first author reviewed the entire

Public Transport Systems and its Impact … 37
Fig. 1 Filtering process
based on the PRISMA model
Idenficaon
# Re cords id en fied
through database
searching
(n=42)
# Re cords id en fied
through other
sources
(n=0)
Screeni ng
# Re cords aer duplicates removed
(n=30)
# Re cords scr ee ned
(n=28)
# Re cords ex cl ude d
(n=2)
Eligibility
# Fu ll-te xt arcles
assessed for
eligibility
(n=20)
# Fu ll-te xt arcles
excluded with
reasons
(n=8)
Included
# St udi es in cl ude d
(n=20)
methodological process, the three authors were subsequently involved in the review
process, in particular regarding with methodology. Once the process was finished,
the triangulation of perspective was initiated in order to evaluate and interpret the
data obtained in the 20 articles selected. Several aspects were discussed that would
allow the categorization of the specific actions identified in the work, and, in case of
disagreement, it was necessary to analyze the evidence more deeply and try to bring
about the discrepancy as recommended by Stake [26].
4ResultsandDiscussion
4.1 Geographical Location
The information and geographical distribution on a global scale, representing the 171
cities retrieved from the reading of the selected articles are shown in Fig. 2.Based
on this, it is possible to identify, in the first place, the localities that in the last 5 years
have been investing in the areas of sustainability and public transport. The three most

38 R. Rivera et al.
Fig. 2 Geographic distribution of SC considered in the literature review
relevant regions in this type of initiatives are Europe, Australia and North America;
nevertheless, the European Union effort is remarkable, mainly Italy and Spain that
add up to 75% of the 89 cities belonging to that continent. In the case of Australia,
27 cities were mentioned in 3 of the selected articles and in North America, 67%
of the 21 cities mentioned in 4 articles belong to the United States, and 7 cities to
Canada.
On the other hand, the regions of Asia, Latin America and Africa included a
smaller number of SC compared to the rest of the world. In Asia, the most repre-
sentative countries regarding the application of sustainable policies in the public
transport service in SC are China and India with four cities each. Latin America and
Africa is represented in most cases only by capital cities, with the exception of two
countries in Latin America and two in Africa that consider alternative cities: León
and Guadalajara in Mexico, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, Johannesburg
in South Africa and Minna in Nigeria. Figure 3presents the information on the 171
cities included in the 20 studies analyzed.
4.2 Specific Actions
The analysis of the selected papers aimed at identifying projects and practices
concerning public transport systems in the context of SC. To this end, the papers
were read in full and each project addressed in the text was attributed a classifica-
tion. The coding process was iterative, and the classifications attributed were revised
and refined throughout the process. The projects and cases concerning public trans-
port systems were assigned to the proposed classification groups according to its
characteristics and the degree of similarity with other projects in each group. A total
of 7 distinct categories were identified and characterized with the purpose of high-
lighting the relationship between public transport systems and their impact on the
sustainability of SC.
Tra n spo rt Po lic ies. With the application of policies in SC, it is increasingly common
to notice changes in the social behavior of citizens regarding the sustainable use of
resources [9]. The implementation of transport policies is associated to the strategy

Public Transport Systems and its Impact … 39
AUSTRALIA USA - Atla nta ESP - Caste llón Pla na GBR - London NLD - Ams terdam
AUS - Ade la ide USA - Aus n ESP - Ciuda d Real GBR - Mil ton keynes NLD - Roerdam
AUS - Bor oond ar a USA - Bos to n ESP - Có rdob a ITA - Ancon a POL - Wa rsa w
AUS - Ca mbr idge US A - Denv er ESP - Ge ta fe ITA - Ba ri PRT - P orto
AUS - Ch iering USA - Fort Worth ESP - Gijón ITA - Bologna SWE - Stockholm
AUS - Du mble yun g USA - Lo s Ange le s ESP - Hue lva ITA - Bo lza no SWE - Vä st erå s
AUS - Gi ngin USA - Mia mi ESP - Hu es ca ITA - Bre sci a TU R - Ist anb ul
AUS - Gr . Mel bour ne USA - Minn ea pol is ESP - J aé n ITA - Cagl ia ri ASIA
AUS - Horns by USA - Nebra ska ESP - Logroño ITA - Cam pobass o ARE - Duba i
AUS - Jo onda lu p U SA - New Yo rk ESP - L ugo ITA - Ca tan ia C HN - Bei ji ng
AUS - Ke nt USA - Por tla nd ESP - Madr id ITA - Ca ta nzar o CHN - Hong Kong
AUS - Ku -rin g-gai USA - San Die go ESP - Maja da hon da ITA - Fire nze CHN - Sh an ghai
AUS - La ne Cove U SA - San F ran cis co ESP - Mál aga ITA - Fl oren ce CHN - She nzhe n
AUS - Lo wer Eyre P . USA - Wa sh ingt on DC ES P - Mós tole s ITA - Fros ino ne ID N - Sem ara ng
AUS - Ma lla la LATIN AMERICA ESP - Mot ril ITA - Ge nova IND - Alma ty
AUS - Ma nni ngha m ARG - Bu eno s Air es ESP - Murc ia ITA - Le cc e IND - Del hi
AUS - Mel bou rne BR A - Rio d e Ja ne iro ESP - Ovi edo ITA - Me ss ina IN D - Ka mpa la
AUS - Mos ma n BRA - Sa o Pa ul o ESP - P. d e Ma llo rca ITA - Mila n IN D - Mumb ai
AUS - Na rrog in CH L - San ago ESP - Paterna ITA - Napoli JPN - Tokyo
AUS - Ne dla nds COL - Bo gota ESP - R. Va ci ama dri d ITA - P ale rmo KOR - Se oul
AUS - Ni llu mbi k ECU - Quit o ESP - S ala ma nca ITA - Pi ace nza MYS - Ka ja ng
AUS - Pe ppe rmi nt Gr . MEX - Gua dal aj ara ESP - S. C. L agun a I TA - Pote nza MYS - Si nga pore
AUS - Pi water MEX - Leon ESP - St C. del Vallés ITA - R. Cal abria P HL - Maka
AUS - Syd ney MEX - Me xic o Ci ty ESP - Sa nta nd er I TA - Rimi ni RUS - Mos cow
AUS - Wa nde rin g PER - L ima ESP - S. de Co mpo ste la ITA - Rome R US - St Pe te rsb urg
AUS - Wic kepin EUROPE ESP - Segovia ITA - Salerno SAL - Makkah
AUS - Wi llo ughb y AUT - Vien na ESP - Sevi lla I TA - Silv er C oas t TWN - Tai pe i
AUS - Wo oda nil lin g CH E - Zuric h ESP - Tarra gon a ITA - Te ram o VNM - Ha iph ong
NORTH AMERICA DEU - Berli n ESP - Toledo ITA - Terni AFRICA
CAN - Montre al DEU - Fran kfurt ESP - Val encia ITA - Torino KEN - Na irobi
CAN - Saint-AugusnDEU - Munich ESP - Valladolid ITA - Treviso ZAF - Johannesburg
CAN - Shawiniga n DEU - Solingen ESP - Vitoria -Gas teiz ITA - Turin JOR - Amman
CAN - Surrey DNK - Copenhagen ESP - Zaragoza ITA - Udine NGA - Minna
CAN - Toronto ESP - Alco bendas FIN - Hels inki IRL - Dublin
CAN - Vancouver ESP - Alicante FRA - Paris LUX - Luxembourg
CAN - Vaughan ESP - Barcelona GBR - Edinburgh LVA - Riga
Fig. 3 Smart cities considered in the systematic review
in the management of sustainable conditions that integrate ICT in the infrastructure
of the city, creating viable solutions regarding the mobility of citizens through public
services [27,28].
In recent years, government entities belonging to the European Union have prior-
itized the implementation of sustainable transport policies through encouraging the
use of low-emission vehicles, active travel (cyclists and pedestrians), public transport
and/or shared mobility; establishing a cost-benefit balance and contributing signifi-
cantly to the reduction of pollution levels based on initiatives, such as using smaller
vehicles or the adequacy of the offer according to the demand in rotating schedules
[5,6,29].
The application of transport policies requires an adequate, flexible and compatible
infrastructure with the challenges that the emerging SC demand. Thus, the public
transport must be accessible, efficient, safe, comfortable and ecologically viable.
But, at the same time, it must maintain adequate levels of service quality and be
accessible to all economic sectors of the society [27,30].
It is clear that urban mobility is largely influenced by public and private policies
[29]; therefore, both sectors must work in synergy to integrate technological tools
as part of smart services between conventional and intelligent transport systems. For
instance, Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and ridesharing schemes, where passengers are
matched to spare seats in private car journeys [29,31]. The latter is a controversial

40 R. Rivera et al.
alternative, because it is considered an unfair competitor because it directly affects
individual public transport services (taxis). For that reason, in several regions, legal
efforts have been made to try to ban the existence of services such as UBER, Cabify,
etc. [29].
This integration is defined by Roda et al. [15]fromatechnologicalandsustainable
point of view, considering three types of infrastructure: (1) an intermodal system of
sustainable mobility, (2) an energy infrastructure based on renewal sources for vehicle
fleets and, (3) an ICT structure based on Internet of Things (IoT), Open Data, sensors,
information security management and Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
Planned Communities. The close link between citizens and technology define
the concept of SC development, since emerging technologies need to integrate and
respond to the needs and habits of citizens in order to effectively improve urban
sustainability [3]. The planning or regeneration of urban centers that incorporate ICT
is committed to creating attractive environments based on sustainable development
[32]. As a result, cities around the world rely on action plans to assess specific
conditions for the proper use of their resources in sustainable terms.
In Italy, the ITACA Protocol is mainly used to support specific policies to promote
sustainable construction [33], and places the accessibility of public transport as one of
the main criteria in terms of the quality of the location for the design and development
of urban enterprises sustainable [32]. Likewise, the ELAN project applied in cities
in Slovenia, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic and Portugal, aims to improve the
perception of cities and the quality of life by changing the behavior of mobility
while the shared use of cars and improving the public transport service infrastructure
through real-time data transmission [11,28]. On the other hand, some cities in Spain
rely on the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMP), which provides multiple
views of sustainable mobility when evaluated by various criteria that aim to improve
the general infrastructure and service of a given location [17].
Behaviors. The applicability of ICT in public services has developed behavioral
changes in citizens of SC [34]. According to Sunstein [35], some cities provide a
set of personalized and persuasive interventions, in order to encourage individuals to
choose public transport over their private vehicles. For example, in Durham, North
Carolina, citizens were provided with personalized route maps and their options
for commuting between home and work in various types of vehicles, considering
that less availability of public transport is associated with greater concentration of
private vehicles [3]. In Enschede, the Netherlands, an application was developed that
encourages people to take different routes, in order to avoid using private vehicles and
prefer the use of public transport, cycling or walking [34]. Variations between the use
of public and private transport were also linked to the capacity of data transmission
over broadband. Yigitcanlar and Kamruzzaman [36]researchhighlightsthenegative
relationship between Internet access, sustainable travel patterns and remote work,
resulting from the decrease in the use of public transport and the considerable increase
in the use of private transport, possibly the cause of the fragmentation of work
activities.

Public Transport Systems and its Impact … 41
Another model of behavior identified in SC while using public transport is the
connection of citizens with their cities, although the research by Belanche et al. [23]
indicates that being connected to a city is not enough to generate a certain behavior,
this emotional bond can come to positively influence the affective-evaluative percep-
tions of urban services, such as the use of public transport. On the other hand, Vierling
and Schmuelling [29] presents a different point of view to that of users and focuses
on changing the behavior of drivers when facing new technologies incorporated into
more recent bus models. The BOB project applied to the city of Solingen in Germany,
aims to develop an information system based on a training program that allows drivers
to read the vehicle parameters effectively and adapt to the new demands required to
offer quality services.
Tra n spo rt Sh ari n g. The advancements of urban mobility faithfully follow the emer-
gence and application of ICT to urban centers, placing them in appropriate positions
to promote changes that suit citizens’ needs. However, current mobility systems,
especially public transport services, still remain unsustainable [6]. In recent years,
several research works have emerged regarding the variety of innovative and sustain-
able business models that allow individuals to share their mobility using technology.
According with Roda et al. [15]theseinitiativescouldcontributetothere-planning
of public transport systems and, in the long term, contribute to the reduction of the
motorization rate, which, in addition to the environmental advantages, these measures
would allow citizens to benefit from the reduction of space occupied by private vehi-
cles and the economic advantages when preferring the use of alternative mobility
systems.
In particular, bicycle sharing systems (BSS) are attributed several advantages in
the urban context. Firstly, it promotes the reduction of emissions by largely replacing
any other type of motorized transport, including public transport [37], likewise, the
use of these systems promotes the health benefits of citizens while the number of
calories burned with each use [38]. On the other hand, car sharing services are gaining
more space in urban mobility in SC. For Pinna et al. [5], the recent and rapid evolution
of this service in recent years is due to the inclusion of the service through fleets of
electric cars. Although it is considered as a complementary option and not as an
alternative, the personalized service compared to traditional public transport plays
an important factor in choosing as a means of transport.
Integrated Services.Theseservicesoffergreatbenefitsfortheenvironment,directly
impacting the CO2reduction of large cities. Intermodality is recognized as an inte-
gral part of improvements in public transport [17], not only focused on the means of
transportation themselves, but on the infrastructure that offers a comprehensive trans-
port service, therefore, pedestrian paths, mobility platforms, columns of mobility.
recharging for electric vehicles, bike lanes and e-buses, are considered as part of this
sector [15].
Indicators.Inthesamewaythatseveralprotocolshavebeenappliedforthemanage-
ment of public transport services, the use of evaluation indicators is frequently being
used for the management of SC. Table 3summarizes the indicators used by several

42 R. Rivera et al.
Tabl e 3 Indicators found in the literature review
Authors Indicators
Abdullahi et al. [39] Promoting public transportation facilities.
Increase population density especially around public
transportation nodes
Mozos-Blanco et al. [17]Public transport
Cycling
Intermodality
Accessibility
Air and noise pollution
Public participation
Indicators
Pinna et al. [5]Public transport
Cycle lanes
Bike sharing
Car sharing
Sharma and Agrawal [7] Km of high capacity public transport system per 100,000
Population (h)
Km of light passenger transport system per 100,000 population
(l)
Annual number of public transport trips per capita (p)
Percentage of commuters using a travel mode to work other than
a personal vehicle
Km of bicycle paths and lanes per 100,000 population (b)
Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions in tonnes per capita
Noise Pollution
Shmelev and Schmeleva [40] Number of underground stations per million inhabitants
CO2emissions per person per year (tonnes)
Citizens walking, cycling or taking public transport to work (%)
Vassileva et al. [41]Trans port perf ormance in public transport
Energy demand in public transport
CO2emissions in public transport
Cost of a monthly ticket for transport
Wu et al. [42] Provide a variety of transportation choices
authors and which only correspond directly to those concerning urban mobility,
specifically to public transport systems.
The indicators above are the result of several analysis and case studies applied to
different cities around the world. Abdullahi et al. [39] presents a series of indicators
resulting from the application of geographic information systems and radar remote
sensing technology and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data that analyzes the urban

Public Transport Systems and its Impact … 43
sustainability of the city of Kajang in Malaysia, these indicators are defined in three
categories: density, mixed and intensity; the latter considered as the main parameter
to determine the degree of compaction of an urban area making it more sustainable,
and this category includes the two specific indicators referring to public transport
services, mentioned by the author. On the other hand, the 7 indicators mentioned
by Mozos-Blanco [17] are part of the Sustainable Urban Mobolity Plans (SUMP)
mentioned in the “planned communities” section, indicators selected from a total
of 15 and used in the evaluation of the general mobility plan applied to 38 cities in
Spain.
In the case of Italy, 22 cities were selected to be evaluated using the indicators
presented by Pinna [5]who,inadditiontothegeneralcriteriashowninTable3,
collected data on the density of the bus network per square kilometer; the demand
for public transport for passengers per year; the density of cycle paths for every
100 km2and for every ten thousand inhabitants; and, the density of bicycle stations
by the number of stations per 100 km2and per ten thousand inhabitants. Sharma
and Agrawal [7] use a convenience sample of 30 SC in order to assess transport
and environmental pollution parameters from public data. Shmelev and Schmeleva
[40] are based on the results obtained through a multiple criteria approach using 20
indicators applied to 57 cities, of which three referred directly to public transport
services. Vassielela [41] focuses on Sweden with the application of 4 indicators in
public transport that considers the impact of enabling technology on energy efficiency
indicators; finally, Wu et al. [42] considers the city of Zurich in Switzerland to apply
one of the ten indicators that assesses the smart growth of the city and that is related
to the public transport services of this location.
Data. The data transfer is one of the essential elements in SC. The public trans-
port systems of these urban centers are opportunely considering the opinion of users
when planning and creating technological tools that contribute to improving services
through the analysis and exchange of information regarding traffic reports, transporta-
tion schedules, travel preferences and online ticket purchase platforms [43]. These
initiatives allow users to understand the selection of a particular type of transport, as
long as access to data related to habits and preferences, as well as specific objectives
and needs is allowed. On the other hand, the citizens´ feedback on improving services
are essential for the development of an efficient and sustainable city [6].
Currently, the use of social networks has facilitated the sharing of information
between users and public transport providers, which allows a more effective interac-
tion and allows taking advantage of collaborative data technologies such as crowd-
sourcing [44]. In the University of Nebraska Omaha (UNO) for example, pressure
from the student community contributed to the creation of a public and sustain-
able mobility plan within the campus through algorithms that models and identifies
potential areas for optimizing traffic routes, relieves tension of the user and reduces
the carbon footprint by reducing CO2emissions by avoiding the use of private cars
within campuses [45].

44 R. Rivera et al.
5Conclusions
This paper gathers relevant insights from the literature on public transport systems
and its sustainable impact in 171 cities around the world. This paper evidences that
the research developed in the last five years has focused on ICT applications in urban
mobility services and its influence on the quality of life of people living in SC.
The improvement of transport systems in those locations has basically depended
on seven applications: transport policies; planned communities; evaluation of citizens
behavior regarding to the use of public transport systems; transport sharing and inte-
grated mobility; transport indicators and the analysis of data collected through ICT.
The results also focused on the application of indicators, which showed a compre-
hensive approach by involving sectors not only related to public transport but also
various factors that interfere with the environmental impact of SC. Those indicators
are such as the development of public policies, territorial planning and the increase
in citizens’ awareness of environmental issues [7,17].
This research is based on a systematic review of the literature considering docu-
ments published in two of the main databases; therefore, only secondary data were
used. Since this paper addresses a relatively recent theme, the object of study was
limited to an exploratory methodology through the identification of areas of investi-
gation and application of several projects, for this reason, there was no calculation
of publications bias.
Nonetheless, the results suggest that the relationship between the increase in terms
of public transport usage and the decrease in the use of private cars was considered
as one of the most significant results with significant environmental impact in SC.
However, little is known about the advantages of specific type of public transport,
such as railway infrastructure or fleets of electric buses. Therefore, it is intended that
future research will emphasize even more specific links with regard to environmental
variations and sustainable impacts when using electric public transports in cities that
significantly involve the use of ICT in their operations.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the research unit on Governance,
Competitiveness and Public Policy (project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-008540), funded by FEDER
funds through COMPETE 2020—Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização
(POCI)—and by national funds through FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia.
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