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The comparison of injection site reactions caused by two commercial multivalent clostridial vaccines
Abstract
Two groups of cattle were used in this study comparing injection site reactions caused by two commercial multivalent clostridial vaccines: product A (Bar-Vac 7; Anchor Laboratories) and product B (Vision 7 with Spur; Bayer Corporation). Injection procedure, bodyweight, injection reaction, and subcutaneous depth were considered. Significant differences in injection reaction size between the two vaccines were demonstrated. While the majority of cattle had some swelling at the injection site 7 and 30 days after vaccination, subcutaneous injection with product B resulted in a smaller injection reaction area and subcutaneous depth 30 days after vaccination, when compared with product A. Furthermore, there was a significant reduction in injection reaction area and subcutaneous depth between Days 7 and 30 after treatment with product B; whereas there was no significant change seen with product A during that time. While the relative efficacy of the vaccines was not addressed in this study, both products have satisfied appropriate approval requirements. Assuming similar potency and efficacy, usage of less reactive products, which are cost-competitive, would be an obvious advantage to the cattle industry.
... Although less of a concern in wild animals, alterations of the musculature due to treatments are important in food animals. Several publications have reported tissue damage after intramuscular injection of various compounds (Dexter et al., 1994;Stokka et al., 1994;George et al., 1995a;George et al., 1995b;George et al., 1996;Rogers et al., 1996). Although clostridial vaccines and long-acting oxytetracycline antibiotics appear to cause a higher incidence of injection site lesions, Rasmussen and Svendsen (1976) and George et al. (1996) demonstrated that saline or excipients alone caused damage to porcine tissue suggesting that the injection site lesions observed may be due to more than just the pharmaceuticals or vaccines being administered. ...
... Although clostridial vaccines and long-acting oxytetracycline antibiotics appear to cause a higher incidence of injection site lesions, Rasmussen and Svendsen (1976) and George et al. (1996) demonstrated that saline or excipients alone caused damage to porcine tissue suggesting that the injection site lesions observed may be due to more than just the pharmaceuticals or vaccines being administered. The tissue damage due to intramuscular injection was more extensive than observed in the five heifers included in Experiment 3 (Dexter et al., 1994;Stokka et al., 1994;George et al., 1995a;George et al., 1995b;George et al., 1996;Rogers et al., 1996). The neck and front leg musculature may be the most appropriate administration sites as these muscles are lower quality cuts of meat. ...
Five experiments were conducted to characterize animal and tissue responses to needle-less implant administration. In Experiment 1, 3 heifers were administered needle-less implants 12, 24, and 36 hours before euthanasia. Slits in the skin smaller than the diameter of the implants, subcutaneous hemorrhaging, and penetration tracts in the muscle were observed at necropsy. However, no portion of the skin, foreign material, or intact portions of the needle-less implants were detected in the musculature at any time after administration. In Experiment 2, 514 beef cows, beef heifers, and dairy heifers administered needle-less implants in the front leg musculature had scab formation or swelling .84 ± .06 cm in diameter two days after treatment but swelling was gone 30 days after treatment. In Experiment 3, only one of five heifers treated with needle-less implants 32 days earlier had a discernable tissue blemish-a .2 x 1.0 cm scar containing connective and adipose tissues. In Experiment 4, 6 white-tailed deer were remotely delivered needle-less implants from concealed positions. Twenty minutes later they and eight control deer were killed instantly using a high-powered rifle shot to the head. Cardiac blood cortisol concentrations (4.0 ± .5 and 5.0 ± .9 ng/mL for control and treated deer, respectively) were similar (P > .25). In Experiment 5, four cannulated heifers were administered needle-less implants or injections of saline in a replicated Latin-square design. After treatment, blood cortisol concentrations increased similarly (P > .25) to mean maximum concentrations of 9.1 and 10.2 ng/mL (needle-less implant and injected heifers, respectively) 10 to 20 minutes after treatment. In summary, needle-less implants effectively penetrated tissues with minimal stress caused upon the treated animals and dissolved quickly within the tissues.
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