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Use of treadmills in equine practice

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Anima Vet

Content uploaded by Christine King

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Content uploaded by Christine King

Content may be subject to copyright.

Evaluation of the upper respiratory tract in the horse during treadmill exercise - A review – Part l: Endoscopy

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Jan 1998
PFERDEHEILKUNDE

Evaluation of the upper respiratory tract in the horse during treadmill exercise - A review Part I: Endoscopy

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Jan 1998
PFERDEHEILKUNDE

Literature pertaining to the evaluation of the upper respiratory tract of the horse during exercise was reviewed. Articles were found by searching two databases. Videoendoscopy, upper airway pressure measurement and airflow measurements are used for assessing upper airway function. Treadmill accomodation and exercise protocols, examination protocols, the endoscopy technique, indications for the examination during exercise and normal and abnormal functions of the upper airways are described in pari I of this review. The most frequently observed dysfunctions are dorsal displacement of the soft palate with an incidence of 21 to 52 % and laryngeal hemiplegia with an incidence of 9 to 25 % of all upper airway obstructions. Videoendoscopy during treadmill exercise as a subjective technique can already accomplish a good evaluation of the upper airway function. But a final assessment of the presence of a respiratory limitation can only be made by the quantitative determination of upper airway flow mechanics (airway pressure and flow-volume measurement) which are presented in part II of this review

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Pathogenesis of Supporting Limb Laminitis: Four Questions

August 2020

Christine King

Despite how far we’ve come with laminitis research, there are still some gaps in our understanding of this destructive disease. Supporting limb laminitis (SLL) is a veritable dark corner when it comes to our goal of fully elucidating the pathogenesis and thus the prevention of all forms and presentations of laminitis. We do know that SLL occurs in the foot of the contralateral or supporting limb ... [Show full abstract] in horses with a severe, unilateral lameness that persists for more than a couple of weeks. So, clearly mechanical load or overload is a primary factor in its pathogenesis. But why? The equine hoof wall has been said to be “overengineered,” given that during normal locomotion the stratum medium experiences only one-tenth of the compressive force required to cause its structural failure. The highly adapted dermal-epidermal connection which anchors the hoof wall to the distal phalanx—now termed the suspensory apparatus of the distal phalanx, or SADP—may be similarly described. The surface area of the SADP in the average-size hoof is calculated to be about 0.8 m sq, which is about 8.6 ft sq. At the gallop, the hoof wall and the SADP withstand compressive and distractive forces of up to 3 times the horse’s body weight without sustaining any apparent damage. So, why does the mere act of standing around cause the SADP to fail? And why does it fail in only some horses with severe, unilateral lameness (reportedly less than 20% of at-risk horses)? Why does it typically not appear until weeks or months after the injury or infection which caused the primary lameness? And why don’t we see it as commonly in foals and yearlings as in adults? If we can answer just these four questions, then we will have a much better understanding of both the pathogenesis of this devastating complication and its prevention.

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Update on Managing Serious Wound Infections in Horses 1. Wounds Involving Joints and Other Synovial...

August 2020

Christine King

This update on managing serious wound infections in horses comprises a series of 4 articles: 1. Wounds involving joints and other synovial structures (part A). 2. Wounds involving joints and other synovial structures (part B). 3. Wounds involving bone. 4. Wounds involving soft tissues. Wound infections that involve a joint, tendon sheath, or bursa can have disastrous consequences for the horse's ... [Show full abstract] athletic career. Some infections cause such severe damage that euthanasia is warranted on humane grounds, so immediate, intensive, and targeted treatment is indicated for penetrating injuries to a synovial structure. There are many good articles on the treatment of synovial infections in horses, and the common threads are these: • early and intensive treatment, guided by clinical signs and synovial fluid analysis • large-volume lavage of the synovial space, repeated as needed • local/regional and systemic antibiotic therapy, culture-guided whenever possible Sometimes, however, despite our best efforts, treatment is unsuccessful. It has been said that to understand a problem is to know what to do about it. In that spirit, this series explores the following question: Why do some infections persist and progress despite seemingly appropriate treatment? Of the many possible reasons, most serious wound infections involve at least one, and usually a combination, of these factors: 1 • extensive contamination, or bacterial burden that overwhelms the patient's resources • refugia which protect the bacteria from host defenses and antibiotic drugs • immunocompromise • poor perfusion • antibiotic insensitivity of the wound pathogen(s) To have the best chance of success, the diagnostic and therapeutic plan must identify and address each of the factors involved in the case at hand. Identifying the factors involved in the persistence/progression of the infection allows us to formulate a targeted treatment approach that optimizes the patient's defensive and reparative processes and the efficacy of the antibiotic drugs selected. In these first two articles (parts A and B), we'll explore each of these factors in relation to wounds involving synovial structures, using examples from clinical studies of synovial sepsis published over the past 15 years. In the spirit of learning from our failures, the focus is on the patients with poor outcomes—not to be second-guessing the handling of the cases presented, but rather to be learning together and expanding our collective ability to effectively treat wounds that result in synovial contamination and infection.

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Veterinary Clinical Anatomy - glossary of directional and relational terms commonly used in veterina...

May 2018

Christine King

The following terms are used to describe the position of individual body parts in relation to each other or to a body plane or axis. These terms are also used to describe the direction of movement or the perspective, particularly in diagnostic imaging (radiography, ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, etc.). As all of these terms are relative, each is listed with its ... [Show full abstract] opposite whenever applicable. In this article, I adhere to the anatomical terms published in the 5th edition of the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (NAV) in 2012. The Latin, Greek, or Old English roots are given in parentheses when possible. A brief description of the four major body planes used in veterinary clinical anatomy are provided at the end.

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Laminitis in Horses: Through the Lens of Systems Theory

August 2020

Christine King

Systems theory is a way of describing complex and dynamic relationships. I applied systems theory to the structure and function of the equine foot in an effort to better understand laminitis and, in so doing, reconcile the various theories of its etiopathogenesis and find more universally effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. The foot is described as an open system, and its inherent ... [Show full abstract] vulnerabilities are explored. Cascade failure is discussed as a potentially unifying theory of laminitis. The fundamental failure in laminitis is failure of the lamellar dermal-epidermal bond, but that endpoint can be reached via vascular, enzymatic, inflammatory, or mechanical mechanisms, or any combination thereof. Inflammation is discussed as a common denominator, making anti-inflammatory therapy of greater importance than just pain management. Multimodal anti-inflammatory therapy is discussed, including selective COX-2 inhibitors, heparin, nutraceuticals, and inhibitors of MMPs. Multimodal analgesic therapy also is important and may include NSAIDs, opiates, epidural analgesics, physical therapy, relief of weight bearing, diligent nursing care, deep digital flexor tenotomy, and case-appropriate trimming and shoeing. Preventing laminitis still comes down to risk management: knowing the risk factors applicable to an individual horse and adjusting the management accordingly. Examples include weight management and control of carbohydrate intake in overweight horses and ponies, the use of pergolide in patients with PPID, and distal limb cryotherapy in high-risk patients. It is anticipated that application of molecular biological techniques will further advance treatment and prevention of laminitis.

Last Updated: 22 Oct 2024