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International Tourism and Hospitality Journal (ITHJ)
https://rpajournals.com/ithj
ITHJ
International Tourism and Hospitality Journal (ITHJ)
Journal Homepage: https://rpajournals.com/ithj
Attributes of Travel Destinations that Influence Tourists’ Decisions:
A Systematic Review
Ortaleza, Maricar S.1
Mangali, Glen R.*2
Polytechnic College of the City of Meycauayan, Philippines1
Colegio De San Juan De Letran, Philippines2
Abstract
Making decisions on where to travel may be very exhilarating for tourists but can be quite
difficult when it comes to selecting what interesting places to visit and explore. There had
been a number of published research studies that discussed travel destinations and
influence tourists’ decision but few journals synthesized these studies to guide experts
make informed decision in travel and tourism industry. This research was intended to
provide a systematic review of the attributes of travel destinations that influence tourists’
decisions. This paper presented a classification of more than 50 review studies, published
in various travel, tourism and hospitality books, articles, and journals listed in EBSCO,
ProQuest, Research Gate, and Google Scholar. Using the PRISMA model, the research
studies were screened, scrutinized and analyzed to identify and substantiate the attributes
of a travel destination that influence tourists’ decision. Results of the study showed that
there are 5A’s that attributes travel destination namely accommodation, articulated stories,
affordability, accessibility, and attribution. The study provided an overview of the decision
of tourists in choosing a travel destination and focused on the factors decision-making and
destination. Furthermore, it serves as guides for business owners to know the deciding
factors of tourists and make informed decision to make the business afloat and keep going.
Keywords: Travel Destination, Tourists, Tourists’ Decision, Accommodation, Business
Introduction
The essence of tourists’ decision in choosing a destination is of much significance in determining
the best places to go that links them to the critical aspects that may influence the decision-
making (Lozanov, 2018). Tourism in Asia and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN) developed marketing strategies to augment tourist arrivals (TARR) from
different parts of the world (Jariyachamsit, 2019). Each destination has its own qualities
and amenities to offer. The attributes of a travel destination that may influence a tourist
decision include accessibility, place, price, safety and security, and political stability
(Jariyachamsit, Jannit, & Praditpong, 2020). It was also mentioned that what influence
International Tourism and Hospitality Journal 4(8): 1-17 (2021)
Print ISSN: 2616-518X
Online ISSN: 2616-4701
*Corresponding author: Mangali, Glen R.; E-mail: glen.mangali@letran.edu.ph
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37227/ITHJ-2021-03-247
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International Tourism and Hospitality Journal (ITHJ)
https://rpajournals.com/ithj
decision-making include the condition of the place or destination quality, management and
environment, transportation, safety and security, culture, likeness of the area, reason and
cost of travel (Pooi, 2006).
The main idea of this review is to figure out the attributes of a travel destination
that influence a tourist’s decision. There were several researches that contribute to this
field. However, only few studies identify the said variables of study. Specifically, this
systematic review aimed to determine the preferences of tourists in choosing a travel
destination. Comprehensive reviews on this study are quite few because decision-making
process is multi-faceted and complex that are influenced by several factors affecting
consumer behavior (Seyidov & Adomaitiené, 2016). There were topics on tourism
concepts that were reviewed individually (Guillet, Lee, Law & Leung, 2011).
Choosing a travel destination is a complex process for tourists (Ni, Tsao & Wang,
2017). The results of this study could be a critical aspect in determining the significant
aspects that influence tourists’ selection of a place and an attraction (Dahiya & Batra,
2016). Travel destinations that feature their attractions, image, price, amenities,
accessibility, location attractiveness, comfort, safety and security, local cuisine, recreation,
entertainment, souvenir shops, and human resources some of the aspects present in a travel
destination that influence the decision of tourists (Seyidov & Adomaitienė, 2016; Das,
Sharma, Mohapatra & Sarkar, 2007; Cho, 2008; Madhavan & Rastogi, 2011; Khuong &
Nguyen, 2017; Zainali, Jafarpour, Hessam & Zolghadr, 2014). Tourists have their own
expectations by identifying certain features of a destination that attracts them and influence
them in choosing a place including architecture, culture, food, landscape and shopping
stores (Mirabent, 2019). Word of mouth that is taken affirmatively strongly affects tourist
revisit intention which contributes to understanding the attributes of a travel destination
(Singh & Singh, 2019). Moreover, word of mouth influences the destination attribute that
plays a crucial role in determining a tourist’s choice for an attraction, satisfaction, and
price (Mohammad, 2020).
There are six components in a travel destination that attract tourists including the
type of accommodation, entertainment, food, tourism, and transportation that are often
characterized by its accessibility, attraction, comfort, facilities, and conditions of mobility
(Deng, Xu & Wei, 2021). It is extremely important for destinations to constantly provide
the highest standard in providing their services to address the tourists’ needs and wants so
that they could ensure their satisfaction (Camilleri, 2018).
Giving these attributes would provide decision makers of various tourism industries
in different countries to plan and strategize their commitment in dealing with difficulties in
the future and enhance destinations for better tourist preferences (Najafi, Raessi, Gorji,
Ahmadi & Haghighi, 2017).
Research Methodology
Applying the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) guidelines, the
researcher searched from various databases such as EBSCO, ProQuest, ResearchGate,
Google Scholar, using the terms “attributes of travel destinations”, “influence of tourists’
decisions”, and “choosing a destination of tourists” (Siddaway, Wood & Hedges, 2018).
Manual search was also conducted. This captured the pertinent lists of needed articles for
the entire review process that started from October 2020 to December 2020. The researcher
applied the systematic review approach to establish accuracy and regulated process (Okoli,
2015).
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International Tourism and Hospitality Journal (ITHJ)
https://rpajournals.com/ithj
The selection process were collected from the electronic search results and were
screened based on the title and abstract to determine the potential eligible articles and later
on the researcher crossed-checked the initial results on the basis of attributes of tourist
destinations influencing tourists’ decisions. In searching for these categories, records
should aim on identifying and enumerating the attributes that influence tourists deciding to
travel to a certain destination.
Original research included systematic reviews, meta-analysis, peer-reviewed and
academic journals, and paper presentations from conference proceedings. Several articles
from the internet and tourism books were also included for additional data and
clarifications. Commentaries and editorials were excluded. Only articles in English
including those that were translated in the English language were included. All the articles
were independently screened in complete full text to confirm eligibility.
The data collection methods include a data extraction form that was designed prior
to data gathering. The researcher extracted study characteristics including the name/s of the
author/s, year of publication, research title, research journal, volume, issue number, pages,
research objective/s, key words or delineated factors, locus, method of study, and salient
findings related to the factors influencing tourists’ decisions.
The search strategy resulted in 1,948 citations. After screening the titles, there were
only 211 articles left related to the variables under study, 93 did not refer to the aspects that
influence tourists, 57 did not refer to tourists’ decision-making, and 11 did not involve
tourists. The remaining 50 references covered the variables that were related to the travel
destinations that influence tourists’ decision. After analyzing these aspects, the most
notable approach in each case were noted.
Figure 1: Diagram for the Study
Electronic Database Searches include EBSCO,
ProQuest, Research Gate, Google Scholar
Records identified from searching the database
n = 1,937
Identification
Records identified from
other sources
n = 11
Records identified after duplicates and
Removed non-English articles
n = 211
Records screened
n = 93
Excluded records
n = 118
Screening
Full-text articles assessed for
eligibility
n = 57
Eligibility
Included
Excluded records
n = 7
Studies included
n = 50
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International Tourism and Hospitality Journal (ITHJ)
https://rpajournals.com/ithj
Results and Analysis
This section described and explained the different variables involved in the attributes of a
travel destination that influence tourists’ decisions according to various literature studied in
tourism, hospitality, and management.
Following the results in the study of authors Kijima, Novani, Widiana, Palumian,
and Cintyawati (2020), it was decided that in this research, the attributes of travel
destinations that influence tourists’ decision can be divided in five aspects or 5 A’s
including accommodation, articulated stories, affordability, accessibility, and attribution.
Each variable that influence tourists’ decision was described.
Accommodation (Hotels and Restaurants)
Accommodation is one of the most important aspects for people traveling when they spend
overnight stay and dine outside their usual abode (Westscott, 2019). The variables related
to accommodation include hotel, restaurant, service of hotel, and quality of service in
restaurant including the variety of foods offered in the menu (Kijima, et. al., 2020 &
Gunasekaran and Anandkunar, 2012). Hotels and accommodation are both important in
promoting tourism because they play a significant role in making a tourist destination
popular (Ahiya, 2010). The quality and quantity of accommodation directly influence the
totality of a successful tourist destination (Sharpley, 2000). Aside from the quality,
affordable and budget friendly supplementary accommodations can directly and indirectly
influence a guest’s purchase and choice (Poudel, 2013). Choosing a place to stay especially
in hotels is a complex task for guests. Tourists’ decision are influenced by reviews done
online or online assessments, Search Engine Optimization (SEO), Online Travel Agent
(OTA), and many more. These factors influence the final decision in choosing a hotel
accommodation (Pantelic, 2017).
Primary findings reveal that the location of a budget hotel, cleanliness, comfort, hotel
staff services, maintenance, food and beverage and value for money of room rates are
among the significant factors that influence tourists (Samy, 2016). Other findings say that
the quality of services and facilities in a hotel, quality customer service of staff, hotel
safety and security, and clean rooms influence customer’s choice in choosing an
accommodation (Peace, 2018).
Articulated Stories
Articulated stories or the so called word of mouth (WOM) is another significant part of
promoting a destination and of equal importance when influencing tourists (Jalilvand &
Samiei, 2012). It is an essential element of promotion especially if the message and
delivery are strong (Sweeny, Soutor & Mazzarol, 2008). WOM has an impact to the
decision-making of tourists after an experience on a trip (Harris, 2014). One of the most
important sources of information when purchasing a travel package is through articulated
stories online shared mostly by bloggers and vloggers. These travel experiences shared
online makes a huge impact on the electronic word-of-mouth tourism and hospitality that
helps in marketing a destination and consequently making part of the influence in making a
decision (Litvin, Goldsmith & Pan, 2008). It plays as a mediating role in influencing the
perceived image of a place to the tourist’s intention of choosing a destination (Xu, Niu &
Li, 2020). The intention of purchasing a tourist product is distinctively influenced by so
many travel experiences passed on from one tourist to another (Chen & Chen, 2018).
Electronic word of mouth is effective to tourists because they usually surf the internet
before planning and deciding their next destination (Kijima et. al., 2020).
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International Tourism and Hospitality Journal (ITHJ)
https://rpajournals.com/ithj
Studies show that tourists are continuously more influenced on comments and
opinions of friends and relatives when arranging a travel and choosing a destination than
those who just simply surf the internet. One of the most comprehensive channels where
tourists gather information are travel blogs, travel destination websites, travel vlogs, and
other travel social networking sites (Mendez, Leiva & Fernandez, 2012). In the study of
Hao (2017), it was found out that word of mouth and destination image have an impact in
decision-making of tourists. A study disclosed, that the image of a destination and
electronic word-of-mouth have direct influence on tourist loyalty and directly affects their
intention to visit (Kanwel, Lingqiang, Asif, Hwang, Hussain & Jameel, 2019). Studies
show that destinations which offer high quality of service would lead to repeat visitors
because they eventually share their unforgettable experiences with friends and
acquaintances (Çelik, Yüsbaşioğlu & Topsakal, 2017). Tourists tend to revisit a destination
if they are satisfied in the attractiveness of culture and high quality of service
accommodation (Viet, Dang & Nguyen, 2020).
Accessibility
In 2019, the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and ONCE
Foundation launched the Accessible Tourism Destination (ATD) to boost the accessibility
in tourist destinations. Accessibility pertains to tourism products, services, and facilities
that do not only focus on human rights but also to equip destinations with business
opportunities, to accept all guests and to augment their revenues (APEC, 2003).
In the study of Zeng & He (2018), one of the factors influencing tourist flow is
transportation meaning transportation expense and network. Road quality and
infrastructure are very much of great influence on travel because a modernized road
network leads to increase traffic flow that boosts the number of passengers and tourists in a
destination (Mazrekaj, 2020). Public transportation plays a vital role in a destination’s
accessibility. It is a key factor to note that ease of access, an existing and effective public
transportation connects more tourist flows (Yang, Li & Li, 2017). Public transport that
includes travel time, comfort, and trip length of passengers are also vital in determining
customer satisfaction (Hansson, Pettersson, Svensson & Wretstrand, 2019).
Affordability
The fourth aspect that influence tourists’ decision is affordability. It includes local people’s
hospitality, cleanliness, safety and security, affordability near a tourist attraction, and
affordable food and beverage (Kijima, et.al., 2020).
There are five A’s of tourism that include Attraction, Activities, Accessibility,
Accommodation, and Amenities. However, there is a sixth ‘A’ that is equally important in
influencing tourists to a destination and that is Affordability. Affordable tourism
destination such as cost of travel, rates of accommodation, and entrance fees to attractions
would definitely help in making a successful destination (Samuel, 2020). One of the
studies show that most of the customers believe that online hotel booking is convenient,
more reliable, faster, and cheaper than booking offline (Teng, Wu & Chou, 2020). In the
study of Chen, Tsai, and Chiu (2015), it was found that price is a significant factor in
choosing hotels even of low quality. Khuong and Nyuyen (2017) considered the perceived
price as a factor of a destination choice. Xiang (2013) described Chinese tourists as frugal,
hedonistic and mixed tourists so it is important to consider affordability of tourism
products. Perceived affordability and availability of personal finances encourage tourists to
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International Tourism and Hospitality Journal (ITHJ)
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spend more. Affordability significantly increased in the Traveller Sentiment Index (TSI)
according to Kandzavelou (2015).
Aside from the attractiveness of a destination, people related factors like local
residents who are tourists friendly can make the destination remain attractive to visitors
(Vengesayi, Mavondo & Reisinger, 2009). The results in Udoh’s (2019) study revealed
that the hospitality of people can influence attraction in a tourist destination.
Cleanliness is another attribute to consider that should be considered in a tourist
destination because unclean destinations can have a negative impact on tourist satisfaction
(Hasugian, Sukarta & Syafariani, 2016).
Cost of stay in a tourist establishment includes the price of accommodation, food
and beverage (F & B), transportation, products, and services. If the cost of stay increases,
chances are tourist satisfaction may decrease (Suanmali, 2014).
Safety and security are both important that have become main aspects influencing
security issues and a passive factor as an element of tourism with the act of protecting
tourists and their belongings during the trip (Kővári & Zimányi, 2011).
Attribution
Attribution includes the existence of souvenir shops and local events or ceremonies
(Kijima, et.al., 2020). Studies show that brand-related attributions influence satisfaction.
Pleasure and place attachments enhance effects of a tourism experience as well (Orth, et
al., 2012).
Souvenir shopping is another important part of a travel package that may
characterize the totality of a travel experience (Kong & Chang, 2016). Shopping for
tourists is an essential activity because a trip is not complete without buying souvenirs or
anything from a destination (Yuksel, 2004). Chinese that are categorized as hedonistic
tourists purchase multiple souvenirs (Xiang, 2013). Shopping tourism can also be
considered as a competitive factor in influencing tourists in choosing a destination (Silva,
Breda, Brandão, Costa & Costa, 2019). In the study of Zainali, Jafarpour, Hessam &
Zolghadr (2014), shopping experience is considered as part of tourist satisfaction where
tourists’ level of satisfaction lies on the stores or souvenir shops. Shopping may not be a
major reason for travel but it can be a motivator for a tourist to go to a place that offers
enjoyable buying experience in certain destinations (Azmi, Ahmad, Abdullah & Shaw,
2019).
Events and event destination also plays an important role in establishing a
destination attraction because a successful event leads to greater visitor satisfaction and
loyalty that leads to repeat events and tourists (Oklobdžija, 2015).
Conclusion and Implication of the Study
There are plenty of researches related to tourists and tourism but the variables that
encompasses the attributes of a travel destination that influence tourists’ decision is quite
few. There is a series of variables that influence the decision of tourists in choosing a
destination. These variables are classified into accommodation, articulated stories,
accessibility, affordability, and attribution. According to the literatures studied, one of the
aspects that influence tourists’ decision is accommodation that includes hotels and
restaurants. This is because it is considered as one of the most important attributes in any
destination may they be big or small, luxurious or simple, expensive or cheap. A place to
stay overnight or more is quite significant for the traveler’s safety and can enrich the
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International Tourism and Hospitality Journal (ITHJ)
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overall experience in the destination. The role of accommodation surely influences a
tourist’s decision.
With respect to another variable ‘articulated stories’ or the so called ‘word of
mouth’, it is a significant attribute in influencing tourists to make decisions because this
variable spreads very fast and directly affects decision-making based on the quality of
tourism experience. This experience is a great aspect to convince or influence other tourists
in visiting a destination.
The variable ‘accessibility’ influences tourists because road quality and
infrastructure including the means of transporting tourists from one place to another has an
effect on tourists’ experience and overall quality of stay. Availability of public
transportation to all kinds of tourists, whether physically able or not, is an important factor
to enable to reach the intended place of attraction and enjoy the experiences in the
destination.
The other variables ‘affordability’ and ‘attribution’ are definitely attributes
to consider in influencing tourists’ decision. Affordability may be a contrast to
convenience because it may pay a higher price considering a more convenient and
luxurious trip. Attribution that is related to availability of souvenir shops is a special part of
a trip. Buying souvenir items make tangible items intangible brought by memories of the
tourist destination.
Limitations and Directions for Future Research
This research is delimited to the attributes of travel destinations that influence tourists’
decisions during the COVID pre-pandemic period. Future lines of study will attempt to
determine if these variables are still true and how it will affect the expenditure of tourists in
these destinations and the country’s GDG amidst the current pandemic situation. It would
be interesting to explore on the attributes of travel destinations that influence tourists’
decisions during pandemic and post-pandemic period. It is recommended to explore the
different attributes of tourist’s decision based on geographical location and region to assists
and guide business owners, strategize and predict plan intervention that benefit domestic
and international tourism industry of various countries.
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