Morphology and phylogeny of Punctularia atropurpurascens (Corticiales, Agaricomycotina) new to China

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微生物学通报
Microbiology China
ISSN 0253-2654,CN 11-1996/Q
《微生物学通报》网络首发论文
题目： 担子菌门总革菌科中国新记录种紫黑点壳菌(英文)
作者： 彭子嘉，余安，骆泽煜，刘小勇，陈万福，余仲东
DOI： 10.13344/j.microbiol.china.210155
收稿日期： 2021-02-07
网络首发日期： 2021-06-15
引用格式： 彭子嘉，余安，骆泽煜，刘小勇，陈万福，余仲东．担子菌门总革菌科中国
新记录种紫黑点壳菌(英文)．微生物学通报.
https://doi.org/10.13344/j.microbiol.china.210155
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PENG Zijia et al: Punctularia atropurpurascens (Punctulariaceae, Basidiomycota), a new record to China 1
DOI: 10.13344/j.microbiol.china.210155
Punctularia atropurpurascens (Punctulariaceae,
Basidiomycota), a new record to China
PENG Zijia
1
YU An
2
LUO Zeyu
1
LIU Xiaoyong
3
CHEN Wanfu
1
YU Zhongdong

1
1 College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
2 College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan
410004, China
3 Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
Abstract: [Background] A fluffy fungal fruitbody, sampled as
HMNWAFU-CF-HS002, was collected from rotting stumps of Paulownia tomentosa
in Shaanxi Province, China. [Objective] Morphological description and molecular
identification were carried out to determine its taxonomic status. [Methods]
Macroscopic features were imaged, while microstructures were measured, counted
and drawn. Living culture was isolated and purified with PDA medium, and RDNA
ITS phylogenetic analyses by combining with Maximum-Likelihood (ML),
Maximum Parsimony (MP) and Bayesian Inference (BI) methods were conducted.
[Results] The HMNWAFU-CF-HS002 highly fitted Punctularia atropurpurascens
in morphological characteristics. RDNA ITS phylogenetic analyses showed that
HMNWAFU-CF-HS002 nested into the P. atropurpurascens clade. [Conclusion]
Combining morphological evidences and phylogenetic results,
HMNWAFU-CF-HS002 was assigned as P. atropurpurascens, a new record species
in China. P. tomentosa is a new record host species for P. atropurpurascens. So far,
all three species of genus Punctularia have been recorded in China.
Keywords: Punctularia atropurpurascens, biological resource, morphology, RDNA ITS phylogeny,
new record species
Foundation items: National Natural Science Foundation of China (31670650); National Key Research and
Development Program of China (2017YFD0600103-4-2); Poverty Alleviation Projects
Supported by Science and Technology in Yangling (2020-KJFP)
Corresponding author: E-mail: yuzhongdong001@nwafu.edu.cn
Received: 07-02-2021; Accepted: 12-05-2021; Published online:
基金项目：国家自然科学基金(31670650)；国家重点研发计划(2017YFD0600103-4-2)；杨凌科技助力脱贫
攻坚项目(2020-KJFP)
*通信作者：E-mail：yuzhongdong001@nwafu.edu.cn
收稿日期：2021-02-07；接受日期：2021-05-12；网络首发日期：
2021-06-15 11:44:13
URL：https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.1996.Q.20210615.0951.001.html

2 微生物学通报 2008, Vol.35, No.1
担子菌门总革菌科中国新记录种紫黑点壳菌
彭子嘉
1
余安
2
骆泽煜
1
刘小勇
3
陈万福
1
余仲东
*1
1 西北农林科技大学林学院 陕西 杨凌 712100
2 中南林业科技大学林学院 湖南 长沙 410004
3 中国科学院微生物研究所 北京 100101
摘 要：【背景】在陕西省的毛泡桐腐木桩上观察和采集到一株绒毛状真菌子实体，
编号为 HMNWAFU-CF-HS002。【目的】为了确定该菌的分类地位，对其进行形
态观察及分子鉴定。【方法】获取宏观彩色图像并对显微结构进行测量、统计和
绘图。此外，用 PDA 培养基分离纯化了该菌的培养物，并结合最大似然法、最
大简约法和贝叶斯法进行 RDNA ITS 分子系统学研究。【结果】
HMNWAFU-CF-HS002 的形态特征与 Punctularia atropurpurascens 高度相似。
RDNA ITS 系统发育分析将 HMNWAFU-CF-HS002 聚在 Punctularia
atropurpurascens 的单系分支中
。
【结论】结合形态学特征与系统发育结果，
HMNWAFU-CF-HS002 被鉴定紫黑点壳菌(Punctularia atropurpurascens)，为中
国的新记录种。此外，毛泡桐为其新记录寄主。至此，Punctularia 属下的 3个
种，均在中国有分布记录。
关键词：紫黑点壳菌，生物资源，形态学，RDNA ITS 分子系统学，新记录种
1 Introduction
The genus Punctularia consists of merely three accepted species, P. atropurpurascens
(Berk. & Broome) Petch, P. bambusicola C.L. Zhao, and P. strigosozonata (Schwein.) P.H.B.
Talbot[1-3]. In China, Punctularia bambusicola is reported from Yunnan Province[2], P.
strigosozonata is found in Shanxi Province and Jilin Province[4-5], but P. atropurpurascens was
not reported[6-7] or listed in the data-base Checklist of Fungi in China (http://fungalinfo.im.ac.cn/)
till now. Its known distribution involved few countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America
and South America[8-11] (https://www.gbif.org), and India[12] is the only Asia country
documenting this species.
Studies on P. atropurpurascens involved morphological features[9], growth cycles[10],
degradation function[13-14], antifungal and medicinal components, which have garnered huge
attention in recent years due to its ecological, economical and medical values. For example,
Anke[15] extracted phlebiakauranol aldehyde from cultures of P. atropurpurascens, which

PENG Zijia et al: Punctularia atropurpurascens (Punctulariaceae, Basidiomycota), a new record to China 3
exhibited strong antifungal, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities against several phytopathogens;
Alborés[16] detected and purified a novel lectin with specific compatibility towards
N-acetyl-glucosamine from mycelia; latterly, Alborés[17] continued extracting a laccase from the
extracellular extract of P. atropurpurascens, which was able to degrade Remazol Brilliant Blue
R and Acid Blue 25 dyes. In this study, we firstly reported this high-valuable P.
atropurpurascens in China, and described its eye-catching morphologies, ITS phylogenetic
relationship with the homogenesis species, and its growth cycles and hosts in details.
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
Wugong county, located in western Guanzhong plain in Shaanxi province, belongs to the
semi-humid monsoon belt of warm temperate zone. Its average annual precipitation and sunshine
duration are 552.6–663.3 mm and 2 094.9 h, respectively. From south to north, with an elevation
from 415 to 600 m, there are four parallel landforms, Weihe beach, terraced plain, loess tableland,
and front and depression of piedmont pluvial fan. Weishui River, commonly known as back river
in Wugong county, is a tributary of Weihe river, which traced back to the Yellow river[18].
The studied specimens were collected beside Weishui river. Voucher specimens were
deposited in the Mycological Herbarium of Forestry College, Northwest A&F University
(HMNWAFU-CF). Tiny sections were cut from the fruitbody and incubated on the
potato-dextrose agar (PDA) medium at 25 ℃ in the dark for fungal isolation. About 5 days later,
emerging fungal mycelia were transferred into fresh PDA plates to develop purified living
cultures[19].
2.2 Morphological observation
The colorful photographs were captured by LUMIX G8M during each stage in the growth
cycles, and fungal histological sections were observed at magnification up to 1 000× using an
Olympus CX41 microscope. The microscopic observation followed Guan et al.[2] and Cui et
al.[20]. Hand drawings were implemented with the aid of a digital pen tablet (GAOMON WH850)
and the software Adobe Photoshop 2020. Slides of basidiocarps were stained by Cotton Blue and
Melzer’s reagent for microscopic observation, measurement and drawing. Conidia from the
culture and basidiospores from basidiocarps were observed and measured randomly. To
determine the size variation of spores, 5% of the data were excluded from each end of the
measurement range and noted in parentheses. In the text, the following abbreviations are used:
IKI=Melzer’s reagent, IKI–=inamyloid and indextrinoid, KOH=5% potassium hydroxide,
CB=Cotton Blue, CB–=acyanophilous reaction of CB, L=mean spore length (arithmetic average
of all spores), W=mean spore width (arithmetic average of all spores), Q=variation in the L/W
ratios, n=number of spores from the given numbers of specimens. The width of a basidium was
measured at its thickest part, and the length was measured from the apex (sterigmata excluded) to
the basal septum. Terminological description of color followed Petersen[21].
2.3 DNA extraction and PCR amplification
A total of 0.02 g thalli from the specimen and a pure colony were separately ground to
extract the genomic DNA by CTAB method according to Doyle & Doyle[22] and Qi et al.[23]. The
concentrations of DNA extract from specimen and colony are 535.960 ng/μL (OD260/280=1.95)
and 462.237 ng/μL (OD260/280=1.90), respectively. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were
amplified using the universal primers ITS1/ITS4[24]. The PCRs were carried out in a final volume

4 微生物学通报 2008, Vol.35, No.1
of 30 μL, containing 15 μL 2×Taq PCR MasterMix (CoWin Biosciences, China), 1.5 μL of 10
μmol/L each primer (Shanghai Sangon Biotech Company Limited, China), 3 μL template DNA,
and 9 μL ddH2O. Thermal cycling was implemented in a GeneAmp PCR TC-96 instrument
(Bioer Technology Company Limited, Hangzhou, China) for pre-denaturation at 94 ℃ for 3 min,
a subsequent PCR cycle lasting for 30 s at 94 ℃, 30 s at 55 ℃, and 30 s at 72 ℃. Such 35 cycles
were carried out until the procedure was terminated at 4 ℃. The PCR products were then
sequenced by Shanghai Sangon Biotech Company Limited, China, with primers ITS1 and ITS4
same as used in PCR reaction.
2.4 Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis
Sequences were assembled by BioEdit 7.2.5 (Bioedit Limited, UK), searched by BLAST,
compared in the NCBI database and deposited in GenBank (accession no. MW556264,
MW556465). Other homologous sequences used for phylogenetic analysis were downloaded
from GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/), UNITE (https://unite.ut.ee) and
Mushroom Observer (https://mushroomobserver.org/)[9-10]. All sequences were aligned using the
MUSCLE algorithm in MEGA-X (https://www.megasoftware.net/home), and were manually
adjusted to allow maximum alignment and minimum gaps, with all positions containing gaps or
missing data eliminated completely. Two sequences of Vuilleminia alni Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles
downloaded from GenBank were used as the outgroup. Aligned sequence matrix was exported as
FASTA and MEGA format. Phylogenetic trees were constructed with Maximum-Likelihood
(ML), Maximum Parsimony (MP) and Bayesian Inference (BI) methods.
Topologies were constructed based on ML analysis with MEGA formatted file[25].
Twenty-four different nucleotide substitution models were considered, and the model with the
lowest Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) score was chosen as the best-fit evolutionary model.
Initial trees for the heuristic search were obtained automatically by applying Neighbor-Join and
BioNJ algorithms to calculate a matrix of pairwise distances, which was further estimated using
the Maximum Composite Likelihood (MCL) approach; and the topology with superior
log-likelihood value was selected. The MP tree was obtained by using the
Subtree-Pruning-Regrafting (SPR) algorithm[26] with search level 1, in which the initial trees
were obtained by the random addition of sequences (10 replicates). Both MP and ML bootstrap
analyses were conducted 1 000 replicates by software MEGA-X[27].
The FASTA formatted file was firstly transformed into NEXUS format using
SequenceMatrix 1.8 and then was applied for calculating BI using MrBayes ver. 3.1.2[28-29]. Four
Markov chains were run from random starting trees for 1 000 000 generations till the average
standard deviation of split frequencies was below 0.01, and trees were sampled every 100
generations. The first 25% of the sampled trees were discarded as burn-in and the remaining ones
were used to reconstruct a majority-rule consensus and to calculate BI posterior probabilities
(Bpps) of the clades. Tree reconstruction, visualization and editing were implemented with
FIGTREE V1.4.0 (http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/) and MEGA-X. The Bpps were
followed by bootstrap values of ML and MP at the nodes in the topology. Branches that received
bootstrap support for ML (≥75%), MP (≥75%) and Bpp (≥0.95) were considered as significantly
supported[20].
3 Results

PENG Zijia et al: Punctularia atropurpurascens (Punctulariaceae, Basidiomycota), a new record to China 5
3.1 Phylogenetic analyses
Twenty-three sequences of RDNA ITS were employed to construct the phylogenetic tree,
eight of which were downloaded from UNITE (prefix with UDB), twelve from GenBank, one
from Mushroom Observer (without prefix) and two newly generated from our collections.
Tamura 3-parameter model was estimated as the best-fit evolutionary model for the aligned
dataset. ML analysis generated a tree topology that was almost identical to the MP and Bayesian
tree. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that two sequences from the specimen (accession no.
MW556264) and the colony (accession no. MW556465) of the HMNWAFU-CF-HS002 were
finely fitted in the Punctularia atropurpurascens clade, which included ITS sequences from Italy,
India, USA, South Africa and Costa Rica, and formed an independent sub-clade (Figure 1).
Figure 1 Phylogenetic tree constructed by the Maximun-Likeihood (ML) method based on sequences
of the ITS region of nuclear ribosomal DNA
图1 基于核糖体 ITS 区序列构建的最大似然法系统发育树
Note: The phylogenetic tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site[27].
The Bayesian Inference posterior probabilities (Bpps) are followed by bootstrap values of ML and Maximum Parsimo-
ny (MP) at the nodes in the topology. Sequence data are shown with species name, accession number in GenBank or
UNITE (prefix with UDB) or Mushroom Observer (without prefix), and location of the voucher specimen.
注：发育树按比例绘制，用每个位点的替换次数来衡量树枝的长度[27]。在拓扑结构的节点处标出了最大似然法
(ML)、最大简约法(MP)的自展值，以及贝叶斯后验概率(Bpps)。序列信息有：物种名称、GenGank 或UNITE(前
缀为 UDB)或Mushroom Observer(无前缀)登录号，以及凭证标本所在地。
3.2 Taxonomy
Punctularia atropurpurascens (Berk. & Broome) Petch, Ann. R. bot. Gdns Peradeniya 6:
160, 1916. Figure 2

6 微生物学通报 2008, Vol.35, No.1
≡Thelephora subhepatica Berk., London J. Bot. 5: 3, 1846.
≡Thelephora atropurpurascens Berk. & Broome, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 64, 1873.
≡Corticium tuberculosum Pat., in Patouillard & Lagerheim, Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 8: 118,
1892.
≡Punctularia tuberculosa (Pat.) Pat. & Lagerh., Bull. Herb. Boissier 3: 57, 1895.
≡Punctularia subhepatica (Berk.) Hjortstam, Mycotaxon 54: 191, 1995.
Fruitbody—Basidiocarps effused to effuse-reflexed, adherent on the substrate, in patches
about a few centimetres across, up to 1 mm thick. Subiculum thin layered, 17–84(–105) µm thick,
fibrose, coffee brown to dark brown. Hymenium surface papillate or shallowly tuberculate,
becoming crustose to corneous when dry, reddish brown to dark purplish brown. Superior
surface cottony, fluffy, membranous, light pink to rose, with reddish aqueous droplets secreted
from pores in autumn; compact, woolly, partly powdered, pinkish purple to purplish brown in
winter.
Hyphal structure—Hyphal system monomitic, generative hyphae with clamp connections.
Subicular generative hyphae 2.3–3.9 µm wide, with thick solid walls, yellowish brown to coffee
brown, sometimes with multiple clamp connections on the single septum. Abhymenial generative
hyphae 1.8–3.7 µm wide, thick-walled, branched distantly from septa, hyaline. Subhymenial
generative hyphae 1.9–4.3 µm wide, thin-walled to slightly thick-walled, subhyaline or very pale
brown, frequently branched.
Hymenium—Dendrohyphidia numerous, luxuriant, dendritic or coralloid, up to 75 µm long,
3.0–6.6 µm wide, with thick walls and very narrow or absent lumens at tips, ochraceous to coffee
brown, darker from bases to extremities. Basidia tubular or clavate, flexuose, infrequent, 39.1–
66.3 ×5.1–6.9 µm; 4 sterigmata up to 5 µm long. Basidioles similar to basidia in shape, but
smaller in size, without obvious sterigmata. Cystidia and cystidioles absent.
Spores—Basidiospores infrequent, ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid, (7.0–9.2(–9.9))×(3.5–
4.6(–4.9)) µm in size, L=8.0, W=4.0, Q=2 (n=30/1), smooth, thin-walled, hyaline. Conidia
prevalent, abundant, in branched chains, subglobose to ellipsoid, sometimes irregular, 4.3–6.9(–
7.8)×3.6–4.6(–4.8) µm, L=5.5, W=4.1, Q=1.3 (n=30/1), with thick walls, pale brownish to pale
purplish brown, with lipid bodies inside, breaking off from each one and showing the remains of
the linking walls at both ends, sometimes shed with segments of supporting hyphae.
Colonies—Colonies tufted, pulverulent, violet at first, becoming dark reddish-brown later,
with white margin, forming a thick mass of conidia.
Chemical reaction—CB–; IKI–; tissues darkening in KOH.
Specimen examined—China. Shaanxi Province, Xianyang City, Wugong County, Weishui
river, on rotting stumps of Paulownia tomentosa Steud., 4 October 2020 & 3 January 2021, Peng
ZJ, Yu ZD & Luo ZY (HMNWAFU-CF-HS002).

PENG Zijia et al: Punctularia atropurpurascens (Punctulariaceae, Basidiomycota), a new record to China 7

8 微生物学通报 2008, Vol.35, No.1

PENG Zijia et al: Punctularia atropurpurascens (Punctulariaceae, Basidiomycota), a new record to China 9
Figure 2 Features of Punctularia atropurpurascens (drawn from HMNWAFU-CF-HS002)
图2 紫黑点壳菌形态特征(绘自 HMNWAFU-CF-HS002)
Note: A: Morphological characteristics in autumn with red droplets secreted; B: Morphological characteristics in winter;
C: Hymenium; D: Vertical section through the basidiome; E: Colony; F: Conidia and segments of supporting hyphae; G:
Basidiospores, basidia and basidioles; H: Subhymenial generative hyphae, dendrohyphidia, basidia and basidioles; I:
Subicular generative hyphae and abhymenial generative hyphae
注：A：秋季形态特征，伴有红色液滴渗出；B：冬季形态特征；C：子实层；D：担子果切片；E：菌落；F：
分生孢子及支撑菌丝片段；G：担孢子、担子及幼担子；H：子实基层生殖菌丝、树状子实层端菌丝、担子及幼
担子；I：菌丝层生殖菌丝及远子实层生殖菌丝
4 Disscussion
For the first time, the species P. atropurpurascens was reported in China based on
morphological and phylogenetic evidences in this study. Phylogenetically, P. atropurpurascens is
more closely related to P. bambusicola than P. strigosozonata based on ITS sequence analysis
(Figure 1), which is accordance with that of Knijn & Ferretti[9] and Guan et al.[2].
Morphologically, the genus Punctularia lacks cystidia and cystidioles, while usually has obvious
sterile dendrohyphidia, however, three species in this genus displayed diverse morphologies in
basidiocarps thickness, color of hymenial surface and margin, basidia size, and dendrohyphidia
length. P. atropurpurascens appeared to be thicker basidiocarps (up to 1 mm), larger basidia
(39.1–66.3×5.1–6.9 μm) and longer dendrohyphidia (up to 75 µm) than P. bambusicola, of
which is 100–300 µm thick, 17.5–21.5×4.0–5.5 μm size and up to 42 μm long[2], respectively.
The hymenial surface in the former is reddish brown to dark purplish brown or bluish[10], but
from pink to rose in the latter. And both of them have basidiocarps with more or less whitish
fibrillose margin[2,9,10]. Punctularia strigosozonata differs from the above two species in its
resupinate to effuse-reflexed basidiocarps, with orangish brown to maroon or dark violaceous
hymenial surface and brown velutinous margin[2,30-31]. Among them, only P. atropurpurascens
developed the distinct structure of subiculum. Interestingly, P. atropurpurascens displays
morphological changes during the annual growth cycle[10]. Two cycles were found under the
different habitat humidity, a long one in wet conditions and a short one under drought stress[10].
The superior surface of P. atropurpurascens showed pink feathery morphology and exuded
reddish aqueous droplets from pores in autumn (Figure 2A), but compact, woolly, partly
powdered, pinkish purple to purplish brown without exudates when given an enough humidity in
winter (Figure 2B), which were as same as Knijn & Ferretti[9] reported. In addition, Knijn et al.[10]
reported that these droplets were composed of phlebiarubrone derivatives and lipid molecules
involved in various cellular signal transduction pathways in fungi and plants[32-35].

10 微生物学通报 2008, Vol.35, No.1
All three species of Punctularia displayed excellent abilities of degradation and were
considered as white rot saprobes according to the previous studies[2,9-10,14]. Punctularia
strigosozonata was found on branch of Pistacia, Populus and Quercus[3,31], P. bambusicola on a
dead bamboo, P. atropurpurascens on Acacia[1-2], Celtis australis L.[10], Juglans regia L.[4],
Mangifera sp.[1-2], P. radiata[14], Platanus acerifolia (Aiton) Willd., Quercus ilex L., Quercus
cerris L., and Q. suber[10]. Additionally, we found P. atropurpurascens can colonize and gravely
decompose the stumps of P. tomentosa, an indigenous tree in Guanzhong Plain. This is the first
report of the novel host P. tomentosa in China.
REFERENCES
[1] Petch T. Revisions of ceylon fungi (Part IV)[J]. Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens Peradeniya, 1916, 6: 153-183
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