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FoMO and JoMO Phenomenon of Active Millennial
Instagram Users at 2020 in Jakarta
Jiren Grashyla Aurel1 Sinta Paramita1*
1Faculty of Communication, Universitas Tarumanagara, West Jakarta, DKI Jakarta 11440, Indonesia
*Corresponding author. Email: sintap@fikom.untar.ac.id
ABSTRACT
Face-to-face interpersonal communication is the most effective of all communication types. Due to the Covid-
19 outbreak in 2020, Indonesians have been forced to communicate online. The outbreak was followed up by
Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB). The increasing use of Instagram due to the communication crisis give
possible symptoms of Fear of Missing Out (FoMO). In addition, they may also experience Joy of Missing Out
(JoMO) caused by the long-time disconnection of face-to-face communication. This research aims to determine
the symptoms of FoMO and JoMO among active millennial Instagram users at 2020 PSBB in Jakarta and
analyze the causes with Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation (FIRO), namely the three basic needs
of interpersonal communication; inclusion, control, and affection. This research uses the FIRO Theory and
approaches in the phenomenological method. The results are; millennial Instagram users do have symptoms of
FoMO and JoMO during PSBB; from the three needs of interpersonal communication, what causes individuals
to experience FoMO and JoMO is affection; FoMO with over personal affection is caused by fear of losing
relationships and affection; JoMO with the same affection (over personal) focuses on maintaining relationships
in real life, and JoMO with interpersonal affection is caused by the distrust in interactions.
Keywords: Interpersonal communication, fear of missing out, the joy of missing out
1. INTRODUCTION
There is no one who does not communicate or can avoid it,
we often hear this term with "One Cannot Not
Communicate" by Griffin. [1] Although communication is
inherent in humans, Effendy said that no one is completely
effective in communicating. [2], because according to
DeVito, in every communication process, various barriers
always occur. Barriers are all things that can distort the
message that being conveyed. [3] From all communication
types, face-to-face interpersonal communication is
considered to be the most effective because when face-to-
face communication takes place, the contact that occurs can
form the meaning of the non-verbal communication
response, so as to minimize the occurrence of
communication barriers. [4] It used to be very easy to
communicate face-to-face every day, but due to the Covid-
19 outbreak in 2020, Indonesians have been forced to
communicate online. The outbreak was followed up by
Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB). [5] People are
using Instagram as a means of communication during
quarantine thus causing Instagram usage to increase by
40%. [6] The increasing use of Instagram due to the
communication crisis give possible symptoms of Fear of
Missing Out (FoMO). According to Przybylski, everyone
can represent themselves and communicate with each other
on social media. Activities that are shared can be seen by
everyone. These interactions form bonds that have an
impact on individuals who actively socialize on social
media, resulting in a desire to be connected with other
people's activities continuously. This situation is called
FoMO, which is a social anxiety syndrome which has the
characteristic of always wanting to be connected and know
what people are doing, and is generally dominated by
millennials. [7] The digital company, OptinMonster,
explains statistics throughout 2020 that as many as 40% of
millennials use their money excessively and even go into
debt to maintain interpersonal relationships with their
friends. In addition, 39% of the millennial generation is
envy, 30% is jealous, and 21% is sad and disappointed
because their friends' activities are more interesting than
what they do. [8]
Apart from the possibility of having FoMO symptoms,
millennials may also experience symptoms of Joy of
Missing Out (JoMO). According to Phelan, JoMO is a way
of life to feel more relaxed and have no problem finding out
late information. Humans need technology in their lives, but
not as much as they think and JoMO is how to balance it.
[9] This possibility is based on an interpersonal
communication crisis due to the long disconnection in face-
to-face communication. During the quarantine, many
people spend time on themselves, make individuals self-
reflect, and spend a lot of time with their families. [10] It
was also found that apart from the victims of Covid-19,
PSBB made people more grateful for small things and could
enjoy life. Even before the existence of the PSBB in Jakarta,
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Proceedings of the International Conference on Economics, Business, Social, and Humanities (ICEBSH 2021)
Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Atlantis Press SARL.
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research of more than 2,200 people across the UK in 2019
has shown that 78% of millennials experience JoMO and
feel happier to stay at home. 41% of them admit to saving
more money and think that quality is more important than
quantity when it comes to communication. [11] From the
problems that have been described, then this research
concludes the issue to be “How are the symptoms of FoMO
and JoMO among active millennial Instagram users at 2020
PSBB in Jakarta and the causes with Fundamental
Interpersonal Relations Orientation Theory (FIRO)?”.
1.1. Related Work
1.1.1. FoMO among Adolescents in Samarinda
City by Akbar et al.
Research by Akbar et al. [7] in 2018 entitled “FoMO among
Adolescents in Samarinda City” explained that the causes
of people with FoMO symptoms are the unfulfilled
"relatedness needs" that they are unable to be close to other
individuals and the unfulfilled "self needs", that they are
unable to fulfill their life desires. Akbar explained that
social media is the main cause of people becoming FoMO,
and the effects of FoMO are not caring about their
surroundings and themselves, messed up their sleeping and
eating time, feeling dissatisfied for what they have, and
unable to enjoy the real life. The research by Akbar has a
differences with this study. This study discusses the FoMO
phenomenon in the urgency of the Covid-19 pandemic
which deals with communication crisis.
1.1.2. From FoMO to JoMO by Kiding
The 2019 study entitled "From Fomo to Jomo: Overcoming
Fear of Missing Out and Fostering Resilience against
Dependence on the Digital World" by Kiding and
Matulessy explained that JoMO behavior greatly influences
the subject's ability to reside from FoMO behavior. JoMO's
behavior is said to have a positive impact on the resilient
ability of adolescents preventing FoMO. JoMO individuals
are stated to be able to limit the use of social media. [9] The
differences between the research by Kiding and Matulessy
with this study are, this research discusses the JoMO
phenomenon in a more actual problem and analyzes its
causes in the context of interpersonal communication
during the Covid-19 pandemic.
1.1.3. FIRO of Student at a Coffee Shop by
Erdiyanti
Research by Erdiyanti entitled "Interpersonal
Communication of UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya Activists
Student at a Coffee Shop in Review of William Schutz
Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation", in 2017,
explained that the students at a coffee shop carried out
various types of communication, such as open
communication. They put their trust in interpersonal
communication by exchanging ideas and supporting each
other thus causing affection. Both Erdiyanti's and this study
are look at the needs of interpersonal communication, one
of the differences is the location. Erdiyanti's research do not
have any urgency or big problems unlike this study which
discuss communication crisis due to Covid-19 pandemic.
1.2. Our Contribution
This research is expanding knowledge about the symptoms
of FoMO and JoMO in millennials. This study contributes
to becoming a new reference for further research related to
any forms of communication crisis. Practically speaking,
this study also reminding millennials to improve the balance
between communicating on social media and real-life. This
research is also adding new insights about communication
during the 2020 PSBB in Jakarta. In addition to answering
the research objectives, this paper presents some
improvements from the previous researches. This study
complements the shortcomings of the research by Akbar et
al. [7] Who recommends other researchers to do research on
FoMO in different locations and subjects, then this study
follow the recommendations by do the research in Jakarta
in the urgency of the Covid-19 pandemic related to the
communication crisis. This study also strengthens the
results of Kiding and Matulessy's research [9] on JoMO
behavior which gives a person the ability to be resilient to
FoMO. Then, this study also complements Erdiyanti's [9]
lack of familiarity with the research subject by observing
informants more deeply so as to strengthen the research
results related to the analysis of FIRO theory in
interpersonal communication.
1.3. Paper Structure
This paper is structured as follows. Section 1 (Introduction)
introduces the preliminaries by explaining the issues by data
and the urgency of the communication crisis in millennials
during the 2020 PSBB in Jakarta, discusses related studies
by summarizing the existing work, and discuss the
differences with this study by explaining the actuality of the
communication crisis due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Sub
section “Our Contribution” explains the author
contributions towards the advancement of communication
studies by adding something new to the knowledge. Section
2 (Background) Explains all concepts about this paper that
the reader needs to understand by introduces FoMO, JoMO,
and FIRO Theory based on references from existing work.
Section 3 (Methods) describes the process of qualitative
research that is looking for, analyzing, and managing the
phenomenon to figure out the social interactions directly in
the field. Section 4 (Finding and Discussion) identifies and
discusses data to answers the objectives of this research,
contextualizes the findings of FoMO, JoMO, and FIRO
within previous research and theory, explains unexpected
results that differ this study from previous research. Finally,
Section 5 concludes the study and presents suggestions for
future research.
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2. BACKGROUND
2.1. Fear of Missing Out (FoMO)
FoMO was first created by a writer named Patrick J.
McGinnis in 2004, through his opinion entitled "McGinnis'
Two FO's: Social Theory." The paper was published by
Harvard Business School in The Harbus magazine and
placed in the opinion section. Then, in 2012, FoMO was
further researched by JW Intelligence, the study explained
that FoMO is a feeling of anxiety and fear of being left
behind when a friend does and feels something that is more
fun or better than what he currently does and has. People
who FoMO also feel worried if they miss information on the
current trend. [7] The British Institute of Health, the Royal
Society of Public Health, deepen the research in 2017 and
stated that people with FoMO feel inferior, humiliated, and
depressed because of the fear of being judged by people,
and about 40% of social media users have FoMO. In 2015,
the largest organization of psychologists in Australia, the
Australian Psychological Society, released the results of a
survey on Stress and Wellbeing in Australia, the survey
stated that 50% of adolescents have FoMO and dominated
by people aged 18-35 years old. [12]
2.2. Joy of Missing Out (JoMO)
The name Joy of Missing Out was first coined in 2012 by
Anil Dash on his personal blog, Dash is a writer and CEO
of Glitch. JoMO became popular in 2014, when a writer,
digital expert and podcast host named Christina Crook
promoted the JoMO lifestyle by writing the book The Joy
of Missing Out. Crook revealed that implementing JoMO is
a conscious effort to disconnect from the world of the
internet in order to get offline moments in real life. [13] The
JoMO lifestyle has a slower rhythm, focuses on
relationships in real life, is able to say no, gives a special
space by detaching self from technology, giving self-time to
feel all emotions, [9] and being able to enjoy their own time
without bothering to think about what other people are
doing. [14]
2.3. Fundamental Interpersonal Relations
Orientation Theory (FIRO)
FIRO is a sub theory of interpersonal communication which
is commonly referred to as the theory of interpersonal
needs. It was coined by William Schutz in 1958. The
assumption of the theory is humans are social creatures so
that in their lives they always need other humans. Humans
need three basic interpersonal needs in their life to be in a
relationship with other humans. [14] According to William
Schutz, those three needs are as follows; 1.) Inclusion
(participation), is a need based on the awareness of
individuals who want to get satisfaction when interacting by
contributing to the group; 2.) Control (Control), is a need
based on the awareness of individuals who want to get
satisfaction when interacting with controlling, leading,
influencing, and being dominant in determining decisions;
3.) Affection (affection) is the need to have and maintain a
relationship in order to get affection and love.
2.4. FIRO as a Theory to Analyze the Causes
of FoMO and JoMO
According to Przybylski, people who have FoMO are
caused by low satisfaction and needs in life, as well as bad
moods in real life. [7] Meanwhile, JoMO is the opposite of
FoMO, said Fuller, JoMO is caused by satisfaction with the
life that’s being lived right now. [14] These causes have the
keyword "satisfaction of needs" so they are relevant to the
FIRO theory which explains that human interaction can be
formed because of three interpersonal needs, these are
inclusion, control and affection. [14] These three needs will
be used as an analysis of the causes of FoMO and JoMO in
this paper.
3. METHODS
This study is qualitative research that is looking for,
analyzing, and managing the phenomenon to figure out the
social interactions directly in the field. [16] Researcher
collects and analyzes data using the phenomenological
method, which aims to interpret social actions in individuals
which are then interpreted and reconstructed into derivative
meanings. [17] The subject in this study are millennials who
live in Jakarta. This research uses non-random sampling
method to determine the subject, and uses purposeful
sampling technique, that is selecting subjects based on the
characteristics that are in accordance with the research
objectives. [18] The subject criteria according to the
research objectives are; millennials whose born between
1980 – 2000; [19] active Instagram users; have been or are
in the 2020 PSBB in Jakarta; have friends or a playmate.
The object of this research is the millennials active
Instagram users who have been or are in the 2020 PSBB in
Jakarta, who may have FoMO and JoMO. There are six
informants. Referring to the Dukkes statement, the number
of research subjects in phenomenological research is 3-10
people in one phenomenon. [20] Data consists of primary
and secondary data. Primary data is obtained from
interviews and observations of informants, while secondary
data is obtained from documentation and literature studies
in the form of photos of the duration of Instagram usage,
Instagram profiles, and supporting images, as well as
journals and books. In processing and analyzing the data,
the researcher conducted reduction, presentation, and
verification. The reduction begins with interviews,
transcripts, then takes the core of the information by open
coding and classifies the symptoms into 9 sub-titles. Then,
the researcher presented the data by looking for the
similarity of the 9 sub (section) systematically to answer the
research objectives. Furthermore, the researcher verified the
data by re-observing the data with the informants' activities
on Instagram and giving conclusions. After verification, the
researcher interpreted the data by comparing the findings
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with previous research written in the theoretical framework
and other credible sources.
4. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1. The Symptoms of FoMO on Millennial
Active Instagram Users at PSBB 2020 in
Jakarta
4.1.1. Low Life Satisfaction and Bad Mood
Millennials who have FoMO at PSBB admit that they are
very dissatisfied with their lives because they can't
communicate face-to-face with their friends, feel uneasy,
annoyed, and are tired of communicating online from home.
Besides, individuals who are FoMO also have a bad mood
at the time of PSBB. The results of this study are in line with
the journal which explains that one of the people who have
FoMO is caused by a low feeling of satisfaction and need in
life, as well as a bad mood in real life. [7] Individuals from
the results of this study consider online communication to
be ineffective, individuals get upset with themselves when
they see their friends on Instagram, look more productive,
and remain calm while undergoing PSBB. "Get upset"
means feelings of inferiority. The results of this study are in
line with research conducted by the Royal Society of Public
Health, which studied in 2017, that people with FoMO feel
inferior. [7] Then, inefficient online communication, which
irritates individuals, is also in line with what Ibid stated that
from all communication types, face-to-face interpersonal
communication is considered to be the most effective
because when face-to-face communication takes place, the
contact that occurs can form the meaning of the non-verbal
communication response, to minimize the occurrence of
communication barriers [4]
4.1.2. Checking Friends' Instagram Activity
Continually
People with FoMO continue to check their friends' activities
on Instagram with the reason they want to know what new
activities are being carried out in life changes during PSBB.
Continuously checking on friends' activities impacts FoMO
with self-comparing, anxiety, and jealousy because their
friends seem more productive and having fun with others
without them. The results of this research are in line with
JWTIntelligence's, the study said that people with FoMO
feel anxious and afraid when their friends do things that are
more fun than what they do or have. [17] Przybylski's
research also shows similarities, that stated people with
FoMO have negative effects, as like low self-identity and
self-image, jealousy, feelings of inadequacy, and feel
marginalized. [7]
4.1.3. Negative Responses While Being Offline
from Instagram
Individuals with FoMO feel lost when they off from
Instagram during PSBB and are afraid of missing new
information about their friends and what just happened.
Additionally, individuals will return to check Instagram
again at least before bed. This statement is in accordance
with previous research by Dossey in Putri, entitled "FOMO,
Digital Dementia and Our Dangerous Experiment" which
explained that people with FoMO surf the internet before
sleeping, waking up, eating, and driving so they don't miss
information. [17] People who experience FoMO feel afraid
that their communication will not be connected when the
individual doesn't know what trends their friends are talking
about and immediately find out right away so they can
communicate with their friends on the same topic. This
statement is in line with previous research, that states people
with FoMO are worried if they don't know the current trend
or their friends ask questions about their nescience of the
latest information [7] They use Instagram approximately 7-
8 hours a day. These results are corroborated by a study
entitled "Social Networks Users: Fear of Missing Out in
Preservice Teachers" which states that the total duration of
FoMO's social media usage is 5-7 hours. [17]
4.1.4. Unable to Say No
People with FoMO show that they are unable to refuse when
their friends ask them to go out during PSBB because they
rarely meet and are afraid of missing moments. This
statement is very much in accordance with the research of
Przyblylski et al. Which stated the definition of FoMO, that
is, the fear of losing the precious moments of another
individual or group where the individual can't be present.
[7]
4.2. The Symptoms of JoMO on Millennial
Active Instagram Users at PSBB 2020 in
Jakarta
4.2.1. Good Satisfaction in Life and Good Mood
Fuller said that JoMO is satisfied with the life that is being
lived right now. [14] This statement is in line with the
results of this study that, of all the impacts of PSBB,
individuals feel very satisfied with their needs and have a
good mood because their primary needs are fulfilled.
Inefficient communication doesn’t affect their life
satisfaction and mood.
4.2.2. Focus on Real Life
People with JoMO are not concerned with their friends’
activities on Instagram and enjoy PSBB at home, they feel
that they are don’t need to know what their friends are doing
even though they are close friends. When they see their
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friends experiencing something more enjoyable on
Instagram, individuals admit their limitations and choose to
return to their routine and carry out their responsibilities in
life. However, people with JoMO don’t cut off
communication offhand but balance it out, they keep in
touch on important days such as birthdays. The statement
has a similarity to the definition of JoMO researched by
Phelan in The New York Times article, that JoMO is about
disconnecting, choosing not to join, and feeling okay
wherever the person is. Humans in life need technology, but
not as much as they think and JoMO is a way to balance it.
[8]
4.2.3. Positive Response When Quitting
Instagram
Individuals who are JoMO often take a break from
Instagram because they think it's not essential. They are
more productive in developing self-competence and are
able to think more clearly. This has the same meaning as the
definition of JoMO from the book entitled "The Joy of
Missing Out", which is implementing JoMO as an effort
that consciously made to disconnect from the internet in
order to get moments in real life. [13] They don't care about
being left behind and don't feel like they are missing
anything. When his friend talks about the latest trends and
they don't have any idea, the people with JoMO admit and
don't try to find out. This statement is in line with the
definition of JoMO in previous studies, stating a way of life
that is more relaxed and doesn't matter if he is late in
knowing information and news. [9] In addition, the
accumulated usage of Instagram during PSBB by people
with JoMO is 30 minutes - 2 hours a day, which is far below
people with FoMO, which is 5-7 hours a day. [17]
4.2.4. Being Able To Say No
During the PSBB many people were still going outside,
especially during the transition period. Even though the
JoMO individuals are asked by their best friend, they dare
to refuse and aren't afraid to miss the moment without their
presence. This research is in line with Fuller's statement that
JoMO individuals are able to refuse and give themselves
time to feel all emotions. [9] JoMO individuals choose to
allocate PSBB time for themselves at home by studying,
working, relaxing, and playing games. This statement is in
accordance with the research of the Harvard Study of Adult
Development that people who live the JoMO lifestyle,
experiencing solitude which is the deliberate act of being
alone with constructive and positive involvement of self-
interest without feeling lonely. [21]
4.3. Analysis of the Causes of FoMO and
JoMO on Millennial Active Instagram Users in
the 2020 PSBB with the Theory of
Fundamental Interpersonal Relations
Orientation (FIRO)
This study shows that interpersonal needs cause individuals
to experience FoMO and JoMO. Of the three basic needs
for inclusion, control, and affection, the results of this study
indicate that the causes of FoMO and JoMO are from
affection needs. The type of affection that affects can be
different and can be the same for each individual. There are
individuals who are FoMO and JoMO on the other hand but
have the same type of affection with different responses.
4.3.1. The Causes of Fear of Missing Out
Individuals who have FoMO have a high need for affection
and are classified as over personal (excessive) affection
type. They always have a close bond with other people in a
dyadic way so that they can't be separated from their friends
because their friends become half of the individuals who
already know everything about them, can encourage, and
always remind them. The need for intimate relationships
excessively makes individuals unable to say no and afraid
of missing moments, feeling anxious, and jealous when they
are not present in their friend's activities. They also have a
bad mood because unable to communicate face-to-face
during PSBB. The need for interaction greatly affects
individuals to check their friends' activities continually on
Instagram. If they don't check it, individuals feel left out of
information, are afraid of communication disconnection,
and afraid of losing relationships. Overall, the individuals
are afraid of losing the relationship and affection from their
friends. The results of this study are in line with William
Schutz's postulate regarding the need for affection in
interpersonal communication, which is the need to have and
maintain relationships in order to obtain affection and love.
Affection is based on the need to be liked and to have close
relationships with other people. People with over personal
affection always have close relationships and close ties with
other individuals. [14]
4.3.2. The Causes of Joy of Missing Out
Individuals who are JoMO have varied basic needs. There
are JoMO with low affection needs and high needs as well.
Even though people with FoMO and JoMO both have over
personal affection (excessive), individuals who have a
JoMO lifestyle have different responses. Either FoMO or
JoMO, people with over personal affection always have
strong bonds with others, maintain close relationships to be
liked by people, want to receive positive feedback, and want
to get comfort and compatibility in communicating. The
difference is in the response that makes the individual
JoMO and not FoMO. JoMO individuals with excessive
affection maintain a close bond with real-life actions by
doing things or producing work that makes their friends
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happy, even so, they don't feel compelled to check their
friends' activities and don't mind if they miss any moments
and focuses on maintaining the relationships in real life. The
point is they don't depend on social media activities. The
results of this study are reinforced by Aristotle's point of
view, who has a similar view of the need for affection, that
is, a friendship that exists is essential to achieve happiness
and prioritize happiness as the final goal. [22]
Then, contrary to the previous statement, some people with
JoMO are having under personal affection (deficiency).
Individuals are less able to build intimacy with other people.
Low levels of trust in friends consciously lead them to limit
very-close relationships. Even though they have many
friends, the individuals only have very close relationships
with their families. Low affection needs affect their
Instagram usage, they rarely upload something because they
don't believe what friends say about their posts, besides that,
they also don't care about their friends' activities and it
doesn't matter if they miss any the moment. These
individuals' characteristics show similar characteristics
from the previous study, that stated under personal affection
people always avoid close bonds and take the distance in
maintaining relationships with other individuals. [14] It can
be said, the individuals who place distrust in their
interactions with friends affect the individuals to become a
person with under personal affections, so they cannot have
a close relationship and cause the individual to have JoMO
symptoms. The results of this study are in line with the
results of Beebe's research which states that, the relations in
a relationship means to manage the relationship itself and
interpersonal communication is a process of interaction that
affects each other. [22]
4.4. Differences and Similarities with The
Results of Previous Researches
4.4.1. Fear of Missing Out
The results of research by Akbar et al., 2018, entitled Fear
of Missing Out (FoMO) in Adolescents in Samarinda City
have several differences from this study. Akbar explained
that the FoMO arises because individuals do not have a
closeness to other people. [7] Meanwhile, the results of this
research indicate the opposite that individuals who have
FoMO are caused by excessive closeness to their friends
and the PSBB makes individuals more afraid of losing the
moment. However, there is also a similarity with Akbar's
research which is another cause of being afraid of missing
moments, that they can't fulfill their desires. In line with this
research, while doing PSBB, People with FoMO can't fulfill
their desires to communicate face-to-face and spend time
outside with their friends, so those things are causing the
symptoms of FoMO.
4.4.2. Joy of Missing Out
The results of this study (related to JoMO) have no
difference from previous research in 2019 by Kiding and
Matulessy entitled "From FoMO to JoMO" [9]. However,
both have similarities. Kiding's research reveals that the
JoMO lifestyle can make individuals more flexible in using
social media. [8]. All JoMO informants are active users of
social media but can balance it well. Kiding's statements are
in line with the results of this study that JoMO individuals
still use social media at PSBB. It's just that the individuals
have very good abilities to limit it and prefer to use their
quarantine time to develop their potential.
4.4.3. Fundamental Interpersonal Relations
Orientation Theory
The results of research by Erdiyanti in 2017 entitled
"Interpersonal Communication of UIN Sunan Ampel
Surabaya Activists Student at a Coffee Shop in Review of
William Schutz Fundamental Interpersonal Relations
Orientation" didn't show any differences (in the FIRO
theory analysis) with this study, the difference lies in the
location only. The similarities show that individuals entrust
themselves to other individuals in interpersonal
communication to exchange ideas and support each other so
they increase their affection needs. [14] These results are
similar to this study that states, the level of trust in
interpersonal communication affects the type of affection in
a person. Excessive affection is essentially trusting and
maintaining a close bond with friends to get love and
support. Meanwhile, affection deficiency puts distrust so
that individuals have a low need for affection toward their
friends. These two types of affection are the causes of
FoMO and JoMO as described in the previous section.
5. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the findings and discussion of the research, it can
be concluded that millennial Instagram users experience
FoMO and JoMO while undergoing PSBB 2020 in Jakarta.
They obtained more experience of JoMO than FoMO.
Individuals who experience FoMO have low life life-needs
satisfaction and a bad mood because they can't
communicate face-to-face. They continually check their
friends' activities on Instagram, compare themselves, feel
anxious, and envious because their friends look more
productive. They also feel lost when they are away from
Instagram. People who have FoMO unable to say no when
their friends ask them to go out while undergoing PSBB and
afraid to miss the moment. Meanwhile, JoMO individuals
have the satisfaction of life and have a good mood because
they think the important thing is they still can fulfill their
primary needs. Inefficient communication doesn't affect
them that much, they don't care about what's happening and
what their friends doing on Instagram. People with JoMO
lifestyle enjoy PSBB at home without cut off the
communication offhand, they don't care if they left behind,
being able to say no and prefer to allocate time while PSBB
to develop self-potential. The basic needs of interpersonal
communication cause individuals to experience FoMO and
JoMO. From the three needs these are inclusion, control,
and affection, the only cause is from the need for affection.
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The types of affection are different and also the same in
each individual. Some individuals are FoMO and the others
are JoMO, but have the same type of affection with different
responses. Millennials who have FoMO are caused by the
over personal affection type, and those who experience
JoMO are caused by under personal and over personal
affection types. FoMO with over personal affection is
caused by fear of losing relationships and affection from
their friends. Their needs of interactions cause people with
FoMO to continually check their friends' activities on
Instagram. Meanwhile, JoMO individuals with the same
type of affection (over personal) show different responses,
they tend to focus on maintaining relationships in real life
by doing things that make their friends happy, so they don't
depend on social media activities. Besides, JoMO with
under personal affection is caused by the interaction of
individuals who place distrust on interactions with their
friends, which makes them unable to have a close
relationship with anyone except their families and causes
JoMO symptoms. Through this research, we provide
academic and practical advice. For the academy, this paper
recommends further researchers to focus on affection need
in interpersonal communication in analyzing the causes of
FoMO and JoMO because, from the three interpersonal
needs of FIRO, what causes individuals to become FoMO
and JoMO is only the affection need. Then, for the practice,
we suggest communication practitioners in universities to
give compulsory seminars for students about the symptoms
of FoMO and its threats and how to become more JoMO.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by Institutions of
Professional Development Foundation (LPP) of
Tarumanagara University, Indonesia.
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