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Abstract
Thirty-eight papers from the title workshop are presented. The workshop covered three broad themes: (1) organic agriculture's contribution to sustainability; (2) the market for organic products, including issues facing agents along the product chain from producers to consumers; and (3) policy approaches to organic agriculture, including market-based initiatives. Each of the themes was explored in depth, with a general overview paper supported by specific country examples.
... In order to minimize the orchard's reliance on material inputs and management interventions as part of the certification process, the focus of certified organic orchard management should be on eliminating chemical inputs, improving soil health, and finding ways to increase the plant's innate resistance to diseases, pests, and weeds. As a result, in contrast to conventional citrus orchards in Spain and Italy, organically managed soils were found to have higher amounts of organic matter, humic substances, carbohydrates, aggregate stability, microbial gums, microbial biomass, and enzymatic activity (Albiach et al., 1999;Canali, 2003). For instance, mulch conserves soil moisture and moderates the soil from temperature extremes. ...
Organic Cultivation of Citrus (Citrus spp.)
Organic Culture of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Plants
... Despite the increase of importance of organic citrus industry, the behavior of organic fertilisers (OF) and their ability either to satisfy orange trees nutrients requirements and to optimize soil properties are not yet well known, especially for orange bearing trees which have high nutrients demand (Canali, 2003). ...
In a study realised over a three year period on orange bearing trees (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) 'Valencia late', grafted on sour orange (C. aurantium L.), the effect of organic fertilisers (OF) on plant nutrition and performance was verified. In a randomized block experimental design, four treatments were compared, namely: mineral fertiliser (MF) treatment adopted as control, citrus byproduct compost (CB), poultry manure (PM) and livestock waste compost (LW). The trees, with the exception of (MF) treatment, were organically grown since 1994 in the experimental farm of CRA-ACM in Lentini, Sicily, and received the same N input every year. Significant differences for micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn) were noticed in leaf analyses, whereas no difference was found between treatments for leaf macronutrient content. The δ15N detected in leaves, proteins of pulp and amino acids of juice showed the lower level in MF, an intermediate value in CB and the highest level in animal derived fertilisers treatments (PM and LW). Fruit of the CB treatment showed values of total soluble solids and total acidity significantly lower than other treatments. Orange peel Chroma C in CB and MF was higher than in PM and LW treatments. Discriminant analysis of the leaf and fruit analytical data set successfully separated treatments. First discriminant canonical function explains the 96,9% of the variability, with highly significant Wilks' lambda. Cross validation classified correctly all MF and CB samples, whereas PM and LW in few cases were mixed up.
... Despite the increase of importance of organic citrus industry, the behavior of organic fertilisers (OF) and their ability either to satisfy orange trees nutrients requirements and to optimize soil properties are not yet well known, especially for orange bearing trees which have high nutrients demand (Canali, 2003). ...
... Because of its focus on reducing or eliminating chemical inputs and improving soil health, organic management alters many soil parameters. As an example, when conventional and organic soil sampled in citrus orchards in Spain and Italy were analysed, the organically managed soils were found to be higher in such factors as organic matter, humic substances, carbohydrate, aggregate stability, microbial gums, microbial biomass and enzymatic activity (Albiach et al. 1999 ;Canali 2003 ) . These differences, representing advantages for organic citrus, should be aimed in orchards management. ...
During the last decade, the organic food and farming (OFF) sector has grown considerably worldwide. Citrus play an important role in organic farming systems, being one of the most highly demanded products on the market for organic produce. In this chapter, the criteria for citrus orchards fertility management and plant nutrition in the organically managed agroecosystems are discussed in the light of the most relevant scienti fi c literature. Moreover, two case studies carried out in Southern Italy and aimed at comparing onventional and organic orange management in terms of yield, yield quality and long-term impact on soil fertility are reported. The body of knowledge available and the results presented demonstrate that organic citrus management is a technically feasible option for citrus growers. In addition, the shift to organic farming could contribute to enhance the environmental sustainability of citrus productions in the long term.
... Despite the increase of importance of organic citrus industry, the behavior of organic fertilisers (OF) and their ability either to satisfy orange trees nutrients requirements and to optimize soil properties are not yet well known, especially for orange bearing trees which have high nutrients demand (Canali, 2003). ...
In a study realised over a five year period (2001-2006) on orange
bearing trees [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] cv. ‘Valencia late',
grafted on sour orange (C. aurantium L.), four fertiliser treatments
were applied: citrus by-products compost (CB), poultry manure (PM),
livestock waste compost (LW) and mineral fertiliser (MF), as control.
The trees, with the exception of MF treatment, were organically grown
since 1994 in the experimental farm of CRA-ACM in Lentini, Sicily, and
received the same N input every year. The research objectives were to
evaluate the effect of long term repeated organic fertilisers
application on i) soil fertility; ii) citrus bearing trees nutritional
status by means of leaf analysis and iii) yield and fruit quality,
determining parameters currently utilized to evaluate sweet orange
production either for fresh consumption and processing. The CB treatment
showed significantly higher values of Corg in soil than MF treatment
(about 30%). Corg in PM and LW treatments was higher than MF treatment
(13% and 20%, respectively), but these differences were not
statistically significant either from the control treatment nor from the
soil fertilised with CB. Similar trend was showed by the humic and
fulvic C being the values of the CB treatment significantly higher than
the control. PM and LW treatments had intermediate values, without
statistical significance. The long term addition to soil of a quality
compost (CB) with high C/N ratio increased the level of nutrients wich
usually show low availability for citrus plants (P, Fe, Zn, Mn), as
demonstrated by leaf analysis. No significant difference was noticed as
far as yield was concerned, whereas CB treatment enhanced some fruit
quality parameters.
... However, the estimated eutrophication potential per hectare showed a significant difference between small-scale and large-scale organic plantations. Canali (2002) also found the amount of potentially leaching nitrates to be lower in organically managed soils than in conventional ones. It could be discussed whether interpretation of the specific impact category eutrophication is more relevant per hectare farmland than per yield unit ( Knudsen et al. 2006). ...
Growing global trade with organic products has given rise to a debate on the environmental impacts during both production and transport. Environmental hotspots of organic orange juice produced by smallholders in Brazil, processed and imported to Denmark were identified in a case study using a life cycle approach. Furthermore, small-scale organic orange production was compared with small-scale conventional and large-scale organic orange production in the case study area in Brazil. Transport was the main contributor (57%) to the global warming potential of organic orange juice from small-scale farmers imported to Denmark, followed by the processing stage (29%), especially the truck transport of fresh oranges in Brazil and of reconstituted orange juice in Europe. Non-renewable energy use per hectare was significantly lower on the organic small-scale farms than on the conventional, with a similar, although not significantly lower, pattern for global warming potential and eutrophication. Including soil carbon sequestration in organic plantations widened the difference in global warming potential between organic and conventional. Organic small-scale farms had a higher crop diversity than conventional, which may have a positive effect on biodiversity along with the spontaneous vegetation between the organic orange trees and the absence of toxic pesticides. Comparing small-scale with large-scale organic orange production, crop diversity was higher on the small-scale farms, while global warming potential, eutrophication potential and the use of copper per hectare were significantly lower, indicating that environmental impacts from small-scale differ from large-scale organic farms.
International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) IIED is an independent, non-profit research institute working in the field of sustainable development. IIED aims to provide expertise and leadership in researching and achieving sustainable development at local, national, regional, and global levels. In alliance with others we seek to help shape a future that ends global poverty and delivers and sustains efficient and equitable management of the world's natural resources. Sustainable Markets Group The Sustainable Markets Group drives IIED's efforts to ensure that markets contribute to positive social, environmental and economic outcomes. The Group brings together IIED's work on Business and Sustainable Development, Environmental Economics, Regoverning Markets, and Trade and Investment. Acknowledgements The authors wish to acknowledge the Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Danida) and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) who provided funding for this research and financial support for the publication of this paper. Thanks are also due to Maryanne Grieg-Gran, Bill Vorley and Halina Ward of IIED for their comments on earlier drafts of this paper. The opinions expressed in this paper are the opinions of the authors and not necessarily those of IIED.
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