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This study had two objectives: (1) to determine if inhaled albuterol
decreases blood potassium concentrations in dogs and if a difference
in effect exists dependent upon albuterol dose, and (2) to assess if
inhaled albuterol effects heart rate or blood glucose concentrations
because tachycardia and hyperglycemia can occur in humans. Pharma-
ceutical grade albuterol sulfate (90 μg/actuation) was administered to
normokalemic dogs via “AeroDawg”chamber device at a low-dose
(90 μg) in Phase I and high-dose (450 μg) in Phase II executed seven
days later. Whole blood potassium and glucose concentrations as well
as heart rates were obtained at baseline and at 3, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60,
90, 120, 180, and 360 minutes (min) after the tenth breath following
inhaler actuation. Whole blood potassium and glucose concentrations
were measured on a blood gas analyzer. The nadir of the potassium
concentrations for each dose was compared to its baseline using a
two-tailed paired t-test, while sign rank tests were used to compare
the peak heart rate and glucose concentrations to their respective
baselines. Linear regression clustered by dog was used to determine
the response based on dose. P ≤0.05 was significant. Ten dogs were
enrolled in this crossover clinical trial. The median low-dose delivered
was 7.3 μg/kg (interquartile range [IQR], 4.9-8.7) and high-dose was
36.5 μg/kg (IQR, 24.6-43.7). The nadir of the low-dose occurred at
60 min with a mean potassium concentration of 4.07 mmol/L (stan-
dard deviation [SD], 0.40) that was significantly decreased from base-
line (mean, SD; 4.30 mmol/L, 0.30; t(9) =2.40, P =0.04). The nadir of
the high-dose occurred at 30 min with a mean potassium concentra-
tion of 3.96 mmol/L (SD, 0.39) that was decreased from baseline
(4.34 mmol/L, 0.40; t(9) =2.22, P =0.05). The nadir potassium con-
centration decreased by 0.01 mmol/L for each one-unit μg/kg
increase in dose (P =0.01), controlling for baseline potassium concen-
tration. There was not a significant difference in the peak heart rate
or glucose concentration compared to baseline for either albuterol
dose. Inhaled albuterol decreases blood potassium concentrations
without significant changes in heart rate or glucose concentrations in
dogs. Nadir potassium concentrations decreased with increasing dose
of albuterol.
P05
Cytochrome p450 reaction phenotyping of itraconazole
hydroxylation in dogs
Reinhart, Jennifer M.
1
, Li, Zhong
2
, Tonero, Matthew E.
1
1
Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA,
2
Roy J. Carver Biotechnology
Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
Itraconazole (ITZ) is a commonly used azole antifungal in dogs. The
major plasma metabolite of ITZ, hydroxy-ITZ, is generated by the
hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme system, but the specific
isoform(s) responsible is unknown. Understanding species-specific
metabolism of this drug is important in predicting toxicity as well as
potential drug-drug interactions. Therefore, the purpose of this study
was to identify the CYP enzyme(s) that hydroxylates ITZ in canine
liver. Reaction conditions for hydroxy-ITZ generation were first
optimized by incubating ITZ with dog liver microsomes. Then, ITZ was
incubated with recombinant canine CYP enzymes (CYP1A1, CYP1A2,
CYP1B1, CYP2B11, CYP2C21, CYP2C41, CYP2D15, CYP3A12, and
CYP3A26) and Michaelis-Menten kinetics for ITZ hydroxylation were
established for each. After incubation with ITZ, the following recombi-
nant enzymes produced hydroxy-ITZ: CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP2B11,
CYP2C41, CYP2D15, and CYP3A12. However, after correction for
relative expression within canine liver microsomes, CYP2D15 and
CYP3A12 appear to be the isoforms quantitatively important for ITZ
hydroxylation. These isoforms also had k
m
values (5.95 mM and
4.36 mM, respectively) most similar to the k
m
in dog liver microsomes
(5.43 mM). Therefore, CYP2D15 and CYP3A12 should be considered
the top candidate enzymes for conversion of ITZ to hydroxy-ITZ in
dog liver. Confirmatory studies using CYP isoform-specific inhibitors
are currently underway.
P06
Preoperative administration of cannabidiol (CBD) in healthy dogs
undergoing elective surgery in Colombia: 16 Cases
Santisteban-Arenas, Rafael Ricardo
1
, Betancur, Jhon J.
2
, Libreros, Paula
3
,
Cristancho, Daniela
3
1
Fundaci!
on Universitaria Aut!
onoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda,
Colombia,
2
Red de Cannabis Medicinal Veterinaria, Pereira, Colombia,
3
IAMVET research group, UNISARC, Santa Rosa de Cabal, Colombia
Phytocannabinoids like Cannabidiol (CBD) is the main non-
psychotropic phytocannabinoid studied for medicinal purposes and
currently considered legal for medicinal use for both humans and ani-
mals in many countries in South America. Several studies in dogs
about CBD considered its administration safe in a wide range of low
or high doses in healthy animals, and is currently studied for its anal-
gesic and antiepileptic effects in some canine chronic conditions. The
delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the main psychotropic
phytocannabinoid, and is commonly found in a limited range of con-
centrations (< 1%) in several pharmaceutical preparations in conjunc-
tion with CBD. Although accidental exposure to high doses of THC is
known to cause neurologic signs and depression in dogs, safety stud-
ies of dogs exposed to preparations with a THC:CBD ratio 1:20
reported few adverse effects in low doses (0.1 mg/kg). Veterinary pre-
scription of CBD with low concentrations of THC (< 0,2%) is currently
legal in Colombia. Although many dogs are increasingly being pre-
scribed with phytocannabinoid compounds, no information exists
about anesthetic considerations in elective surgical and anesthetic
procedures. The objective of this study is retrospectively review the
effect of a single dose administration of two pharmaceutical grade
CBD oils on basic cardiorespiratory parameters and anesthetic recov-
ery of dogs undergoing elective surgery. Complete medical and anes-
thesia records of healthy dogs of the spay/neuter program of
Corporaciòn Universitaria Santa Rosa de Cabal UNISARC whose
owners approved a preoperative single dose of CBD were included
for analysis. Dogs were considered clinically healthy based on physical
examination, complete hemogram and serum creatinine and ALT con-
centration. Two types of CBD oils were used, a full spectrum cannabis
134 ABSTRACT
oil with 200 mg/ml and THC up to 1 mg/ml (THC:CBD 1:20 ratio from
Clever Leaves, Colombia) and a THC Free CBD oil with only
100 mg/ml (CBD only formula of Neviot
®
, Procaps Colombia).
Cannabidiol dose used was 2 mg/kg, the amount of product was cal-
culated based on CBD concentration and randomly applied to dogs
orally, 1 hour before any anesthetic premedication and closely moni-
tored. Dogs then were routinely pre-medicated with standard care
analgesia with meloxicam, tramadol and sedation with xylazine, after
20 minutes were induced and maintained with ether ketamine and/or
propofol according to individual needs. Basic monitoring of heart rate,
respiratory rate, pulse, rectal temperature was used during surgery
and in recovery period. Once awake post-surgical pain was graded
using the Glasgow Composite Pain Scale (GCPS) and any adverse
effects or any other reaction was documented. Average heart rate,
respiratory rate and temperature during surgery was calculated and
compared between CBD and CBD:THC 20:1 doses using independent
samples T test analysis for normal distributed variables and Mann-
Whitney U test for nonparametric variables. Any adverse effect, anes-
thetic complication was documented. After retrospective analysis,
20 owners of dogs approved the CBD administration, 4 medical
records were incomplete and excluded from the analysis and 16 dogs
were included. There were 11 females and only 3 male dogs with a
median age of 4,4 years (range 0,5-9 years). None of the dogs experi-
ence adverse effects during the first hour of observation. According
to the type of CBD used, 7/16 animals received the THC:CBD ratio
1:20, no anesthesia complication was observed during surgery. In
9/16 dogs a CBD without THC was administered, only one dog expe-
rienced epileptiform activity during anesthetic induction. Average
heart rate of dogs during surgery was not significantly different
between CBD preparations (p =0,39), also average temperature
(p =0,52) and respiratory rate (p =0,056) during surgery was not sta-
tistically different between groups. During recovery 2 dogs in CBD:
THC group show mild ataxia and only 1 dog in the CBD group. aver-
age pain GCPS scores were not statistically different between groups
(p =0,32). All dogs recovered well and discharged the same day and
no one experienced moderate or severe adverse events. In this retro-
spective study a preoperative single oral administration of 2 mg/kg of
Cannabidiol (CBD) oil in dogs was not associated with severe adverse
effects. Some dogs experienced mild ataxia during recovery and no
differences were observed between heart rate, respiratory rate and
temperature between groups of CBD oils. The oil of THC:CBD with
ratio of 1:20 was well tolerated in dogs receiving < 0,1 mg/Kg of
THC. There was no difference between pain post-surgical pain scores
between CBD oils.
R01
Comparing nasal sampling techniques for culture and mycoplasma
polymerase chain reaction in canine nasal disease
Easterwood, Loren F.
1
, KuKanich, Katherine
2
, Schermerhorn, Thomas
2
,
Harkin, Kenneth R.
2
, Njaa, Bradley L.
3
1
BluePearl Specialty and Emergency Overland Park, Kansas, Overland
Park, Kansas, USA,
2
Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State
University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, USA,
3
Department
of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of
Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, USA
The most appropriate method to optimize aerobic culture and Myco-
plasma spp PCR yield from dogs with nasal disease is unknown. The
purpose of this study was to compare results of canine aerobic culture
and Mycoplasma spp PCR by nasal swab, nasal flush, and nasal biopsy,
submitted in Liquid Stuart-W (LSW), liquid Ames ESwab (ES), and red
top tube with no additive (RT).
Twenty-nine client-owned dogs with naturally-occurring nasal disease
were enrolled and underwent general anesthesia for sampling. Nasal
swabs were performed using LSW and ES culturettes. A nasal flush
was performed with recovered fluid submitted in a RT. Nasal biopsies
were collected and submitted in an ES tube and RT. Each sample
underwent aerobic culture and Mycoplasma spp PCR. Three blinded
investigators interpreted culture results to determine clinical signifi-
cance. Sampling techniques were compared using McNemar's and
Cochrane Q analyses.
Primary bacterial rhinitis was rare (n=1). Nasal swabs resulted in more
bacterial isolates interpreted to be clinically relevant and led to rec-
ommending antimicrobial treatment more often than nasal flushes or
biopsies (p < 0.001). Nasal ES swab was most likely to identify clini-
cally relevant bacteria and yielded more positive Mycoplasma spp PCR
results than LSW swab (p < 0.001).
A full diagnostic workup should be considered rather than culture
alone or empirical antimicrobial treatment for dogs with nasal dis-
ease. A nasal ES swab collected under anesthesia at the site of
most severe disease should be sufficient to identify clinically rele-
vant bacteria and Mycoplasma and to determine if antimicrobial
therapy is warranted.
R02
Identification and prevalence of aerodigestive disease in dogs with
hiatal hernia
Luciani, Elizabeth
1
, Reinero, Carol
2
, Grobman, Megan
1
1
Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA,
2
University of Missouri,
Columbia, USA
Aerodigestive disorders, hybrid disorders between the respiratory and
gastrointestinal tracts, may present in the absence of GI signs. Hiatal
hernia (HH) is an important aerodigestive disorder in brachycephalic
dogs linked to respiratory pathology. The spectrum of other
aerodigestive disorders and respiratory clinical signs in brachycephalic
and non-brachycephalic dogs with HH is unknown.
Characterize clinical signs of aerodigestive disease in dogs with HH,
compare clinical features between brachycephalic and non-
brachycephalic dogs, and compare thoracic radiographs and
videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS) for diagnosing HH.
Sixty-seven client-owned dogs with HH.
Medical records of dogs with HH presenting to the veterinary teach-
ing hospitals at Auburn University and University of Missouri between
1/1/2009-12/31/2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Between
ABSTRACT 135
