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Phytotaxa 513 (2): 141–151
https://www.mapress.com/j/pt/
Copyright © 2021 Magnolia Press Article PHYTOTAXA
ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition)
ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition)
Accepted by Enrico Vito Perrino: 24 Jul. 2021; published: 4 Aug. 2021
https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.513.2.5
141
Polygala guilanica (Polygalaceae), a new species from Guilan Province, N Iran
ALI SARVI¹*, MARZIEH BEYGOM FAGHIR¹ & ROBABEH SHAHI SHAVVON²
¹ Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
�
alisarvi95@gmail.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8818-4067
�
Faghirmb@guilan.ac.ir; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3886-714X
² Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yasouj University, Yasouj. Iran
�
R.shahi@yu.ac.ir; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1686-6197
*Author for correspondence
Abstract
A new species, Polygala guilanica (Polygalaceae), is described from Kooh-Roubar, Gasht-Roodkhan protected area in W
Guilan province, N Iran. The new species is distinguished based on its prostrate stem; small, lanceolate, ovate and rhombic,
sessile leaves; tiny pink-white flowers in lax terminal racemes; 6 or 8 stamens with sessile anthers, a filiform style and
brownish seed with 3-lobed caruncle. Detailed morphological description of the new species, photographs and distribution
map are provided. Polygala guilanica is compared with the morphologically closest species: P. kurdica, P. hohenackeriana
and P. anatolica. An updated identification key is provided for the Iranian species.
Keywords: endemic, Gasht-Roodkhan, identification key, morphology, taxonomy
Introduction
The genus Polygala Linnaeus (1753: 701) comprises ca. 400-700 species (Eriksen 1993, Persson 2001, Castro 2009,
Lyskov et al. 2019), traditionally considered as the most species-rich genus in the family Polygalaceae (Chodat
1891, 1893, Eriksen 1993, Paiva & De Cuba 1998: 346, Persson 2001, Pastore et al. 2019). Molecular evidence
(Persson 2001, Forest et al. 2007, Abbott 2011, Pastore et al. 2017, Mota et al. 2019) has revealed the polyphyly of
Polygala. This highly diverse morphological genus is well-known for its hermaphrodite and strongly zygomorphic
flowers, resembling the family Fabaceae flowers (Paiva & Santos Días 1989). The genus is characterized by its 8
(rarely 6) monadelphous stamens (in a single semi-circular ring) (Linnaeus 1753: 701, Shishkin 1964: 188, Eriksen
1993), two petaloid inner and three smaller outer sepals (Shishkin 1964: 188), a stipitate or sessile membranaceous
dehiscent capsule containing two small pubescent caruncular seeds (Chodat 1891, Eriksen 1993, Paiva & De Cuba
1998: 346, Uðurlu Aydin 2020). Polygala has a sub-cosmopolitan distribution, a marked pattern of regional endemism
and significant a representation in centers of diversifications as described by IUCN (Paiva 1998, Castro et al. 2008,
2010). They naturally grow in Eurasia (Cullen 1965, Dönmez et al. 2015) especially on steep slopes of mountainous
and highlands, as well as meadows with dry and calcareous soil (Shishkin 1964). China (with 44 species) (Jiang et
al. 2016), area covered by the former USSR (Shishkin 1964) (with 30 species) Italy (with 23 species) (Bartolucci
et al. 2018) and Turkey (with 16 species) (Cullen 1965, Peşmen 1980, Dönmez et al. 2015) are the most important
centers of diversity of this genus. Polygala consists of ca. 14 representatives in Flora Iranica (Chrtek & Krisa 1977)
and seven accepted species in the flora of Iran (Jalilian 2005) plus one recently introduced species, P. mazandaranica
Sarvi & Faghir (2020: 462) (Sarvi et al. 2020). Iranian species of Polygala are arranged in two subgenera, subgen.
Pseudosemeiocardium Adema (1966: 256) and subgen. Polygala, distributed in the Euro-Siberian (Hyrcanian), Irano-
Turanian and Saharo-Arabian phytogeographical regions, especially on rocky slopes of mountains and arid meadows
of N, NW, C and S Iran (Chrtek & Krisa 1977, Jalilian 2005). The main aim of the present paper is to describe a new
species of the genus Polygala for Iran, comparing it with its allied species and presenting an updated identification key
for the Iranian species of the genus, which currently includes 9 taxa.
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FIGURE 1. Natural habitat of Polygala guilanica in Kooh-Roubar, Guilan province, N Iran. Photos by A. Sarvi.
Material and methods
During biosystematical study of the genus in 2019-2020, some dwarf and prostrate populations of Polygala, were found
on limestone and dry alpine meadows, in Kooh-Roubar (Fig. 1), in 1700 to 1800 m elev. in Gasht-Roodkhan protected
area near Masuleh, 60 km W Rasht (Center of Guilan province), N Iran (Fig. 2). The newly collected specimens were
deposited in Guilan (GUH) (Holotype) and Yasouj (Isotype) Universities Herbaria. The new species was identified
using different Floras and related articles (Boissier 1867: 76, Shishkin 1964: 118, Cullen 1965: 533, Chrtek & Krisa
1977, Peşmen 1980, Davis et al. 1988, Jalilian 2005, Eren et al. 2008, Raabe et al. 2009, Siebert et al. 2010, Dönmez
A NEW SPECIES OF POLYGALA GUILANICA Phytotaxa 513 (2) © 2021 Magnolia Press • 143
et al. 2015, Wahlert et al. 2017, Dönmez & Uðurlu Aydin 2018, Sarvi et al. 2020). It was also compared with other
species of Polygala in central herbarium of Tehran University (TUH), herbarium of Shiraz University (HSHU), Iranian
research institute of plant protection (IRAN), herbarium of research institute of forests and rangelands (TARI) and
herbarium of animal & natural resources research center of Hormozgan province. The photographs of new species
(Fig. 3) were taken by Samsung Galaxy A20 mobile phone. For photography of different parts (Fig. 5), we used Dinox-
lite digital microscope, AM-413TMT model. The distribution map (Fig. 2) was presented by means of Google map
android software version 10.51.1 (Google LLC 2020).
FIGURE 2. Distribution map of Polygala guilanica (yellow sign) in Iran.
Results
Taxonomic treatment
Polygala guilanica Sarvi & Faghir, sp. nov. (Polygala L. subgen. Polygala) (Figs. 3–5).
Type:—IRAN. Guilan province, Masuleh, Gasht-Roodkhan protected area, Kooh-Roubar, limestones, dry stony mountain slopes, 1791 m,
37º14ʹ28″N, 48º95ʹ61″E, 3 July 2020, A. Sarvi 9001 (holotype GUH!; isotype: YUH!).
Diagnosis:—Polygala guilanica is similar to P. anatolica Boissier & Heldreich (1853: 57), but it differs by its prostrate and shorter stem,
smaller flowers, smaller leaves, lax inflorescence, ciliated outer sepals and 3-lobed caruncle; it also differs from P. kurdica Townsend
(1980: 184) by its anastomosing nerves of inner sepals, united filaments throughout their length, symmetrical capsule wings and its
stipitate capsule. Moreover, it differs from P. hohenackeriana Fischer & Meyer in Fischer et al. (1838: 42) by its corolla and inner
sepals color, outer sepals shape, inner sepals nerves pattern and seed shape.
Description:—Plant perennial, herbaceous, prostrate, root straight to oblique, thick and woody, branches arising at
the base, pubescent, densely leafy, 5–5.5 cm in height; leaves small, 10–13.75 × 3.5–4.6 mm, simple, alternate, sessile,
lanceolate, ovate, rhombic, covered with short curved trichomes, with acute to obtuse apices and strigose trichomes on
margin; racemes axillary and terminal, lax, 2–2.5 cm; bracts small and deciduous, 1–1.5 mm; outer sepal not gibbous,
ciliate, magenta and green-white, the two smaller 4.9–5.1 × 0.7–0.81 mm, obtuse apices, the longer one 5.2–5.35 ×
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0.8–0.97 mm, magenta to red in color, ciliate at the apex and margins; inner sepals 9.3–10 × 4.2–5 mm, petaloid, elliptic,
acute sometimes obtuse, magenta to pink with bright anastomosing nerves; corolla 11.5–12 mm, pink to white, floral
appendages white to pale pink, fimbriate; stamens 8 or 6, filaments free and connate up to the middle forming an open
glabrous staminal sheath grouped into 1-lobed of 8 or 6 sessile anthers; style filiform, tapering above and below, 4–4.3
mm with an inconspicuous curvature at the base, stigma apical to subapical, with unequal lobes; capsules obcordate,
4–4.5 × 2.3–2.5 mm, with small depression at the apex, glabrous, stipitate, wings very narrow occurring only at upper
margins; seed elliptic, 2–2.3 × 0.85–0.95 mm, brownish, with simple hairs, 3-lobed white to creamy caruncles.
FIGURE 3. Polygala guilanica (from locus classicus: Kooh-Roubar 3 July 2020. A. Sarvi 9001) in natural habitat (Kooh-Roubar, Guilan
province, N Iran). Photos by A. Sarvi.
Etymology:—Polygala guilanica refers to Guilan province in N Iran.
Phenology:—Flowering in June–July and fruiting in July–August.
Distribution and ecology:—Hyrcanian region boasts substantial plant biodiversity. Considerable moisture
from N Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea to this region has caused a conspicuous area covered with
miscellaneous endemics (Akhani et al. 2010). Polygala guilanica is a tiny prostrate, semi-alpine Hyrcanian element
from the type locality in west of Guilan province, N Iran. Growing on limestone, dry stony mountain slopes and dry
meadows at 1700-1800 m elev.
Conservation status:—It is clearly prominent that, some Polygala species usually occupy small areas and
consequently, they are classified as endangered or rare species (Dönmez et al. 2015, Jiang et al. 2016, Dönmez &
Uðurlu Aydin 2018, Sarvi et al. 2020). In flora of Iran, P. irregularis Boissier (1846: 130), P. kurdica, P. monspeliaca
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Linnaeus (1753: 702) and P. mazandarnica represent four species with restricted growing areas (Chrtek & Krisa 1977,
Ghahraman & Attar 1999: 320, Jalilian 2005, Sarvi et al. 2020). Polygala guilanica also occupies restricted areas,
currently estimated less than 1000 m² and it probably should be considered as a rare and endangered species. In similar
cases, species are often considered as Endangered or Critically Endangered (e.g. Rebelo et al. 2011, Wagensommer et
al. 2014, 2017, Massó et al. 2018), but it is not mandatory, especially if there is no observed decline (e.g. Perrino et
al. 2018, Wagensommer et al. 2020). Therefore, the conservation status of Polygala guilanica should be evaluated in
future, after collecting more data in field, according to IUCN (2019) categories and criteria.
FIGURE 4. Polygala guilanica (from A. Sarvi 9001).
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FIGURE 5. Polygala guilanica (from A. Sarvi 9001). A) leaves; B) short, curved and strigose trichomes at leaves margin; C) short, curved
and strigose trichomes on stem; D) lax raceme; E) sepals; F) corolla and wings; G) details of flower, arrow shows basal curvature of style;
H) six and eight sessile anthers in two different flowers; I) stipitate capsule; J) pistil; K) seeds; L) 3-lobed caruncle; M) anastomosing
nerves of inner sepal.
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TABLE 1. Comparison of Polygala guilanica with P. anatolica, P. hohenackeriana and P. kurdica.
Characters P. guilanica P. anatolica P. hohenackeriana P. kurdica
Height 5–5.5 cm 10–50 cm 2.5–12 cm 7–9 cm
Upper leaves shape Lanceolate, ovate, rhombic Linear-lanceolate Obovate-elliptic, lanceolate Elliptic, ovate, obovate
Upper Leaves length 10–13.75 mm 5–45 mm 3–20 mm 6–10 mm
Leaves width 3.5–4.6 mm 1–9 mm 2–5.5 mm 1.2–5.2 mm
Racemes Lax Loose Lax Lax
Racemes length 2–2.5 cm 1.5–21 cm 1–8 cm 2.5–4 cm
Flowers color Pink-white Magenta to white Pale bluish-lilac Purple
Corolla length Longer than inner sepals Longer than inner sepals Shorter than inner sepals Equaling or slightly longer than inner sepals
Outer sepals Not gibbous Not gibbous Gibbous Gibbous
Margin of outer sepals Ciliate Glabrous Glabrous to ciliate Ciliate
Inner sepal nerves Anastomosing Anastomosing Not Anastomosing Not Anastomosing
Inner sepals color Pink to magenta Magenta White to faint blue White-lilac
Stamens No. 6–8 8 8 8
Capsule wings Very narrow Narrow Narrow Broad
Capsule shape Obcordate Ovate or obcordate Obcordate Obovate
Capsule base Stipitate Abruptly stipitate Sessile Sessile
Seed’s caruncle lobes 3 2 3 3 (one is reduced)
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Additional specimens examined:—Polygala anatolica: IRAN. Guilan, Rostam Abad, Salansar, Kalurz,
36°80’09”N, 50°63’61”E, 30 May 2019, A. Sarvi 8341 (GUH!); Mazandaran, Ramsar, Dalkhani jungle, Jannat
Roodbar road, 36°81’55”N, 50°64’51”E, 10 May 2019, A. Sarvi 8340 (GUH!). Polygla hohenackerina: IRAN.
Tehran, Chitgar, 18 April 1984, A. Ghareman 8136 (TUH!); IRAN. Qazvin, Avaj, Abe garm, Sagharan-e O’lya,
35°70’19”N, 49°33’11”E, 14 April 2019, A. Sarvi 8339 (GUH!). Polygala kurdica: IRAN. Kermanshah, Sarab-e
Kerand, 15 September 1989, Iranshahr & Dezfoolian 33222 (IRAN!).
Discussion
Polygala guilanica is a prostrate, dwarf and semi-orophyte species, growing 1700-1800 m elev.in N Iran (W Guilan
province). The new species is distinguished based on its small, lanceolate, ovate and rhombic, sessile leaves; tiny pink-
white flowers in lax terminal racemes; 6 or 8 stamens with sessile anthers, a filiform style and brownish seed with
3-lobed caruncle identify the new species.
Polygala guilanica may resemble to either of P. kurdica (usually producing prostrate and ascending stem) and P.
hohenackeriana (forming prostrate stem) mainly for its prostrate stem and a few other characters (e.g., its outer sepal
margin is identical to P. kurdica and its capsule shape is similar with P. hohenackeriana). However, the latter two
species display many morphological differences with the newly described species.
P. kurdica is characterized by its elliptic, ovate, obovate, obtuse upper leaves, short racemes, purple flowers,
non-anastomosing nerves of inner sepals, ciliated inner sepals, gibbous outer sepals, obovoid sessile capsules with
broad wings and 3-lobed seed which one is reduced to 0.2 mm (Jalilian 2005: 10) (Table 1). Whereas, obovate-
elliptic to lanceolate upper leaves, lax racemes pale blue to lilac flowers, white and faint blue inner sepals with nerves
not anastomosing, gibbous outer sepals 2-lobed stigma, a straight style, sessile capsule with narrow wings and 3-
lobed seed are important characters that identify P. hohenackeriana (Chrtek & Krisa 1977: 4, Shishkin 1964: 194).
In addition, Polygala guilanica does not have similar geographic distribution with P. kurdica and P. hohenackeriana.
The first species, naturally grows in W Iran, Kurdistan and Iraq (Townsend 1980: 184, Jalilian 2005: 10), while the
second one has a wider distribution range: from C to N and NW Iran, and Turkey, Caucasus, Balkans, Afghanistan
and Pakistan (Shishkin 1964: 194, Chrtek & Krisa 1977: 4, Jalilian 2005: 11). Polygala guilanica may show some
similarities in terms of its flower color and anastomosing nerves of inner sepals to P. anatolica, which occurs in Turkey,
N Iran and Caucasus (Shishkin 1964: 204, Chrtek & Krisa 1977: 7). Nevertheless, the latter species shows several
morphological dissimilarities regarding to its stem height and type (erect to ascending stem), leaves shape and size
(5–45 × 1–9 mm), racemes length (1.5–21 cm), inner sepals apex shape (obovoid to elliptic), glabrous outer sepals,
style length (6–7 mm) and number of stigma lobe (1-lobed stigma) and seed morphology (Cullen 1965: 536, Jalilian
2005: 11, Sarvi et al. 2020) (Table 1). According to previous studies (Shishkin 1964: 192 and Jalilian 2005: 11, Sarvi
et al. 2020), all Iranian Polygala species have 8 stamens. While, P. guilanica with its 8 to 6 stamens is an exception.
In this regard, it may resemble to three species, P. sibirica Linnaeus (1753: 702), P. tenuifolia Willdenow (1800: 879)
and P. japonica Houttuyn (1779: 89) of former USSR (Shishkin 1964). The three latter species do not overlap with
Polygala guilanica in terms of morphological features and phytogeographical distribution. P. sibirica, P. tenuifolia and
P. japonica have ascending erect stems, loose inflorescence and subglobular to obcordate capsule and their distribution
is mostly restricted to Japan, China, Mongolia, Himalia, Siberia and Central Europe (Shishkin 1964).
Identification key for Iranian species of Polygala
1 Capsule ciliated .................................................................................................................................................................P. erioptera
- Capsule glabrous ................................................................................................................................................................................2
2 Leaves petiolate, capsule globular, caruncle 2-lobed ......................................................................................................P. irregularis
- Leaves sessile or shortly petiolate, capsule obcordate or obovate, lobes of caruncle 3 or not clear ..................................................3
3 Stem prostrate .....................................................................................................................................................................................4
- Stem ascending-erect ..........................................................................................................................................................................6
4 Capsule symmetrically winged and stipitate .....................................................................................................................P. guilanica
- Capsule asymmetrically winged and sessile .......................................................................................................................................5
5 Upper leaves obtuse, corolla purple .....................................................................................................................................P. kurdica
- Upper leaves acute, corolla faint blue to lilac ........................................................................................................P. hohenackeriana
6 Annual, inner sepals pale green to white ......................................................................................................................P. monspeliaca
- Perennial, inner sepals pink or purple or magenta .............................................................................................................................7
7 Inner sepal veins not anastomosing, stigma 2-lobed ............................................................................................... P. mazandaranica
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- Inner sepal veins anastomosing, stigma 1-lobed ................................................................................................................................8
8 Inner sepals pink to magenta, filaments united near apex, stigma subapical, capsule stipitate ........................................P. anatolica
- Inner sepals purple, filaments joint lengthwise, stigma sub-central, capsule sessile ......................................................P. platyptera
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Mr. Arash Talebkhani for his valuable guidance in collecting samples from Kooh-Roubar. We are
also thankful to Ms. S. S. Tamjidi Eramsadati at Guilan University Herbarium (GUH) for her cooperation.
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