No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Bioactive compounds and biological activities of Elaegnus latifolia L.: An underutilized fruit of North-East Himalaya, Indi
Abstract
Growing health concerns have led to a substantial increase in the demand for edible plants that provide health benefits over and above basic nutrition. As the demand for food with promising health benefits increases, search for wild edible plants having medicinal and nutritional properties also increases. In view of this, in the present study, Elaeagnus latifolia L., an underutilized wild edible fruit of Sikkim Himalaya, India, has been investigated for minerals, bioactive compounds, and biological activities. The outcomes of the study revealed that potassium (610.13 mg/100 g) is the most abundant mineral found in E. latifolia, followed by phosphorus (228.99 mg/100 g), calcium (46.67 mg/100 g), magnesium (42.82 mg/100 g), and sodium (5.58 mg/100 g) with traces of iron (17.27 mg/100 g), zinc (0.25 mg/100 g), copper (2.59 mg/100 g) and manganese (5.84 mg/100 g). Ascorbic acid, lycopene, and β-carotene were also present in adequate amount. The IC50 values in 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays were recorded as 2394.06 µg ml−1 and 58.41 µg ml−1, respectively, indicating the good antioxidant potential of this wild edible fruit. Further, fruit extract showed very good antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial pathogen and fungal phytopathogen with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values of 170-410 µg ml−1 for bacteria and 30- 410 µg ml−1 for fungal pathogens. Three organic acids namely, tartaric, pyruvic, and oxalic acid and four polyphenols gallic, p-coumaric, ferulic, and catechin were quantified using HPLC-PDA analysis. As the fruit extract exhibited good antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, and contains bioactive compounds and minerals, it can be widely used by pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries for functional product development.
... (EL), a wild fruit from the Elaeagnaceae family, is found in Asian countries such as Thailand, Vietnam, India, and Sri Lanka. EL fruit contains several beneficial health constituents, including phenolic compounds (e.g., quercetin, catechin, and rutin), vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids, and carbohydrates [12]. In vitro experiments have shown that EL fruit extracts possess antioxidant, DNA-protective, and antimicrobial activities, which may be attributed to their bioactive constituents, particularly polyphenolic flavonoids, carotenoids, and ascorbic acid [11][12][13]. ...
... EL fruit contains several beneficial health constituents, including phenolic compounds (e.g., quercetin, catechin, and rutin), vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids, and carbohydrates [12]. In vitro experiments have shown that EL fruit extracts possess antioxidant, DNA-protective, and antimicrobial activities, which may be attributed to their bioactive constituents, particularly polyphenolic flavonoids, carotenoids, and ascorbic acid [11][12][13]. A previous in vivo study reported that EL fruit extract, rich in phenolic and flavonoid phytochemicals, exhibited hepatoprotective effects in a model of N-acetyl-para-aminophenol overdose. ...
Elaeagnus latifolia (EL) is a wild fruit known for containing several health-promoting compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of EL fruit extract on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages. Mice fed an HFD and given EL fruit extract for 10 weeks exhibited significantly lower body weight, reduced lipid accumulation, diminished oxidative stress in adipocytes, and decreased macrophage infiltration compared to those not receiving the EL extract. Moreover, the EL fruit extract activated the transcription factors Pparg and Cebpa, initiating adipogenesis and modulating the expression of NF-κB/Nrf-2-induced target genes. This resulted in smaller adipocyte size, reduced inflammation, and less oxidative stress in HFD-fed mice. In vitro, the EL extract induced a shift in macrophage phenotype from M1 to M2, reduced IκBα/NF-κB phosphorylation, and effectively decreased energy production in macrophages by downregulating the expression of several proteins involved in glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This mechanistic study suggests that administering EL fruit extract could be an effective strategy for managing obesity and its associated pathologies.
... from the Elaeagnaceae family, are known as Ma Lod or Sa Lod Thao in Thai. They are consumed in fresh or processed forms in Asia, such as Thailand and India (Dasila & Singh, 2022;Rymbai et al., 2023;Nazir, Zahoor, & Nisar, 2020). Moreover, Elaeagnaceae family members have traditional medicinal uses in other countries, such as Turkey, and are associated with pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and anti-pyretic activities (Nazir, Zahoor, & Nisar, 2020). ...
... A previous in vitro study has shown that the Elaeagnus latifolia ethanol fruit extract (EE) contains phenolic compounds associated with its free radicalscavenging, anti-bacterial, and anti-fungal properties. This affirms the potential of Elaeagnus latifolia and its extracts as natural sources of biologically active phenolic compounds (Dasila & Singh, 2022). Furthermore, phenolics, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins are the main bioactive compounds found in various plant sources. ...
Elaeagnus latifolia fruit extract (EE) has been reported to contain antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phyto-chemicals. The present study aimed to examine the anti-hepatotoxic effects of EE in acetaminophen (APAP)-injected mice. Pretreatment with EE for 7 days in APAP mice showed significant reductions in the levels of AST and ALT and necrotic area, accompanied by decreases in liver oxidative stress, nitric oxide, and infiltrating inflammatory cells, compared to the APAP-only group. EE markedly down-regulated expression of CYP2E1, JNK, Bax, NOX subunit, and NF-κB target genes, and up-regulated expression of Bcl-2 and Nrf2 target genes in the livers. Furthermore, EE effectively lowered serum and hepatic lipids, and down-regulated expression of SREBP-1c/2 genes. EE was found to contain phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins. Therefore, mechanistic insights into EE's anti-hepatotoxic effects may be associated with preventing the abnormal expression of genes involved in toxic metabolite generation, hepatotoxic signaling, apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipid synthesis.
... Fruits and vegetables are a good source of vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds that contribute to improved overall health. Among the different fruits, underutilized fruits are rich in nutrients and possess therapeutic and medicinal value, providing a wide array of vitamins and minerals [1]. In today's world, consumers are increasingly conscious of the nutritional value of their food and its impact on their health [2]. ...
... Sohshang (Elaeagnus latifolia L.) (Figures 1(A) and 1(B)) is renowned as one of the most promising underutilized fruit crops in the tribal habitats of India's Northeastern Himalayan region [1]. The fruit has an oblong shape and turns reddish in color when ripe, often being consumed raw by indigenous people. ...
The study involved subjecting sohshang (Elaeagnus latifolia) juice (SJ) to thermosonications (TS), a process integrating ultrasound and heat, with a range of independent variables. Specifically, three explored distinct amplitudes (30%, 40%, and 50%) alongside three temperature settings (30°C, 40°C, and 50°C) and four treatment durations (15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes) were used in the experiment. A variety of quality parameters were analyzed such as antioxidant activity (AOA), ascorbic acid (AA), total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), yeast and mold count (YMC), and total viable count (TVC). Thermosonicated sohshang juices (TSSJ) successfully achieved highest content of AA (69 15 ± 0 99 mg/100 ml), AOA (72 93 ± 1 62%), TPC (122 03 ± 4 23 mg GAE/ml), and TFC (116 14 ± 3 29 mg QE)/ml) under ideal circumstances. Also, minimal TVC and YMC in these juices have been observed. The best results for AA and TFC were observed at 40°C with 40% and 50% amplitude over processing times of 45 and 60 min. To optimize the extraction processes with various objectives, artificial neural network (ANN) was established with an original experimental planning methodology. Overall, the investigation demonstrated that TS is an effective method to enhance the nutritional and microbiological qualities of sohshang fruit juice. The use of ANN in the optimization process is particularly valuable in achieving desirable outcomes. As the food and pharmaceutical industries seek natural and bioactive substances, TSSJ holds great potential for various applications.
... The ripened pulpy berry showed a sweet and slightly sour taste. The local communities of Himalayan region consumed fully ripened berries as a raw or processed form, and also utilized traditionally for preparation of chutney, soup [4,5]. ...
... Furthermore, outcomes of the present study indicated that both berries (fresh & dry) have ~ 2 to four fold higher amounts of polyphenolics and antioxidant properties in the comparison of previous report from North-Eastern Himalaya performed by Dasila and Singh [4], which might be found due to dissimilarity in geographical location, altitudinal gradient, biotic-abiotic factors and seasonal variation. In addition, berries of E. latifolia showed higher amount of diverse polyphenolics-antioxidant contents as compared with other species E. angustifolia L [9], E. umbellata [10,11], E. kologa [12]. ...
Elaeagnus latifolia L. (family: Elaeagnaceae), is a wild-growing Himalayan shrub. Fresh berries of the species are consumed by mountainous populace as a food supplement, however as the biochemical attributes of the species is still lacking or limited. Therefore, the present study was focused to analyze polyphenolics-antioxidant properties of both fresh & dried berries in different solvents, collected from Chaudas valley of Pithoragarh district. Results showed a significant (p < 0.05) variation among investigated parameters in different solvents. As a result, fresh berries were found potent source of polyphenolics (phenolics 1.65; flavonoids 1.35; flavonols 1.21; tannins 1.49; proanthocyanidins 1.21 mg/g, respectively) and antioxidants (ABTS 2.55; DPPH 2.74; FRAP 2.25; OH· 1.16; NO·1.19 mM AAE/100 g), respectively, as compared with dried berries. The moderate polarity of solvents (ethanol, methanol) was found suitable for harnessing maximum potential of the species. Furthermore, results suggested that both fresh & dried fruit berries are natural sources of various health benefit compounds (polyphenolics, antioxidants and other bioactive constituents), and should be further utilize for preparation of nutritious food stuffs which will be beneficial for plummeting the malnutrition deficiency.
... Antioxidants reduce the effects of free radicals on tumors, inflammation, cell growth, and DNA damage by scavenging reactive free radicals. Flavonoids, carbohydrates, phenols, amino acids, fatty acids, and terpenes can scavenge free radicals [24]. Therefore, it is important to further explore the relationship between significant changes in growth, pH, total soluble solids content, antioxidant activity, and the biotransformation of metabolites by B.an3. ...
Elaeagnus moorcroftii Wall.ex Schlecht. (EWS) has extensive nutrients and functional active ingredients, which makes it an excellent potential substrate for fermentation. The improvement in the antioxidant activity of Elaeagnus moorcroftii Wall.ex Schlecht. juice (EWSJ) fermented by Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN-3 (B.an3) could be attributed to the metabolism and biotransformation of plant-based products by the bacterial strain. To reveal the underlying mechanism, non-targeted metabolomics was applied in this study. After fermentation, the structure of downregulated carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, and flavonoids was changed by Bifidobacterium biotransformation (included four reductions, three hydrolyses, four isomerizations, three deglycosidations, and five other reactions). The structure of these converted upregulated products has a higher antioxidant ability to reduce free radicals than their precursors, such as the flavonoids in the form of hydrolyzed conjugates, amino acids with multiple sulfhydryls or hydroxys, carbohydrates with reactive oxygen on benzene rings and fatty acids with unsaturated bonds, short chains, and glycosides. These findings shed light on the mechanism of the metabolism and biotransformation of EWSJ by B.an3, facilitate the study of the interaction between probiotics and fermented plant-based products, and provide a theoretical basis for the development of Bifidobacterium-fermented plant products with stronger functional activities.
... Leaves and fruits may be used in the food processing or pharmaceutical industries as a natural source of antioxidants (Dutta et al., 2018). The fruit extract has potential use in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries for the creation of functional products, as it demonstrates strong antioxidant and antibacterial action and includes bioactive chemicals and minerals (Dasila and Singh, 2022). The fruit may have the ability to reduce the occurrence of cancer as well as slow down or stop the growth of pre-existing tumours (Seal, 2012). ...
... Moreover, Lamo et al. (2012) have also reported the use of 28 plant species from cold desert of Ladakh for various culinary purposes since time immemorial. Apart from being consumed for their nutritional needs, many plants are considered for various medicinal properties such as, the edible fruit plant, Eleagnus latifolia L. is consumed in North-eastern Sikkim due to its good antioxidant, antibacterial properties, and contains various bioactive compounds and minerals (Dasila & Singh, 2022). Similarly, Lepidium latifolium L. in Ladakh possesses nutritional benefits as well as antioxidant properties (Kaur et al., 2013). ...
Urtica hyperborea Jacquem. ex Wedd., a perennial plant of Urticaceae family is considered as a wild vegetable in the mountainous region of Ladakh. Due to its application in many forms of traditional culinary in every household during the harsh winter season, the plant ensures the food security. However, the nutritional composition and phytochemical analysis of U. hyperborea responsible for these beneficial features have not been explored widely. The present study aims to determine the nutritional composition (e.g., macromolecules, pigments, minerals, phenolics and flavonoid contents), antioxidant activity and the phytochemical analysis of this plant species present in Ladakh, India. The radical scavenging and antioxidant potential of the plant were evaluated by assays like 2,2‒diphenyl‒1‒picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl (ºOH), and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) for different extracts prepared in water, methanol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether. Macromolecules such as protein, carbohydrate, total phenolic and flavonoid contents in U. hyperborea were found to be 62.28±6.67, 170.80±3.98, 24.47±0.39 and 5.43±0.97 mg g-1, respectively. Similarly, dried powder of U. hyperborea was found to be rich in different mineral contents such as potassium, magnesium, sodium, manganese, zinc and iron. Among the various solvents used for exploring scavenging and antioxidant potential, aqueous extracts showed highest activity with 79.2% in DPPH assay as compared to other extracts. Similar trend was observed for other assays where aqueous extracts exhibited higher activity followed by methanolic, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extracts. Significant positive linear correlations were observed between the radical scavenging/antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts and their content of phenolic/flavonoid compounds. The identification of phenolic compounds such as coumarin, quercetin, and ferulic acid confirm the antioxidative nature of the plant. Overall, rich macromolecule and mineral contents, as well as higher radical scavenging/antioxidant activities in aqueous extracts of U. hyperborea revealed that the plant has significant potential to be utilized as a phytofood source in harsh environmental conditions.
... T. serpyllum is a rich source of gallic acid thereby making it a promising resource for food and pharmaceutical applications. 4-hydroxybenzoic acid are reported to enhance the nutritional value of food by reducing the oxidation of nutrients, while catechol reacts against reactive oxygen species and play an indirect role in the induction of antioxidant enzymes and inhibition of pro-oxidant enzymes [70] . ...
... Antibacterial activity: The antibacterial activity of synthesized CuO-starch nanocomposite was performed by disk-diffusion method against two bacterial strains, Escherichia coli (MTCC 443) and Serratia marcescens (MTCC 4822) organisms [14]. The test strains were procured from the Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India. ...
In current study, the copper oxide-rice starch nanocomposites has been synthesized from the different salts of copper and rice starch. The synthesized nanocomposites were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TGA and DSC spectroscopic methods. The spectroscopic analysis showed that the CuO-starch nanocomposite was formed and CuO nanoparticles (CuONPs) were uniformly dispersed in the starch network with relatively smooth surfaces in the CuO-starch nanocomposite. The average crystalline size of CuO-starch nanocomposites from different precursors viz. copper acetate, copper chloride and equimolar mixture of copper acetate and copper chloride were calculated as 3.13 nm, 6.46 nm and 17.42 nm, respectively, while average particle size were 1421, 1504 and 1796 nm, respectively. The TGA and DSC data showed that the CuO-starch nanocomposites were thermally stable. The nanocomposites were scrutinized by antibacterial activity against two tested bacterial strain Serratia marcescens (17.67 ± 0.90 mm) and Escherichia coli (16.3 ± 0.30). It was concluded that, CuO-starch nanocomposites were thermally stable and exhibited significant antibacterial activity.
The current investigation explores the antagonistic potential of endophytic fungal diversity associated with Elaeagnus latifolia L., an actinorhizal plant species of Northeast India against Pestalotiopsis theae, the causal agent of grey blight disease in tea. A total of 17 endophytic fungal isolates belonging to 14 different families and three phyla were isolated from various parts of the target plant species. The fungal isolates were characterized using a culture-based approach and microscopic tools and techniques, with particular emphasis on colony shape, size, spore formation characteristics, and fruiting body features. Nigrospora sp. showed the highest species density (0.5) amongst all of the fungal isolates. The highest isolation frequency (67%) was observed for Fusarium sp., Nigrospora sp., Penicillium chrysogenum and Rhizopus sp. A higher percentage of fungal isolates were obtained from the roots and stems (47% each) compared to leaves (29%). The maximum species richness and diversity indices were observed in stems (15.0), while the minimum values were found in leaves (9.0). The stem had the highest Shannon and Simpson diversity indices (2.02 and 0.860, respectively), followed by the root (1.979 and 0.847, respectively) and the leaves with the lowest values being 1.494 and 0.75, respectively. Among the fungal isolates tested for plant growth-promoting traits, such as phosphate solubilization, starch hydrolysis and efficiency in zinc solubilization, the isolate EF09 showed positive responses for all the tested parameters. The isolate EF09 showed maximum antifungal potential (up to 87.1%) against the significant tea pathogen, P. theae, in poisoned food technique in vitro. As there exists limited research related to hitherto-unexplored fungal endophytes associated with endemic plant species like E. latifolia, the current investigation holds sufficient promises in the isolation of novel 69 bioactive molecules from these microbial isolates that might be useful in agriculture to develop sustainable strategies in plant protection in tea.
The current investigation explores the antagonistic potential of endophytic fungal diversity associated with Elaeagnus latifolia L., an actinorhizal plant species of Northeast India against Pestalotiopsis theae, the causal agent of grey blight disease in tea. A total of 17 endophytic fungal isolates belonging to 14 different families and three phyla were isolated from various parts of the target plant species. The fungal isolates were characterized using a culture-based approach and microscopic tools and techniques, with particular emphasis on colony shape, size, spore formation characteristics, and fruiting body features. Nigrospora sp. showed the highest species density (0.5) amongst all of the fungal isolates. The highest isolation frequency (67%) was observed for Fusarium sp., Nigrospora sp., Penicillium chrysogenum and Rhizopus sp. A higher percentage of fungal isolates were obtained from the roots and stems (47% each) compared to leaves (29%). The maximum species richness and diversity indices were observed in stems (15.0), while the minimum values were found in leaves (9.0). The stem had the highest Shannon and Simpson diversity indices (2.02 and 0.860, respectively), followed by the root (1.979 and 0.847, respectively) and the leaves with the lowest values being 1.494 and 0.75, respectively. Among the fungal isolates tested for plant growth-promoting traits, such as phosphate solubilization, starch hydrolysis and efficiency in zinc solubilization, the isolate EF09 showed positive responses for all the tested parameters. The isolate EF09 showed maximum antifungal potential (up to 87.1%) against the significant tea pathogen, P. theae, in poisoned food technique in vitro. As there exists limited research related to hitherto-unexplored fungal endophytes associated with endemic plant species like E. latifolia, the current investigation holds sufficient promises in the isolation of novel 69 bioactive molecules from these microbial isolates that might be useful in agriculture to develop sustainable strategies in plant protection in tea.
In this study, different parts (leaf, bark, and fruit) of Pittosporum eriocarpum were investigated to explore its chemical composition and biological activities. The GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of fifty-seven, eighty-one, and forty-six compounds in leaf, fruit, and bark extract, respectively. The important identified bioactive compounds include 1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxy-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (quinic acid), falcarinol, tetradecanoic acid, and isopropyl myristate. Further, four polyphenolic compounds namely p-coumaric, chlorogenic, ferulic acid, and catechin were also identified and quantified in different parts through HPLC-PDA analysis. Of the studied parts of P. eriocapum, leaf extract contains the highest total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content, and exhibited potent antioxidant activity in ABTS assay. P. eriocarpum extracts also exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria and showed considerable high protection against free radical-mediated DNA damage. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first detailed study of the chemical composition and biological activities of P. eriocarpum.
Mountain biodiversity is under unparalleled pressure due to climate change, necessitating in‑depth research on high‑altitude
plant’s microbial associations which are crucial for plant survival under stress conditions. Realizing that high‑altitude tree line
species of Himalaya are completely unexplored with respect to the microbial association, the present study aimed to elucidate
plant growth promoting and secondary metabolite producing potential of culturable endophytic fungi of Himalayan silver
birch (Betula utilis D. Don). ITS region sequencing revealed that the fungal isolates belong to Penicillium species, Pezicula
radicicola, and Paraconiothyrium archidendri. These endophytes were psychrotolerant in nature with the potential to produce
extracellular lytic activities. The endophytes showed plant growth promoting (PGP) traits like phosphorus solubilization and
production of siderophore, indole acetic acid (IAA), and ACC deaminase. The fungal extracts also exhibited antagonistic
potential against bacterial pathogens. Furthermore, the fungal extracts were found to be a potential source of bioactive com‑
pounds including the host‑specific compound—betulin. Inoculation with fungal suspension improved seed germination and biomass of soybean and maize crops under net house conditions. In vitro PGP traits of the endophytes, supported by net house experiments, indicated that fungal association may support the growth and survival of the host in extreme cold conditions.
The eastern Himalayas, one of the important hotspots of global biodiversity, have a rich diversity of wild edible fruit trees. The fruits of these tree species have been consumed by the tribal people since time immemorial. However, there is limited information available on the biochemical and antioxidant properties of the fruits. Therefore, the present investigation was undertaken to study the physico-chemical and antioxidant properties of the nine most important wild fruit trees. Among the species, Pyrus pashia had the maximum fruit weight (37.83 g), while the highest juice (43.72%) and pulp content (84.67%) were noted in Haematocarpus validus and Myrica esculenta, respectively. Maximum total soluble solids (18.27%), total sugar (11.27%), moisture content (88.39%), ascorbic acid content (63.82 mg/100 g), total carotenoids (18.47 mg/100 g), and total monomeric anthocyanin (354.04 mg/100 g) were recorded in H. validus. Docynia indica had the highest total phenolic content (19.37 mg GAE/g), while H. validus recorded the highest total flavonoids and flavanol content. The antioxidant activities of the different fruits ranged from 0.17 to 0.67 IC50 for DPPH activity and 3.59–13.82 mg AAE/g for FRAP. These fruits had attractive pigmentation of both pulp and juice and were a good potential source for the extraction of natural edible color in the food industry. The fruits also possess high market prices; Prunus nepalensis fetched 34.10– 141.5 per tree. Therefore, these fruits are rich sources of antioxidants, pigments and have a high market value for livelihood and nutritional security.
Various bioactive compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, carotenoids, etc. are found in fruits and vegetables. Although literature is available on the use and importance of commercial fruits and vegetables, little information is known about the underutilized horticultural commodities. Underutilized horticultural crops, such as drumstick, red cabbage, turmeric, beetroot, avocado, passion fruit, jamun, bael, etc. can be utilized as an important source of health-promoting bioactive compounds. Various methods of extraction of bioactive compounds are ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and high-voltage electrical discharge (HVED). The bioactive compounds extracted from underutilized horticultural crops find a number of uses in pharmaceuticals and food industries as antioxidant, preservatives, antimicrobial, prebiotic, anticancer, food colorant, food packaging, cosmetics, insecticide, etc.
Elaeagnus L. is found in wild or grown as ornamental plants and is increasingly regarded as underutilized berry shrubs by breeders. This genus has cosmopolitan distribution with various species widely distributed in China, Europe, the United States, and Canada. Interspecific hybrids, which have been reported several times, have attracted intense interest from plant breeders attempting to develop a fruit crop of Elaeagnus. Orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) is a powerful statistical modeling tool that provides insights into separations between experimental groups. In this study, the molecular phylogeny of Elaeagnus species was first discussed using the ITS and matK sequences for guiding the construction of a genetic basis pool. A morphological OPLS-DA clustering model based on the genetic divergence was also constructed for the first time, which effectively realized the morphological grouping of Chinese Elaeagnus species. The results showed that a total of 10 wild species widely distributed in China have the potential to develop fruit crops. Particularly, Elaeagnus conferta has the potential to provide a founder species with a large fruit size, while Elaeagnus Gonyanthes has the potential to provide important genetic resources with long pedicel. Elaeagnus lanceolata and Elaeagnus delavayi could be used to domesticate hybrids without spines, and the other five climbing shrubs could be used to develop high-yield crown-type commercial cultivars for automated field management. The top five contributing morphological traits affecting the current clustering model were V9 (flower color), V1 (flowering), V5 (evergreen or deciduous), V3 (leaf size), and V2 (fruiting). Furthermore, the grouping analysis indicated that the V9 was the most important factor affecting morphological clustering. Thereafter, the temporally calibrated phylogeny inferred from the matK sequence was used to reconstruct the origin and evolution of the genus Elaeagnus, and the results inferred an interesting geographic distribution pattern and potential cross-species interactions of Elaeagnus species at low latitudes in China. Our study also highlighted dispersal pattern investigation and genetic background analysis to improve future practices and policies related to species introduction of genetic basis pool.
The genus Rhododendron (family: Ericaceae), distributed mostly in the higher altitude of the Indian Himala-yan Region (IHR), has great ecological significance and economic importance. In the present study, three endemic species of Rhododendron viz., R. dalhousiae, R. ciliatum and R. maddenii were investigated for antiox-idant, antimicrobial activity and phenolic compounds. Five different solvents viz., methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane and hexane were used for the extraction. The highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found in the methanolic extracts of all the examined Rhododendron spp. The 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid (ABTS) free radical scaveng-ing potential were found maximum in the methanolic extract of R. dalhousiae with IC 50 values of 13.58 § 1.81 mg ml À1 and 11.21 § 1.88 mg ml À1 , respectively. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed the presence of various phenolic acids namely gallic acid, ferulic acid, vanillic, caffeic acid, catechin, p-coumaric and m-coumaric acid in the plant extracts. The Rhododendron spp. leaf extracts also exhibited antimicrobial potential against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. R. dalhousiae leaves extracted with n-hexane and methanolic solvents showed better antibacterial response against gram-positive bacteria namely Bacillus subtilis and B. megaterium. The results of this preliminary study suggest that the studied endemic Rhododendron spp. are potential source of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds which can be further used as pharmacological agents.
In recent years, great interest has been focused on using natural antioxidants in food products, due to studies indicating possible adverse effects that may be related to the consumption of synthetic antioxidants. A variety of plant materials are known to be natural sources of antioxidants, such as herbs, spices, seeds, fruits and vegetables. The interest in these natural components is not only due to their biological value, but also to their economic impact, as most of them may be extracted from food by-products and under-exploited plant species. This article provides an overview of current knowledge on natural antioxidants: their sources, extraction methods and stabilization processes. In addition, recent studies on their applications in the food industry are also addressed; namely, as preservatives in different food products and in active films for packaging purposes and edible coatings.
This paper analyses the phytochemical composition, and antioxidant activity of new selected biotypes of cherry silverberry grown in Poland. In addition, the polyphenolic contents, sugars, and vitamin C, as well as organic acid profile were evaluated. Among the researched compounds, two sugars, seven organic acids, and six fatty acids were reported in new studied biotypes of cherry silverberry. Some new biotypes presented a high contents of vitamin C, linoleic, α-linoleic acids (si1, and si2), glucose, fructose, ash (si5, and si4), other fatty acids, organic acids, and antioxidant activity (si0, and si3). They displayed an average contents of polyphenols [5.68 g GAE/100 g dry matter (d.m.)], vitamin C (15.13 mg/100 g), ash (0.56%), fatty acids (89.99%), organic acids (22.41 g/100 g d.m.), sugars (47.96 g/100 g d.m.), and high antioxidant activity of 3.62 mM Trolox (TE)/100 g d.m. (FRAP assay), and 5.11 mM TE/100 g d.m. (DPPH assay). The new biotypes of cherry silverberry cultivated in Poland might be a good source for the production of functional foods, and direct consumption. Moreover, cherry silverberry is an inquisitive material with a different phytochemical components, and according to the principal component analysis, strongly dependent on the biotype.
Bioactive natural products have always played a significant role as novel therapeutical agents irrespective of their source of origin. They have a profound effect on human health by both direct and indirect means and also possess immense medicinal properties. Fruit species are largely appreciated and highly consumed throughout the world. Epidemiologic information supports the association between high intake of fruits and low risk of chronic diseases. There are several biological reasons why the consumption of fruits might reduce or prevent chronic diseases. Fruits are rich sources of nutrients and energy, have vitamins, minerals, fiber and numerous other classes of biologically active compounds. Moreover, parts of the fruit crops like fruit peels, leaves and barks also possess medicinal properties and have been included in this review. The most important activities discussed in this review include antidiabetic, anticancer, antihypertensive, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, stimulation of the immune system, cell detoxification, cholesterol synthesis, anticonvulsant and their ability to lower blood pressure. Several phytochemicals involved in this context are described with special emphasis on their structural properties and their relativity with human diseases.
Available on line: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13659-018-0186-6
Catechins are polyphenolic compounds—flavanols of the flavonoid family found in a variety of plants. Green tea, wine and cocoa-based products are the main dietary sources of these flavanols. Catechins have potent antioxidant properties, although in some cases they may act in the cell as pro-oxidants. Catechins are reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers and metal ion chelators, whereas their indirect antioxidant activities comprise induction of antioxidant enzymes, inhibition of pro-oxidant enzymes, and production of the phase II detoxification enzymes and antioxidant enzymes. Oxidative stress and ROS are implicated in aging and related dysfunctions, such as neurodegenerative disease, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. Due to their antioxidant properties, catechins may be beneficial in preventing and protecting against diseases caused by oxidative stress. This article reviews the biochemical properties of catechins, their antioxidant activity, and the mechanisms of action involved in the prevention of oxidative stress-caused diseases.
Elaeagnus angustifolia was analyzed for determination of metals, phytoconstituents, bactericidal, fungicidal and insecticidal effects and to explore its chemical and biological potential. The root, branches, leaves, stem bark and root bark parts of E. angustifolia were found to contain iron, lead, copper, cadmium, zinc, chromium, nickel and cobalt in different concentrations. Crude extract of Elaeagnus angustifolia (Ea.Cr) was tested positive for the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins. Ea.Cr and its fractions, n-hexane (Ea.Hex), ethyl acetate (Ea.EtAc) and aqueous (Ea.Aq) showed bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, while against Pseudomonas aeruginosa only Ea.Hex and Ea.EtAc were effective. When tested for anti-fungal effect, Ea.Cr exhibited fungicidal action against Aspergillus fumagatus, Ea.EtAc and Ea.Aq against Aspergillus flavis and Ea.EtAc against Aspergillus niger. Ea.Hex was active against all three fungal strains. The chloroform fraction (Ea.CHCl 3) was found inactive against the used microbes. Ea.Cr, Ea.Hex, Ea.CHCl 3 , Ea.EtAc and Ea.Aq caused mortality of Tribolium castaneum and Ephestia cautella insects observed after 24 and 48 h of treatment. These data indicate that E. angustifolia exhibits different heavy metals and compound groups. Methanolic extract of E. angustifolia and its various fractions possess antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal activities, which elucidate medicinal application of the plant.
In this work, the potential chemopreventive activities of Elaeagnus umbellata fruit aqueous (EUFA) and leaf aqueous (EULA) extracts focusing on the modulatory influence of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (XMEs), antioxidant enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, lipid peroxidation (LP), sulfhydryl groups were investigated in the hepatic and extrahepatic organs of Swiss albino mice (50 and 100 mg/kg body wt given orally for 14 days) and compared with BHA (0.75 % in diet). The modulatory and chemopreventive properties of two different doses EUFA and EULA were observed for cytochrome P450, cytochrome b5, sulfhydryl groups, NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, 7-ethoxyresorufin-deethylase and N,N-dimethylaniline N-oxidase activities in the liver and compared with BHA as a standard. The activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and DT-diaphorase (DTD) showed a significant increase in the kidney, forestomach, heart and brain at both doses of EUFA and EULA. The results of EULA-treated groups were found a notable increase in LDH, G6PD, 6PGD, GST and DTD activities. Superoxide dismutase level in liver, kidney and heart exhibited a significant increase at both doses of EULA. Glutathione reductase activity was a remarkable level at high dose of EUFA in liver, kidney and EULA in kidney. Both doses of EUFA were effective in inducing glutathione peroxidase activitiy in heart. The levels of LP at low and high doses of EULA-treated and EUFA-treated were effective in liver and kidney, respectively. The present results demonstrate that significant effects in the level of XMEs and antioxidant enzymes of EUFA and EULA are remarkable for modulating roles and natural chemoprevention properties and therefore is considered for a valuable natural source.
Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and vitamin D have important biological roles in the body, especially in bone metabolism. We aimed to study the reported intake, the disparity between the reported consumption and the level needed for adequacy and food sources of these four nutrients in the Spanish population. We assessed the reported intake for both, general population and plausible reporters. Results were extracted from the ANIBES survey, n = 2009. Three-day dietary reported intake data were obtained and misreporting was assessed according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Mean ± SEM (range) total reported consumption of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D for the whole population were 698 ± 7 mg/day (71–2551 mg/day), 1176 ± 8 mg/day, (331–4429 mg/day), 222 ± 2 mg/day (73–782 mg/day), and 4.4 ± 0.1 µg/day (0.0–74.2 µg/day), respectively. In the whole group, 76% and 66%; 79% and 72%; and 94% and 93% of the population had reported intakes below 80% of the national and European recommended daily intakes for calcium, magnesium and vitamin D, respectively; these percentages were over 40% when the plausible reporters were analysed separately. The main food sources were milk and dairy products for calcium and phosphorus, cereals and grains for magnesium and fish for vitamin D. In conclusion, there is an important percentage of the Spanish ANIBES population not meeting the recommended intakes for calcium, magnesium and vitamin D.
Oxidative stress, mainly contributed by reactive oxygen species (ROS), has been implicated in pathogenesis of several diseases. We review two primary examples; fibrosis and cancer. In fibrosis, ROS promote activation and proliferation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, activating TGF-β pathway in an autocrine manner. In cancer, ROS account for its genomic instability, resistance to apoptosis, proliferation, and angiogenesis. Importantly, ROS trigger cancer cell invasion through invadopodia formation as well as extravasation into a distant metastasis site. Use of antioxidant supplements, enzymes, and inhibitors for ROS-generating NADPH oxidases (NOX) is a logical therapeutic intervention for fibrosis and cancer. We review such attempts, progress, and challenges. Lastly, we review how nanoparticles with inherent antioxidant activity can also be a promising therapeutic option, considering their additional feature as a delivery platform for drugs, genes, and imaging agents.
Elaeagnus angustifolia L., which is commonly known as oleaster or Russian olive, is a deciduous plant from Elaeagnacea family. This plant can tolerate and survive a wide variety of environmental conditions. Different parts of E. angustifolia plant, especially the fruits and flowers, have been used traditionally in treating a variety of common illnesses such as nausea, cough, asthma, fever, jaundice, and diarrhea. The use of fruit powder and extract of E. angustifolia L. have shown to be effective in alleviating pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and also in reducing the healing time of wounds in injured person. In addition, some recent reports have indicated the anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer and some other properties of oleaster plant. The other important property of this plant would be its role in bio-monitoring the environment for some toxic elements and also its action as a bio-fertilizer agent in distressed lands. It seems that with more advanced studies on E. angustifolia L. and its bioactive components, this plant might be potentially effective and can be used as a natural alternative resource in pharmaceutical industries for treating chronic and serious problems, Fig. 1.
Background
Traditional medicine mainly of herbal origin is widely used all around the world. Heavy metal contamination in such products is frequently reported. Accumulation of heavy metals in the human body leads to various health hazards. Thus, precise determination for such contaminants is required for safety assurance. Sample preparation is a significant step in spectroscopic analysis to achieve reliable and accurate results. Wet digestion methods are basically used for the dissolution of herbal product samples prior to elemental analysis. Methods
This study has been designed to evaluate the efficiency of three acid digestion methods using different solvents. Five samples were digested with three different acid digestion methods namely method A (a combination of nitric-perchloric acids HNO3–HClO4 in a ratio 2:1), method B (only nitric acid HNO3), and method C (a mixture of nitric-hydrochloric acids HNO3–HCl in a ratio 1:3), to recommend the most efficient digestion method that gains the highest analyte recovery. The analysis of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) was conducted using various techniques of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). ResultsThe statistical analysis revealed that method C which represented the combination of nitric-hydrochloric acids HNO3–HCl in a ratio 1:3 was the most efficient digestion method for herbal product samples as it had given a significant high recovery (p < 0.05) for all metals compared to method A and method B. Accuracy of the proposed method was evaluated by the analysis of standard reference material (SRM) 1515 Apple Leaves from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) which presented good recoveries for all metals ranging from 94.5 to 108 %. Conclusion
Method C provides highest recovery for all the analytes under investigation using AAS in herbal medicine samples.Graphical Abstract:Comparison of different sample prepartion for AAS analysis of herbal samples
Background: According to ethnobotanical data, Elaeagnus angustifolia fruit has wound healing activity, anti-inflammatory effect and antifebrile prosperities.
Objectives: This study was performed as to the best of our knowledge; there has been no scientific report on the characterization of antimicrobial effect of E. angustifolia extract.
Materials and Methods: An aqueous extract of Elaeagnus angustifolia was prepared and antimicrobial activity tests were performed on various target cultures. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extract was done using the broth dilution technique. To characterize the extract, shelf life, thermal and pH stability, effects of detergents such as Tween 80, Tween 20, Triton X100, toluene and enzymes on the antimicrobial activity of Elaeagnus angustifolia extract, were examined.
Results: The MIC values ranged from 7.5 to 0.1 mg/mL, showing maximum activity (1.62 mg/mL) against E. coli. Similarly, the MBC of the extract against E. coli was 1.62 mg/mL. Antimicrobial activity of the extract was relatively stable when kept in the refrigerator for 60 days. The antimicrobial activity of Elaeagnus angustifolia extract was absolutely stable at temperatures up to 700° C. After exposure of the Elaeagnus angustifolia extract to different pH solutions in the range of 4-10, almost 100% residual activity was found against E. coli at pH 4, 5, 6, and 7. Treatment of the extract with detergents, lipase and lysozyme eliminated its antimicrobial activity.
Conclusions: Our study gives an indication of the presence of promising antimicrobial compounds and provides basic information about the nature of the Elaeagnus angustifolia extract. Future studies should elucidate the components responsible for antimicrobial activity of these extracts against target cultures.
The objective of this review was to assess, based on human data, the role of phenolic compounds in selected plant foods consumed as part of the Mediterranean diet in the prevention of chronic diseases (CDs) like cardiovascular disease, cancer and neurodegenerative conditions. Fruits and vegetables are rich sources of phenolic compounds and based on scientific data it would be expected that their consumption, as part of the diet, would be responsible for their documented preventive role of chronic diseases. The results of the review of scientific literature on human clinical trials revealed that in some studies polyphenols exert a positive effect in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, essentially blood pressure and arterial dilation, certain types of cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. However, such effects are not consistent with other clinical studies in which no effect has been found. Therefore, the level of evidence for a beneficial effect in humans of phenols on the prevention of CDs is weak and need to be strengthened by additional studies addressing potential confounding factors, such as interaction of phenols with other bioactive substances in foods and potential pro-oxidant effects.
A method was developed to profile major organic acids in Angeleno fruit by high performance liquid chromatography. Organic acids in plum were extracted by water with ultra- sonication at 50°C for 30 min. The extracts were chromatographed on Waters Atlantis T3 C18 column (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) with 0.01mol/L sulfuric acid and water as mobile phase, and flow rate was 0.5 ml/min. The column temperature was 40C, and chromatography was monitored by a diode array detector at 210 nm. The result showed that malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, pyruvic acid, acetic acid, succinic acid in Angeleno plum, and the malic acid was the major organic acids. The coefficient of determination of the standard calibration curve is R2 > 0.999. The organic acids recovery ranged from 99.11% for Malic acid to 106.70% for Oxalic acid, and CV (n=6) ranged from 0.95% for Malic acid to 6.23% for Oxalic acid, respectively. The method was accurate, sensitive and feasible in analyzing the organic acids in Angeleno plum.
This study deals with the chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of fruit, flower, leaf and fruit peel from Elaeagnus angustifolia L. growing in Malatya province (Turkey). Identification and quantification of volatile compounds were performed on HS/SPME GC/MS. A total of 53 compounds were identified in all parts of the plant. Metabolic extracts from flower and leaf extracts exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity against Gram positive bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranged from 62.5 to 500 µg/mL. Fruit and flower extracts have the highest antioxidant activity with values ranged from 0.03 to 4.64 for 2.22-azinobis-[3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid] (ABTS) assay and from 0.54 to 4.45 µg trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity/g dry weights (DWs) for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. Among the plant parts, the lowest and the highest total phenolic contents were found in fruit extracts with the values ranged from 0.12 to 6.39 µg gallic acid equivalents/g DW, respectively.
The potential cost-effectiveness and feasibility of dietary interventions aimed at reducing hypertension risk are of considerable interest and significance in public health. In particular, the effectiveness of restricted sodium or increased potassium intake on mitigating hypertension risk has been demonstrated in clinical and observational research. The role that modified sodium or potassium intake plays in influencing the renin-angiotensin system, arterial stiffness, and endothelial dysfunction remains of interest in current research. Up to the present date, no known systematic review has examined whether the sodium-to-potassium ratio or either sodium or potassium alone is more strongly associated with blood pressure and related factors, including the renin-angiotensin system, arterial stiffness, the augmentation index, and endothelial dysfunction, in humans. This article presents a systematic review and synthesis of the randomized controlled trials and observational research related to this issue. The main findings show that, among the randomized controlled trials reviewed, the sodium-to-potassium ratio appears to be more strongly associated with blood pressure outcomes than either sodium or potassium alone in hypertensive adult populations. Recent data from the observational studies reviewed provide additional support for the sodium-to-potassium ratio as a superior metric to either sodium or potassium alone in the evaluation of blood pressure outcomes and incident hypertension. It remains unclear whether this is true in normotensive populations and in children and for related outcomes including the renin-angiotensin system, arterial stiffness, the augmentation index, and endothelial dysfunction. Future study in these populations is warranted.
Objective:
To screen different solvent extracts of Elaeagnus kologa (E. kologa) leaf to determine the phytochemicals, potent antioxidant and antibacterial activity to find out the possible source of applied pharmaceutical formulations.
Methods:
Solvent extracts of leaf material were prepared using the Soxhlet apparatus. A study was performed on antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of leaf by 1-1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method. The phenolic and flavonoid content of all the fractions were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Leaves were also subjected to protein and carbohydrate test.
Results:
The total phenols, flavonoids were found to be high in petroleum ether as compare to other solvent fraction. The IC50 value of methanolic extract of the sample was 62.20 μg/mL which showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive).
Conclusions:
The present study suggests that the methanolic extract of E. kologa leaf possesses antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Such properties may be of great use in mitigating the detrimental effects of oxidative stress and reducing susceptibility to bacterial infection. Notably, extracts of E. kologa leaf also contain proteins and carbohydrates which add to its nutritional value.
Objectives
: Leaves and flowers of Elaeagnus angustifolia contain phenolic and flavonoid compounds. These compounds have antioxidant properties that protect cells from oxidative damage. The aim of this study was to determine and analyze total phenolic and flavonoid content of leaves and flowers in two E. angustifolia variants using different solvents (ethanol and methanol).
Materials and Methods: Ethanolic and methanolic extracts of the plant leaves and flowers were prepared. Experiments were carried out to measure their phenolic and flavonoid content using two solvents. Data were analyzed using Instat-N software.
Results: Results showed that the amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in both ethanolic and methanolic extracts was higher in Fariman variant compared with Mashhad variant. Ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Fariman variant had the highest amount of phenolic compound (10.91±0.18, 10.28± 0.36 mg GAE/100gFW, respectively) and also the highest amounts of flavonoids (5.80±0.10, 3.36±0.05 mgQE/100gFW, respectively). Phenolic and flavonoids compounds were better extracted using methanol and ethanol solvent.
Conclusions: In both varieties and solvents, the amount of phenolic and flavonoids compounds in leaves were higher than flowers. In addition, the phenolic and flavonoids compounds were higher in Fariman compared to Mashhad variants
The growing interest in the substitution of synthetic food antioxidants by natural ones has fostered research in identifying new low cost antioxidants having commercial potential. Fruits, such as mango, banana and those belonging to the citrus family leave behind a substantial amount of residues in the form of peels, pulp, seeds and stones. Due to lack of infrastructure to handle a huge quantity of available biomass, lack of processing facilities and high processing cost, these residues represent a major disposal problem, especially in developing countries. Because of the presence of phenolic compounds which impart nutraceutical properties to fruit residues, such residues hold tremendous potential in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. The biological properties such as anticarcinogenicity, antimutagenicity, antiallergenicity and antiageing activity have been reported for both natural as well as synthetic antioxidants. Special attention is focused on extraction of bioactive compounds from inexpensive or residual sources. The purpose of this review is to characterize different phenolics present in the fruit residues; discuss the antioxidant potential of such residues and the assays used in determination of anti-oxidant properties; discuss various methods for efficient extraction of the bioactive compounds and highlight the importance of fruit residues as potential nutraceutial resources and biopreservatives.
Despite abundant wild edible plant resources with immense potential for economic development, Uttaranchal, a newly created hill state situated in the Central Indian Himalaya, remains underdeveloped, owing primarily to inaccessibility and poor infrastructure. Development initiatives show little concern for mountain perspectives. Yet the region is rich in resources and underutilized plant species with potential food value, about which there is little knowledge. For the present study, 13 potentially exploitable wild fruit species and 1 semidomesticated species with good potential for exploitation were selected; 6-Aegle marmelos (bael or Bengal quince), Berberis asiatica (barberry), Hippophae rhamnoides (sea buckthorn), Myrica nagi (box myrtle), Rubus ellipticus (yellow Himalayan raspberry), and Prunus armeniaca (apricot)-were examined closely in terms of economic potential. A variety of value-added edible products such as jam, jelly, juice, and squash were made to generate income from these wild fruits, particularly for poor rural people. This was demonstrated locally to encourage people to engage in small-scale village-level cottage industries.
The aim of this work was to investigate the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antimutagenic potentials of methanol extracts from E. angustifolia.
Methanol extracts were screened for antimicrobial activity against different species of 4 Gram positive and 3 Gram negative bacteria and one fungus. These bacteria included food pathogens. The leaf extract was tested using disc diffusion assay.
The methanol extract of E. angustifolia showed maximum inhibition zone of 16 mm against Yersinia enterocolitica. Whereas, the inhibition zone was not determined by methanol extract against Escherichia coli ATCC 1122 and Candida albicans RSKK 02029. The MIC was evaluated on plant extracts as antimicrobial activity. All of bacterial strains showed the lowest sensitivity to methanol extract of E. angustifolia (3.5 mg/mL), except Yersinia enterocolitica NCTC 11174. In addition, the plant extracts were tested against the stable DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) free-radical. Finally, the methanol extract displayed a strong antioxidant activity (Trolox equivalent = 1.49 mM). Also, E. angustifolia methanol extracts were screened for their antimutagenic activity against sodium azide by Ames test in absence of rat microsomal liver enzyme (-S9). The results showed that E. angustifolia methanol extracts can inhibit mutagenic agents of sodium azide. The plant leaf extracts with the inhibition of 36% sodium azide showed moderate potential in decreasing mutagenic agents in Salmonella typhimurium TA100.
E. angustifolia methanol extracts have antimicrobial, antioxidant and antimutagenic potential.
Introduction: In this study, assessment of total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity of methanolic extract of fruits of Elaeagnus kologa Schldl. were examined for the first time. Methods: For the determination of total phenolics (TP) and total flavonoid content (TF) and in vitro antioxidative capacity, established assay methods such as 1, 1-diphenyl – 2-picryl hydroxyl (DPPH) radical assay, reducing power, ferric ion chelating assay, superoxide anion, nitric oxide scavenging activity and reduction of lipid peroxidation assays were used with reference to synthetic antioxidant butyl hydroxyl toluene (BHT). One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) were carried out. Results: The extract yielded total phenolic content (TP) of 2120 ± 0.012 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g of fresh mass (FM) and total flavonoid content (TF) of 220 ± 0.12 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/100 g FM. The E. kologa fruit exhibited scavenging capacity towards DPPH , superoxide radical, hydroxyl and nitric oxide. The results also showed that E. kologa extract had a strong reductive capacity, strong ferric ion (Fe3+) chelation and remarkable reduction of lipid peroxidation. The antioxidant capacities of the extract were comparable with butyl hydroxy toluene, EDTA and catechin. Conclusion: Positive correlations were observed between polyphenolic contents and the antioxidant capacities. The results of the present study revealed that the fruits of E. kologa possess potent antioxidant activity.
In order to identify the potential sources of natural polyphenols with promising antioxidant (AOA) and free radical scavenging activities (FRSA) some under utilized edible fruits were studied for total phenolic contents (TPC), AOA and FRSA. The TPC varied from 7.3 (Ficus hookeri, fruits) to 119.2 mg/g GAE (Emblica officinalis, fruits), fruit pericarp of Castanopsis tribuloides (46.8 mg/g), fruits of Spondias axillaries (69.4 mg/g) and seeds of Emblica officinalis (81.5 mg/g) were found to have good amounts of TPC. The AOA varied from 8.6 (Citrullus colocynthus, seeds) to 80.3% (Emblica officinalis, fruits). The fruits of E. officinalis, Spondias axillaries and Baccaurea sapida were found to have good amounts of TPC and high AOA; low IC 50 , low EC 50 , reasonably good values of antiradical power (ARP) that support their effectiveness towards protection of DNA nicking and indicating strong FRSA. The IC 50 values for inhibition of lipid per oxidation measured by ammonium thiocyanate assay ranged from 0.50 to 4.30 mg/ml; fruits (0.50 mg/ml) and seeds (0.92 mg/ml) of Emblica officinalis, fruits of Spondias axillaries (0.66 mg ml) and Baccaurea sapida (0.84 mg ml) showed better inhibition of peroxide formation compared to reference standard, quercetin (1.27 mg/ml). The ferrous ion-chelating capacity in terms of IC 50 values varied from 0.28 (E. officinalis, fruits) to 2.83 mg/ml (Spondias axillaries, seeds). Further, the ferric ion chelating capacity of fruits of Baccaurea sapida (0.47 mg/ml) and E. officinalis (0.15 mg/ml) were observed to be better as compared to standard quercetin (0.66 mg/ml). Non enzymatic reactive oxygen species scavenging activity of the fruit extracts of E. officinalis (1.56 mg/ml), B. sapida (1.09 mg/ml) and S. axillaries (1.24 mg/ml) were found to be potent superoxide radical scavengers. Fruits of E.officinalis, B. sapida and S. axillaries showed reasonably good site specific inhibition of hydroxyl radical induced deoxyribose degradation on the other hand the non site specific inhibition exhibited IC 50 values of 0.45 (E. officinalis, fruits) to 4.01 mg/ml (Cyphomandra betaceae, seeds). Promising samples were further assayed for their specific phenolic composition through HPLC and MS/MS which showed that fruits of E. officinalis were found to be potential source of caffeic acid; fruits of B. sapida of ellagic acid, fruits of S. axillaries and B. sapida of gallic acid.
In order to identify the potential sources of natural polyphenols with promising antioxidant (AOA) and free radical scavenging activities (FRSA) some under utilized edible fruits were studied for total phenolic contents (TPC), AOA and FRSA. The TPC varied from 7.3 (Ficus hookeri, fruits) to 119.2 mg/g GAE (Emblica officinalis, fruits), fruit pericarp of Castanopsis tribuloides (46.8 mg/g), fruits of Spondias axillaries (69.4 mg/g) and seeds of Emblica officinalis (81.5 mg/g) were found to have good amounts of TPC. The AOA varied from 8.6 (Citrullus colocynthus, seeds) to 80.3% (Emblica officinalis, fruits). The fruits of E. officinalis, Spondias axillaries and Baccaurea sapida were found to have good amounts of TPC and high AOA; low IC 50 , low EC 50 , reasonably good values of antiradical power (ARP) that support their effectiveness towards protection of DNA nicking and indicating strong FRSA. The IC 50 values for inhibition of lipid per oxidation measured by ammonium thiocyanate assay ranged from 0.50 to 4.30 mg/ml; fruits (0.50 mg/ml) and seeds (0.92 mg/ml) of Emblica officinalis, fruits of Spondias axillaries (0.66 mg ml) and Baccaurea sapida (0.84 mg ml) showed better inhibition of peroxide formation compared to reference standard, quercetin (1.27 mg/ml). The ferrous ion-chelating capacity in terms of IC 50 values varied from 0.28 (E. officinalis, fruits) to 2.83 mg/ml (Spondias axillaries, seeds). Further, the ferric ion chelating capacity of fruits of Baccaurea sapida (0.47 mg/ml) and E. officinalis (0.15 mg/ml) were observed to be better as compared to standard quercetin (0.66 mg/ml). Non enzymatic reactive oxygen species scavenging activity of the fruit extracts of E. officinalis (1.56 mg/ml), B. sapida (1.09 mg/ml) and S. axillaries (1.24 mg/ml) were found to be potent superoxide radical scavengers. Fruits of E.officinalis, B. sapida and S. axillaries showed reasonably good site specific inhibition of hydroxyl radical induced deoxyribose degradation on the other hand the non site specific inhibition exhibited IC 50 values of 0.45 (E. officinalis, fruits) to 4.01 mg/ml (Cyphomandra betaceae, seeds). Promising samples were further assayed for their specific phenolic composition through HPLC and MS/MS which showed that fruits of E. officinalis were found to be potential source of caffeic acid; fruits of B. sapida of ellagic acid, fruits of S. axillaries and B. sapida of gallic acid.
The methanolic crude extract of the aerial parts of Elaeagnus umbellata and its various solvent
fractions was screened for the secondary metabolites and biological activity. Phytochemical analysis of
the aerial parts showed the presence of bioactive secondary metabolites; alkaloids, steroids,
terpenoids, saponins while flavonoids, anthraquinones, tannins, phlobatanins and glycosides were
absent. The ethyl acetate fraction and methanolic extract of E. umbellata showed moderate antibacterial
activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus subtilis. The isolated
fractions; n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanolic extract exhibited significantly 2,2-diphenyl-1-
picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical scavenging activity while chloroform showed low activity. The EC50
of the fractions and extract ranged between 5.5 and 250.6 μg/ml and that of querceitin was 4.12 μg/ml.
This study reveals that the consumption of the plant would exert several beneficial effects by virtue of
their antioxidant and antibacterial activities.
Despite abundant wild edible plant resources with immense potential for economic development, Uttaranchal, a newly created hill state situated in the Central Indian Himalaya, remains underdeveloped, owing primarily to inaccessibility and poor infrastructure. Development initiatives show little concern for mountain perspectives. Yet the region is rich in resources and underutilized plant species with potential food value, about which there is little knowledge. For the present study, 13 potentially exploitable wild fruit species and 1 semidomesticated species with good potential for exploitation were selected; 6—Aegle marmelos (bael or Bengal quince), Berberis asiatica (barberry), Hippophae rhamnoides (sea buckthorn), Myrica nagi (box myrtle), Rubus ellipticus (yellow Himalayan raspberry), and Prunus armeniaca (apricot)—were examined closely in terms of economic potential. A variety of value-added edible products such as jam, jelly, juice, and squash were made to generate income from these wild fruits, particularly for poor rural people. This was demonstrated locally to encourage people to engage in small-scale village-level cottage industries.
Phenols, a major group of antioxidant phytochemicals, have profound importance due to their biological and free radical scavenging activities. To identify their potential sources extracts of some fruits and their different parts were studied for total phenolic contents (TPC), antioxidant (AOA) and free radical scavenging activities (FRSA). The amount of TPC varied from 10.5 (Carissa carandus, fruit peel) to 343.2 mg/g (Caesalpinia Mexicana, fruits) and AOA from 20.3% (Musa paradisiacal, fruits) to 96.7% (Caesalpinia Mexicana, fruits). Fruits of Caesalpinia Mexicana, Acacia auriculiformis, fruit pericarp green fibres of Cocus nucifera, and fruits of Emblica officinalis were found to have high TPC (73.1-343.2 mg/g) and high AOA (68.5-96.7%). Promising fruits were studied for their FRSA and reducing power (RP) measured by DPPH assay where the fruits of Caesalpinia mexicana, fruit pericarp fibres of Cocus nucifera, fruits of Emblica officinalis showed very low IC50 ranging from 0.009 to 0.016 mg/ml, EC50 from 0.39 to 0.70 mg/mg DPPH and reasonably high values (142.1-256.3) of anti radical power (ARP), indicating their strong FRSA and reducing power (RP) as evident by their low ASE/ml values (0.42-1.08). They also showed better inhibition of lipid peroxidation measured by using ferric thiocyanate assay and by using egg yolk compared to the reference standard quercetin. The ferrous and ferric ion chelating capacity of the promising fruits and their underutilized parts in terms of IC50 varied from 0.12 (Emblica officinalis, fruits) to 2.44 mg/ml (Mangifera indica, Seed kernel) and 0.22 (Caesalpinia Mexicana, fruits) to 2.59 mg/ml (Litchi chinensis, fruit peel) respectively. Fruit pulp, peel and seeds of Litchi chinensis with reasonable amount of phenols (48.3, 43.9, 50.1 mg/ml) showed low ARP (23.5, 38.3, 33.8) and ASE/ml (3.13, 2.18, 2.62) respectively in contrast to Aegle marmelos with comparatively lower phenols (35.1 mg/g) exhibited good ARP (57.4) and RP (1.67 ASE/ml). Extracts (20 μg/ml) of fruits of Acacia auriculiformis, Caesalpinia Mexicana, Emblica officinalis, fruit pericarp fibres of Cocus nucifera, were found effective in protecting plasmid DNA nicking induced by Fenton’s reagent generated hydroxyl radicals. They were further assayed for their specific phenolic composition through HPLC and MS/MS where the amount of caffeic acid varied from 48.5 to 2231 μg/g, chlorogenic acid 63.8 to 912.1 μg/g, ellagic acid 46.4 to 1429.1 μg/g, ferulic acid 36.7 to 762.9 μg/g, gallic acid 181.6 to 2831.6 μg/g, protocatechuic acid 41.7 to 322.8 μg/g, and quercetin 44.6 to 367.6 μg/g.
The wild edible plants form an important constituent of traditional diets in the Himalaya. In the Sikkim Himalaya a total
of 190 species have been screened as edible species out of which nearly 47 species come to the market. The present paper deals
with nutritive values of 27 most commonly consumed wild edible plants in the Sikkim Himalaya. Of 27 plant species that were
analyzed for their nutritive values, 22 were edible for their fruits and five for leaves/shoots. Among different plant parts,
generally higher nutrient concentration was recorded for leaves, followed by new shoots and fruits. For different species
the crude fiber content ranged between 2.15–39.90%, and the total soluble salts between 4.66–21.0%, and the vitamin C content
from 6-286 mg/100 g. The fat content was determined high in the fruits of Castanopsis species, Machilus edulis, and Cinnamomum
species, while the protein content was highest in Hippophae rhamnoides, Cuc-umis melo, and Eleagnus latifolia. The total carbohydrate
content ranged from 32-88% in the fruits of various wild edibles, the reducing sugar from 1.25–12.42%, total sugar from 2.10–25.09%,
the lignin content varied from 9.05–39.51%, the hemicellulose between 25.63-55.71% and cellulose content varied from 9.57–33.19%
in different species. Among the various mac-ronutrients estimated in the plant samples of different wild edible species, nitrogen
was present in highest quantity, followed by potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and sodium. Mi-cronutrients, such
as iron, zinc, magnesium, and copper contents were analyzed in different plant parts of various wild edible species. The iron
content was higher in leaves and new shoots. The study shows that wild edible plants are good source of nutrient for rural
population, and also well comparable with various commercial fruits. It is suggested that a few wild edible species need to
be grown for commercial cultivation and adopted in the traditional agroforestry systems, which will lead to reduced pressure
on them in natural forest stands as well as producing economic benefits for poor farmers.
Although there have been articles in journals and chapters in books which have
described some chemistry, composition, and health issues of wild fruits, a book
devoted entirely to subjects such as composition, nutritional value, products, and
medicinal uses has not previously been available.
This book presents 41 chapters on wild fruits. The first nine chapters (except
Chap. 6) deal with economic contribution of wild fruits in rural people’s income,
sustainable rural development, and implications of wild fruits on food security and
poverty alleviation. Chapter 6 describes wild fruits domestication using participatory methodology. Chapter 10 deals with wild fruits medicinal use and health benefits, as wild fruits are the potential supply of human health due to its energetic
compounds that are chargeable for its various antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antimalaria, and anticancer activities. Chapters 11–41 cover different contents
from Africa to Asia to South America, investigating the phytochemical constituents,
bioactive compounds, and traditional and medicinal uses of different selected
wild fruits.
This book has been written to ensure that it will be of benefit to the industry,
medicine, and food scientists. In addition, the book should appeal to academic scientists who require a good source of applications and a good set of references. Since
wild fruits have diverse uses, it is hoped that the use of the book will not be limited
to the food and medicine industry but will extend to related industries such as the
pharmaceutical industry
Elaeagnaceae are worldwide distributed plant which native mainly to subtropical regions of Asia, North America, southeastern Europe and Australia. The use of Elaeagnus has been known for a long time, in addition to fresh consumption, many species of Elaeagnus are widely used in Juice, herbal tea, wine, soup, sauce, dessert, candy, pudding, ice cream topping, fruit leather, jam and jelly. Along with their edible values, many species of Elaeagnus including Elaeagnus triflora, Elaeagnus umbellate, Elaeagnus Pungens, Elaeagnus angustifolia L., Elaeagnus x ebbingei and Elaeagnus multiflora has multiple used in folk medicine as anti-inflammatory, muscle relaxant, antipyretic, analgesic, astringent and antiulcer agent. Many Elaeagnus species have shown as rich in many bioactive components and known as strongly tanniniferous as well as many other compounds including indole alkaloids, sinapinic acid, flavonols, pentacyclic triterpenes and L-quebrachit. Wild Elaeagnus plants provides wildlife cover and introduce many environmental benefits for biodiversity maintenance and revegetation process. Many species has ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen and has very important role for the process of soil erosion prevention.
The present investigation was aimed to evaluate the phytochemical nature as well as antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiproliferative properties of Eleaegnus indica. Different solvent (hexane, chloroform, acetone, ethyl acetate, and methanol) leaf extracts of E. indica were tested for their antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiproliferative and phytochemical properties by adopting standard methods. The extracts of E. indica were found to be good sources of a variety of phytoconstituents i.e., phenols (72.97 μg/mg GAE), flavonoids (92.07 μg/mg CE), tannins (62.97 μg/mg TAE), ascorbic acid (154.07 μg/mg AAE), proteins (115.46 μg/mg BSAE) and carbohydrates (193.77 GE). The acetone extract exhibited strong in vitro antioxidant potentials (NO● IC50 = 39.43 μg/mL, ●OH IC50 = 43.91 μg/mL, O2●- IC50 = 48.30 μg/mL, DPPH● IC50 = 70.32 μg/mL, and FRAP EC50 = 48.69 μg/mL and total antioxidants 425.92 μg/mg AAE of dry extract) in all the tested methods. All the extracts of E. indica expressed a wide range of antimicrobial potential (6–24 mm) against most of the pathogens used in this study. The methanol extract exhibited remarkably high antibacterial potential against S. epidermidis (24 mm) followed by S. pneumoniae (20 mm) in the well diffusion method. The results of the antiproliferative activity of acetone extract showed a concentration dependent activity on the tested cell lines (U-937 cell line IC50 = 46.75 μg/mL and HL-60 cell line IC50 = 59.46 μg/mL). The present investigation highlighted that the acetone extract exhibited significant antiproliferative, antimicrobial, and antioxidant capacities and has provided scientific evidence for the development of novel antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiproliferative agents from E. indica.
Trace elements are crucial for vital enzymatic reactions in all metabolic processes. Zinc (Zn) acts as a co-factor for many enzymes. Copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) have pro-atherogenic effects resulting in atherosclerosis. Aorta exposing high pulsatile pressure is sensitive for atherosclerosis because of its fast metabolism and poor nutrition by diffusion from vasa vasorum. We aimed to determine the relationship between serum Zn, Cu and Fe levels with aortic and left internal mammary artery (LIMA) tissues in 33 atherosclerotic individuals who inevitably underwent coronary artery by-pass graft (CBAG) surgery that is an end-point treatment for atherosclerosis. Trace elements in serum and tissues were measured using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrophotometer. Pre-operative (Pre-op) serum Fe levels were statistically 46% higher than post-operative (Post-op) values (p = 0.009). Aortic Fe level was 49.8% higher than LIMA Fe (p = 0.0001). Our study points out the tendency of aortic tissue to atherosclerosis via pro- atherogenic effect of Fe. LIMA, being a potential graft for CBAG, is resistant to atherosclerosis with its intimal specialty of graft patency. In conclusion, serum Zn, Cu and Fe levels in atherosclerotic CBAG patients might be monitored to reveal minor alterations pre-operatively and post-operatively for ameliorating the treatment and life quality.
Bergenia ciliata Sternb., commonly known as Paashaanbhed, is a well known herb of Sikkim Himalaya with various pharmaceutical properties. However, scientific exploration of B. ciliata, growing in the Sikkim Himalaya, for phytochemicals and pharmacological properties is in infancy. With this view, the present study was undertaken to investigate B. ciliata leaf extracts for antioxidant, antimicrobial activity and bioactive compounds. Three solvents viz., methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane were used for extraction and the respective leaf extracts were analyzed for total phenolic and flavonoid contents along with the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Amongst the tested solvents, methanol was found to be the best solvent for extraction with highest total phenolic contents and the lowest IC50 values for the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. Methanol extract also exhibited effective antimicrobial activity, particularly against bacteria and actinomycetes. Further, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed that methanolic extract contains the highest amount of all the three analyzed bioactive compounds viz. bergenin, catechin and gallic acid. The current study suggests that the methanol extract of B. ciliata is a potential source of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds that can be used in food and drug industries.
Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (oleaster) is an autumn fruit which is generally consumed dried. Although it grows almost everywhere in Turkey, use of its fruits is limited. We analyzed chemical composition and antioxidant properties of the edible parts of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. fruit. Total moisture, ash, protein, total soluble sugar, fat, crude fibre, total titratable acidity and major mineral content of the fruit were determined. Total polyphenols were investigated using Folin-Ciocalteau method and antioxidant capacity of the fruit was assessed by scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in the mesocarp and exocarp tissues. Results showed that potassium is the most abundant mineral in the fruit (8504 mg/kg) which is followed by sodium (1731 mg/kg) and phosphorus (635 mg/kg). Elaeagnus angustifolia L. fruit is a rich source of both several nutrients and antioxidant compounds. Average total phenolic content of aqueous, acetone and methanolic extracts of the mesocarp and exocarp in oleaster fruit were measured as 778 and 559, 390 and 361 and 414 and 524 mg gallic acid equivalents of 100 g-1 dried mass, respectively. In conclusion, E. angustifolia fruit is a rich source of chemical compounds and has a high mineral content. This fruit can be included in dietary products due to its possible health benefits.
Background and Objective: Impaired cognitive function and memory, a characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, can be caused by decreased activity of the cholinergic system. Scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor antagonist, may cause temporary impairment in memory and provide an Alzheimer's disease model. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of water extract of Elaeagnus Angustifolia on memory impairment caused by scopolamine. Materials and Methods: 60 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 6 groups (n=10 for each group). Four groups received scopolamine (1mg/kg, IP) and water extract of Elaeagnus Angustifolia (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) along with a positive control group (received scopolamine) and a negative control group. Water extract of Elaeagnus Angustifolia was administered through gavage every day for 4 weeks. Using Morris water maze (MWM), spatial learning and memory were evaluated. Results: The present study showed that Scopolamine injection leads to impairment of learning and memory of rats in the Morris water test (P<0.0001). In addition, Elaeagnus Angustifolia water extracts dosedependently improved the learning and memory impairment induced by scopolamine in rats (P<0.0001). There was no significant difference between groups that received water extract of Elaeagnus Angustifolia and negative control group (P=1). Conclusion: Water extract of Elaeagnus Angustifolia improves spatial learning and memory induced by scopolamine in rats. © 2014, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services. All rights reserved.
Plants are the rich natural source of bioactive compounds. The more diversified composition of the plants makes their role as biomedicine. These bioactive molecules are often lethal to both plants and animals. Based on ethnomedical use, the leaves and root of Elaeagnus umbellata (Elaeagnaceae) were extracted successively with various organic solvents and water. These crude extracts were screened for their toxic potential against three Gram- positive bacteria, five Gram- negative bacteria, one yeast, and one fungus by using disc diffusion method. The acetone, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform, ethanol and methanol extracts of the plant possessed significant antimicrobial activities on both Gram- positive and Gram- negative bacteria. The acetone, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of leaves and roots of the plant exhibited prominent activities while chloroform, ethanol extracts showed moderate activity and water extract showed no activity against all the tested bacteria. Ethanolic and methanolic extracts also showed considerable activity against fungus and yeast. The root extracts of the plant were found more active against the microorganisms. Keywords: Elaeagnus umbellata , extracts, fungi, yeast, antibiotic discs.
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and novel chemotherapeutic agents with better efficacy and safety profiles are much needed. Coumarins are natural polyphenolic compounds with important pharmacological activities, which are present in many dietary plants and herbal remedies.
The objective of this study is to investigate natural and synthetic coumarin derivatives with considerable anticancer capacity against three human cancer cell lines.
We synthesized 27 coumarin derivatives (mostly having 4-methyl moiety) and examined their cytotoxic effect on three human cancer cell lines, K562 (chronic myelogenous leukemia), LS180 (colon adenocarcinoma), and MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma) by MTT reduction assay. Screened compounds included 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarins (7-HMCs), 7-acetoxy-4-methylcoumarins (7-AMCs), and different dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin (DHMC) and diacetoxy-4-methylcoumarin (DAMC) derivatives. Some compounds with methoxy, amine, and bromine substitutions were also examined.
7,8-DHMCs bearing alkyl groups at C3 position were the most effective subgroup, and of which, the most potent is compound 11, with an n-decyl chain at C3, which had IC50 values of 42.4, 25.2, and 25.1 µM against K562, LS180, and MCF-7 cells, respectively. The second most active subgroup was 7,8-DAMCs containing ethoxycarbonylmethyl and ethoxycarbonylethyl moieties at C3 position. Compound 27 (6-bromo-4-bromomethyl-7-hydroxycoumarin), the only derivative containing bromine also showed reasonable cytotoxic activities (IC50 range: 32.7-45.8 µM).
This structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of 4-methylcoumarins shows that further investigation of these derivatives may lead to the discovery of novel anticancer agents.
The contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid in tomato fruits have been analyzed respectively by different methods in a conventional way. We studied simple method for simultaneous determination of the pigments in tomato. All pigments in sample were extracted with acetone-hexane (4:6) at once, then optical density of the supernatant were measured at 663nm, 645nm, 505nm and 453 nm by spectrophotometer at the same time. From these values, the content of chlorophyll a, b, lycopene and β-carotene could be estimated using our proposed equations. Tomatoes of different ripening stage were analyzed by our method. Also the same samples were analyzed by conventional methods. The results by our method were similar to those of chlorophyll contents by MACKINNEY'S method and of lycopene contents by KIMURA'S method. It confirmed the availability of our method.
Elevated blood pressure arises from a combination of environmental and genetic factors and the interactions of these factors. A substantial body of evidence from animal studies, epidemiologic studies, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials has demonstrated that certain dietary patterns and individual dietary elements play a prominent role in the development of hypertension. Changes in diet can lower blood pressure, prevent the development of hypertension, and reduce the risk of hypertension-related complications. Dietary strategies for the prevention of hypertension include reducing sodium intake, limiting alcohol consumption, increasing potassium intake, and adopting an overall dietary pattern such as the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet or a Mediterranean diet. In order to reduce the burden of blood pressure-related complications, efforts that focus on environmental and individual behavioral changes that encourage and promote healthier food choices are warranted.
This study was conducted to quantify and identify soluble sugars and some phenolic acids in stored oleaster fruits, which are often eaten and prized during the winter season in Turkey. Soluble sugars and phenolic acids in commercial oleaster fruits (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) were identified and quantified by GC and HPLC, respectively. The predominant sugars quantified were fructose (27.1% dry wt.) and glucose (22.3% dry wt.), while sucrose was not detected. HPLC examinations resulted in the detection of seven phenolic acids. Among these, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid in the benzoic group and caffeic acid in the cinnamic group were the most abundant phenolic compounds (45.8 and 32 mg/100 g dry wt., respectively), whereas ferulic acid in the cinnamic group and benzoic acid in the benzoic group were least abundant (2.3 and 11.6 mg/100 g dry wt. respectively). Fructose and glucose were found to be the major sugars contributing to the taste of the fruit together with the phenolic compounds.
The edible fruits of four wild small trees or shrubs (Arbutus unedo, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, and Rubus ulmifolius) traditionally consumed in the Iberian Peninsula were studied to evaluate their potential for human nutrition, considering their content in bioactive compounds. Lipophilic phytochemicals, such as fatty acids and tocopherols, as well as some hydrophilic antioxidants, such as vitamin C and organic acids, were analyzed. In addition, the antioxidant activity, measured as lipid peroxidation inhibition (β-carotene/linoleate and TBARS assays), was evaluated in each fruit. As far as we know, this is the first report relating to bioactive compounds in wild fruits with relation to the lipid peroxidation inhibition. Data revealed that these wild edible fruits are good sources of bioactive compounds as organic acids, vitamin C, tocopherols, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. They could be considered as functional foods or potential sources of bioactive compounds with antioxidant synergism effect, to be included as antioxidant food ingredients or in dietary supplements, mainly Rubus ulmifolius, due to its high content in tocopherols. This study provides useful and relevant information that justify tocopherols influence in the prevention of lipid peroxidation, due to the strong correlation observed (r>0.95) between these lipophilic bioactive compounds and the antioxidant activity.
In this study, solvent extracts were prepared from different parts of Cyclamen mirabile (CM) and their antioxidant activities were evaluated. Other antioxidant properties of all extracts of CM tubers and leaves, including free radical scavenging activity, reducing power and total phenolic compound content, were also determined. Leaves extracts of CM exhibited higher antioxidant activity than tuber extracts with all the types of solvent used. All concentrations of petroleum ether, acetone, methanol and water extracts of CM leaves showed higher antioxidant activities than that of 0.5 mg of α-tocopherol (42%) and close to BHT (99.30%) and had 96.60, 96.00, 96.10 and 97.40% inhibition of lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid at same doses, respectively. All extracts of CM tubers and leaves had effective free radical scavenging and reducing power. In addition, total phenolic compounds in all the extracts of CM tubers and leaves were determined as pyrocatechol equivalents.
The antibacterial activity of methanol extracts from 124 Korean native plant species in Jeju Island toward Helicobacter pylori ATCC 43504 was examined using a paper disk diffusion bioassay and compared with those of the widely used antibiotics amoxicillin, metronidazole, and tetracycline. At 1 mg · disk −1 , potent antibacterial activity (zone diameter, ≥20 mm) was obtained from methanol extracts from the leaves of Elaeocarpus sylvestris var. ellipticus, Juglans sinensis, Ligularia fisheri, Magnolia sieboldii, Platycarya strobilacea, Rhus succedanea, Rhus trichocarpa, Sapium japonicum, Saururus chinensis, and Styrax japonica. At 0.01 mg · disk −1 , L. fischeri and S. chinensis leaf extracts were more effective toward H. pylori than metronidazole but less active than amoxicillin and tetracycline. These plants described merit further study as potential antibacterial agents for H. pylori. In humans, Helicobacter pylori is a microaerophilic Gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the stomachs of an estimated half of the worlds populations. 1) H. pylori infection is highly associated with a number of the most important diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract including gastric inflammation, chronic superficial gastritis, duodenal and gastric ulcers, gastric adenocarcinoma, and non-Hodgkins lymphomas of the stomach. 1-3) In developing countries, 70-90% of population carries H. pylori, whereas the prevalence of infection in developed countries is lower, ranging from 25 to 50%. 3) Most infections by H. pylori are acquired in childhood and persist lifelong if not eradicated properly. The eradication of H. pylori infection is primarily dependent on continued applications of triple therapies consisting of mixture of two antibiotics such as amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and/or metronidazole with bismuth or a proton pump inhibitor, which are still the most effective drugs. 1) Repeated use of chemical drugs has sometimes resulted in the development of resistance 1,4-6) and has undesirable effects on nontarget organisms such as intestinal microorganisms. 7,8) These problems have highlighted the need for the development of new strategies for selective H. pylori eradication. Plants, particularly higher plants, may be an alternative source of materials for H. pylori eradication because they constitute a potential source of bioactive chemicals. 9) Because of this, much effort has been focused on plant extracts or phytochemicals as potential sources of commercial anti-H. pylori agents. Little work has been done in relation to anti-H. pylori activity of Korean native plants in Jeju Island, where is a volcanic island located in the southwest sea of the Korean Peninsula (between Long. 126'10" and 126'58", Lat. 33'12" and 33'34") and the North Sea of east part of China, and is a subtropical distribution of plants caused by the oceanic climate and the subtropical climate. This paper describes a laboratory study to assess the potential of plant extracts for use as commercial antibacterial agents. Anti-H. pylori activity of methanol extracts from 124 plant species in 52 families collected in Jeju Island was assessed and compared with those of the widely used antibiotics amoxicillin, metronidazole, and tetracycline.
A phytochemical study of the fruits of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. occurring in the Central Nonchernozem region of the Russian Federation has been performed. Qualitative reactions and quantitative
instrumental methods of analysis proved the presence of polysaccharides, flavonoids, coumarins, phenolcarboxylic acids, amino
acids, saponins, carotenoids, vitamins, and tannins. The quantitative content of the biologically active compounds has been
estimated. It is shown that the fruits of Elaeagnus angustifolia occurring in Russia are a promising source of compounds presenting considerable interest for the pharmacy and food industry.
Four underutilized Georgia-grown fruit crops, namely loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), mayhaw (Crataegus sp.), fig (Ficus carica), and pawpaw (Asimina triloba), and their leaves were analysed for total polyphenols by Folin–Ciocalteau method, and antioxidant capacity by ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays. Organic acids and phenolic compounds were identified by RP-HPLC. For lipid profile, fruits were separated into two fractions – seed and fruit (i.e., without seed); lipid was extracted using the Folch method and analysed for fatty acids, phytosterols, tocopherols, and phospholipids. The major organic acid identified in all samples was malic acid (177–1918 mg/100 g FW). The predominant phenolic acids in all the fruits were gallic (1.5–6.4 mg/100 g FW) and ellagic (0.2–33.8 mg/100 g FW), and the most abundant flavonoid was catechin (12.2–37.8 mg/100 g FW). Total lipid content varied from 0.1% in mayhaw fruit to 21.5% in pawpaw seed. Linoleic acid was the predominant fatty acid in all of the samples (28.2–55.7%).
Methanol and water crude extracts from Shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) and straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) were investigated for their antioxidant capacity in three different assays, namely, the β-carotene and linoleic acid system, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and inhibition of hemolysis of rat erythrocyte induced by peroxyl radicals. Among the four mushroom extracts, the water extract from L. edodes showed the most potent radical scavenging activity in each assay, showing 75.9% (at 20 mg/ml) in the β-carotene bleaching method, 55.4% in the DPPH radical scavenging method (at 6 mg/ml) and 94.9% of inhibition of erythrocyte hemolysis (at 5 mg/ml). Total phenolics in the water extracts were higher than that of the methanol ones. Positive correlations were found between total phenolic content in the mushroom extracts and their antioxidant activities. Edible mushrooms may have potential as natural antioxidants.