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Master’s Degree Programme Law and Technology
July 2021
The (im)possibility of personal data as an object of contracts:
An analysis of the GDPR and the Digital Content Directive
Furkan Güven Taştan
2045431
Supervisor: dr. Nadezhda Purtova LLM MSc
Second reader: Magdalena Brewczyńska
ii
CONTENTS
CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................................... ii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................... iv
§ 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 5
1.1. BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................................... 5
1.2. OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................................................. 6
1.3. LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................................... 6
1.4. MAIN RESEARCH QUESTION AND SUB-QUESTIONS ................................................... 9
1.5. LIMITATIONS AND PERSPECTIVE .................................................................................. 10
1.6. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................. 10
§ 2. TRADING PERSONAL DATA WITHIN THE GDPR ...................................................... 11
2.1. HUMAN RIGHTS FOUNDATIONS OF THE GDPR .......................................................... 11
2.2. CONDITIONS DETERMINED IN THE GDPR ................................................................... 12
2.2.1. SELECTED PRINCIPLES ................................................................................................ 13
2.2.1.1. Lawfulness, fairness, and transparency ........................................................................ 13
2.2.1.2. Purpose limitation......................................................................................................... 15
2.2.1.2.1. The purposes related to monetising personal data .................................................. 15
2.2.1.2.2. Other purposes......................................................................................................... 16
2.2.1.3. Data minimisation ........................................................................................................ 16
2.2.2. POSSIBLE LEGAL GROUNDS FOR PROCESSING .................................................... 17
2.2.2.1. Consent of the Consumer ............................................................................................. 18
2.2.2.2. Necessity for the Performance of a Data as Counter-Performance Contract ............... 21
2.2.2.3. Legitimate Interests Pursued by the Supplier ............................................................... 23
2.3. CONCLUDING REMARKS .................................................................................................. 25
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§ 3. PERSONAL DATA AS OBJECT OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATION
WITHIN THE DIGITAL CONTENT DIRECTIVE ................................................................... 27
3.1. THE DCD’S APPROACH REGARDING PERSONAL DATA ........................................... 27
3.2. CONDITIONS DETERMINED IN THE DCD...................................................................... 28
3.2.1. CONTRACTING PARTIES ............................................................................................. 28
3.2.2. SUBJECT MATTER OF THE CONTRACT ................................................................... 28
3.2.2.1. Supplying digital content and digital service ............................................................... 29
3.2.2.2. Providing personal data ................................................................................................ 30
3.2.2.2.1. The nature of the consumer’s obligation ................................................................. 32
3.2.2.2.2. Non-conforming performance of the consumer’s obligation .................................. 32
3.2.2.2.3. Restrictions regarding the provision of personal data ............................................. 33
3.2.2.2.4. Debates over the two predecessor concepts ............................................................ 34
3.3. CONCLUDING REMARKS .................................................................................................. 36
§ 4. RECONCILIATION OF THE GDPR’S AND THE DCD’S APPROACHES .................. 37
4.1. OVERVIEW OF THE APPROACHES ................................................................................. 38
4.2. CONFLICTING POINTS ....................................................................................................... 39
4.2.1. The Tension between the Contractual Freedom Principle in the DCD and Human Rights
Foundations of the GDPR .................................................................................................. 39
4.2.2. Validity of Consent according to the Art. 7(4) GDPR in Data as Counter-Performance
Contracts ............................................................................................................................ 41
4.2.3. The Interplay between Exceptions in the DCD and Legal Grounds for Processing of
Personal Data in the GDPR ............................................................................................... 41
4.3. RECONCILIATION OF CONFLICTING POINTS .............................................................. 42
4.3.1. Limiting Contractual Freedom by Determination of the Risks for Processing Personal
Data in Data as Counter Performance Contracts ............................................................... 42
4.3.2. Distinguishing Data as Counter-Performance Contracts from Traditional Ones .............. 45
4.3.3. Formulating an Interpretation on the Exceptions of the DCD ........................................... 46
4.4. ADOPTING RECONCILIATIONS TO THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK ............................... 48
4.5. CONCLUDING REMARKS .................................................................................................. 49
§ 5. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................ 51
BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................... 54