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Patchouli oil: an overview on extraction method, composition and biological activities
Abstract
Aromatic plants are known for the production of phytochemicals like essential oils which have several biological activities and have convincing fragrances. A frequent growth in the worldwide market of essential oil has been observed as it holds various beneficial therapeutic properties, which make them useful in food, fragrances, and medicinal sectors. The source of the patchouli oil isPogostemon cablin Benth, belonging to Lamiaceae family. Due to its lifelong and preserving properties, the oil has huge importance in aromatherapy and perfumery. Patchouli oil is the blend of various sesquiterpenes in which patchoulol (tricyclic sesquiterpenes) is the major constituent and the primary reason for the traditional aroma of the oil. This review article gives an overview on the importance of patchouli oil, major components of the oil, techniques employed to extract oil, its biological activities, the methods to isolate patchoulol from oil, and utilization of waste generated after the extraction.
... Essential oils (EOs) are biologically active volatile molecules that are produced in a variety of plant organs, including lowers, buds, leaves, branches, stems, seeds, fruits, forests, roots, etc. [1]. Additionally, several active substances are found in EOs, including alkaloids, tannins, steroids, glycosides, resins, phenols, volatile oils, and lavonoids [2,3]. ...
... Additionally, changing to a more "natural cosmetic" has become necessary due to current international regulations, which forbid the use of many conventional chemicals in the production of goods for human consumption and recommend gradually replacing them with alternative substances, preferably derived from renewable natural sources, such as plants and microorganisms (biotechnological sources) [7][8][9][10][11]. A wide variety of cosmetically acceptable active ingredients are produced by plants and microorganisms, and these ingredients can be used to make a variety of cosmetics and toiletries, such as creams that protect against UV radiation and pollution, produce fragrances, or lessen the effects of aging on the skin [1,9,12,13]. ...
... They can also be combined with alcohols, ethers, and lipids but are not water-soluble. The majority of EOs come from angiosperm plants, such as those in the Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, and Rutaceae families [1,32], which play a very important role in defense, signaling, or as part of their secondary metabolism [19,33]. Figure 1 includes some examples of EOs, with their origin, properties, and active components. ...
The cosmetic industry is searching for new active ingredients from renewable natural sources to make more environmentally friendly and safe products. Botanical extract is a nearly limitless source of these new actives due to the current consumer demands as well as international regulations. Due to both their fragrant nature for the creation of fragrances and perfumes and the numerous advantageous properties of their individual components (EOCs), such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, essential oils (EOs) emerge as a very common natural ingredient in cosmetics and toiletries. Additionally, nowadays, the cosmetic industry includes EOs or different mixtures of their individual components (EOCs), either as active ingredients or as preservatives, in various product ranges (e.g., moisturizers, lotions, and cleansers in skin care cosmetics; conditioners, masks or anti-dandruff products in hair care products; lipsticks, or fragrances in perfumery). However, because each essential oil’s distinct chemical profile is linked to a different set of advantages, it is challenging to generalize about how they might be used in cosmetics and toiletries. Formulators frequently spend time looking for appropriate combinations of EOs or EOCs to achieve particular advantages in the finished products. The literature on the most recent developments in the use of EOs and EOCs in the production of cosmetic products is updated in this work’s review of the literature. Additionally, certain particular issues pertaining to the security of EOs and EOCs in cosmetics will be covered. It is expected that the information contained in this comprehensive review can be exploited by formulators in the design and optimization of cosmetic formulations containing EOs.
... Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) is an herbaceous plant native to South Asian countries that belongs to the Lamiaceae family [1]. It contains essential oil of great economic value [2]. ...
... Patchouli oil has a high commercial potential in the international market due to its distinct flavor, smell, and biological activities [4]. Patchouli oil can be extracted from all parts of the plant, including roots, stems, branches, and leaves [1]. Generally, the oil content in leaves (2.5-5.0%) is higher compared to the essential oil content in roots, stems, and branches (0.4-0.5%), [5]. ...
... Patchouli oil is also on the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) list of chemicals allowed for human consumption as a flavoring addition to natural foods [9]. Patchouli oil is widely used in the food industry as a flavoring ingredient in a variety of foods, including alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages [1]. This oil is used at very low concentrations (2 mg/kg) to flavor foods, beverages, candy, and baked products [5]. ...
Patchouli extracts and oils extracted from Pogostemon cablin are essential raw material for the perfume and cosmetics industries, in addition to being used as a natural additive for food flavoring. Steam distillation is a standard method used for plant extraction. However, this method causes thermal degradation of some essential components of the oil. In this study, patchouli was extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) under different conditions of pressure (10–30 MPa) and temperature (40–80 °C). The chemical components of the crude extracted oil and the functional group were characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide was shown to provide a higher yield (12.41%) at a pressure of 20 MPa and a temperature of 80 °C. Patchouli alcohol, Azulene, δ-Guaiene, and Seychellene are the main bioactive compounds that GC-MS results have identified. FTIR spectra showed alcohol, aldehyde, and aromatic ring bond stretching peaks. Extraction of patchouli with supercritical carbon dioxide provided a higher yield and a better quality of the crude patchouli oil.
... Sweet, lavender-like cinnamaldehyde Spicy, sweet and warm, cinnamon-like [24] verdox Fresh fruity [24], woody and herbal note, with a scent of green apple cinnamic alcohol Floral [24], sweet and powdery note with cinnamon scent vertenex Sweet, rich, fruity, floral and woody note α-terpinyl acetate Fresh and balsamic note. Herbal, sweet and spicy bergamot-lavander type β-patchoulene Woody note (Typical of patchouli oil) [26] β-damascone Fruity and gourmand note (woody, herbaceous, nutty, floral, smoky, wine-like note) vanillin Gourmand, sweet, vanilla note [24] 2-fluoro-α-methylbenzyl alcohol Hyacinth or almond-like odor caryophyllene Woody and spicy note (Typical of patchouli oil) [26] coumarin Sweet, vanilla-like with herbaceous note [24] α-guaiene Woody and spicy note (typical of patchouli oil) seychellene Typical of patchouli oil [26] α-patchoulene Typical of patchouli oil [26] γ-patchoulene Typical of patchouli oil [26] cashmeran Spicy, musky and woody note δ-guaiene Woody note (Typical of patchouli oil) [26] amberonne Woody, amber, sandalwood, cedar and tobacco note galaxolide Musky, floral and woody note tonalid Musky note Once mixed with TCC, the fragrance "Narguilé" has a "dirty" note that changes the composition and makes the balance, characteristic of this fragrance, difficult to perceive. The sweet and fruity parts are more retained. ...
... Sweet, lavender-like cinnamaldehyde Spicy, sweet and warm, cinnamon-like [24] verdox Fresh fruity [24], woody and herbal note, with a scent of green apple cinnamic alcohol Floral [24], sweet and powdery note with cinnamon scent vertenex Sweet, rich, fruity, floral and woody note α-terpinyl acetate Fresh and balsamic note. Herbal, sweet and spicy bergamot-lavander type β-patchoulene Woody note (Typical of patchouli oil) [26] β-damascone Fruity and gourmand note (woody, herbaceous, nutty, floral, smoky, wine-like note) vanillin Gourmand, sweet, vanilla note [24] 2-fluoro-α-methylbenzyl alcohol Hyacinth or almond-like odor caryophyllene Woody and spicy note (Typical of patchouli oil) [26] coumarin Sweet, vanilla-like with herbaceous note [24] α-guaiene Woody and spicy note (typical of patchouli oil) seychellene Typical of patchouli oil [26] α-patchoulene Typical of patchouli oil [26] γ-patchoulene Typical of patchouli oil [26] cashmeran Spicy, musky and woody note δ-guaiene Woody note (Typical of patchouli oil) [26] amberonne Woody, amber, sandalwood, cedar and tobacco note galaxolide Musky, floral and woody note tonalid Musky note Once mixed with TCC, the fragrance "Narguilé" has a "dirty" note that changes the composition and makes the balance, characteristic of this fragrance, difficult to perceive. The sweet and fruity parts are more retained. ...
... Sweet, lavender-like cinnamaldehyde Spicy, sweet and warm, cinnamon-like [24] verdox Fresh fruity [24], woody and herbal note, with a scent of green apple cinnamic alcohol Floral [24], sweet and powdery note with cinnamon scent vertenex Sweet, rich, fruity, floral and woody note α-terpinyl acetate Fresh and balsamic note. Herbal, sweet and spicy bergamot-lavander type β-patchoulene Woody note (Typical of patchouli oil) [26] β-damascone Fruity and gourmand note (woody, herbaceous, nutty, floral, smoky, wine-like note) vanillin Gourmand, sweet, vanilla note [24] 2-fluoro-α-methylbenzyl alcohol Hyacinth or almond-like odor caryophyllene Woody and spicy note (Typical of patchouli oil) [26] coumarin Sweet, vanilla-like with herbaceous note [24] α-guaiene Woody and spicy note (typical of patchouli oil) seychellene Typical of patchouli oil [26] α-patchoulene Typical of patchouli oil [26] γ-patchoulene Typical of patchouli oil [26] cashmeran Spicy, musky and woody note δ-guaiene Woody note (Typical of patchouli oil) [26] amberonne Woody, amber, sandalwood, cedar and tobacco note galaxolide Musky, floral and woody note tonalid Musky note Once mixed with TCC, the fragrance "Narguilé" has a "dirty" note that changes the composition and makes the balance, characteristic of this fragrance, difficult to perceive. The sweet and fruity parts are more retained. ...
“Seta e Ciliegia” and “Narguilé” fragrances were mixed to form a binary blend with chemically stable, non-volatile, odourless, simple bases of different lipophilicity widely used in skin care and hair care formulations, such as caprylic-capric triglyceride, glycerine, paraffin, dimethicone, isopropyl myristate and butylene glycol, with the objective to verify how the olfactory performance of fragrances can be influenced by skin or hair care ingredients. The semiquantitative approach applied in this study aims in providing a practical solution to appropriately combine a fragrance with cosmetic ingredients. Pure fragrance and binary blends were analysed by solid phase microextraction gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS), based on the assumption that the solid phase microextraction is able to extract volatile compounds, mimicking the ability of the nose to capture similar volatile compounds. Fifty-seven and forty-four compounds were identified by SPME-GC/MS in pure fragrances “Seta e Ciliegia” and “Narguilé”, respectively. Once mixed with the bases, the analysis of the blends revealed that a qualitative modification in the chromatograms could occur according to the characteristics of the bases. In general, for both fragrances, blends with glycerin and butylene glycol, which are the most hydrophilic bases among the ones tested, were able to release most of the peaks, that were thus still present in the chromatograms. Differently, in the blends with caprylic-capric triglyceride, most of the peaks are lost. Blends with paraffine, dimethicone and isopropyl myristate showed an intermediate behaviour. These results were thus compared with the sensory evaluation made by an experienced perfumer, capable of assessing the different olfactory performances of pure fragrances and their different binary blends. The evaluation made by the perfumer fitted well with the analytical results, and in the blends where most of the peaks were revealed in the chromatogram, the perfumer found a similar olfactory profile for example with glycerin, butylene glycol, while a modification of the olfactory profile was highlighted when several peaks were not still present in the chromatogram, as it was the case with caprylic-capric triglyceride. Interestingly, when the most typical peaks of a fragrance were still observed in the blend, even if some of them were lost, the olfactory performance was not lost, as was the case of paraffin and isopropyl myristate. In the case of dimethicone, its high volatility was considered responsible for a certain decrease in the fragrance “volume”. The results achieved with this investigation can be used to hypothesize that the different compounds of a fragrance, characterized for the first time by different volatility and solubility, could be differently retained by the bases: the more lipophilic are strongly retained by the lipophilic bases with a consequently reduced volatility that limits the possibility of being appreciated by the nose and that corresponds to disappearance or a percentage reduction from the chromatogram. Therefore, in a more accurate and helpful view for a formulator, we could come to the conclusion that based on the results achieved by our investigation, the inclusion of a less lipophilic base can be more appropriate to exalt more lipophilic fragrances.
... According to Jain et al. (2022), essential oils are volatile compounds that have a slight molecular weight and are synthesized in various vegetative (leaves, branches, stems, and roots) and reproductive (flowers, buds, and seeds) organs in aromatic plants. These oils exhibit biological activities [21]. ...
... According to Jain et al. (2022), essential oils are volatile compounds that have a slight molecular weight and are synthesized in various vegetative (leaves, branches, stems, and roots) and reproductive (flowers, buds, and seeds) organs in aromatic plants. These oils exhibit biological activities [21]. Previous studies have found that essential oils contain various active compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, steroids, glycosides, and resins [22,23]. ...
This study subjected the essential oil extracted from the aerial parts of the Russian knapweed plant, sourced from natural habitats in Markazi Province, Iran, to rigorous analysis. The Clevenger method facilitated the extraction, and standard laboratory techniques, including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS), were employed for quantitative and qualitative chemical compound identification. The reducing and stabilizing capabilities of the extracted essential oil were evaluated for the first time during a surfactant-free nano-emulsion system in the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles as a green and environmentally-friendly approach. The characteristics of the synthesized nanoparticles were comprehensively explored using conventional methods such as XRD, SEM, DLS, and VSM. The efficiency of the essential oil extraction was estimated to be 0.11%, and the gas chromatograph identified twenty-one chemical compounds, constituting 67.38% of the total essential oil. The major constituents included 1,8-cineole (17.18%), camphor (16.32%), beta-caryophyllene (14.14%), caryophyllene oxide (10.99%), and alpha-pinene (8.75%). The study chose 4:1 ratio of the organic phase (essential oil) to the aqueous phase with the smallest emulsion droplet size for synthesizing the iron oxide nanoparticles. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated successful formation of the mixture of iron oxides (Fe3O4 and Fe2O3) through the prepared nano-emulsion reactor. SEM, DLS, and VSM analyses conducted at 200 °C for 2 h revealed the key characteristics of the prepared nanoparticles, including an average particle size of 12.3 nm, a surface charge of + 19.26 mV, and a magnetic property of 30 emu/g, respectively. These findings underscore the potential of the essential oil of Russian knapweed as a green and environmentally-friendly agent in the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles.
Graphical Abstract
... Hydrodistillation coupled with ultrasound has been found to be beneficial for extracting the essential oil with improved processing conditions and better outcomes. Moreover, the pre-treatment of plant material with ultrasound can influence the hydrodistillation and a better outcome is achieved in terms of operating characteristics and productivity of quality oil [23,27,32]. ...
... Patchouli alcohol is the key component of patchouli oil and as well as the main reason for traditional camphor like fragrance of the oil making the oil lifelong [32]. Patchouli alcohol, the oxygenated sesquiterpene, was found to be the highest irrespective of plant parts and extraction methods though with little variation. ...
Patchouli oil is highly recommended in fragrance and cosmetic industries. Patchouli alcohol is the main component as well as the prime reason for the classical aroma of the oil. An intensified concept of aiding hydrodistillation with sonication, a green concept, has been incorporated to maximize the yield of patchouli oil. With the help of Taguchi method, the screening of extraction parameters, viz., extraction time, solid loading, particle size, heating mantle power, sonication amplitude and pulse ratio was carried out while optimization was accomplished by Box-Behnken design. The highest yield (2.05 %, w/w) was acquired under optimum conditions, i.e., 30 % amplitude, 500 W power and 20 g solid loading. A comparative study of different techniques as well as parts of plant suggested sonohydrodistillation to be the suitable option for isolating the oil from the leaves of patchouli. GC-MS has shown the oil to be a combination of number of sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons as well as oxygenated compounds. The morphological changes in the plant material were studied using scanning electron microscope. Eventually, sonohydrodistillation has reduced the extraction time and improved the yield while maintaining the quality of the oil, hence a symbiotic effect of hydrodistillation with ultrasound was achieved. Furthermore, an evaluation of the electricity consumption and the environmental impact of sonohydrodistillation method for the extraction of the patchouli oil from the patchouli leaves indicated that the method can be considered as a green technique.
... In fact, its synergistic and additive effects, increased pharmacological efficacy, or even decreased toxicity, are often not related to a single active component (Severina et al., 2013). Essential oils (EOs) are volatile compounds with a low molecular weight and biological activities synthesized in different plant organs, especially flowers, buds, leaves, branches, stems, seeds, fruits, woods, and roots (Jain et al., 2022). Furthermore, an abundance of active chemicals, including alkaloids, tannins, steroids, glycosides, resins, phenols, volatile oils, and flavonoids, are present in EOs (Amirifar et al., 2022;Asgari et al., 2017). ...
The chemical composition, antioxidant activities, and α-amylase enzyme inhibitory activity of Algerian Juniperus phoenicea L berries were quantitatively and qualitatively determined in this study. Essential oil (EO) and non-polar crude extracts from cyclohexane and ethyl acetate were prepared, and the chemical profile was determined using GC-MS technique. The predominant compound in the EO was α-pinene (76.03%), while communic acid (23.66% and 22.38%) was the main compound in both non-polar crude extracts. The antioxidant potential of the samples was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,20-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid)-diammonium salt (ABTS), and phenanthroline. All samples showed weak antioxidant capacity. The antidiabetic effect was assessed in vitro using the α-amylase assay; a strong inhibitory effect against the α-amylase enzyme was detected for both cyclohexane and ethyl acetate extracts with IC50 (IC50 = 186.91 ± 5.74 mg/mL and IC50 = 351.48 ± 0.17 mg/mL, respectively). Finally, an in silico study was performed for both α-amylase and α-glucosidase proteins to enhance our outcomes.
... , patchoulene 2.0-6.0 , pogostol 0.3-5.2 , and caryophyllene 1.3-4.8 2,4,17 . For the extraction of P. cablin essential oil, a large amount of hydrolates is generated, and because of this, understanding the constituents present in the hydrolates is essential for the fragrance industry. ...
This study describes the evaluation of the effectiveness of different soil covers on the development, productivity, yield and metabolic content of patchouli oil (Pogostemon cablin) and its hydrolate. The agronomic experiments were carried out in the field, including four types of soil cover and six replications (4 x 6), using green cover (peanut), straw (crotalaria and millet straw), white plastic cover, and no mulch (weeding). After transplanting, the initial growth of seedlings was analyzed through weekly monitoring of plant height, stem diameter, and the number of leaves. At harvest time, the harvest yield (green mass) was performed. After drying the leaves, the oil and hydrolate were extracted by steam distillation and then the yield of patchouli oil was determined. Regarding the agronomic analyses, white plastic and straw coverage was superior to the other treatments, with higher plant heights, number of leaves, whereas the plastic and straw coverage was superior to the other treatments, with higher plant heights, number of leaves and green mass yield. The metabolic content was evaluated using High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS), and the chemical markers were identified through the analysis of the MS/MS fragmentation spectra and chemotaxonomic data. No significant differences were observed in the essential oils yields and their hydrolates and the intensities of the major ions found in the samples identified as chemical markers for the quality control of P. cablin.
graphical abstract Fullsize Image
... Essential oils (EOs) are volatile products that originate from the secondary metabolism of aromatic plants. They can be found in different parts of plants, generally concentrated in bark, leaves, stems, roots, flowers, rhizomes and seeds (Jain, Patel & Desai, 2022). ...
This study aimed to evaluate the chemical profile and larvicidal activity of the microencapsulated essential oil (EO) of Citrus aurantium L. against Aedes aegypti. The barks of C. aurantium were collected in São Luís-MA. The EO was extracted by hydrodistillation at 100°C for 3h, with chemical characterization through Gas Chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Encapsulation of the EO was performed by ionic gelling. To quantify the total phenolic content of the EO, the Folin-Ciocalteu spectrophotometric method was applied. Then, the lethality of the EO against Aedes aegypti was evaluated, and the LC50 for the action of the EO was calculated using the Probit method. The major constituents found in the EO of C. aurantium were: (-)-Terpinen-4-ol (32, 56%) and Caryophyllene oxide (23.52%). The larvicidal activity of the EO showed a LC50 of 3.589 mg L-1. The results indicate that the evaluated EO is composed of substances that provide a good larvicidal effect, revealing its efficiency in combating and controlling Aedes aegypti.
... It is very important for aromatherapy, perfumery, cosmetics, food aroma, and fume production (Ramya et al., 2013). The main ingredients of the oil are patchuliol (tricyclic sesquiterpenes) and several sesquiterpenes (Jain et al., 2022). ...
Medicinal and aromatic plants or MAPs can be defined as plants containing compounds with medicinal and aromatic properties that can have a positive effect on the human or animal body. In addition, medicinal and aromatic plants are known to contain biologically active compounds. Bioactive components obtained from these plants can be used in various industrial applications. These plants are effectively used in several fields such as health protection, nutritional supplements, essential oils, inks, paints, lubricants, cosmetics, plastics, and nutrition. Essential oils have a wide range of uses in the pharmaceutical, food, feed, and other sectors. In addition, oils from various aromatic plants are also used as lubricants. Another application of medicinal and aromatic plants is fabric coloring. The extracts of these plants are used to color fabrics as a natural and environmentally friendly alternative, while their flowers, leaves, or roots are used to make perfumes in the cosmetics industry. They can also be used as natural packaging materials in the food industry to extend shelf life. Medicinal aromatic plants have increased interest in the industry by offering economically and environmentally sustainable alternatives. This chapter aims to identify and examine the various uses of compounds derived from medicinal aromatic plants.
... Most people are familiar with certain species of this botanic family due to their frequent use as culinary herbs (Mentha × piperita, Salvia rosmarinus, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum majorana, Origanum vulgare) [31], valuable medicinal plants (Salvia officinalis, Melissa officinalis, Thymus serpyllum) [32], or highly melliferous species (Dracocephalum moldavica, Lavandula angustifolia, Leonurus cardiaca, Salvia verticillata) [33]. Some species are appreciated as ornamentals due to their flowers (Salvia splendens) [34] or their fruits (Callicarpa sp.) [35], while others confer emblematic notes in the fragrance industry (Pogostemon cablin) [36]. Many species are sources of aromatic oils that possess bioactivities (Agastache rugosa, Lavandula angustifolia, Dracocephalum officinalis, Satureja hortensis, Betonica officinalis, Thymus vulgaris) [37], while others are known for their strongly psychoactive effects (Salvia divinorum) [38]. ...
Lamiaceae is a botanical family rich in aromatic species that are in high demand such as basil, lavender, mint, oregano, sage, and thyme. It has great economical, ecological, ethnobotanical, and floristic importance. The aim of this work is to provide an updated view on the aerobiology of species from the family Lamiaceae, with an emphasis on novelties and emerging applications. From the aerobiology point of view, the greatest interest in this botanical family is related to the volatile organic compounds emitted by the plants and, to a much lesser extent, their pollen. Research has shown that the major volatile organic compounds emitted by the plants from this botanical family are monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The most important monoterpenes reported across studies include α-pinene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, menthol, limonene, and γ-terpinene. Most reports tend to cover species from the subfamily Nepetoideae. Volatile oils are produced by glandular trichomes found on aerial organs. Based on general morphology, two main types are found in the family La-miaceae, namely peltate and capitate trichomes. As a result of pollinator-mediated transfer of pollen , Lamiaceae species present a reduced number of stamens and quantity of pollen. This might explain the low probability of pollen presence in the air from these species. A preliminary synopsis of the experimental evidence presented in this work suggests that the interplay of the organic particles and molecules released by these plants and their environment could be leveraged for beneficial outcomes in agriculture and landscaping. Emerging reports propose their use for intercropping to ensure the success of fructification, increased yield of entomophilous crops, as well as in sensory gardens due to the therapeutic effect of volatiles.
... There is a wide range of uses for patchouli oil in aromatherapy, including relieving depression and stress, calming nerves, and controlling appetite. Patchouli oil also has characteristics of anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-depressant [10][11][12][13][14]. Various compounds have been reported in patchouli oil, such as patchouli alcohol, β-caryophyllene, β-patchoulene, β-elemene, β-pinene, and α-selinene [15,16]. ...
Pogostemon cablin (PC) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and food as well as an important essential oil plant in China. PC essential oil exerts pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-platelet, anti-thrombotic, and anti-depressant. This study established a reliable and sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the simultaneous determination of the pharmacokinetics of patchouli alcohol, β-elemene, β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, and farnesol in the plasma of rats after oral administration of PC essential oil extract. Using ethyl acetate to prepare the plasma samples, and p-menthone was used as the internal standard (IS). An HP5-MS column (0.25 μm × 0.25 mm × 30 m) was used for chromatographic separation, and detection was performed in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The accuracies of intra-day and inter-day for all analytes displayed a range of −6.7 %–9.2 %, with precision below 12.5 %. Extraction recoveries for analytes ranged from 74.0 to 106.4 % and matrix effects ranged from 92.4 to 106.9 %. Stability results have demonstrated that the relative standard deviations (RSD) of analytes were below 12.1 %. Therefore, the developed GC-MS method successfully evaluated the pharmacokinetics of five volatile components in PC essential oil extract administered orally to rats.
... Furthermore, these drugs also have possible cytotoxic and genotoxic reactions. To address these concerns, application of plant extracts with medicinal properties has gained recent attention (Amirifar et al., 2022;Bolouri et al., 2022;Jain et al., 2022). Additional benefits of these natural extracts include their availability, reasonable cost, and low toxicity, as well as a lack of microbial resistance and increased rate of action compared with those of currently used drugs (Khodaei et al., 2021). ...
Objectives
The aim of this study was the assessment of the efficiency of the ethyl acetate (EthOAc) extract of Thymus serpyllum against Candida albicans and to compare it with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine (CHX), as well as their genotoxic effect.
Material and Methods
The antifungal effectiveness of the EthOAc extract of Thymus serpyllum was determined using the agar disk diffusion method. The inhibition zones induced by the EthOAc extract were compared after 5 min, 60 min, and 24 h to those induced by standard solutions (2% CHX and 2% NaOCl). An in vitro genotoxicity assay was performed in cultured lymphocytes from the blood of human volunteers to observe micronuclei formation. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test and one‐way analysis of variance.
Results
The inhibition zone of combination of CHX with EthOAc extract of Thymus serpyllum against C. albicans was 29.7 mm after 5 min, 28.3 mm after 60 min, and 29 mm after 24 h. The inhibition zone of NaOCl in combination with EthOAc extract of Thymus serpyllum against C. albicans was 0 mm. The EthOAc extract of Thymus serpyllum did not show a genotoxic effect on lymphocyte cells.
Conclusions
The EthOAc extract of Thymus serpyllum in combination with CHX may be a useful root canal disinfection in endodontic therapy.
... The alcohol functional group (-OH) appeared at a wavelength of 3503-3313 cm-1, showing the presence of patchoulol. 29 Several studies showed that patchoulol was responsible for patchouli oil distinctive aroma and comprised oxygenated sesquiterpenes, which could also be used as antioxidant. 25,26 The results of epithelialization on day 15 microscopically using Hematoxylin Eosin (H&E) staining are presented in Figure 3. ...
Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) oil is widely recognized for antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. This oil also has the potential to expedite collagen production and facilitate epithelialization, which are essential for wound healing. Furthermore, epithelialization comprises the formation of epithelial cells at wound edges, typically in 3 to 14 days after the injury. Several reports have shown that this process is facilitated by the presence of bioactive components, such as patchouli alcohol, β-patchoulene, β-farnesene, α-guanine, flavonoids, and saponins from patchouli oil. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of Aceh patchouli oil on epithelialization in full-thickness wound of Mus musculus. A total of 28 male mice received incision wound and were divided into four groups, which were given crude patchouli oil (CPO) (Group 1), light fraction of patchouli (CPO1) (Group 2), heavy fraction of patchouli (CPO2) (Group 3), and lanolin (Control/Group 4). Transparent dressings were then used for the daily wound care regimen, followed by comprehensive histopathological examinations to assess the outcomes after 15 days. The results showed that the average thickness of the skin epithelium formed with the application of CPO, CPO1, CPO2, and control was 128.4 μ, 127.7 μ, 84.9 μ, and 126.0 μ, respectively. ANOVA analysis showed a remarkable increase in epithelial thickness in groups 1 and 2 compared to 3. This showed that the light fraction of patchouli oil had significant potential for enhancing wound healing compared to heavy fraction.
... Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin L.) leaf essential oil (PCLO), which is derived from the leaves of P. cablin, has tremendous significance due to the structure of its twenty-four distinct sesquiterpenes (Donelian et al., 2009;Silva-Filho et al., 2016). Scientists have looked at patchouli essential oil's therapeutic qualities, including its cytotoxic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antibacterial, and antidepressant effects (Aisyah et al., 2021;Jain et al., 2021;Paulus et al., 2020). ...
Pogostemon cablin Benth's leaves, which belong to the Lamiaceae family, are used to make patchouli essential oil (PEO). Sesquiterpenes are the main compounds in essential oil. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiemetic, and anti-inflammatory activities are just a few of the many pharmacological actions that are well-known. In this investigation, cefuroxime (CEF), moxifloxacin (MOX), clarithromycin (CLA), fluconazole (FLU), and terbinafine (TER) were combined with patchouli (Pogostemon cablin leaf essential oil). Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Gram-negative Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, and yeasts Candida albicans ATCC 10231, and C. tropicalis ATCC 750 were tested against all combinations. Drug interaction was given as fractional inhibitory concentrations (FIC) after combinations of the essential oils were tested for their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). The checkerboard method was used to assess antimicrobial interactions, Fluconazole, terbinafine, cefuroxime, and clarithromycin combined with essential oil demonstrated an "additive effect" against Candida strains together with E. coli and S. aureus.
... dry aboveground parts of this plant is widely used in aromatherapy because of its unique aromatic properties, which can improve sexual interest, calm nerves and mitigate depression and anxiety (Chakrapani et al., 2013;Swamy and Sinniah, 2016). These characteristics have made the patchouli plant an industrial crop with great economic values, which is widely cultivated worldwide, and the demand for patchouli is increasing each year (Swamy and Sinniah, 2016;Jain et al., 2022). The global supply of patchouli is far from meeting the demand (Swamy et al., 2015). ...
Pogostemon cablin (patchouli) suffers from continuous cropping obstacles in cultivation. To obtain new insights into molecular mechanisms, we performed the integrated analyses of transcriptome, miRNA and metabolite data of patchouli leaves in parallel at different levels of continuous cropping. Our results showed that continuous cropping has caused significant gene expression and metabolite changes in patchouli. A total of 49,825 genes, 57 miRNAs and 325 metabolites with significantly differential abundance were identified by pairwise comparisons samples from different planting patterns at the same growth stage. We found that continuous cropping has significantly reduced the expression levels of the late elongated hypocotyl (LHY), phytochrome (PHY), crypto-chrome (CRY), and PSI and PSII complex genes, inhibiting photosynthesis and the normal growth of patchouli. miRNA-Seq analyses showed that miR172, miR319, miR397 and two novel miRNAs (novel5 and novel18) might involve in the development of continuous cropping obstacles. In addition, liquid chromatography-mass spec-trometry (LC-MS) data showed that continuous cropping has significantly changed the accumulation of me-tabolites, such as prenol lipids, organooxygen compounds, flavonoids, carboxylic acids and derivatives, and cinnamic acids and derivatives in patchouli. The integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed a significant correlation between differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differential metabolites (DEM) in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway under continuous cropping stress. The obtained results will help to elucidate potential molecular mechanisms of continuous cropping obstacles towards developing new control methods to improve the yield and quality of continuous cropping plants.
... Among the four dominant compounds, patchouli alcohol had the highest concentration and produced a distinctive aroma that lasted longer [55]. Patchouli alcohol is a yellow liquid included in the tricyclic sesquiterpene derivative compounds which have benefits in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food, beverages, cigarettes, repellents, and chemicals [56,57]. Various pharmacological activity have also been reported, including anti-influenza virus [58], anti-inflammatory [59], anti-nociceptive [60], anti-ulcerogenic [61], anti-colitis [62], lung protection [63]. ...
This research serves as the basis for developing essential oil-based repellent activity tests against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The method used for the isolation of essential oils was the steam distillation method. Virus-free Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were used as test animals by applying the 10% essential oil repellent on the arms of volunteers. The analysis of the essential oils activities and aromas’ components was carried out using headspace repellent and GC-MS methods. Based on the results, the yields of essential oil from 5000 g samples for cinnamon bark, clove flowers, patchouli, nutmeg seed, lemongrass, citronella grass, and turmeric rhizome were 1.9%, 16%, 2.2%, 16.8%, 0.9%, 1.4%, and 6.8%, respectively. The activity test showed that the average repellent power of 10% essential oils, patchouli, cinnamon, nutmeg, turmeric, clove flowers, citronella grass, and lemongrass, was 95.2%, 83.8%, 71.4%, 94.7%, 71.4%, 80.4%, and 85%, respectively. Patchouli and cinnamon had the best average repellent power. Meanwhile, the aroma activities showed that the average repellent power of the patchouli oil was 96%, and the cinnamon oil was 94%. From the GC-MS analysis, nine components were identified in the patchouli essential oil aromas’ with the highest concentration being patchouli alcohol (42.7%), Azulene, 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethenyl)-, [1S-(1α,7α,8aβ)] (10.8%), α-guaiene (9.22%), and seychellene (8.19%)., whereas using the GC-MS headspace repellent method showed that there were seven components identified in the patchouli essential oil aroma with a high concentration of the components, which were patchouli alcohol (52.5%), Seychellene (5.2%), and α-guaiene (5.2%). The analysis results of cinnamon essential oil using the GC-MS method showed that there were five components identified in the aroma, with E-cinnamaldehyde (73%) being the highest component, whereas using the GC-MS headspace repellent method showed that there were five components identified in the aroma, with highest concentrations of cinnamaldehyde (86.1%). It can be concluded that the chemical compounds contained in patchouli and cinnamon bark have the potential to be environmentally friendly repellents in controlling and preventing Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.
... These variations are mainly dependent on many factors, including genetic and geographic factors. The soil status, the method of cultivation, water availability, seasonality, the extracted parts, and extraction techniques are also of major influence [6,[46][47][48]. ...
In order to find effective, biorational, and eco-friendly pest control tools, Cupressus sempervirens var. horizontalis essential oil (EO) was produced using hydrodistillation, before being analyzed with gas chromatography, specifically, using flame ionization detection. The monoterpene components α-pinene (46.3%), δ-3-carene (22.7%), and α-cedrol, a sesquiterpene hydrocarbon, (5.8%), were the main fractions. An oil-in-water nanoemulsion was obtained following a green protocol. The EO, its nanoemulsion, and its terpenes each exhibited both insecticidal and insect repellent activities against the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae. In a contact bioassay, the nanoemulsion induced a 100% adult mortality rate in a concentration of 10.0 µL/cm2 after 4 days of treatment, whereas 40 µL/cm2 of EO and α-cedrol was required to kill 100% of weevils. Using fumigation, nanoemulsion and EO at 10 µL/L air caused a 100% adult mortality rate after 4 days of treatment. The LC50 values of botanicals ranged between 5.8 and 53.4 µL/cm2 for contact, and between 4.1 and 19.6 µL/L for fumigation. The phytochemicals strongly repelled the weevil at concentrations between 0.11 and 0.88 µL/cm2, as well as considerably inhibiting AChE bioactivity. They were found to be safe for earthworms (Eisenia fetida) at 200 mg/kg, which also caused no significant alteration in wheat grain viability. This study provides evidence for the potential of using the EO of C. sempervirens and its nanoemulsion as natural, eco-friendly grain protectants against S. oryzae.
... The earlier group eluted from the retention time of 13.16 min to 14.96 min, whereas the oxygenated counterparts were observed soon after the later time. The oxygenated terpenoids were commonly detected after the hydrocarbons due to their polarity, as exemplified in several compounds of well-known essential oils, including patchouli (Jain et al., 2022) and eucalyptus (Ndiaye et al., 2018). ...
The current study describes for the first time the chemical compositions and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from ironwood sawdust (Eusideroxylon zwageri) obtained from Borneo Island. Fifteen terpene metabolites were identified by GC-MS of the ironwood sawdust essential oil extracted by steam distillation. (E)-β-Caryophyllene was the oil’s major compound (35.81 ± 0.25%), while its oxygenated derivative (caryophyllene oxide, 8.78 ± 0.08%) was the third biggest terpene. α-Copaene (13.05 ± 0.02%) was also observed in a significant amount together with other minor sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes. The oil also exhibited antibacterial activities against Gram-positive Multi-Drug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Gram-negative Escherichia coli (strain ESBL) during a disc diffusion assay with inhibition zones of 6.13 ± 0.03 mm and 3.35 ± 0.05 mm, respectively.
... Patchouli oil is extracted from the Pogostemon patchouli plant or Pogostemon cablin Benth. It is one of the priceless essential oil and until now there has been no other type of essential or synthetic oil that can replace patchouli oil as a fragrance binder (perfume) [1]. Patchouli oil is usually not fractionated into its derivatives such as citronella oil, vetiver, clove and others, because it has very harmonious components and no one component is very prominent and is the most difficult volatile essential oil compared to other essential oils. ...
This study is aimed to examine citric acids as a potential chelating agent to decrease colloidal impurities in patchouli oil to improve its quality. It covers colour, specific density, refractive index, acid value, iron content, oleoresin oil content, and patchouli alcohol. Complete Randomized Design with factorial design is used with two factors and repeated 3 times. Factors are (1) citric acid concentration consists of 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.50% (w/v), (2) stirring time of 30, 60 and 90 minutes. Further, purified oil by citric acid was compared to purified oil by Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetate (EDTA). Findings show that the concentration of chelating agents and the time of stirring have an effect on the quality of patchouli oil. The higher the chelating concentration and the more the stirring time, the better the quality of purified patchouli oil in terms of colour, specific density, refractive index, acid value, and iron content. Findings also show that citric acid has almost the same performance as EDTA. The main components in patchouli oil (patchouli alcohol and oleoresin oil) are not affected by treatment. Purified patchouli oil by using citric acid meets Indonesian National Standard (SNI) requirements so citric acid is one of the potential chelating agents.
... Essential oils (EOs) are volatile compounds with a slight molecular weight and biological activities synthesized in different plant organs like flowers, buds, leaves, branches, stems, seeds, fruits, woods, roots, etc. [1]. Moreover, EOs contain many active compounds, such as alkaloids, tannins, steroids, glycosides, resins, phenols, volatile oils, and flavonoids [2,3]. ...
Essential oils (EOs) and plant extracts are sources of beneficial chemical compounds that have potential applications in medicine, food, cosmetics, and the agriculture industry. Plant medicines were the only option for preventing and treating mankind’s diseases for centuries. Therefore, plant products are fundamental sources for producing natural drugs. The extraction of the EOs is the first important step in preparing these compounds. Modern extraction methods are effective in the efficient development of these compounds. Moreover, the compounds extracted from plants have natural antimicrobial activity against many spoilage and disease-causing bacteria. Also, the use of plant compounds in cosmetics and hygiene products, in addition to their high marketability, has been helpful for many beauty problems. On the other hand, the agricultural industry has recently shifted more from conventional production systems to authenticated organic production systems, as consumers prefer products without any pesticide and herbicide residues, and certified organic products command higher prices. EOs and plant extracts can be utilized as ingredients in plant antipathogens, biopesticides, and bioherbicides for the agricultural sector. Considering the need and the importance of using EOs and plant extracts in pharmaceutical and other industries, this review paper outlines the different aspects of the applications of these compounds in various sectors.
... Present study demonstrated optimization of extraction of patchoulol in the extracts of P. cablin. Similarly, intensification of patchoulol from the essential oil of the plant has been reported recently by Jain et al. (2021). Nevertheless, these extraction techniques could be effectively used with the optimised conditions for efficient extraction and purification of high valued molecule 'patchoulol'. ...
Pogostemon cablin Benth. contains abundance of patchoulol as one of the bioactive components. The present study demonstrated comprehensive optimizations of ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave assisted extraction (MAE) to achieve maximum lipid-soluble extract comprising highest patchoulol content by response surface methodology (RSM) followed by genetic algorithms (GA) approach. The extraction variables such as solute to solvent ratio (UAE, 10–30 g mL−1; MAE, 40–60 g mL−1), time (UAE, 10–20 min; MAE, 30–120 s) and sono-frequency (30–50 kHz) or microwave power (300–900 W) exerted significant influence on the yield and patchoulol content. RSM based optimizations for UAE resulted maximum yield of 182.24 mg/g of plant material consisting 48.84% patchoulol, while, yield 227.46 mg/g of plant material comprising 30.60% patchoulol were recorded under MAE. With the use of GA, the optimized values were further refined to obtain maximum yield of 207.87 mg/g of plant material comprising of 53.45% patchoulol under UAE, whereas, maximum 230.03 mg/g of plant material yield consisting of 31.71% patchoulol was achieved using MAE. UAE and MAE based kinetic modeling studies revealed involvement of more than one extraction mechanisms to achieve maximum yield and patchoulol (%). Further, higher extraction yield using MAE and UAE were also explained from the scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images, showing disintegration of matrix cell wall with numerous fractures leading to better dissolution of phytoconstituents in the extracting medium. Additionally, patchoulol content in the extract was significantly enhanced to 92.70% using silica gel. Patchoulol 92.70% and 53.45% containing extracts displayed excellent fungal mycelial inhibition against virulent strains of Aspergillus flavus (EC50 27.0–29.2 μg mL−1) and A. fumigatus (EC50 41.5–57.2 μg mL−1), respectively.
Patchouli ( Pogostemon cablin Benth), is a herbaceous plant belongs to the Lamiaceae family characterized by its distinctive fragrance. The primary objective of its cultivation is the extraction of essential oil, which is widely utilized in various sectors, including cosmetics, perfumery, food and beverage production and pharmaceuticals. It is also a shade loving crop and suitable for intercropping in plantation crops especially coffee, tea, rubber and oil palm. The present study was conducted to screening out of the bioactive compounds and their pharmaceutical value in the essential oil of P. cablin grown under both rubber plantations and sole crop via gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The results revealed that, steroids, terpenes, aromatic compounds and esters were found. In addition, several novel bioactive compounds with high pharmaceutical value are also found. These compounds which provides a way for the preparation of novel health care medicines to treat various health related problems. Hence, patchouli is recommended as the most suitable intercrop under rubber plantation.
Skin healing occurs through an intricate process called wound healing which comprises four phases: coagulation and hemostasis, inflammation, cellular proliferation, and remodeling. Chronic wounds often arise because of prolonged or excessive inflammation, which hinders the healing process and wound closure. Despite the recognized efficacy of Pogostemon cablin (patchouli) in wound healing, the precise mechanism of action of Pogostemon cablin extract (PCE) on inflammation and wound healing remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of PCE on cell proliferation and wound healing, as well as its anti-inflammatory activity, using in vitro experiments. We found that PCE increased cell proliferation and expression of the cell proliferation marker Ki67 and accelerated wound healing in human keratinocytes through the activation of OR2AT4. Furthermore, PCE exhibited anti-inflammatory effects by decreasing the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and -8 in lipopolysaccharide-treated and TNF-α-exposed THP-1 and HaCaT cells, respectively. Overall, these findings suggest that PCE holds therapeutic potential by promoting cell proliferation, facilitating wound healing, and exerting anti-inflammatory effects.
Essential oils (EOs), derived from the different plant parts including flowers, leaves, barks, roots, stems, and fruits, are an intricate blend of hydrocarbons and oxygenated hydrocarbons. These are primarily composed of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Essential oils are also known as volatile oils and are known for particular fragrance to the plant and plays versatile roles in the growth, defence and reproduction of plants. Bioactive properties of EOs includes anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer capabilities. Besides, EOs also have several applications in food and cosmetic industry. For instance, EOs are used in aromatherapy to alleviate the effects of various illnesses. Strong antimicrobial activities of EOs obtained from thyme, cinnamon, and oregano are demonstrated against bacteria such as B. thermosphacta, E. coli, and L. monocytogenes. Additionally, Geranium EO, from Pelargonium graveolens L. leaves, possess anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antifungal, and antibacterial qualities that have been shown to help relieve inflammatory skin conditions. In the food industry, extending shelf life, preservation of foods like meats and packaging of food are few of the applications of the natural preservatives found in EOs. In the agricultural sector, the EOs of J. excelsa and J. sabina can eliminate weed seeds and act as natural herbicides. Considering wide applications of EOs, present book chapter deals with the molecular structure of prominent compounds in EOs, sources and factors contributing to the yield of EOs. Furthermore, usage of EOs in therapeutics, and other industrial sectors is discussed in detail.
Acroptilon repens is a widespread weed in Asia, and has a complicated taxonomy. Recent taxonomical treatment explored that Acroptilon species must be classified in the genus Rhaponticum. Therefore, the scientific name of this species has been converted into Rhaponticum repens. In the current study, essential oil composition, and its ability to green synthesis of iron nanoparticles for future use to adsorb Cr (VI) ions pollution of aquatic solution were evaluated for the first time. The GC-MS analysis revealed oxygenated monoterpenes constituted great proportion of the essential oil, with 1,8-cineole and camphor as the main essential oil components. Several appropriate methods, including UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, DLS, and VSM revealed the green synthesis of a mixture of Fe 3 O 4 and Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles by the extracted essential oil. Sizes of the produced nanoparticles were not equal and detected in the range of 3 to 50 nm, with an average size of 31.5 nm and the magnetic property of 15 emu/g. The green-synthesized nanoparticles could adsorb Cr (VI) ions pollution from aquatic solutions. However, under an optimum condition, the Cr (VI) ions adsorption capacity and removal were 167.6 mg/g and 91%, respectively. Findings revealed the major essential oil composition highly differed from those reported in the previous phytochemical studies. Although the synthesized nanoparticles were not uniform, they could remove Cr (VI) ions pollution.
Patchouli growers in Indonesia were constrained by detrimentally systemic diseases caused by viruses. Potyvirus and Fabavirus were pathogenic viruses that commonly found in several production centers. Virus elimination for retaining healthy protocols was investigated and one of the promising methods through mersitem culture and antiviral treatments. The research was conducted to find out the effects of ribavirin treatments following meristem culture on the existence of Potyvirus and Fabavirus on the infected patchouli plants. The research was conducted at The Indonesian Spices and Medicinal Research Institute from September 2018 to August 2019. A factorial experiment with 10 replications established to facilitate the combination of two factors. The first factor was two commercial patchouli cultivars, namely Patchoulina 1 and Patchoulina 2. While the second factor dealt with the concentration of ribavirin i.e. 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 ppm. The results showed that the potyvirus was still detected based on ELISA analysis after the treatments of meristem culture and ribavirin in any concentrations. However, the application ribavirin at 20 ppm following meristem culture effectively eliminated fabavirus form both the tested patchouli cultivars. These partial virus elimination within the plantlet gave significant growth improvement on plantlet height, number of leaves and number of auxiliary shoots after 8 weeks subculture.
Macroalgae is extensively being used to develop eco‐friendly biopolymer or biodegradable films, but have inferior mechanical strength. This study aims to enhance the mechanical properties of seaweed films by incorporating Patchouli microparticles (PMP) derived from dried Patchouli plants (DP‐PMP) and extracted residue (ER‐PMP) from Patchouli extraction process widely use in the perfume and cosmetic industry. The PMPs, were incorporated into films forming solution at varying concentrations (1%, 3%, 5%, and 7% wt/wt) respectively. Despite similar thermal properties, the inclusion of ER‐PMP resulted in an increasing ash residue content with an increase in concentration. The optimal tensile strength was achieved with a 3% PMP loading, while higher concentrations resulted in a decline in strength. Notably, the sample containing 1% PMP demonstrated superior elasticity. Moreover, with increasing concentrations of PMPs, all samples displayed elevated surface roughness and enhanced hydrophobicity. All samples display significant antimicrobial activity against E‐coli and Salmonella sp.; however, the sample incorporating ER‐PMP showed less effect. In summary, the study suggests that DP‐PMP and ER‐PMP can serve as effective fillers to enhance the mechanical properties of seaweed biofilms, with an optimal loading of 3%. Their antimicrobial activity renders them suitable biopolymers for active packaging in food applications and other purposes.
Highlights
Patchouli microparticle (PMP) enhance the properties of seaweed film.
Film's surface morphology and hydrophobicity changed with increase in PMP.
Introduction of either PMPs increase antimicrobial properties of the film.
PMP from extracted residue (ER) provide lower antimicrobial activity.
3% DP‐PMP gave the optimum properties of the film for overall attributes.
Patchouli alcohol, a significant bioactive component of the herbal plant Pogostemon cablin , has considerable medicinal and commercial potential. Several genes and transcription factors involved in the biosynthesis pathway of patchouli alcohol have been identified. However, so far, regulatory factors directly interacting with patchouli synthase (PTS) have not been reported. This study was conducted to analyze the interaction between PcENO3 and PcPTS to explore the molecular regulation effect of PcENO3 on patchouli alcohol biosynthesis. PcENO3, a homologous protein of Arabidopsis ENO3 belonging to the enolase family, was identified and characterized. Subcellular localization experiments in Arabidopsis protoplast cells indicated that the PcENO3 protein was localized in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. The physical interaction between PcENO3 and PcPTS was confirmed through yeast two‐hybrid (Y2H), GST pull‐down, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. Furthermore, the Y2H assay demonstrated that PcENO3 could also interact with JAZ proteins in the JA pathway. Enzymatic assays showed that the interaction with PcENO3 increased the catalytic activity of patchoulol synthase. Additionally, suppression of PcENO3 expression with VIGS (virus‐induced gene silencing) decreased patchouli alcohol content compared to the control. These findings suggest that PcENO3 interacts with patchoulol synthase and modulates patchoulol biosynthesis by enhancing the enzymatic activity of PcPTS.
Crocus ancyrensis is a yellow-flowered Crocus species and is in the same family and genus with saffron. Although various studies have been conducted on the antioxidant capacity and essential oil content characterization of saffron (Crocus sativus), there is no literature information about the C. ancyrensis plant, which is known as Crocus among the people. The members of Crocus family contain many valuable components including antioxidants, phenolic compounds and essential oils. The essential oils obtained from this family is a complex mixture of more than 30 components, which are primarily terpenes and their derivatives. These mixtures are used in paint, medicine, and food applications especially in the cosmetics sector. In the study, the essential oils of the Crocus ancyrensis plant were extracted with the clevenger system and characterized by GC-MS analyses. As a result, 23 volatile components were identified. 2-Hexenal, 1-ethylbutyl Hydroperoxide, 2-nitro-Hexane, β-Isophorone, α-Isophorone, 2-Caren-10-al and Eugenol are found as the main components of Crocus ancyrensis plant extract. Due to the antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, anticancer and odorant properties of some of the identified components, C. ancyrensis can be used as a medicinal aromatic plant in various fields, especially in the cosmetics and perfume industry. ARTICLE HISTORY
The extraction of essential oils from patchouli leaves (Pogostemon cablin Benth) using microwave hydrodistillation (MHD) has been described by many authors as an environmentally friendly process (green technique). This may be attributed to the fact that the method uses low energy and provides fast extraction when compared to other conventional (HD) methods. The optimum conditions for patchouli oil extraction using MHD method are determined with the use of a response surface methodology (RSM). In this study, face-centered central composite design (FCCCD), a type of RSM, is employed to evaluate the effect of the microwave power (A: 300 W, 450 W and 600 W), the feed to solvent ratio (B: 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 g mL-1), and the extraction time (C: 60 min, 120 min and 180 min) on the extraction of patchouli oil. The results of the experiment show that optimum conditions referring to the microwave power of 460.823 W, F/S ratio of 0.321 g/mL, and extraction time of 161.15 min are required to obtain a maximum yield of 6.01 % of patchouli oil.
Patchouli plant (Pogostemon cablin Benth) is one of the important essential oil-producing plant, contributes more than 50% of total exports of Indonesia's essential oil. However, the extraction of patchouli oil that has been done in Indonesia is generally still used conventional methods that require enormous amount of energy, high solvent usage, and long time of extraction. Therefore, in this study, patchouli oil extraction was carried out by using microwave hydrodistillation and solvent-free microwave extraction methods. Based on this research, it is known that the extraction of patchouli oil using microwave hydrodistillation method with longer extraction time (240 min) only produced patchouli oil's yield 1.2 times greater than solvent-free microwave extraction method which require faster extraction time (120 min). Otherwise the analysis of electric consumption and the environmental impact, the solvent-free microwave extraction method showed a smaller amount when compared with microwave hydrodistillation method. It is conclude that the use of solvent-free microwave extraction method for patchouli oil extraction is suitably method as a new green technique.
Hydrodistillation has been employed for the extraction of essential oil from the leaves of patchouli plant. The yield of patchouli oil is dependent on solid loading, water volume, size of leaves and extraction time. The optimization of the process parameters has been performed using the Taguchi method while analysis of variance is used to identify the impact of parameters on the yield. The highest yield of patchouli oil (1.53%, w/w) is found at 30 g of solid loading, 900 mL of water volume, 4 mm size of the leaves and 150 min of extraction time. Among the parameters studied, extraction time had a greater impact on the yield of patchouli oil. Amount of patchoulol is maximum (64.9%) in the essential oil obtained under optimized conditions, thus, providing better quality of the essential oil. © 2017, National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR). All rights reserved.
Patchouli oil extraction in general is still using conventional methods that require a long time of extraction. It is therefore necessary to develop extraction methods to obtain patchouli oil with optimum yield and quality. One of the new methods, which has been successfully developed, is microwave hydrodistillation (MHD). In addition to optimizing the extraction process of patchouli oil, this study also used microwave air-hydrodistillation (MAHD). Based on the research results, extraction using MAHD method can produce higher yield of patchouli oil when compared using MHD method. Also, based on the results of the analysis by GC-MS, extraction using MAHD method can produce quality of patchouli oil that is almost the same when compared using MHD method. This is supported by the results of the analysis by GC-MS, which showed that the content of patchouli alcohol is the main component of patchouli oil, and is almost the same for patchouli oil extracted using MHD method (26.32%) and MAHD method (25.23%).
Patchouli alcohol (PA), a tricyclic sesquiterpene, is one of the critical bioactive ingredients and is mainly isolated from aerial part of Pogostemon cablin (known as guanghuoxiang in China) belonging to Labiatae. So far, PA has been widely applied in perfume industries. This review was written with the use of reliable information published between 1974 and 2016 from libraries and electronic researches including NCKI, PubMed, Reaxys, ACS, ScienceDirect, Springer, and Wiley-Blackwell, aiming at presenting comprehensive outline of security, pharmacokinetics, and bioactivities of PA and at further providing a potential guide in exploring the PA and its use in various medical fields. We found that PA maybe was a low toxic drug that was acquired numerously through vegetable oil isolation and chemical synthesis and its stability and low water dissolution were improved in pharmaceutics. It also possessed specific pharmacokinetic characteristics, such as two-compartment open model, first-order kinetic elimination, and certain biometabolism and biotransformation process, and was shown to have multiple biological activities, that is, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antitumor, antimicrobial, insecticidal, antiatherogenic, antiemetic, whitening, and sedative activity. However, the systematic evaluations of preparation, pharmaceutics, toxicology, pharmacokinetics, and bioactivities underlying molecular mechanisms of action also required further investigation prior to practices of PA in clinic.
Nowadays, patchouli oil extraction in Indonesia is generally carried out using conventional methods, although such methods require large amounts of energy, solvents in significant amounts, and quite a long time. Therefore, in this study, patchouli oil extraction was done using a microwave hydrodistillation method. In addition to optimizing the extraction process of patchouli oil, this study used a development of the microwave hydrodistillation method, microwave air-hydrodistillation. Based on this research, it can be seen that patchouli oil extraction using the microwave air-hydrodistillation method is faster, produces a better yield and a higher accumulation of recovery than extraction using the standard microwave hydrodistillation method. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the composition of the compounds in the patchouli oils shows that the heavy fraction components obtained by microwave air-hydrodistillation are more numerous than those obtained using the microwave hydrodistillation method. Furthermore, an analysis of the electric consumption and the environmental impact of the microwave air-hydrodistillation method for patchouli oil extraction indicates that this method can be considered a new green technique.
Patchouli essential oil consists of over 24 different components. Patchoulol has been known for over a century as the most important component of this essential oil, being widely used in the perfumery and cosmetics industries. Recent research has demonstrated that another component of patchouli essential oil, α-bulnesene, has pharmaceutical properties, providing a decrease in thromboxane formation. In this study, three different membranes were evaluated in terms of their fractionation capability and retention of patchouli oil in supercritical media, aiming at the separation and concentration of the main oil components (patchoulol and α-bulnesene) and regeneration of CO2. The membranes tested showed good resistance under the experimental conditions used, but did not show good fractionation and concentration of the patchouli oil components. The reverse osmosis membrane gave the highest oil retention (0.95) and lowest reduction in the permeate flux of the CO2 in the presence of the essential oil.
Pogostemon cablin Benth. (patchouli) is an important herb which possesses many therapeutic properties and is widely used in the fragrance industries. In traditional medicinal practices, it is used to treat colds, headaches, fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, insect and snake bites. In aromatherapy, patchouli oil is used to relieve depression, stress, calm nerves, control appetite and to improve sexual interest. Till now more than 140 compounds, including terpenoids, phytosterols, flavonoids, organic acids, lignins, alkaloids, glycosides, alcohols, aldehydes have been isolated and identified from patchouli. The main phytochemical compounds are patchouli alcohol, α-patchoulene, β-patchoulene, α-bulnesene, seychellene, norpatchoulenol, pogostone, eugenol and pogostol. Modern studies have revealed several biological activities such as antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, antithrombotic, aphrodisiac, antidepressant, antimutagenic, antiemetic, fibrinolytic and cytotoxic activities. However, some of the traditional uses need to be verified and may require standardizing and authenticating the bioactivity of purified compounds through scientific methods. The aim of the present review is to provide comprehensive knowledge on the phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of essential oil and different plant extracts of patchouli based on the available scientific literature. This information will provide a potential guide in exploring the use of main active compounds of patchouli in various medical fields.
Essential oil produced by patchouli was one of the most important naturally occurring base materials used in the perfume industry, containing various sesquiterpenes. Three different parts (leaves, stems and roots) of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth., Lamiaceae, were profiled in relation to different maturation phases in this paper, evaluating the variations in content of the major sesquiterpenes in the essential oil. Twelve sesquiterpenes were analyzed by GC-MS throughout the maturity of P. cablin. Patchouli alcohol (37.54%-51.02% in leaves, 28.24%-41.96% in stems and 14.55%-35.12% in roots) was the major sesquiterpene during the maturation of the plant. The average content of several other sesquiterpenes (α-bulnesene, α-guaiene, seychellene, β-humulene and caryophyllene) were higher than 3% among leaves, stems and roots. The content of essential oil, patchouli alcohol, α-bulnesene and several other compounds were highly accumulated at 210 days of maturation after cultivation of P. cablin. Thus, this period was the best moment to exploit the maximum level of these high value-added compounds in P. cablin. Furthermore, our results indicated that the essential oil extracted from leaves of P. cablin has the highest potential to be used in the perfume industry.
Purpose: To establish a new and efficient method for the isolation of (-)-patchouli alcohol (PA) from patchouli oil (PO) .Methods: PO, obtained from commercial source, was separated into four fractions (A, B, C and raffinate) using fractional distillation according to pre-set reflux ratio in vacuum. PA was crystallized from fraction C (containing more than 80 % PA by weight) by cooling and centrifugation. Finally, PA was further purified by suction filtration. Characterization of PA was performed by melting point (MP), infrared spectroscopy (IR), 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS).Results: The total yield of PA in this procedure reached 52.9 %. The structure of PA was obtained based on data from 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS analysis with the aid of literature data for authenticated samples.Conclusion: Fractional distillation combined with crystallization can be successfully applied to the isolation of PA from PO in solvent-free conditions.
Essential oils are natural materials widely used in many fields all over the world and have become an integral part of everyday life. There is increasing demand for essential oils, which has resulted in cases of adulteration. Authentication is thus a matter of critical importance for both consumers and chemical companies. This comprehensive overview covers known adulterations in essential oils, and some analytical methodologies adopted for their detection. We first list recommended tests, and then we explain and discuss common analytical techniques, such as chiral gas chromatography, isotope-ratio mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We also present (high-performance) thin-layer chromatography, vibrational spectroscopy, coupled and multidimensional chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and combination with chemometrics-metabolomics. This review provides a critical overview of existing techniques.
In the present study, the antimicrobial tests of patchouli oil were studied by using molecular docking technology and antimicrobial test in vitro. Five biological macromolecule enzymes, required by the bacteria in the process of biosynthesis were selected as target molecules. Five antibiotics benzylpenicillin, sulfadiazine, trimethoprim, rifampicin and ciprofloxacin, which are generally acknowledged as antibacterial drugs, were selected as reference compounds. The 3 three-dimensional (3D) structures of the 5 reference compounds and 26 compounds from patchouli oil were established by using surflex-dock software (8.1). And the 3D structures of five biological macromolecule enzymes derived from Protein Data Bank (PDB). Molecular docking was carried out between the 31 chemical compounds (ligands) and the 5 enzymes (receptors) by using surflex-dock function. Furthermore, the antibacterial effects of 31 chemical compounds were investigated by the scoring function after molecular docking was completed. By comparing the scoring result of 26 compounds in patchouli oil with 5 compared components, we inferred antibacterial activity in about 26 compounds in patchouli oil. On the other hand, six frequently-used pathogenic bacteria were selected for antimicrobial test in vitro, patchouli oil and its two major compounds: (-)-patchouli alcohol and pogostone, which their contents exceeded 60% in patchouli oil samples, were selected antibacterial agents. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were also determined. Molecular docking technology and antimicrobial test in vitro proved that patchouli oil had strong antimicrobial effects. Particularly, pogostone and (-)-patchouli alcohol have potent antimicrobial activity.
A high-performance centrifugal partition chromatography (HPCPC) method was developed for the preparative separation of patchouli alcohol. The separation was performed with a nonaqueous two-phase solvent system consisting of petroleum ether (bp.30–60°C)-acetonitrile (1:1, v/v) in descending separation mode. A total of more than 2 g of patchouli alcohol was isolated from the essential oil (12.5 g) in 300 min. This component was separated and identified by comparing its retention time and MS data with the standard substance analyzed by GC/MS. The purity was more than 98%. About 450 mL petroleum ether and 550 mL acetonitrile were used for a single run, and 60% and 80% of petroleum ether and acetonitrile could be recovered for next run, respectively.
TLC and HPLC were used to identify possible chemical markers for evaluating the quality of the crude drug "Pogostemoni herba" (aerial part of Pogostemon cablin), which is a component of Kampo medicines. In addition to the reported patchouli alcohol and 2-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-(4-methylpentanoyl)-4-pyrone, three phenylethanoids were isolated from this plant material for the first time: acteoside, isoacteoside, and crenatoside. The usefulness of these compounds as indicators of the crude commercial drug under various TLC conditions was examined, and patchouli alcohol was found to give a definite spot with a reproducible Rf value. Therefore, we propose TLC of the methanol (MeOH) extract using patchouli alcohol as a marker as a convenient method for identifying the crude drug Pogostemoni herba.
Patchouli alcohol, a tricyclic sesquiterpene, is a vital component of patchouli essential oil which is primarily isolated from the aerial part of Pogostemon cablin and is majorly used in fragrance industries. An intensified technique of hydrotropy coupled with sonication was investigated to enhance the purity of patchouli alcohol in patchouli oil using four different hydrotropes viz., resorcinol, p-toluene sulphonic acid, sodium salicylate, and sodium cumene sulphonate. The influence of various parameters namely sonication time (5 and 15 min), ultrasound amplitude (20–40 %), and pulse ratio (10:50 and 30:30 s) over varying concentration of hydrotropic solution (0.2–2 M) on the patchouli alcohol content was assessed using parametric study. Amongst the four hydrotropes, sodium cumene sulphonate has provided the highest purity (96.12 %) of patchouli alcohol for 0.2 M concentration, 15 min sonication time, 40 % amplitude, and 30:30 s pulse ratio against 33.13 % in pure oil. Hydrotropy combined with ultrasound treatment has enriched the composition of patchouli alcohol in patchouli oil to a larger extent when compared with hydrotropic extraction without sonication. Further, a scale-up study has provided promising outcomes suggesting a suitable alternative technique as a sustainable solution.
This work seeks to optimize the process of molecular distillation of patchouli oil to obtain patchoulol rich fractions, using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN). Optimal conditions obtained by the central composite planning were evaporation temperature of 85 °C, condenser temperature of 10 °C, and agitation speed of 600 RPM. The conditions above generated a concentration of 62.344% of patchoulol in the residue, reaching a recovery of 74.22%. Results obtained by the ANN demonstrated a good predictive capacity, and can be used in conjunction with the RSM for the modeling of the patchoulol enrichment process.
Patchouli oil is an essential oil extracted from aromatic crop Pogostemon cablin and is widely used in perfumery industry, food industry, and/or even as medicine. The leaves have 4.6% oil that is extracted by steam, but remains an enormous amount of wastes containing ca 0.8% oil. Patchouli waste is an interesting substrate form methane production. However, the oil has found to have antibacterial activity. The inhibition of patchouli oil on anaerobic digestion was investigated in this study under thermophilic conditions (55 °C). The patchouli oil showed antibacterial effect, where addition of 0.05, 0.5 and 5 g/L patchouli oil reduced biogas production by 16.2%, 27.2% and 100% respectively. As patchouli oil is a lipophilic compound, hydrophilic Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane was used to protect the microorganisms against this inhibitor in a reverse membrane bioreactor (rMBR) system. The methane yield of fresh plant and waste were 86 and 179 NmL CH4/gVS, respectively when using free cells. Although using solely an rMBR did not give significant rise to methane yield, the combination rMBR and free cell strategy to protect part of the digesting microorganisms against this inhibitor considerably enhanced the methane production by 73% for fresh patchouli plant, compared to digestion using free cells.
A comparative study of the quality of patchouli oil using Water-Steam Distillation (WSD) and Water Bubble Distillation (WBD) techniques has been studied. The raw materials were Patchouli plants from Samigaluh village, Kulon Progo district, Yogyakarta. This study is aimed to compare two distillation techniques in order to find out the optimal distillation technique to increase the content of patchouli alcohol (patchoulol) and the quality of patchouli oil. Pretreatment such as withering, drying, size reduction and light fermentation were intended to increase the yield. One kilogramm of patchouli was moisturized with 500 mL of aquadest. The light fermentation process was carried out for 20 hours in a dark container. Fermented patchouli was extracted for 6 hours using Water-Steam and Water Bubble Distillation techniques. Physical and chemical properties test of patchouli oil were performed using SNI standard No. SNI-06-2385-2006 and the chemical composition of patchouli oil was analysed by GC-MS. As the results, the higher yield oil is obtained using Water-Steam Distillation, i.e. 5.9% versus 2.4%. Spesific gravity, refractive index and acid number of patchouli oil in Water-Steam Distillation results did not meet the SNI standard, i.e. 0.991; 1.623 and 13.19, while the Water Bubble Distillation met the standard, i.e. 0.955; 1.510 and 6.61. The patchoulol content using Water Bubble Distillation technique is 61.53%, significant higher than those using Water-Steam Distillation, i.e. 38.24%. Thus, Water Bubble Distillation promises a potential technique to increase the content of patchoulol in the patchouli oil.
Patchouli essential oil (EO) from Pogostemon cablin (PC), is widely used in perfumery, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Being a well-known commodity and used in many products, pharmacological and biological properties of patchouli EO is well studied. However, wild patchouli species, P. heyneanus (PH) and P. plectranthoides (PP), are least studied in all aspects. The present study is aimed at preparation and characterization of EC/nanoemulsions of wild patchouli and to specifically study their antimicrobial and biofilm eradication activities against Shigella flexneri, multi-drug resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans in comparison with the commercial patchouli EO. The commercial and wild patchouli EOs showed wide variations in their chemical constituents as patchouli alcohol, acetophenone and atractylone were found to be the principal component of commercial (PC) and wild patchouli (PH and PP) EOs respectively. Among the EO nanoemulsions, PH EO nanoemulsion showed good stability and size on the first day and 45th day of preparation. Similarly, EO nanoemulsion of PH exhibited better antibacterial and anti-candida activities against the studied microbes than the other two EOs. In case of biofilm eradication activity, EOs of all three species eradicated the biofilms of S. mutans and S. aureus at a range of 30-50%. The study suggests that EO of PH possesses better antibacterial and anti-candida activities compared with the other two species.
Bioassay-guided fractionation of the aerial part of P. cablin revealed that fraction A3 of the water extract exhibited significant xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities (IC50 = 85.42 ± 1.71 μg/mL), which further led to the isolation of ten more bioactive compounds, including two new compounds (1 and 2). The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated by extensive spectral analysis. It is revealed that flavonoids and phenolic compounds were found to be responsible for the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of P. cablin. Especially, rosmarinic acid was found to be with potent XO inhibitory activity (IC50 = 8.53 ± 0.91 μg/mL).
Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) is an industrially valued aromatic medicinal plant currently having a huge demand for its essential oil. It is widely used in flavor and fragrance industries as well as in pharmaceuticals. Clonal propagation is therefore obligatory to obtain homogeneous patchouli plants from preferred germplasm in order to meet the global need. At present, farmers are showing keen interest towards its large scale cultivation mainly in the tropical and sub-tropical countries. Understanding the plant biology, chemistry and other uses allows better utilization of any industrial crops. Therefore, the present review discusses on the botany, agronomy and biotechnological aspects of patchouli. Also, the current market demand for patchouli raw material is being reviewed by highlighting the possible exploration of modern techniques in identifying the adulterants to authenticate this herb. This review provides a comprehensive information on both basic and applied aspects of patchouli crop cultivation and management. The applied aspect of patchouli biotechnology allows one to explore the newer potential for various industrial uses and improve the rural economy.
Essential oil, also known as ethereal oil or volatile oil is widely needed in daily life. A kind of essential oil is patchouli oil. In the international trade market, patchouli is traded in the form of oil and known as “patchouli oil”. Amongst various essential oils in Indonesia, patchouli oil is being a belle. Every year, more than 45% of foreign exchange gained from essential oils is from patchouli oil. In the term of patchouli oil, Indonesia plays a quiet significant role, approximately 90% of world’s demands for patchouli oil is met by Indonesia. This study was aimed at knowing how to treat the material and find out the appropriate distillation pressure to generate patchouli oil containing high patchouli alcohol and high yield. The method used was steam distillation which spent 6 hours long, with the operational pressure of 0, 1; 0, 2; 0, 3; 0, 4; 0, 5 kg/cm2, using patchouli leaves with three treatments are fresh leaves, aerated leaves and burned leaves in the oven. This study’s results concluded that: the best result was obtained from the burned leaves in the oven where the pressure was 0. 4 kg/cm2, yield 2%, containing patchouli alcohol 40. 06% and specific gravity was 0. 961. The treatment to materials and stem pressure are not significantly affecting the specific gravity of essential oil. The organoleptic test results showed that it produced various colors from light yellow until tawny and all of them have the typical smell of patchouli oil.
Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation (MAHD) is an advanced technique for extraction process, in which microwave heating process is used. MAHD and hydrodistillation (HD) methods have been studied and the results were compared for their effectiveness in the extraction of essential oils from patchouli leaves. In present study the MAHD methods was operated with some levels of electrical power. The results showed that MAHD methods can reduce the extraction time and increase the yield. MAHD was also found to be a green technology since it required less energy than HD. The energy consumption of HD is 30% higher than MAHD. The results also indicated that power levels of MAHD have significant effect on ultimate extraction yield and time consumption. The higher power of MAHD can obtained higher ultimate yield.
The Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) herbaceous medicinal plant is a member of the Lamiaceae family, and is grown for its essential oil extraction. Aromatic patchouli herbage after steam distillation of essential oil is currently a waste material that can be advantageously used in incense sticks production if dried and powdered to a suitable particle size. To use this waste spent charge (herbage after steam distillation) in the incense sticks production, drying study of this wet material was conducted. The drying characteristics of patchouli spent charge were studied under various methods, namely, tray, shade and sun drying. The initial drying bed thickness was uniformly maintained at 50 mm in all the methods and the spent charge was dried from 60%(wb) initial moisture to 8-9% final moisture. Under Bangalore climatic conditions (24.4-28°C; 25%-58% RH), patchouli spent charge required 46 h of drying time in shade while under sun, it took just 11 h of drying. In a convectional electrical tray dryer, the drying time at 50, 60 and 70°C was 10, 6 and 5 h, respectively.
Conventionally Patchouli Herbage (Pogostemon cablin) is shade dried for extraction of aromatic oil. However, improper drying results in poor yield and quality of the oil. A study was undertaken to find the effect of drying on the yield of volatile oil of Patchouli. Patchouli herbage was dried under forced flow system of drying in a mechanical drier at 40°C for 5 hours & 45°C for 4 hours and also shade dried for 45 hours. The essential oil was obtained by steam distillation from each treatment. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in the essential oil content of leaves dried by different drying methods. The volatile oil content of sample dried at 40°C was found to be 2.46%. In the case of 45°C drying air temperature, the oil content was 2.60%. The volatile oil content of shade-dried sample was 2.40%.
Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) is a plant from Lamiaceae family, well known for its medicinal and aromatic properties. Patchouli is grown for its essential oil. Patchouli essential oil is mainly obtained by steam distillation of the shade dried leaves. It is widely appreciated for its characteristic pleasant and long lasting woody, earthy, camphoraceous odour. It is especially notable as the essential oil extracted is internationally important and valuable, principally for the aromatherapy, perfumery, cosmetics, incense stick production and food flavouring industries. This review attempted to give an overview of the relationship between aromatherapy and essential oils, importance of patchouli, harvesting pattern of patchouli, basics behind drying and steam distillation of patchouli crop, as well as trends existing in the various markets for essential oil application and its importance to mankind.
A new octaketide, named cytosporone V (1), and two other known phenylethanoid glycosides (2-3), were isolated from the aerial parts of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. The structure of 1 was elucidated by a combination of extensive spectroscopic analyses, including extensive 2D NMR and HR-MS. Compounds 1-3 displayed weak antibacterial activity against two gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. All isolates were also evaluated for their antiproliferative activities against four human tumor cell lines (A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, and HCT-15). Compounds 2 and 3 showed significant cytotoxicity against A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, and HCT-15 cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 2.73 to 9.52μM.
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A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of nine major components including volatile and nonvolatile ingredients in POGOSTEMON CABLIN (Blanco) Benth. The analysis was performed on a Cosmosil 5 C18-AR-II column (4.6 mm − 250 mm, 5 mm) with 0.2% formic acid in water–acetonitrile gradient elution. The method was validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, precision, stability, and accuracy. It was found that the calibration curves for all analytes showed good linearity (R2 > 0.9991) within the test ranges. The overall limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) ere less than 36.32 and 122.09 ng. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for intra-day and inter-day repeatability were no more than 3.23% and 4.85%, respectively. The sample was stable for at least 48 hr. The spike recoveries of nine components were 96–106%. The established method was successfully applied to determine nine components in thirteen samples from different locations. The results showed that the newly developed HPLC-DAD method was sensitive, precise, and accurate and could be used for quality control of P. cablin.
Pogostone possesses potent anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities and has been used for the quality control of essential oil of Pogostemon cablin. Pogostone is easily absorbed after oral administration but its metabolism in mammals remains elusive.
To investigate the metabolic profile of pogostone in vitro and in vivo.
High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC–MS) techniques were employed. Orbitrap MS and ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) were utilised to analyse the metabolism of pogostone by virtue of the high sensitivity and high selectivity in the measurement. In vitro experiment was carried out using rat liver microsomes while the in vivo study was conducted on rats, which were orally administered with pogostone (80 mg/kg).
In total, three mono-hydroxylated, one di-hydroxylated, one mono-oxygenated, one di-oxygenated metabolite, one hydrolysis and one hydroxy conjugated metabolites were found. In addition hydroxylation was demonstrated to be a major metabolic pathway of pogostone.
LC–MS was demonstrated to be a powerful tool for the metabolite identification of pogostone. The tentative identification of metabolites provides an insight for the metabolic clues of pogostone.
Pre-treatment of patchouli lignocellullosic distillation waste with a consortium of microbes viz. Trichoderma harzianum – ATCC PTA-3701, Pseudomonas monteilii – HQ995498, Bacillus megaterium – ATCC 14581 and Azotobacter chroococcum – MTCC 446 significantly enhanced the bio-degradation of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin by 58.44%, 29.44% and 65.23%, respectively and improved the yield of vermicompost by 15%. Application of bioinoculant-enriched vermicompost (BEVC) in patchouli reduced the percent disease index (PDI) of Rhizoctonia root-rot by 36.36% and improved the essential oil yields by 59.74%, 37.70% and 37.96 as compared to plots receiving untreated (not enriched) vermicompost (VC), bioinoculant-enriched compost (BEC) and chemical fertilizers (CF), respectively. Furthermore, BEVC application resulted in a marked improvement in physical (bulk density and water holding capacity) and chemical properties (pH, percent organic carbon, available N, P and K) of the soil. In conclusion, BEVC from distillation waste can be safely utilized as a bio-organic input unambiguously particularly in situations where the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is restricted like organic agriculture.
Patchouli essential oil is an important raw material for the perfume and cosmetics industries, besides being used as a natural additive for food flavoring. Patchoulol and α-patchoulene are important compounds of patchouli essential oil, and their concentrations are directly proportional to the quality of the oil. Nowadays, the usual method employed to obtain patchouli essential oil is steam distillation; however, this causes thermal degradation of some oil compounds. In this study patchouli essential oil was extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) under different conditions of pressure (8.5 and 14 MPa) and temperature (40 and 50 °C) and also by steam distillation to compare the extraction methods. It was demonstrated that the extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide provided a higher yield and a better quality of patchouli essential oil.
A microwave radiation-accelerated ionic liquid pretreatment (MRAILP) was developed to enhance extraction of patchouli alcohol from Pogostemon cablin. 1-N-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C(4)mim]Cl) was selected as microwave absorbing and cellulose dissolution medium and microwave was applied to accelerate sample dissolution. The conditions of MRAILP including particle size, solvent, microwave pretreatment time and power and the ratio of ionic liquid (IL) to sample were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the extraction yield of patchouli alcohol by the MRAILP was 1.94%, which has increased by 166% compared with microwave-assisted extraction. The recovery was in the range of 95.71-103.7% with relative standard deviation lower than 3.0%. It was a novel alternative extraction method for the fast extraction and determination of patchouli alcohol from Pogostemon cablin.
Patchoulic oil, the volatile oil of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. and the Chinese crude drug Herba Pogostemonis, is widely used in the cosmetic and oral hygiene industries. Patchoulic alcohol is commonly used as an indicator for the quality assessment of dried P. cablin. However, the complexity of the herbal constituents makes it difficult for using conventional gas chromatography (GC) for analytical purpose. The present study established an accurate, sensitive and reproducible method for the quality assessment of the dried patchouli herb based on patchoulic alcohol content. A gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) method has been successfully developed and demonstrated for the determination of patchoulic alcohol content in the samples of dried P. cablin. The developed method was found to be convenient and facile in particular to tackle the complicated matrix problems always encountered in the herbs which contain high level of essential oils.
Pogostemon cablin, originating in Malaysia and India, is cultivated in southern China including Guangdong and Hainan Province, which was called GuangHuoXiang to differentiate it from the HuoXiang of the north, the species Agastache rugosa, that it resembles. Essential oil of P. cablin mainly contributes to the pharmacological activities and the therapeutic properties of the essential oils are directly correlated with their qualitative and quantitative composition. For controlling the quality, standard fingerprint of P. cablin collected from different regions was developed by using GC-MS. Nine compounds including beta-patchoulene, caryophyllene, alpha-guaiene, seychellene, beta-guaiene, delta-guaiene, spathulenol, patchouli alcohol and pogostone were identified among 10 main peaks in P. cablin. Hierarchical clustering analysis based on characteristics of 10 investigated peaks in GC profiles showed that 18 samples were divided into three main clusters, patchouliol-type, pogostone-type and an interim-type, which was the one between the two chemotypes. The simulative mean chromatogram for the three types P. cablin was generated using the Computer Aided Similarity Evaluation System. The fingerprint can help to distinguish the substitute or adulterant, and further assess the differences of P. cablin grown in various areas of China.
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