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Harmful environmental effects for textile chemical dyeing practice

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Abstract

It is very obvious that synthetic textile dyes represent a large group of organic compounds that may have adverse environmental effects and that certain organic dyes may also pose risks to humans. The growing uncertainty and challenge in the management of textile waste has contributed to a constant quest for efficient and commercially feasible new approaches. Until now, however, no efficient method has been found to remove both the color and the toxic properties of the dyes released into the environment. Hence, the production and use of synthetic dyes for textile dyeing is now a huge industry. Synthetic dyes have a wide range of bright colors. The use of synthetic dyes has a negative impact on all life forms. The presence of sulfur, naphthol, vat dyes, nitrates, acetate acid, and certain auxiliary chemicals together make the textile effluent highly toxic, e.g., copper, arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel or cobalt, and certain additives. Other noxious chemicals in water may include formaldehyde-based harmful agents, chlorinated stain removers, hydrocarbon-based softeners, and nonbiologically deteriorating toxic chemicals. The colloidal matter present in addition to the colors, the oily scum raises the turbidity, makes the water look bad and smell bad, and inhibits the sunlight required for photosynthesis to penetrate. That in effect interferes with the oxygen transport system on the air–water interface, which in turn interferes with marine life and water self-cleaning.

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... Acute exposure to these dyes can create serious 32 issues for the survival of fish and other aquatic species. Furthermore, the toxicity, 33 nonbiodegradability, and stability against different oxidizing agents also make it 34 difficult to separate or degrade these dye molecules on an industrial scale [3]. 35 In addition to dyes, many heavy metal ions equally contribute to the contam- 36 ination of our natural water resources. ...
... 246 Every year, more than 2% of the manufactured dyes are released directly into 247 aqueous effluent. Globally, the entire dye usage in the textile sector is more than 248 10,000 tons per year, and roughly 100 tons per year are discharged directly into 249 water streams [33]. 250 It may be noted that the adsorbents cannot be recycled in most cases, and the 251 process of chemiagglomeration leads to environmental contamination by creating 252 A. K. Sharma et al. colloidal substances in water waste. ...
Chapter
In the present era, treatment of industrially polluted wastewater is a challenging task as it requires the use of toxic chemicals and complex procedures during industrial-scale treatment. The contamination of water with toxic metal ions and dyes not only destroys the aquatic species but also produces many adverse effects on many living and nonliving species. Soft materials, including hydrogels, microgels, nanogels, and related nanocomposites, have provided a better alternative to resolve the issues related to water contamination. Recently, the soft materials obtained from natural backbones have become popular due to their unique features such as biodegradability and cost-effectiveness. The desired properties among such materials can be introduced by controlling the cross-linking strategies, fabrication methods, and choice of monomers. This chapter highlights the recent applications and perspectives of soft material-based devices for wastewater treatments. Also, an overview of the challenges faced during wastewater treatments and alternatives to such problems is provided.
... Heavy elements like mercury, cadmium, arsenic, etc. that are necessary in the synthesis of fabric dye colour pigments, and aromatic complexes have been detected in textile effluent. The creation of textile dye colour pigments requires an abundance of heavy metals like mercury, cadmium, arsenic, etc. [13]. Along with the wastewater, A Review on Elimination of Colour and Dye Products from Industrial Effluent DOI: http://dx.doi.org ...
... The soil quality and crop germination rates suffered when farmers in underdeveloped nations used wastewater containing untreated industrial effluents to irrigate their agricultural holdings. Azo dyes released into water diminish light penetration, has an impact on aquatic plant and algae development [13]. Furthermore, the colours that fish as well as living creatures perceive may be converted in its bodies to dangerous intermediate chemicals that could be hazardous to the fish's welfare and to the well-being of their predators [19]. ...
Chapter
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Every industry now takes clean technology very seriously. Particularly in textile dying facilities, a lot of water, energy, dyeing colours, and chemicals are used. Significant issues with air and water pollution may result from this. The wastewater is quite colourful and smells poisonous. It also has high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels. Reactive dyes found in wastewater include orange OGR, red DB-8, black DN, and turquoise DG. It has been demonstrated that the type of dye, the dosage of coagulant, and the pH of the sample all affect how effectively dye is removed. Also, the effectiveness of COD and colour elimination in single-stage and multi-stage ozonation-biological process methods were studied. The functional groups of azo dye are changed by ozonation to produce more readily removable biodegradable byproducts. Ozonation changes the functional groups in azo dye, resulting in more biologically degradable byproducts that are simply eliminated through biological treatment. Activated sludge treatment as well as the coagulation-flocculation technique with 80% waste water removal efficiency. Sequencing batch reactor is a fill-and- draw activated sludge-based system for wastewater treatment and has been proposed as an alternative technique for treating industrial effluents. We briefed a promising novel technology for textile effluent de-colorisation in this chapter.
... This article aims to review the recent research on photocatalysis for wastewater treatment, focusing on the following aspects: (1) the types and sources of organic pollutants in wastewater; (2) the principles and mechanisms of photocatalysis; (3) the synthesis and characterization of various photocatalysts, including metal oxides, metal sulfides, carbon-based materials, and hybrid composites; (4) the factors affecting the photocatalytic performance, such as light source, pH, temperature, catalyst dosage, and coexisting substances; (5) the design and operation of different photocatalytic reactors, such as batch, continuous, and hybrid systems; and (6) the evaluation and comparison of the photocatalytic efficiency, stability, and cost-effectiveness. The article also discusses the challenges and opportunities for the future development of photocatalysis for wastewater treatment [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. ...
... However, these two classifications are not mutually exclusive, as some dyes belong to more than one coloristic group or can be applied to multiple substrates, while others are specific to a single group or substrate. The Color Index uses both classifications to catalog all the dyes and pigments that are commercially available for various coloration applications, such as textiles, plastics, paints, inks, and liquids [10][11][12][13][18][19][20]. ...
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This article reports on the synthesis, characterization, and application of titanium dioxide quantum dots (TDS) for wastewater treatment. Three TDS samples were synthesized via a low-temperature precipitation method with calcination at 280°C (TDS1), 290°C (TDS2), and 300°C (TDS3). Characterization techniques such as X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the high crystallinity, purity, and quantum confinement of the TDS with sizes of 3.1, 5.5, and 8.5 nm, respectively. The photocatalytic activity of TDS was evaluated by degrading Congo red dye under xenon lamp irradiation. TDS1, with the smallest size of 3.1 nm and the largest bandgap of 3.09 eV, showed the highest photodegradation rate of 22.49 × 10⁻³ S⁻¹. TDS1 also showed effective degradation of real industrial textile wastewater under sunlight over nine repeated cycles of use. The antibacterial activity of TDS against Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans was demonstrated, with the highest inhibition by TDS1 attributed to its higher surface area. Overall, the study shows the high photocatalytic and antimicrobial potential of synthesized TDS, especially the smallest 3.1 nm TDS1 sample. The recycling results also showcase the reusability of TDS for wastewater treatment.
... Annually, the global production of synthetic dyes exceeds 7×10 7 tons, with the textile industry alone utilizing over 10 4 tons of these colorants (Chandanshive et al., 2020). Textile wastewater is laden with various toxic substances, including dyes, aromatic compounds, and heavy metals such as mercury, chromium, cadmium, lead and arsenic, essential for producing colour pigments in textile dyes (Singha et al., 2021). The rising unpredictability and challenges in handling textile waste have spurred an ongoing quest for novel techniques that are both efficient and economically feasible (Singha et al., 2021). ...
... Textile wastewater is laden with various toxic substances, including dyes, aromatic compounds, and heavy metals such as mercury, chromium, cadmium, lead and arsenic, essential for producing colour pigments in textile dyes (Singha et al., 2021). The rising unpredictability and challenges in handling textile waste have spurred an ongoing quest for novel techniques that are both efficient and economically feasible (Singha et al., 2021). ...
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The World Health Organization has reported that over 1 million individuals drink contaminated water, resulting in over 30,000 deaths daily. Every year, over 7×107 tons of synthetic dyes are produced globally, with the textile industry utilizing over 104 tons of such materials. To protect freshwater from pollutants, wastewater treatment methods such as permeable reactive barrier disinfection use activated carbon. Bamboo charcoal is an emerging substance with great potential in this area. Bamboos represent a renewable biological resource for long-term development. This paper reviews the dye removal processes that can be utilized to avoid water pollution, using bamboo charcoal as a natural adsorbent. A literature search using used various keywords from several bibliographic databases yielded seven studies that supported the adsorptive properties of bamboo charcoal. These investigations used FTIR, EDS, SEM and XRD to demonstrate the porous nature of bamboo charcoal, activated bamboo charcoal and/or modified bamboo charcoal, as well as showing the effects of pH and temperature on dye removal. The best-fitting kinetic model and isotherm data were identified. Bamboo charcoal was an effective adsorbent, while modified or activated bamboo charcoal rapidly increased absorptive capacity, indicating the future potential of bamboo charcoal in the cleaning up of water pollutants and contributing to a clean environment.
... Emerging economies such as Turkey are among the leading producers and exporters globally [3]. Aside from the water-intensive textile sector, wastewater generated from textile manufacturing processes contains solvents, chemicals, dyes, and salts that are harmful to the environment [4,5]. Today, the textile industry is responsible for approximately 10% of carbon emissions and 20% of clean water pollution [6]. ...
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The global push for sustainability has driven firms to adopt green supply chain management (GSCM) practices to mitigate environmental impacts and enhance performance. However, the link between GSCM and environmental performance (EP) remains inconclusive, particularly in developing economies and polluting industries, such as textiles. This study investigates the impact of GSCM on EP in the Turkish textile sector, addressing gaps in the understanding of the mediating role of competitive pressure (CP) and the moderating influence of adaptive green culture (AGC). Grounded in the natural resource-based view (NRBV) and stakeholder theory, this study employs a quantitative approach. Data were collected through a structured survey of 408 Turkish textile industry managers using purposive sampling. The findings confirm that GSCM positively affects EP and CP and that CP mediates the relationship between GSCM and EP. AGC further enhances the direct and indirect effects of GSCM on EP. This research contributes by demonstrating how cultural adaptability and competitive pressure optimize green practices, providing valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners seeking to advance sustainable supply chains in emerging economies.
... красителей, используемых в текстильных, лакокрасочных и целлюлозно-бумажных производствах, вследствие недостаточной очистки сточных вод или ее полного отсутствия попадает в окружающую среду [2,3]. Загрязнение природных водоемов синтетическими красителями снижает концентрацию растворенного кислорода в воде, препятствует проникновению солнечного света, что негативно сказывается на жизнедеятельности гидробионтов [4]. Синтетические красители также характеризуются крайне низкой биоразлагаемостью, высокой устойчивостью в окружающей среде и способностью к образованию токсичных полупродуктов, а также ярко выраженной биоаккумуляцией в трофических цепях. ...
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Many works have been devoted to the issues of wastewater treatment from organic ecotoxicants, while the search for alternative reagents and technologies for their destruction due to the limitations and disadvantages of classical methods remains relevant. Due to the active growth of production and consumption rates and the strong negative impact on the environment, pollution of natural water sources with wastewater containing synthetic dyes is an extremely serious environmental problem. As an alternative to traditional methods of ozonation and chlorination, the article considers the possibility of using peroxodisulfuric acid (H2S2O8) as a promising oxidant of synthetic dyes in wastewater using the example of model pollutants: fuchsin, methylene blue, bromocresol green, methyl red and rhodamine C. It was found that in pure form peroxodisulfuric acid oxidizes no more than 40% by weight of the dye, but the introduction of iron (II) compounds as catalyst into the system increases the degree of destruction by up to 90%. The optimal doses of the oxidant and the catalyst were determined, and the rates of destruction were calculated. It is noted that an increase in the dose of the oxidant and catalyst above the optimal one reduces the efficiency of destruction. The combined use of iron compounds and peroxodisulfuric acid makes it possible to accelerate the destruction of methyl red by 5 times, methylene blue by 10 times, rhodamine C by 18 times, bromocresol green by 58 times and fuchsin by 3 times compared with individual H2S2O8. The data obtained indicate the high prospects of using the H2S2O8-Fe(II) system in the processes of oxidation of organic dyes in wastewater. For citation: Liubushkin T.G., Kuzin E.N., Ivantsova N.A., Konkova T.V. Assessment of the possibility of using peroxodisuluric acid in the treatment processes of wastewater containing synthetic dyes. ChemChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2025. V. 68. N 1. P. 120-126. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20256801.7124.
... In recent years, despite the development of textile processes with unique properties such as heat resistance [9], protective against harmful rays [10], fire resistant and antibacterial and self-cleaning [11], with the help of nanotechnology [12], exposure to harmful factors in the workplaces is still known as the most important factor for threatening the health of employees [13,14]. For example, industrial colors, which are known as harmful chemical compounds, have a wide usage in textile industries [15]. Methylene blue (MB) is the most common organic dye used in textile industries. ...
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The synthesis method of nanomaterials is known as one of the challenges in nanotechnology. In classical methods of synthesis, a chemical substance is used as the reducing agent, provoking safety and environmental concerns. To solve these concerns, nanotechnology is being pushed to the “green” side. In this regard, this research attempts to present a green technique using sour cherry pomace extract for the synthesis of zin oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), which can be used as an effective light absorber and photocatalyst in textile industry. In this study, ZnO nanoparticles have been synthesized using sour cherry pomace extract. To optimize the synthesis, various pH, temperature and concentration of metallic salt were examined. Characteristics of nanomaterials were identified by UV–vis spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier infrared transformation spectroscopy (FTIR). Also, photocatalytic activity was evaluated under visible light. The XRD pattern confirmed peaks for ZnO-NPs. UV–vis spectroscopy showed a peak absorbance in 355 nm for ZnO-NPs. Also, ZnO NPs had the spherical shape with a range size from 16.22 to 53.78 nm. The FTIR spectra verified the existence of the reducing agents in extract. Photocatalytic performance showed that after 30 min, 40.19% color degradation occurs at initial ZnO-NPs concentration of 3g/L and finally, absorption peak of color was almost disappeared after 300 min. The green synthesis using pomace plants can be a cost–benefit approach and replaced to common chemical methods. In addition, these nanoparticles are an effective light absorber and photocatalyst that can be effectively used in the development of textile industries.
... Hence, an increasing number of scientists are focused on developing an eco-friendly extract from sustainable sources. [1][2][3][4][5] Plant tissue extracts have many applications, including medicinal, cosmeceuticals, functional food, and textile finishing. The utilization of plant tissue in dyeing and clothing was found in various forms like paste, dye bath, fixative, bacteria, and extract, etc. ...
... The Zero Waste Indonesia Community reports that textile waste in Indonesia reaches almost 80% of the total waste produced. As a result, the textile apparel industry comes under heavy criticism for the use of harmful chemicals (Rausch & Kopplin, 2021;Singha et al., 2021). This development is driving a paradigm shift among consumers towards more sustainable and environmentally friendly clothing choices. ...
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The textile industry has been a critical driver of global economic growth in recent decades. However, this growth is inextricably linked to its environmental impact. The textile industry causes significant environmental issues, including water pollution from dyes, high water usage, and greenhouse gas emissions. Understanding these specific environmental issues highlights the need to explore solutions, such as using eco-friendly clothing. This study aims to identify the factors that influence generation Z consumers' preferences for eco-friendly clothing products in Indonesia by adopting the theoretical framework of the Information-Motivation-Behavioural Skills (IMB) model. The IMB model was chosen for its comprehensive approach to explaining how information and motivation, combined with behavioral skills, drive consumer actions, making it suitable for analyzing sustainable purchasing behavior. 201 generation Z respondents in Indonesia completed the survey using consecutive sampling. The data was then analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results showed a positive and significant influence between green self-concept and subjective norm on the purchase intention of environmentally friendly clothing. However, green clothing knowledge's effect on purchase intention was not statistically significant. Further results found that green clothing self-efficacy can mediate the influence of green self-concept and subjective norm on green clothing purchase intention. However, green self-efficacy has not been proven to mediate the effect of environmental apparel knowledge on purchase intention.
... Among the inorganic contaminants are heavy metals (mercury, chromium, cadmium, lead, arsenic) necessary for producing fabric pigments, sodium chloride (NaCl), and sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ), used as electrolytes in the dye bath. These promote the exhaustion of the dye, making it susceptible to approach to hydrogen bonds, aiding its effectiveness in bonding with the fiber (Singha et al., 2021). ...
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A água, como recurso vital, desempenha um papel crucial nas atividades humanas, notadamente na indústria têxtil, cujas operações podem impactar significativamente a qualidade desse recurso. É imperativo explorar soluções, como a adoção de processos oxidativos avançados, que englobam a degradação dos corantes presentes nos efluentes por meio da ação dos radicais hidroxila. A fim de avaliar a eficácia desse tratamento, são realizados testes de fitotoxicidade aguda para analisar as respostas de organismos vegetais aos efluentes. Diante disso, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a fitotoxicidade aguda de um efluente têxtil real submetido aos tratamentos de fotocatálise heterogênea e foto-fenton homogêneo. Testes de fitotoxicidade aguda foram realizados com sementes de pepino (Cucumis sativus) e rabanete (Raphanus sativus), tanto para o efluente tratado quanto innatura. Os resultados revelaram uma sensibilidade das sementes de pepino ao efluente in natura e resistência às sementes de rabanete. Em relação aos efluentes fototratados, os resultados mostraram o aumento da taxa de germinação das sementes e contribuíram para potencializar essa germinação. Também foram realizados testes fitotóxicos com cloreto de sódio e sulfato de sódio, substâncias geralmente utilizadas no processo têxtil, e pôde-se comprovar a toxicidade dessas substâncias nas sementes de pepino e rabanete.
... 47 This process is regarded as a "green" process as the lipids can then be safely diverted to wastewater streams where the chemicals are readily degraded. 48 To the authors' knowledge, there is limited toxicity information regarding these PAs to support the value predicted by the MS2Tox model. Nevertheless, other surfactants are known to have adverse impacts on human and environmental health. ...
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Recycled textiles are becoming widely available to consumers as manufacturers adopt circular economy principles to reduce the negative impact of garment production. Still, the quality of the source material directly impacts the final product, where the presence of harmful chemicals is of utmost concern. Here, we develop a risk-based suspect and non-targeted screening workflow for the detection, identification, and prioritization of the chemicals present in consumer-based recycled textile products after manufacture and transport. We apply the workflow to characterize 13 recycled textile products from major retail outlets in Sweden. Samples were extracted and analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). In positive and negative ionization mode, 20,119 LC-HRMS features were detected and screened against persistent, mobile, and toxic (PMT) as well as other textile-related chemicals. Six substances were matched with PMT substances that are regulated in the European Union (EU) with a Level 2/3 confidence. Forty-three substances were confidently matched with textile-related chemicals reported for use in Sweden. For estimating the relative priority score, aquatic toxicity and concentrations were predicted for 7416 features with tandem mass spectra (MS²) and used to rank the non-targeted features. The top 10 substances were evaluated due to elevated environmental risk linked to the recycling process and potential release at end-of-life.
... Disperse dyeing of PET may be achieved and enhanced either by using high temperature (≈130°C) or by dyeing at boil in the presence of carrier to accelerate exhaust of its dyeing, or by padding technique using an appropriate dispersing agent followed by dyeing and then curing at 190-220°C [5,6]. Disperse dyeing of PET in the presence of carrier has significant negative impacts such as toxicity, unpleasant odor as well as environmental pollution and contaminations [7]. ...
... The use of heavy metals such as cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium and arsenic are necessary in the production of textile dyes, but their colored effluents are toxic and can damage cells. It is also responsible for causing permanent problem with human's immune systems and various diseases including kidney disease and cancer [22][23]. ...
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Aims: to revisited new method of producing dyes which is safer for the human health using new unusual source of natural based dyes produce by live cell of bacteria which is engineered biotechnologically. Discussion: due to the importance of textile to human life and along with the post modern era, textile products play a vital role in meeting not just man's basic needs, but far beyond. Textile dyeing process need certain dye to make it looks better, comfortable and give certain self-confident to their user. Unfortunately, classic synthetic dyes use for a traditional dyeing techniques. These substances are known to be toxic and can cause various health issues. Hence, biotechnology improvement in using dye from bioengineered bacteria offer a breakthrough in a safer and eco-friendly textile industry. The challenges include the lack of awareness due to not much knowledge about this breakthrough and moreover how to push this approach, which is currently still on a limited lab scale, into a massive and widespread industrial existence. Conclusion: Environmental and health issues regarding the use of conventional dyes leading to increased awareness of good practice of textile industry. Biotechnology offers alternative approach of safer and responsible dyeing with genetically engineered bacteria. This become the most recent Minireview Article
... Additionally, global cotton production uses 24% of all insecticides and 11% of all pesticides, which negatively affects air, soil, and water quality [6]. The dyeing and finishing processes, transforming raw materials into fabric, involve nearly 8000 chemicals, posing environmental risks if not managed properly [7]. Annually, around 70 million barrels of oil are used to produce synthetic polyester fibers. ...
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Climate change is a paramount challenge of our era, with profound implications for various sectors, including the apparel industry, known for its extensive environmental footprint throughout the entire clothing lifecycle. This study assesses the industry’s carbon emission trends using six years of data (2017–2022) focusing on Scope 1 and Scope 2. Employing a one-way repeated measures ANOVA, this study evaluates the impact of sustainability strategies on emissions. The results indicate a notable decrease in Scope 2 and overall carbon emissions, while Scope 1 emissions remain relatively unchanged despite a downward trend. These findings underscore the success of current sustainability measures in reducing emissions, especially in Scope 2, and highlight the need for ongoing and intensified efforts in Scope 1 areas. This research offers valuable insights into the apparel industry’s environmental impact, emphasizing the critical role of continued strategic actions in addressing climate change.
... The unprocessed effluent generated by the textile sector is widely acknowledged as the main contributor to water contamination, it contains owing to its significant quantity and elevated concentrations of dyes and other persistent pollutants that pose a threat to the environment [77]. The discharge of dye pollutants has a detrimental impact on the aquatic ecosystem, as they obstruct sunlight and diminish the availability of oxygen. ...
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Dyes used in the textile industry pollute many bodies of water, and the continuous release of this colored water into aquatic environments without treatment is one of the major challenges in the world. Textile dyes reduce water quality and visual appeal, increase biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), inhibit photosynthesis, enter the food chain, accumulate in organisms, promote toxicity and mutagenicity, and cause cancer. Conventional methods are ineffective in removing these pollutants. Therefore, searching for new, environmentally friendly, effective, low-cost, and sustainable technologies to remove these pollutants has become necessary. One of these methods is the biological method based on algae. Microalgae has unique properties that make it a promising solution for removing industrial dye pollutants, such as rapid growth and high density; it tolerates difficult growth conditions and converts pollutants and nutrients into high-value and economical compounds. This review provides a comprehensive overview of dyes used in the textile industry, their environmental and health impacts, and physical, chemical, and biological dye removal mechanisms with pros and cons, emphasizing the algae-based biological method of dye removal from industrial wastewater.
... Ã denote statistical significance at 10%. (Singha et al., 2021). Our findings suggest that industry and emissions of carbon in Sub-Saharan Africa will rise in proportion as trade opens up. ...
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This study investigated how trade openness influenced the connection between industrialization and emissions of carbon in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We utilized purposive sampling technique to select 28 SSA countries from 2003 to 2021. The study used Generalised Methods of Moments as the main estimator and Pooled Mean Group as the robustness estimator for the empirical analysis. The findings revealed that industrialization positively impacts carbon emissions in SSA nations. Additionally, the link between industrialization and carbon emissions in SSA nations is positively moderated by trade openness. The findings validate the necessity for governments in Sub-Saharan African nations to restructure their industrialization initiatives in order to lower emissions of carbon. Additionally, strict measures should be implemented to regulate free trade in the SSA region.
... Azo dyes, characterized by the presence of one or more azo groups in their structure, constitute the largest category (more than 60%) among diverse textile dye groups and are extensively utilized in the textile industry (Ayed et al. 2011;Bhattacharya et al. 2018;Thangaraj et al. 2021). Suboptimal dyeing processes lead to the release of 15-50% of azo dyes that fail to bind to fibers into wastewater (Chung 1983;Singha et al. 2021). While certain textile facilities treat their wastewater to break down free azo dyes before discharge, others directly release untreated industrial effluents into water bodies, engendering grave ecotoxicological risks and harmful impacts on organisms (Shiozawa et al. 1999;Singh et al. 2000). ...
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The textile industry, with its extensive use of dyes and chemicals, stands out as a significant source of water pollution. Exposure to certain textile dyes, such as azo dyes and their breakdown products like aromatic amines, has been associated with health concerns like skin sensitization, allergic reactions, and even cancer in humans. Annually, the worldwide production of synthetic dyes approximates 7 × 10⁷ tons, of which the textile industry accounts for over 10,000 tons. Inefficient dyeing procedures result in the discharge of 15–50% of azo dyes, which do not adequately bind to fibers, into wastewater. This review delves into the genotoxic impact of azo dyes, prevalent in the textile industry, on aquatic ecosystems and human health. Examining different families of textile dye which contain azo group in their structure such as Sudan I and Sudan III Sudan IV, Basic Red 51, Basic Violet 14, Disperse Yellow 7, Congo Red, Acid Red 26, and Acid Blue 113 reveals their carcinogenic potential, which may affect both industrial workers and aquatic life. Genotoxic and carcinogenic characteristics, chromosomal abnormalities, induced physiological and neurobehavioral changes, and disruptions to spermatogenesis are evident, underscoring the harmful effects of these dyes. The review calls for comprehensive investigations into the toxic profile of azo dyes, providing essential insights to safeguard the aquatic ecosystem and human well-being. The importance of effective effluent treatment systems is underscored to mitigate adverse impacts on agricultural lands, water resources, and the environment, particularly in regions heavily reliant on wastewater irrigation for food production.
... Bleaching and mercerization are two methods that enhance cotton's properties by introducing chemicals including formaldehyde, acetic acid, chlorine bleaching powder and aqueous sodium hydroxide. There is a significant detrimental impact on the environment from the chemicals and dyes used in printing, finishing and washing cotton clothing (Singha et al., 2021). The advent of organic cotton was prompted by these concerns. ...
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Textile and garments production involves a wide range of steps, beginning with the spinning of fibers into yarn, then manufacturing to fabric and finally, adding value-enhancing treatments like washing, dyeing and finishing to the outfits. Frequently, these manufacturing processes contravene the overarching tenets of environmental viability. Compounded by escalating demand for apparel products, manufacturers exhibit diminished enthusiasm for the implementation of ecologically conscientious and sustainable production methodologies. Therefore, the fast swings in fashion trends and the shortening of vogue cycles are major accelerators for the disruption of ecological balance. In more recent times, a profusion of pioneering initiatives and advancements have been instigated to sustainable remedies within the production and consumption paradigms of the contemporary clothing sector. Moreover, sustainable techniques within the apparel sector encompass not just environmentally friendly supply chain control, but also the facilitation of a cost-effective and socially agreeable production setup. Future considerations and developments in sustainability in spinning, fabric production, wet processing, and garment manufacturing are explored in this review article. It delves into environmental issues and the ways in which modern clothing brands promote sustainable technologies and materials.
... Dyes are particularly poisonous, carcinogenic, and mutagenic due to their complex aromatic structures, high stability, and solubility in water, and they may significantly alter photosynthetic activity. (Singha et al., 2021;Olasehinde and Abegunde, 2020a;Shah et al., 2020). Methyl green (MG) represents a basic triphenylmethane-type dicationic dye with a positive charge on the molecule that can interact with negatively charged sites in a variety of applications (Mosleh et al., 2019). ...
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This research presents a facile and inexpensive method for synthesizing ZnO nanoparticles using Nauclea latifolia fruit extract as a bioreductant and stabilizer. The prepared particles were characterized using some analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD) for crystallinity and phase identification, scanning electron mi�croscopy (SEM) to study surface morphology, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for functional groups analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for grain size analysis, UV–Vis spectroscopy for optical properties, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) for surface area analysis. XRD analysis revealed a hexagonal wurtzite structure with an average crystallite size of 14.40 nm. FTIR showed absorption peaks at 3659, 1341, and 460 cm�1 , corresponding to hydroxyl, carboxylic, and Zn–O, respectively. SEM image showed an agglomerated surface morphology with a flower-like shape. TEM estimated the particle size range to be 12.54–17.35 nm. UV–Vis scanning showed a broad peak at 373 nm. BET revealed 277.420 m2/g as the specific surface area. A batch adsorption experiment conducted on the performance of the nanoparticles for methyl green (MG) removal from aqueous solution showed highest efficiency of 99.96% at 60 min agitation time and pH of 7, with 0.05 g of the ZnO NPs, confirming the efficiency of the particles. The results of adsorption modelling revealed that the adsorption data were best fit to Freundlich isotherm and general-order kinetic models. Thermodynamic investi�gation confirmed the adsorption process as spontaneous, feasible, endothermic, and physical. Finally, the simplicity of the synthesis method and the performance evaluation of the ZnO nanoparticles indicate that an efficient and cost-effective adsorbent for MG recovery from aqueous solution has been successfully prepared
... In the manufacturing of fashion and textiles, approximately, 8000 different chemicals are used, which causes substantial amount of environmental pollution [73]. The application of biomaterials like BC can provide a solution to the environmental pollution due to its biocompatibility, renewability, and non-toxicity [23]. ...
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... Around 10% of dyes used in industry are released into water, posing a threat to the environment [1][2][3]. Coloured water results from dye diffusion into water bodies, which is a visible public concern [4,5]. One of the biggest problems with the environment is wastewater that has been polluted by dyes because of its bright colours, complex compositions, and limited biodegradability [6]. ...
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... Soil pollution occurs through the use of pesticides, the seeping of polluted water into the soil, and the huge amount of textile waste that reaches landfills. Fibres or chemicals degrade under the influence of air, water, or sunshine, and they can turn in the process into hazardous agents [24,25]. Several harmful degradation products made from nylon, polyester, or other polymeric materials that have been dumped in water streams and end up in landfills serve as examples of the issue [26]. ...
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... Textile wastewater contains various pollutants including organic compounds and heavy metals, which can have adverse effects on human health if exposed to contaminated water or food chain. The use of heavy metals such as cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium and arsenic are necessary in the production of textile dyes (Singha et al., 2021), but their colored effluents are toxic that can cause various diseases including cancer. For example, the toxicity of azo dyes derived from benzidine and its derivatives and their relationship with human bladder cancer have been observed (Tounsadi et al., 2020). ...
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In our day to day life, the environmental conditions, and especially the temperature and humidity of the air that surrounds us, go unnoticed. However, in many cases, these parameters play an important role in the use of materials since they modify their electrical properties. It is necessary to predict what this behaviour will be as these environmental conditions can introduce or improve desirable properties in the material, especially of textiles. The nature of these is to be dielectric, and therefore have a minimal DC electrical conductivity that is currently impossible to measure directly, so a methodology has been proposed to obtain the DC electrical resistivity through the method of discharging a condenser. For this purpose, a system was developed based on a static voltmeter, a climatic chamber and a control and data capture units. In order to validate the proposed system and methodology a study using both is described in this work. The study made it possible to verify that the most influential factor in establishing the values of the electrical parameters of a textile material is the nature of the fibres of which it is composed, although the influence of environmental conditions in fibres is also significant.
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Increasing customer demand for durable and functional apparel manufactured in a sustainable manner has created an opportunity for nanomaterials to be integrated into textile substrates. Nanomoieties can induce stain repellence, wrinkle-freeness, static elimination, and electrical conductivity to fibers without compromising their comfort and flexibility. Nanomaterials also offer a wider application potential to create connected garments that can sense and respond to external stimuli via electrical, color, or physiological signals. This review discusses electronic and photonic nanotechnologies that are integrated with textiles and shows their applications in displays, sensing, and drug release within the context of performance, durability, and connectivity. Risk factors including nanotoxicity, nanomaterial release during washing, and environmental impact of nanotextiles based on life cycle assessments have been evaluated. This review also provides an analysis of nanotechnology consolidation in the textiles market to evaluate global trends and patent coverage, supplemented by case studies of commercial products. Perceived limitations of nanotechnology in the textile industry and future directions are identified.
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Background: Dyed used cotton textiles is a waste material associated with environmental problems. In this study, waste dyed cotton fabrics were used as feedstock for production of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) with Gluconacetobacter xylinus and production of enzymes with Trichoderma reesei via enzymatic saccharification. Results: Reactive dyes caused almost no inhibition of the cellulase activity at a concentration of 5 g/L, but decreased the BNC production at concentrations higher than 1 g/L. The BNC yield reached 12.8 g/L with cotton hydrolysate, which was 48% higher than with glucose-based medium. The spent fermentation broth after BNC harvest was subsequently utilized for enzyme production. Cellulase activities produced by T. reesei reached 5.3 U/mL with spent detoxified purple bed sheet (PBS) hydrolysate, and 8.2 U/mL with 2-fold diluted spent PBS hydrolysate, which was almost the same or higher than with glucose medium (5.6 U/mL). The xylanase activities (60.2 U/mL and 88.0 U/mL) obtained with the two media were 3–4 times higher than that obtained with the glucose medium (21.0 U/mL). Conclusion: This approach could contribute to economical conversion of cellulosic waste to two high value-added microbial products, while also providing new raw materials for a more sustainable textile industry.
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The present study utilizes salt free dyeing on cotton which would not contribute to environmental pollution an undertaken to explore promising approach to reduce cost of dye process. The salt free dyeing used to dye cotton. In conventional Method of dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes, alkali PH is should maintain in the dye bath. This method requires more electrolytes for exhaustion and alkali for fixation. In this paper the fibre modification technique based on polyacrylamide was discussed. When the fabric is treated with polyacrylamide (chitosan), the primary hydroxyl groups of cellulose is (partially) modified into amide groups, which intern leads the cellulose to act like as wool fibre and hence reactive dyes can be dyed on cotton at neutral PH in the absence of electrolyte and alkali.
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Aerospace design philosophies are used to discuss critically, the suitability of composite materials to primary structural applications. The principal issues limiting the use of composites, compression after impact performance and high cost, are examined in terms of material/manufacturing form and environmental conditioning. The material types investigated consist of thermoset and thermoplastic matrix reinforced unidirectional prepreg tape and textile manufactured architectures.
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Plasma technology is currently implemented in a wide range of industrial processes due to high efficiency, low environmental impact and simplicity. Low-temperature plasma treatment can be an alternative to traditional wet processes in textile preparation and finishing, causing modification of the fibre surface, which is mainly responsible for the material end-use properties i.e. wettability, dyeability, printability, shrinking, pilling etc. Appropriate choice of gas and control of plasma operation conditions provide a variety of effects on textiles (improvement of dyeability, printability and colour fastness, improvement of adhesion properties of coated fabrics, increase in hydrophobicity and water resistance, etc.). However, in spite of extraordinary efficiency, multifunctionality and simplicity, low-temperature plasma treatments still cannot replace all wet finishing processes, though they can be viable pretreatments that offer plenty of environmental and economical benefits.
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Textile wet processing such as dyeing and functional finishing consume a large amount of energy. Today scenario in the textile processing industries required for the conservation of energy or usage of low amount of energy. This can be achieved using different methods such as the use of ultrasound technology, ultraviolet technology, ozone technology, plasma technology, gamma irradiation, laser technology, microwave, e‐beam irradiator, ion implantation technology, supercritical carbon dioxide dyeing technology, etc. These techniques have been studied and used for a variety of medium of applications like liquids, dispersions, and polymers. These novel dyeing and processing technologies hold a promise for the applications in the field of textiles. The ultrasound dyeing technique can be very accurately employed for dyeing of the various textile fibers like cotton, silk, nylon, polyester, etc., with the different shade of various dye like reactive, vat, acid etc. The absorbility (% exhaustion and fixation) of the textile materials, their K/S value (color value), and fastness properties have been significantly improved even at a shorter dyeing time and lower dyeing temperature. Thus, by using these novel dyeing and finishing process for the textile materials we can achieve low cost, low effluent, eco‐friendly, and sustainable approach without compromising the efficiency.
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Technologies based on nanomaterials are gaining increased attention as a promising method for the removal of contaminants and inactivation/killing of pathogenic microorganisms. Plasmonic nanomaterials prove to be promising in this field due to their tailored properties, including optical, photothermal, conducive, and catalytic properties. These properties have been widely used for the design of efficient materials for the environmental applications by improving the light absorption efficiency, redox reaction kinetic rates, and charge separation efficiency. In the current review, the tailored properties of plasmonic nanomaterials and how they are employed for the design of efficient environment-functional materials are discussed in detail. A number of examples for the development of composite plasmonic nanostructures such as metal/semiconductor, metal/insulator/semiconductor, and metal/semiconductor/semiconductor are provided. In addition, the recent achievements in plasmonic nanomaterials for the removal of contaminants (in both liquid and gaseous media) and the inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms are described with a number of examples. The major challenges in employing plasmonic nanomaterials for environmental applications are identified as: (1) complete mineralization of contaminants must be achieved in some cases due to the potential risks of intermediates; (2) the cost of plasmonic nanomaterials and the associated treatment processes need to be significantly decreased; (3) the stability of plasmonic nanomaterials in real environmental matrices is urgently needed to be improved; (4) the ecological safety of these nanomaterials should be investigated extensively. However, it is expected that with continuous progress of this field, plasmonic nanotechnology can be used for environmental applications more widely, not only for the examples shown in the current review, but also for soil remediation, resource recovery during waste treatment processes, and detection of contaminants. Finally, the toxicity of engineered plasmonic nanomaterials, the possibility of their release, fate, and transformation, in the environment and subsequent impact on the health of ecosystem are also addressed in detail.
Article
Reactive dyeing of cotton generates a great deal of coloring wastewater containing residual dyes, electrolyte, alkali, and other auxiliaries. Especially for the effluent from the first/initial spent dyeing bath, it may be comprised of as high as 60% of the initial dye dosed, 30–90 g/L of sodium chloride or sodium sulphate, and plenty of sodium carbonate, making it to be the most contaminative effluent among the entire reactive dyeing process. This paper presents a new alternative to regenerate the waste effluent from the first spent dyeing bath through catalytic ozonation with novel catalysts for reuse of the effluent in successive dyeing. Two novel ozonation catalysts, mesoporous carbon aerogel and its supported cobalt oxide nanoparticles, were successfully prepared and used in catalytic degradation of residual dyes in waste effluents with ozone. Degradation efficiency was determined by both decolorization and chemical oxygen demand removal. The result showed novel catalysts could improve both of these two targets. For chemical oxygen demand removal, carbon aerogel supported cobalt oxide strikingly enhanced the efficiency by 30% on the whole comparing to ozonation alone (approximately 50%) without the catalyst. Waste effluents after catalytic ozonation were thereafter reused in successive dyeing in the same process. It has been validated that the waste effluent was successfully regenerated and can be additionally reused twice without sacrificing fabric quality, which cannot be realized in ozonation alone. Color difference of the fabric dyed with the regenerated effluent was within the acceptable tolerance, and excellent levelness and equal colorfastness had also been achieved. This is probably the first study to investigate the feasibility of regenerating highly polluting dyeing effluents for reuse by catalytic ozonation with carbon aerogel materials. With novel catalysts, it could be speculated that catalytic ozonation is a promising technology for in-situ regeneration of waste effluents in textile dyeing plant for reuse.
Article
Membrane adsorbents have emerged as powerful and attractive tools for the removal of hazardous materials such as dyes and heavy metal ions, mainly in trace amounts, from water resources. Among membrane adsorbents, those prepared from or modified with chitosan biopolymer and its derivatives are cases of interest because of chitosan advantages including biocompatibility, biodegradability, nontoxicity, reactivity, film and fiber forming capacity and favorable hydrophilicity. This review is oriented to provide a framework for better insight into fabrication methods and applications of chitosan-based adsorptive membranes. Critical aspects including thermokinetic analyses of adsorption and regeneration capacity of the membrane adsorbents have been also overviewed. Future of chitosan-based adsorptive membranes might include efforts for the improvement of mechanical stability and reusability and also most targeted application of appropriate copolymers as well as nanostructures in preparing high performance adsorptive membranes.
Article
Azo dyes account for >70% of the global industrial demand (∼9 million tons). Owing to their genotoxic/carcinogenic potential, the annual disposal of ∼4,500,000 tons of dyes and/or degraded products is an environmental and socio-economic concern. In comparison to physico-chemical methods, microbe-mediated dye degradation is considered to be low-input, cost-effective and environmentally-safe. However, under different environmental conditions, interactions of chemically diverse dyes with metabolically diverse microbes produce metabolites of varying toxicity. In addition, majority of studies on microbial dye-degradation focus on decolorization with least attention towards detoxification. Therefore, the environmental significance of microbial dye detoxification research of past >3 decades is critically evaluated with reference to dye structure and the possible influence of microbial interactions in different environments. In the absence of ecosystem-based studies, the results of laboratory-based studies on dye degradation, metabolite production and their genotoxic impact on model organisms are used to predict the possible fate and consequences of azo dyes/metabolites in the environment. In such studies, the predominance of fewer numbers of toxicological assays that too at lower levels of biological organization (molecular/cellular/organismic) suggests its limited ecological significance. Based on critical evaluation of these studies the recommendations on inclusion of multilevel approach (assessment at multiple levels of biological organization), multispecies microcosm approach and native species approach in conjunction with identification of dye metabolites have been made for future studies. Such studies will bridge the gap between the fundamental knowledge on dye-microbe-environment interactions and its application to combat dye-induced environmental toxicity.
Article
Silicones have broad utility in the textiles industry, functioning both as process aids (including antifoams and lubricants) and performance enhancers (such as water repellents and softeners). Most of these products are applied to textile substrates as emulsions of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) or aminofunctional PDMS. Other types and forms are commonly used as well, including silicone polyethers, elastomers and silane crosslinking agents.
Article
The textile production industry is one of the oldest and most technologically complex of all industries. The fundamental strength of this industry flows from its strong production base of a wide range of fibers/yarns from natural fibers like cotton, jute, silk, and wool to synthetic/man-made fibers like polyester, viscose, nylon, and acrylic. With escalating demand for textile products, textile mills and their wastewater have been increasing proportionally, causing a major problem of pollution in the world. Many chemicals used in the textile industry cause environmental and health problems. Among the many chemicals in textile wastewater, dyes are considered important pollutants. Worldwide environmental problems associated with the textile industry are typically those associated with water pollution caused by the discharge of untreated effluent and those because of use of toxic chemicals especially during processing. The effluent is of critical environmental concern since it drastically decreases oxygen concentration due to the presence of hydrosulfides and blocks the passage of light through water body which is detrimental to the water ecosystem. Textile effluent is a cause of significant amount of environmental degradation and human illnesses. About 40∈% of globally used colorants contain organically bound chlorine, a known carcinogen. Chemicals evaporate into the air we breathe or are absorbed through our skin; they show up as allergic reactions and may cause harm to children even before birth. Due to this chemical pollution, the normal functioning of cells is disturbed and this, in turn, may cause alteration in the physiology and biochemical mechanisms of animals resulting in impairment of important functions like respiration, osmoregulation, reproduction, and even mortality. Heavy metals, present in textile industry effluent, are not biodegradable; hence, they accumulate in primary organs in the body and over time begin to fester, leading to various symptoms of diseases. Thus, untreated or incompletely treated textile effluent can be harmful to both aquatic and terrestrial life by adversely affecting the natural ecosystem and causing long-term health effects. Environmental hazards and health problems associated with chemicals used in textile industry are discussed in this chapter. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. All rights are reserved.
Article
Dyeing is the aqueous application of color to the textile substrates, mainly using synthetic organic dyes and frequently at elevated temperatures and pressures in some of the steps [37,38]. It is important to point out that there is no dye which dyes all existing fibers and no fiber which can be dyed by all known dyes [39]. During this step, the dyes and chemical aids such as surfactants, acids, alkali/bases, electrolytes, carriers, leveling agents, promoting agents, chelating agents, emulsifying oils, softening agents etc [23,38] are applied to the textile to get a uniform depth of color with the color fastness properties suitable for the end use of the fabric [37].This process includes diffusion of the dye into the liquid phase followed by adsorption onto the outer surface of the fibers, and finally diffusion and adsorption on the inner surface of the fibers [40]. Depending on the expected end use of the fabrics, different fastness properties may be required. For instance, swimsuits must not bleed in water and automotive fabrics should not fade after prolonged exposure to sunlight [37]. Different types of dye and chemical additives are used to obtain these properties, which is carried out during the finishing step. Dyeing can also be accomplished by applying pigments (pigments differ from dyes by not showing chemical or physical affinity for the fibers) together with binders (polymers which fix the pigment to the fibers) [39,41].
Article
The lyocell fiber is become very popular in the recent time among the researcher due to its higher strength, rigid crystalline morphology and its proximity towards to cotton. Lyocell fiber gives higher mechanical modulus which substan- tially makes it an effective material for use in different biometerials, paper industry, nonwoven fabric or even in packaging purpose. The spinning of this kind of fiber is very challenging due to its several composite steps like- NMMO preparation (raw material), preparation of a proper solvent phase of NMMO-water system, spin extrusion etc. we can improve the quality and sustainability of this fiber product by a suitable judgment of the phase diagram of the spinning system (charge) and also increase in production.
Article
Azo dyes account for 60 to 70% of all textile dyestuffs produced and are the most common chromophore of reactive textile dyes. Colouration of textile effluents usually can be linked to the presence of water-soluble (reactive) azo dyes. Under anaerobic conditions azo dyes can be used as terminal electron acceptors during microbial respiration, being reduced and decolourised concurrently with re-oxidation of reduced flavin nucleotides. Thus, the process of anaerobic digestion is under investigation as an effluent treatment option for the textile industry. The ability of anaerobic microbial consortia to decolourise azo dyes is well established; however, an additional factor that requires consideration is the high concentration of salts present in reactive dyeing effluent. Nitrate, sulphate, chloride and carbonate salts can all be used during reactive dyeing. This paper presents results of an investigation into the effect of nitrate and sulphate on the decolourisation of a reactive azo dye, Reactive Red 141. Nitrate was found to delay the onset of decolourisation for a period of time related to the concentration of nitrate initially present in the system. Sulphate was found to have no discernible effect on the onset or rate of decolourisation and it is proposed that the order of reduction of the compounds is nitrate > Reactive Red 141 > sulphate. Measurement of redox potential in the anaerobic system during decolourisation, with or without the addition of nitrate or sulphate, showed that strictly anaerobic conditions were conducive to rapid decolourisation of the azo dye.
Article
Mechanical properties and the long-term degradation properties of the recycled PET yarns are typically lower than the virgin PET yarns due to the contaminants coming from non-PET bottles, labels and caps etc. For environmental reasons, recycling of post-consumer polyester bottles into textile fibers has become commercially attractive. We studied mechanical and chemical recycling processes and examined their effects on yarn properties such as tensile properties, thermal characteristics, hydrolysis and photo-degradation. It was found that the virgin and the chemical recycled yarns with sufficient purification show similar processability, physical and mechanical properties, and long-term degradation behavior. The results provide useful information on recycled PET yarns for processability and serviceability for the high-end use.
Article
Utilization of various highly specific enzymes for bio-finishing/bio-preparation processing of cellulosic fibers is becoming increasingly popular because it enables the textile industry to replace harsh organic/inorganic chemicals, sharply decreasing the quantity and toxicity of textile wastewater effluents. However, enzymatic processing of cotton, in addition to all its environmental benefits, has several important shortcomings, such as more expensive processing costs and slower reaction rates. Our laboratory scale studies found that introduction of ultrasonic energy during enzymatic bio-preparation/bio-finishing of cotton textiles significantly improved enzyme performance but did not contribute to a decrease in fabric strength. Experimental data indicate that the maximum benefit provided by sonication of enzyme processing solution occurred at lower enzyme concentrations than recommended by the manufacturer.
Article
Electrochemical oxidation of organic pollutants present in the dye-bath and wash water effluents from the textile industry was carried out in batch, batch recirculation and recycle reactor configurations under different conditions of current density, treatment duration, effluent flow rate and electrode specific surface. COD reduction of 52.63% to 82.61% could be obtained when the Procion blue dye-bath effluent was treated in the batch reactor for 8h. In batch recirculation reactor, the reduction was 94.3% for dye-bath effluent and 91.4 for wash water effluent after 6h of operation at a current density of 5.0Adm−2 and flow rate of 100Lh−1. The specific energy consumption was found to be 4.32kWh (kgCOD)−1 for dye-bath effluent and 83.8kWh (kgCOD)−1 for wash water effluent. The results for wash water effluent under continuous operation of recycle reactor conditions showed 52.86% of COD removal at recycle flow rate of 100Lh−1 with discharge flow rate of 3Lh−1. The specific energy consumption was found to be 11.9kWh (kgCOD)−1.
Article
This study explored consumers' use of existing textile recycling options and tested relationships between general environmental attitudes, fashion opinion leadership and textile recycling behaviour. Nearly 51·2% of consumer textile products end up in landfills each year. Therefore, recycling of post-consumer textiles has implications for reducing the impact of consumer waste on the environment. The sample comprised a total of 277 male and female students from one Mid-western university. Factor analysis, correlation analysis and t-tests were the statistical methods used to analyse the data. Environmental attitude was found to be positively related to textile disposition method but not related to fashion opinion leadership. Gender differences were found for general environmental attitude as well as textile disposition method. These results have implications for consumer textile recycling initiatives. Suggestions for further study are given.
Article
The paper considers the use of water and chemicals in the textile industry and the volume, nature and composition of process effluents, the effect they have on the environment and the limitations they pose on the reuse of water. An outline is given of the methods available for treatment of waste waters from the industry, on site or at a Water Authority's works and the effects that chemical constituents of the effluents have on the treatment processes and on disposal of water and sludge. The assessment and significance of biodegradability and the extent of present-day knowledge on the biodegradability of the main classes of chemicals used in textile processing are discussed. The paper concludes with a section dealing with the removal of colour from waste waters.
Article
Effluents from dyeing processes of woollen textile finishing industries are highly polluted with recalcitrant compounds compared to effluents from rinsing and finishing processes. Oxidation of woollen textile dyeing effluent consisting of wastewater generated from spent dye baths and first and second rinses (remaining composite wastewater) were investigated. Ozone oxidation (CO3=18.5 mg/l; input rate) was applied on remaining composite wastewater, before and after the biological treatment, for various time intervals. Treatment efficiency was monitored by decolorization and by COD removal rates. Additionally, toxicity tests (bioluminescence test) were carried out to determine the effect of oxidation process. The results indicated that 40 min ozonation of biologically treated wastewater yielded almost colorless effluent with a decolorization efficiency of around 98–99% and with a corresponding ozone absorption rate of 58.0 mg/l. Biological treatment followed by 10 min ozone oxidation reduced the overall toxicity significantly (92%). However, ozonation was found to have only slight effect on COD removal.
Article
Textile dyeing industries in Tirupur and Karur of Tamil Nadu (India) usually discharge effluents ranging between 80 and 200 m3/t of production. Dyeing is performed either by conventional winch process or by advanced soft flow reactor process. Hypochlorite, the commonly used bleaching chemical is being gradually phased out by alkaline hydrogen peroxide solution that generates less effluent and fewer solids in the effluents. Coloring of yarn/cloth takes place in the presence of high concentration of sodium chloride or sodium sulphate (25–75 kg/m3) in dye solutions. Dye bath wastewaters and wash waters are the process effluents of dyeing industry which are collected separately or together and follow the advanced treatment for maximum recycling of recovered waters.Dye bath water after treating by sand and nanofiltrations (NF), the permeate is used in process for dye bath preparation and the reject of about 20–30% is sent to multi effect evaporator (MEE)/solar evaporation pond (SEP). Wash waters treated using a sequence of physicochemical and biological unit processes are passed into two stages reverse osmosis (RO) membrane systems and then the permeate is reused in the processes. The rejects about 15–20% of the inlet volume is subject either to nanofiltration for salt recovery or sent to evaporators. The final rejects from nanofilter systems is directed to multi effect evaporator system where condensed waters are recovered. The removal of total dissolved solids (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), chloride and sodium are in the range of 80–97%, 91–97%, 76–97% and 96%, respectively. Multiple effect evaporators out flows of about 2–3% of the effluent volume are allowed for solar evaporation and the solids are disposed off. The cost of operation of MEE is about INR 400/m3 of the rejects. The cost of water recovery is about INR 60–80/m3 including commissioning and maintenance whereas price of raw-water in Tirupur is about INR 100/m3.
Article
Textile dyeing and sago industries are the most polluting industries in South India, especially in industrial cities like Salem, Tamil Nadu, where textile dyeing and sago industries are clumped together geographically. Conventional physicochemical treatment followed by biological processes for the effluent generated from these industries are ineffective, costlier and produce huge quantities of hazardous sludge and harmful by-products which requires further treatment and safe disposal. Hence, the development of an alternative treatment method will become important. The main objective of this investigation is to establish a sustainable biotreatment technology for the treatment of textile dyeing effluent using sago effluent as co-substrate in a two-phase upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. In this study, influence of hydraulic retention time (HRT) in a two-phase UASB reactor treating textile dyeing effluent using sago effluent as co-substrate was investigated with different HRTs (36, 30, 24 and 18 h) with an optimum mixing ratio of 70:30 (sago to textile dye wastewaters). The results revealed that the HRT had a high influence on the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and colour removal. The maximum COD removal efficiency of 39.4% and 88.5% and colour removal efficiency of 43.7% and 84.4% in the acidogenic and methanogenic reactors, respectively was achieved at 24 h of HRT. The biogas production was 312 L/day. The biphasic UASB reactor could be a very feasible alternative, cost-effective, eco-friendly and sustainable treatment system for textile dyeing effluent with sago effluent as a co-substrate.
Characterization of dyeing P/C blends fabric: a thermodynamic view
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An empirical study on the effects of environmental regulations on textile trade of China [J]
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Effects of environmental conditions and growth activation on decolourization of textile dyes by fluidized-bed dried Lentinus polychrous Lev
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Cooperative work is needed between textile scientists and environmental scientists to tackle the problems of pollution by microfibres
  • Weis