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Impact of 6 Weeks Pilates Training on Menopause Specific Symptoms and Quality of Life in Menopausal Women: A Case Report
Abstract
Introduction: The concept of menopause is a complete cessation of ovarian function. Most common symptom of menopause include muscle and joint ache, poor memory, lower back pain and trouble sleeping. The vasomotor and emotional domains reported less often compared with the physical and psychological domains. Such adverse changes in physical and mental health may have a negative impact on Quality of Life (QOL). Pilates is a mind body exercise focusing on muscle strength, core stability, endurance, muscle control, posture, and respiration which seems to improve both the physical and psychological components in women during menopause. The given study helps to provide the effect of 6 weeks Pilates training protocol on menopausal women’s presenting complaints as well as on her QOL. Complaints and clinical finding: Patient’s main concern were low back ache without any cause night sweats, fatigue, disturbed sleep wake cycle which lead to difficulties in performing activities of daily living which hampered the QOL of the patient. Physical findings revealed decrement in lower back and lower limb muscle strength along with some tightness. Scales helped to reveal that patient is having fatigue and tiredness and mat-exercise treatment protocol were formed. Therapeutic Intervention: 6 weeks Pilates training. Conclusion: As there are minimal to no evidence present in reference to this study, it helps us to provide new and proper treatment protocol and it is helpful to know the effect of the same. It showed significant improvement in the muscular strength as well as reduction in stress level and helped in enhancing the QOL of the patient.
... Chang and Lai et al. (2013) have stated that exercises such as weight training, aerobics, and Pilates can ameliorate menopausal symptoms [11]. Anjali Bais et al. (2021) found that 6 weeks of Pilates showed greater improvements in muscular strength, as well as reductions in fatigue levels, and helped enhance the quality of life in menopausal women [23]. The results of some nonexperimental studies have shown associations between exercise and lower rates of hot flushes and better QoL. ...
... Chang and Lai et al. (2013) have stated that exercises such as weight training, aerobics, and Pilates can ameliorate menopausal symptoms [11]. Anjali Bais et al. (2021) found that 6 weeks of Pilates showed greater improvements in muscular strength, as well as reductions in fatigue levels, and helped enhance the quality of life in menopausal women [23]. The results of some nonexperimental studies have shown associations between exercise and lower rates of hot flushes and better QoL. ...
Background. Menopause is defined as the endless cessation of period caused by a reduction of ovarian follicular exertion. During this period women may experience hot flashes, sweating, sleep issues, heart discomforts, vertigo, fatigue, headache, frequent urination, weak pelvic floor muscles (PFM), muscular and joint pain, emotional insecurity, depression. Exercise and other physical activities can help relieve menopausal symptoms (MPS) and improve PFM function in premenopausal women. Among these activities, pilates is a safe technique to improve one's physical and psychological performance. Aim. To find out the effect of tele-based modified Pilates on menopausal symptoms and pelvic floor muscle dysfunction in premenopausal women. Methodology. Women were screened for menopausal symptoms and pelvic floor distress using Menopausal Rating Scale (MRS) and Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI). Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, subjects were allocated randomly into 2 groups as Group A – Control (CG) and Group B – Experimental (EG). Subjects in both groups have been assessed with MRS and PFDI along with Transverse Abdominis (TrA) and PFM strength. Subjects in the CG followed aerobics exercise – walking for 8 weeks. Subjects in the EG followed TMPE as a group session for 40 minutes. Both groups were assessed during the first session and final session after 8 weeks. Result. TMPE group has shown significant improvement in reducing MPS and pelvic floor distress. It was noted that TMPE had shown improvement in PFM and TrA muscle strength than the control group. Conclusion. The Pilates group had shown improvement in MPS and it reduces pelvic floor distress symptoms coupled with PFM and TrA muscle strength improvement.
... Pain related with dysmenorrhea is triggered by hypersecretion of prostaglandins and which increase uterine contraction [14]. Few studies on related aspects were reviewed [15][16][17][18]. Majority of the participants suffered from dysmenorrhea during menses even though more than 3/4 th of them had mild-to-moderate pain. ...
... Menstrual bleeding patterns are consideringly in association with reproductive health, and changes in bleeding forms might be affect the quality of life. Alterations in sex hormones are assumed to be associated with bleeding patterns, because hormones throughout the menstrual cycle influence the proliferation and shedding of the endometrial lining of the uterus [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. ...
Background: Menarche a sign of puberty which links childhood to adult hood. It is the phase of progression of sexual characters required at the adolescent’s age. It is seen that premenstrual symptoms regularly occurs in luteal phase of menstrual cycle. Similarly, when we can see premenarcheal symptoms in luteal phase of first menstrual cycle. Bhawmishra has explained that difference in color is due to different Prakriti es of individuals and vitiated doshas are responsible for symptoms like pain and burning sensation. Materials and Methods: A total 673 girls were screened from Wardha city and out of them 150 were recruited for the study. Data were gathered with the help of specially designed proforma and Prakriti questionnaire. Qualitative analysis was done based on recorded data. Observation & Results: Around 105 girls with Pitta Prakriti noted the problem of dysmenorrhea. Various observations were recorded based on regularity (16.67%)- irregularity (83.33%), quantity (Excess 19.34%, Moderate 68.66%, Scanty 12%), consistency (Clot 23.34%, Viscous 37.33%, Watery 39.33%), smell (Foul 18.67%, Normal 81.33%), dysmenorrhea condition (No 30%, Yes 70%), pain intensity (High 16.67%, Medium 72.67%, Scanty 10.66%) and other associated sign & symptoms like back pain, headache, pain in abdomen, body ache, stomach pain. Conclusion: It was concluded that average age group were seen around 12 years, majority of participants had watery flow and viscid flow which can be explained as Pitta dosha has dominance of Agni. The duration of menstruation was seen averagely about 6 days in most of the participants.
... The result of the current study comes in agreement with [19] who demonstrated the effect of Pilates exercises on fatigue and sleep quality in addition to anxiety and depression among post-menopausal women. The results showed significant improvement in Spanish women [20], as well as in Indian women [21]. ...
Background
A lot of changes occur in women’s post-menopausal period: one of these symptoms is fatigue or a lack of energy which is a potential symptom of menopause, and it can be one of the most difficult symptoms to manage. Few studies are concerned with post-menopausal fatigue treatment. Pilates is a mind-body exercise focusing on muscle strength, core stability, endurance, muscle control, posture, and respiration which seems to improve both the physical and psychological components in post-menopausal women. The purpose was to determine the effect of Pilates exercises on fatigue in post-menopausal women.
Methods
Fifty-two post-menopausal women are suffering from fatigue, their ages ranged from 50 to 55 years, their body mass index (BMI) is below 30 kg/m ² , and they all became menopause at least 1 year ago. The patients were selected randomly from the out clinic of El Kasr EL-Aini Hospital and randomly divided into two equal groups: group A composed of twenty-six patients who received Pilates exercises and medical standard care for fatigue, and group B is composed of twenty-six patients who received medical standard care for fatigue only. It was a randomized controlled trial for 8 weeks, and the outcome measures were fatigue assessment scale (FAS) and interleukin-6 test (IL-6).
Results
There was a significant decrease in FAS ( P < 0.00001) and IL-6 ( P < 0.00001) after treatment for group A while there was no significant reduction for group B.
Conclusions
Pilates exercises are considered an effective modality to reduce fatigue in post-menopausal women.
... Taste is one of the most significant human senses and influences an "individual's food preferences," which in turn influence "dietary behavior" and human "nutritional status." [16] Hence, along with alterations in the flow rate of saliva, its pH, "menstruation and menopause" might also alter potentiality for gustatory perception. [17] Nutritional status is crucial in menopause because it can affect chemosensory function, and chemosensory dysfunction leading to dietary changes. ...
Context
Saliva is considered a predictive gateway to the body. Alterations in salivary secretion can be assessed quantitatively and/or qualitatively. Thus, estimation of salivary components may give insight to the general health of an individual and be considered the mirror of the body's health. The health needs of women vary mainly due to hormonal fluctuations occurring throughout the woman's life. Hence, the “menstruation cycle and menopause” may affect the metabolism of periodontal tissue including swollen salivary glands, bright red swollen gums, or bleeding gums or might cause alterations in the flow rate of saliva, its pH, as well as taste function. Due to menopause, there are unique hormonal changes in women and they are more receptive to salivary alterations, such as sensitivity to hot and cold food, altered taste, burning sensation, and reduced flow rate of saliva that lead to xerostomia and atrophic gingivitis also.
Aim
This research project is designed for the evaluation of “salivary flow rate,” gustatory perception, and “pH” of resting saliva in premenopausal, menopausal, and postmenopausal women.
Subjects and Methods
The evaluation of salivary flow rate, gustatory perception, and salivary pH was carried out in a total of 105 women, each 35 from, the premenopausal, menopausal, and postmenopausal categories.
Results
The present study observed significant alterations of reduced salivary flow rate, reduced sweet intensity, and pH in postmenopausal women than the menstruating women.
Conclusion
Menopause is followed by a variety of alterations, few of which occur in the mouth. The use of salivary flow rate, gustatory perception, and pH is helpful to identify the risks linked with menopause.
... The educational package and guided selfmanagement plan for parent's, decreases the morbidity [24][25]. Different studies on Quality of Life were reviewed [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. ...
Background: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory reaction that causes hypersensitivity in airways resulting in constant mucus production. As a result of this the typical symptoms associated with Asthma can be seen. WhatsApp is a popular app available in almost all android phones; this app is popular for sending and receiving messages along with additional features of sending images videos and links. Information can be shared at a time to a large number of people by creating groups in this app. The use of WhatsApp messaging for self-care information among asthma patients has yet to be researched. So research question which is framed is, “Is WhatsApp based self-care information effective than manual mode of self-care information on quality of life of asthma patients?”. The study aim is to compare an effectiveness of WhatsApp based self-care information and manual mode of information among asthmatic patients on quality of life. Methodology: Study Design: Experimental factorial research design Population: Adult asthma patients between 18-55 years of age Sample Size: 200. Material: Standard Quality of Life scale for Asthma patient. Expected Results: WhatsApp mode of self-care information may be more effective than the manual mode of self-care information. Quality of life of asthma patients will be improved. Conclusion: Conclusion will be drawn after statistical analysis of the collected data.
Introduction: Perimenopause is the time between the onset of waning ovarian function associated with menstrual irregularity and vasomotor symptoms and the year after the last menses. This period is characterized by irregularities of menses; lengthy and heavy menses with episodes of amenorrhea, sub-fertility, hot flushes which falls under vasomotor symptoms, a psychological symptom like insomnia.
Objectives: To evaluate the effect of Ashwagandhadi ksheerbasti on psychological symptoms, vasomotor symptoms and serum estradiol fluctuations in perimenopause with the administration of Ashwagandhadi kheer Basti along with counselling in one group and only with counselling in other groups.
Methods: In age group ranging of 41-50 years, women suffering from perimenopausal psychological and vasomotor symptoms meeting the criteria mentioned in standard score scale included in the study.
Expected Results: Recent studies show bone marrow transplantation restores follicular maturation and steroid production in mouse models for primary ovarian failure. Follicular recruitment occurs in the bone marrow before ovaries. We postulate a theory based on Ayurveda principle stating, the base of the reproductive system is in the bone marrow. The female reproductive component is generated and derived from the bone marrow and its treatment leads to improve folliculogenesis, estradiol levels and symptoms like hot flush, depression, insomnia and panic disorder.
Conclusion: It will be drawn after obtaining the results of the study.
Key Words: Ashwagandhadi ksheerbasti, Perimenopausal, Estradiol
Introduction: Following menopause, decreased oestrogen production from ovaries leads to lipoprotein profile derangement, drastic alterations in the metabolism of glucose and insulin, distribution of body fat, coagulation and fibrinolysis and vascular endothelium dysfunction. Oestrogens include many cardioprotective mechanisms that alter the vascular tone by enhancing the levels of nitrous oxide. Endothelial cells are stabilized by oestrogens, they augment antioxidant potential and alter fibrinolytic proteins. These are all cardioprotective mechanisms that are reduced with the beginning of menopause.
Objectives: To evaluate the relation of oestradiol hormonal variation with plasma lipid concentrations in pre- and postmenopausal women.
Material and Methods: 50 premenopausal women and 50 postmenopausal female were selected as subjects. Data were obtained via clinical assessment from laboratory investigations and questionnaires.
Results: Serum levels of Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), LDL-cholesterol, and VLDL-cholesterol in postmenopausal women were significantly elevated when matched with premenopausal women. For postmenopausal women, the level of HDL cholesterol declined substantially. The concentration of estradiol in post-menopause women was significantly lower (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Menopause results in alterations in the lipid profile by reducing HDL and increasing total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), LDL-cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol, thus raising the chances of cardiovascular disease. These shifts are due to decreased amounts of oestrogen that are observed in menopause.
Key Words: Menopause, Oestrogen, Cardiovascular disease, Plasma lipids, Coronary heart disease
Background
Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019.
Methods
8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10–14 and 50–54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric.
Findings
The global TFR decreased from 2·72 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·66–2·79) in 2000 to 2·31 (2·17–2·46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134·5 million (131·5–137·8) in 2000 to a peak of 139·6 million (133·0–146·9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135·3 million (127·2–144·1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2·1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27·1% (95% UI 26·4–27·8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67·2 years (95% UI 66·8–67·6) in 2000 to 73·5 years (72·8–74·3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50·7 million (49·5–51·9) in 2000 to 56·5 million (53·7–59·2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9·6 million (9·1–10·3) in 2000 to 5·0 million (4·3–6·0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25·7%, from 6·2 billion (6·0–6·3) in 2000 to 7·7 billion (7·5–8·0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58·6 years (56·1–60·8) in 2000 to 63·5 years (60·8–66·1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019.
Interpretation
Over the past 20 years, fertility rates have been dropping steadily and life expectancy has been increasing, with few exceptions. Much of this change follows historical patterns linking social and economic determinants, such as those captured by the GBD Socio-demographic Index, with demographic outcomes. More recently, several countries have experienced a combination of low fertility and stagnating improvement in mortality rates, pushing more populations into the late stages of the demographic transition. Tracking demographic change and the emergence of new patterns will be essential for global health monitoring.
Fear is an uncomfortable feeling, which results from the proximity of actual threat or pain. A strong correlation exists between fear and pain. Kinesiophobia is the phobia of activity and physical movement, which results from a sensation of sensitivity to painful injury or reinjury. Low back pain (LBP) is among the frequent disorders of the musculoskeletal system. LBP is mainly due to bad postures and poor organisational ergonomics. Kinesiophobia has adverse effects on rehabilitation outcomes. So the systematic application of graded exposure to movements is recommended in patients with Kinesiophobia to prevent pain-related anxiety. We compared Kinesiophobia's impact on patients with both acute and chronic LBP. We aimed to find out the role of Kinesiophobia in patients having LBP. The survey-based research using Tampa scale of Kinesiophobia was conducted with cross-sectional design. It included participants of both genders,in the age group of 18-65 who were diagnosed with acute and chronic low back pain. Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, Evaluation Performa, NPRS and Goniometer were used as outcome measures for the study. The patients were thoroughly examined, and they were evaluated using the Tampa Scale. Scoring to 17-items Tampa Scale was performedin4-point Likert scale varying from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree.” After the inversion of items 4, 8, 12, 16, the final score was determined. The total score ranges from a minimum of 17 to a maximum of 68. It was concluded that Kinesiophobia plays a crucial role in LBP, especially chronic LBP.
Most health research on Nepali migrant workers in India is on sexual health, whilst work, lifestyle and health care access issues are under-researched. Methods: The qualitative study was carried out in two cities of Maharashtra State in 2017. Twelve focus group discussions (FGDs) and five in-depth interviews were conducted with Nepali male and female migrant workers. Similarly, eight interviews were conducted with stakeholders, mostly representatives of organisations working for Nepali migrants in India using social capital as a theoretical foundation. Results: Five main themes emerged from the analysis: (i) accommodation; (ii) lifestyle, networking and risk-taking behaviours; (iii) work environment; (iv) support from local organisations; and (v) health service utilisation. Lack of basic amenities in accommodation, work-related hazards such as lack of safety measures at work or safety training, reluctance of employers to organise treatment for work-related accidents, occupational health issues such as long working hours, high workload, no/limited free time, discrimination by co-workers were identified as key problems. Nepali migrants have limited access to health care facilities due to their inability to prove their identity. Health system of India also discriminates as some treatment is restricted to Indian nationals. The strength of this study is the depth it offers, its limitations includes a lack of generalizability, the latter is a generic issue in such qualitative research. Conclusion: This study suggests risks to Nepali migrant workers’ health in India range from accommodation to workplace and from their own precarious lifestyle habit to limited access to health care facilities. We must conduct a quantitative study on a larger population to establish the prevalence of the above mentioned issues and risks. Furthermore, the effectiveness of Nepali migrant support organisations in mitigating these risks needs to be researched.
Main Problem: Pilates, as a body-mind exercise method has an increasing popularity in recent years especially among young women. But there is not enough evidence whether this exercise method contributes to the physical or/and psychological condition of individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of an original six-week Pilates Exercise Protocol on young females’ health-related parameters including anthropometric features, emotional state, fatigue, and quality of life. Methods: Fifty-one sedentary females aged between 18 and 25 were randomly assigned to Pilates Exercise Group (n=25), and Control Group (n=26). Pilates Exercise Group performed a six-week Pilates exercise protocol whereas Control Group did not participate any regular physical activity during six weeks. Anthropometric features, anxiety, depression, fatigue, and quality of life of the subjects were assessed at the baseline and after six weeks. Results: Weight (p=0.005), body mass index (p=0.005), waist (p<0.001), hip (p=0.002), and thigh circumferences (p<0.001), severity of anxiety (p=0.001), depression (p=0.001), and fatigue (p<0.001) significantly decreased in Pilates Exercise Group after six weeks besides vitality (p=0.005), and mental health (p=0.021) domains of quality of life increased. There were no significant differences in Control Group (p>0.005) after six weeks except of anxiety (p=0.010), and fatigue (p=0.032). Conclusions: The current Pilates exercise protocol contribute to the physical, and psycological well being of young females in terms of anthropometric features, emotional state, fatigue, and some domains of quality of life.
Background: Despite major improvements in the reproductive health of substantial numbers of people, millions of individuals still continue to suffer. Aims: to find out the readiness of Community Health Centre in district of India for providing emergency obstetrics care and to find out the pattern of Emergency Obstetrics Care (EmOC) utilization and facilitators and barriers for accessing the emergency obstetric care from users as well as providers perspectives. Material & Methods: Cross-sectional, qualitative study with assessment using standard facility checklists. Data were collected by qualitative techniques (in-depth Interviews and focus group discussions). Results: Readiness of CHC for providing EmOC: CHC-2 was performing relatively better compared to CHC-1. However CHC-2 was mostly providing elective services (non-emergency services) due to non availability of specialist 24×7. Utilization & Referral Pattern EmOC: both CHCs area, even though users prefer facility for EmOC services that is near to their home, as it required less time and money for transportation, the pattern of EmOC service delivery and utilization was almost skewed towards tertiary care centres for the obvious reasons - lack of specialists at CHC.The state of art infrastructure could be of no use without ensuring the trained technical (specialists) and support manpower 24×7 to provide emergency services. Recommendation: Better involvement of private providers in EmOC services and public private partnership (PPP) schemes needs to be implemented in true spirit.
Policymakers, donors, researchers, and activists should recognize the benefits of supporting the fuller integration of HIV prevention efforts with reproductive health services. [1],[2] Not enough data are available on the reproductive and sexual health of HIV-infected people of the reproductive age group in India, [3] in spite of being having the second largest number of people living with HIV in the world. [4] This cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital in a rural area of central India with an objective to identify the sexual health needs and practices of people of the HIV-positive group and determinants for access to HIV treatments, and safer sex practices.
Considering the operational difficulties, like confidentiality and social stigma, random sampling was difficult. Therefore, all people who were HIV seropositive and attending the hospital, over a period of 6 months, were approached. The average number of years since the diagnosis of HIV status was 3.1 years. Males contacted more health care providers as compared to females. With regard to the sexual encounter, 43 (73 %) said that they indulged in sex in the last 1 month. A total of 12 of the 16 female participants said that they had sexual encounter in the last 1 month with their husband; however, the usual frequency was at least once a week.
Out of 31 male participants, around 16% had more they had sex more than once and almost 10 male participants, in spite of being HIV positive, indulged in the high-risk activities, i.e., they were having nonsteady/nonregular partners. The study reveals a shocking fact that in spite of being HIV seropositive for an average of 3.1 years, and having an average 3.9 times contact with health care services, almost 76.2% of the participants were never told about the correct and consistent condom use by the health care workers/counselors. Only 20 (17.82%) correctly demonstrated condom use on a penis model by the health care workers/counselors.
Less than half of the participants (45.7%) participants said that they used the condom during the last sexual act. Only 5 (31.2%) women had mentioned that their partner used condom the last time they had sex; this could be because of lack of condom negotiation skills among the women, and females are perceived as passive partners by their husbands.
Reasons for an infrequent condom use were as follows: males feeling uncomfortable using it (83%), condoms being not available when needed (42%), and the reduced sexual pleasure on using condoms (64%). However, a significant proportion (71%) of respondents mentioned, "We both are HIV positive so in no way condom will be helpful to us." Services should be more integrated, and referrals and linkages can be strengthened. Finding in this study reveals that sexual health needs require more attention while planning. [5]
Objectives
To analyze the effects that a Pilates-based exercise program has on sleep quality, anxiety, depression and fatigue in community-dwelling Spanish postmenopausal women aged 60 and over.
Study design
A total of 110 women (69.15 ± 8.94 years) participated in this randomized controlled trial. They were randomly allocated to either a control (n = 55) or a Pilates (n = 55) group.
Main outcome measures
Sleep quality and self-perceived fatigue were assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Fatigue Severity Scale, respectively. Anxiety and depression were evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).
Results
Significant improvements were observed after Pilates training in all PSQI domains as well as in the PSQI total score, with small to medium-size effects, while significant between-group differences in post-intervention measures were observed only for sleep duration (d = 0.69) and sleep disturbances (d = 0.78). Moreover, intra- and inter-group statistical differences were observed for depression (d = 0.39 and d = 0.86, respectively) and for anxiety (d = 0.43 and d = 1.27 respectively). Finally, participants in the Pilates group experienced a decrease in self-perceived fatigue after the intervention period (d = 0.32).
Conclusions
For community-dwelling Spanish postmenopausal women aged 60 years and over, a twelve-week Pilates exercise intervention has beneficial effects on sleep quality, anxiety, depression and fatigue.
The present study was carried out on 500 females in the age group of 40-60yrs to find out average age of menopause in rural and urban women and associated menopausal symptoms & its awareness & prevalence by predesigned questionnaire. We found out that, the percentage of all menopausal symptoms is more in urban women as compared to rural cases. Commonly observed symptoms' are hot flushes, joint & muscular discomfort and physical & mental exhaustion. However women don't come out with sexual problem much both in rural and urban.The symptoms are at peak during 45-55 years and after 55 years severity decreases. However the urinary symptoms and heart discomfort are more in > 55 years in urban women. Though the urban women are consulting physician for menopausal problems still percentage is very less. On the other hand rural women don't come out with their problems.
Delivery of drugs to brain is still a major challenge. Successful delivery across the blood brain barrier has only been achieved in some cases, for example pro-drugs; alternative approach is delivery to the brain by using nanoparticles. Nanotechnology is expected to bring revolutionary changes in the field of life sciences including drug delivery, diagnostics, neutraceuticals and production of biomaterials. Liposomes can also be used for delivery of drug to the brain through the blood brain barrier (BBB). The review focuses on blood brain barrier, nanoparticles and their preparation, and mechanism of nanoparticles mediated drug transfer across blood brain barrier, application of nanoparticles as biomarkers, and liposomes and their manufacturing.
To describe Pilates exercise according to peer-reviewed literature, and compare definitions used in papers with healthy participants and those with low back pain.
A systematic review of literature was conducted. A search for "pilates" within the maximal date ranges of the Cochrane Library, Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, ProQuest: Nursing and Allied Health Source, Proquest: Medical and Health Complete, Scopus, Sport Discus, and Web of Science, was undertaken. To be included, papers needed to describe Pilates exercise, and be published in English within an academic, peer-reviewed journal. There were no restrictions on the methodological design or quality of papers. Content analysis was used to record qualitative definitions of Pilates. Frequencies were calculated for mention of content categories, equipment, and traditional Pilates principles. Frequencies were then compared statistically in papers with healthy participants and those with low back pain.
119 papers fulfilled inclusion criteria. Findings suggest that Pilates is a mind-body exercise that focuses on strength, core stability, flexibility, muscle control, posture and breathing. Exercises can be mat-based or involve use of specialised equipment. Posture was discussed statistically significantly more often in papers with participants with low back pain compared to papers with healthy participants. Traditional Pilates principles of centering, concentration, control, precision, flow, and breathing were discussed on average in 23% of papers. Apart from breathing, these principles were not mentioned in papers with low back pain participants.
There is a general consensus in the literature of the definition of Pilates exercise. A greater emphasis may be placed on posture in people with low back pain, whilst traditional principles, apart from breathing, may be less relevant.
Physical activity has been shown to enhance quality of life (QOL); however, few investigations of these effects exist in women undergoing the menopausal transition. The present study examined the long-term effects of physical activity on menopause-related QOL and tested the mediating effects of physical self-worth and positive affect in this relationship.
Middle-aged women previously enrolled in a 4-month randomized controlled trial involving walking and yoga, and a control group completed a follow-up mail-in survey 2 years after the end of the trial. The survey included a battery of psychological and physical activity measures, including measures of menopausal symptoms and menopause-related QOL. Longitudinal linear panel analysis was conducted within a covariance modeling framework to test whether physical self-worth and positive affect mediated the physical activity-QOL relationship over time.
At the end of the trial, physical activity and menopausal symptoms were related to physical self-worth and positive affect, and in turn, greater levels of physical self-worth and positive affect were associated with higher levels of menopause-related QOL. Analyses indicated that increases in physical activity and decreases in menopausal symptoms over the 2-year period were related to increases in physical self-worth (betas = 0.23 and -0.52, physical activity and menopausal symptoms, respectively) and, for symptoms, also to decreased positive affect (beta = -0.47), and both physical self-worth (beta = 0.34) and affect (beta = 0.43) directly influenced enhancements in QOL (R = 0.775).
The findings support the position that the effects of physical activity on QOL are mediated, in part, by intermediate psychological outcomes and that physical activity can have long-term benefits for women undergoing the menopausal transition.
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