Content uploaded by Eloísa Del Pino
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Eloísa Del Pino on Jul 23, 2021
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
“Conjeturas y certidumbres sobre los Sistemas de Protección Social Latinoamericanos tras la COVID-19” en Rodríguez, E. (ed) Perspectivas de América Latina. Hacia un nuevo contrato social tras la covid. Madrid: Fundación Pablo Iglesias. 87-103.
Figures
Figures - uploaded by Eloísa Del Pino
Author content
All figure content in this area was uploaded by Eloísa Del Pino
Content may be subject to copyright.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
Este trabajo estudia una dimensión poco explorada en la política comparada neoinstitucionalista como es el papel de la justicia electoral en la protección de los derechos político-electorales. México es un excelente caso para profundizar sobre el modo en que las autoridades electorales jurisdiccionales transformaron el «régimen electoral de género» e incrementaron la representación política de las mujeres. A partir del análisis de las decisiones emitidas por el tribunal electoral entre 2006 y 2018 se identificaron 57 sentencias hito de un total de 9388 asuntos sobre protección a los derechos político-electorales de las mujeres. Este estudio analiza el modo en que las resoluciones electorales han fortalecido el diseño electoral de género, cubriendo lagunas normativas que los legisladores habían ignorado, así como también generando certezas a pesar de ciertas inconsistencias y criterios contradictorios. Frente a las resistencias partidistas, la justicia electoral resulta clave para el monitoreo e implementación efectiva de las medidas de acción afirmativa y/o el principio de paridad de género.
El trabajo tiene como objetivo determinar los impactos socioeconómicos globales que han ocasionado el síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SARS), la influenza H1N1, el síndrome respiratorio del Medio Oriente (MERS) y en especial el coronavirus (COVID-2019) en diversos periodos de análisis, haciendo hincapié en cómo se han presentado estos comportamientos en el caso neozelandés. El enfoque metodológico de la investigación fue mixto, se utilizaron bases estadísticas para el análisis de las variables estudiadas, así como diversas fuentes de literatura. Los resultados indican que el COVID-19 es el virus que más efectos socioeconómicos globales ha generado en términos de crecimiento económico, desempleo y comercio internacional. La nación menos perjudicada por los diferentes brotes epidémicos es Nueva Zelanda, esto se
atribuye a que su población y territorio son pequeños, con crecimiento y desarrollo económico constante, y sus habitantes poseen un alto grado de educación. Estos factores impulsaron la toma de decisiones del gobierno de una forma eficiente para crear un adecuado protocolo de salud pública, controlar los contagios y amortiguar la situación económica.
I started to write this contribution to this special issue on migration forecasts for IOM's Migration Policy Practice as the devastating news concerning the violent deaths of 19 migrants in Camargo, Mexico – presumed to be Central Americans –began to circulate in civil society’s WhatsApp groups and social media feeds. The news, coming less than a week after the inauguration of Joseph Biden Jr. as the incoming United States President, is overwhelming for many reasons. If confirmed, these violent murders will be the latest in a series of high-profile cases that to this day have remained unsolved, concerning the deaths and disappearances of migrants in transit and internally displaced people in Mexico – most notably, the San Fernando massacre in August of 2010, where 72 migrants from Central America, South America and Asia died in a calculated military-style attack (Casillas, 2010); and the case of Cadereyta in 2012, when the remains of 49 migrants were reportedly found by the Mexican army (Varela Huerta, 2017). These cases – and the many, many others that migration researchers and activists have collected in the course of their work over the years – stand as a dark reminder of the lack of a single mechanism in the entire Central America–Mexico–North America corridor to improve migrants’ safety in the context of their journeys, and of the absence of conduits allowing migrants to safely and securely report the violent acts committed against them. Most ominously, they are evidence of the lack of efforts from governments throughout the region to hold accountable the vast range of actors who perpetrate the heinous acts that migrant people endure in the course of their journeys.
During the last three decades, the social security and health systems of the dual welfare regimes of Latin America (LA) have undergone thorough reforms, they have also developed numerous conditional cash transfer (CCT) programmes and social pension schemes. The purpose of this work is to classify the reforms, showing which actors and paradigms were behind them, determining to what extent the reforms have had an effect on social well-being, and whether they have promoted or restricted the building up of rights and social citizenship. To accomplish such an objective, we analyze the impact of these reforms on five countries: Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Panama, and Venezuela.
This chapter discusses the historical forms that the distributive conflict has assumed in Latin America and its results in terms of welfare during the twentieth century up to the present. From this point of view, the intention is to identify comparatively the main factors that explain the emergence and consolidation of the incomplete regional Social States, which gave rise to specific social protection regimes. The adoption of different strategies for achieve economic development and the stability of the democratic systems have had a strong impact on the processes of expansion and retrenchment of public social goods delivered to a variety of population groups. The introduction ends with the presentation of the main contents of each chapter, which combined, analyse the particularities of Latin American welfare and its future perspectives.
COVID-19 is proving to be the long awaited ‘big one’: a pandemic capable of bringing societies and economies to their knees. There is an urgent need to examine how COVID-19 – as a health and development crisis - unfolded the way it did it and to consider possibilities for post-pandemic transformations and for rethinking development more broadly. Drawing on over a decade of research on epidemics, we argue that the origins, unfolding and effects of the COVID-19 pandemic require analysis that addresses both structural political-economic conditions alongside far less ordered, ‘unruly’ processes reflecting complexity, uncertainty, contingency and context-specificity. This structural-unruly duality in the conditions and processes of pandemic emergence, progression and impact provides a lens to view three key challenge areas. The first is how scientific advice and evidence are used in policy, when conditions are rigidly ‘locked in’ to established power relations and yet so uncertain. Second is how economies function, with the COVID-19 crisis having revealed the limits of a conventional model of economic growth. The third concerns how new forms of politics can become the basis of reshaped citizen-state relations in confronting a pandemic, such as those around mutual solidarity and care. COVID-19 demonstrates that we face an uncertain future, where anticipation of and resilience to major shocks must become the core problematic of development studies and practice. Where mainstream approaches to development have been top down, rigid and orientated towards narrowly-defined economic goals, post-COVID-19 development must have a radically transformative, egalitarian and inclusive knowledge and politics at its core.
This book explores the scope of reforms and changes in the social protection systems in Latin America that have started at the beginning of the 21st century. It describes how and to what extent changes in social protection systems and social policies have occurred in the region in recent decades. Taking a comparative approach, the volume identifies the triggers for the transformations and how such pressures are received by the welfare regime, or a specific policy sector, to finally yield a given type of reform. The analysis is characterized by the presence of certain factors that explain the development of social protection systems in Latin America, such as economic growth, the consolidation of democratic political regimes, and the region’s Left Turns. The book also examines to what extent common challenges and processes induced by international institutions have led to convergence among countries or welfare regimes, or whether each maintains its own identity.
Natália Sátyro is Professor of Political Science in the Department of Political Science at the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil. She previously was Visiting Researcher and Fellow at the Latin American Centre, University of Oxford, UK (2016–2017).
Eloisa del Pino is Senior Researcher in the Institute of Public Goods and Policies (IPP) at the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). She is conducting the GoWPER Project 2018–2020 Restructuring the Welfare Governance CSO2017-85598-R PN I+D.
Carmen Midaglia is Professor of Political Science at the Universidad de la República, Uruguay. She is Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences and Co-Coordinator of the Working Group on Poverty and Social Policies of the Latin American Council of Social Sciences.
Conditional cash transfer programmes (CCTs) provide monetary and in-kind transfers and services to poor families with children. Since their launch two decades ago, CCTs have spread throughout Latin America and the Caribbean with positive impacts on living conditions. Today they reach about 134 million people, or 21% of the region’s population, at an average cost of 0.37% of GDP. CCTs, which increasingly include complementary measures to promote labour and productive inclusion, as well as family support schemes, have been adopted and maintained by governments with very different political orientations. Some place more emphasis on providing a basic income, others on strengthening human capacities. In a region where large sectors of the population are still excluded from social security, all CCTs represent a gateway into social protection systems.
The exclusion of insurance for large portions of the population in many countries and a structure of access and financing of services supported by the direct out-of-pocket expenses of individuals, have historically characterized Latin American health care systems. Beyond these weaknesses, during last decades the countries have carried out transformations and reforms of the health systems in the region. This article aims to answer the following question: What were the effects of the waves of reforms on the structure of Latin American health systems? To address this question, results of reforms implemented in the region between 1990 and 2015 are discussed to assess their impact in terms of the financing structure and population coverage. The analysis reinforces the argument that these reforms have not had a significant impact on the structure of health systems and countries have a stable pattern of heath coverage explained by welfare and labour market past performance.
Since the early days of the COVID-19 crisis the scientific community has constantly been striving to shed light on various issues such as the mechanisms driving the spread of the virus, its environmental and socioeconomic impacts , and necessary recovery and adaptation plans and policies. Given the high concentration of population and economic activities in cities, they are often hotspots of COVID-19 infections. Accordingly, many researchers are struggling to explore the dynamics of the pandemic in urban areas to understand impacts of COVID-19 on cities. In this study we seek to provide an overview of COVID-19 research related to cities by reviewing literature published during the first eight months after the first confirmed cases were reported in Wuhan, China. The main aims are to understand impacts of the pandemic on cities and to highlight major lessons that can be learned for post-COVID urban planning and design. Results show that, in terms of thematic focus, early research on the impacts of COVID-19 on cities is mainly related to four major themes, namely, (1) environmental quality, (2) socioeconomic impacts, (3) management and governance, and (4) transportation and urban design. While this indicates a diverse research agenda, the first theme that covers issues related to air quality, meteorological parameters , and water quality is dominant, and the others are still relatively underexplored. Improvements in air and water quality in cities during lockdown periods highlight the significant environmental impacts of anthropogenic activities and provide a wake-up call to adopt environmentally friendly development pathways. The paper also provides other recommendations related to the socioeconomic factors, urban management and governance, and transportation and urban design that can be used for post-COVID urban planning and design. Overall, existing knowledge shows that the COVID-19 crisis entails an excellent opportunity for planners and policy makers to take transformative actions towards creating cities that are more just, resilient, and sustainable.