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An Advanced Review on Pharmacology and Phytochemistry of Folklore Medicinal Plant Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit

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M. Devi Priya
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Abstract

The Lamiaceae family includes Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. (Bush mint). It's an invasive weed with insecticidal properties. It has traditionally been used to treat lung infections, uterine infections, and skin problems. Phytochemicals isolated from the plant, including as steroids, alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, and essential oil, have medical and pharmacological use. The current review paper focuses on the H. suaveolens pharmacological and other relevant elements.
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1Department of Botany, St. Thomas College, Pazhavangadi P.O., Pathanamthitta, Kerala- 689 673, India.
*Corresponding author: E-mail: devi.priya.m@gmail.com;
Chapter 3
Print ISBN: 978-93-91473-71-6, eBook ISBN: 978-93-91473-76-1
An Advanced Review on Pharmacology and
Phytochemistry of Folklore Medicinal Plant Hyptis
suaveolens (L.) Poit
M. Devi Priya1*
DOI: 10.9734/bpi/cras/v12/10239D
ABSTRACT
The Lamiaceae family includes Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. (Bush mint). It's an invasive weed with
insecticidal properties. It has traditionally been used to treat lung infections, uterine infections, and
skin problems. Phytochemicals isolated from the plant, including as steroids, alkaloids, phenolics,
flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, and essential oil, have medical and pharmacological use . The current
review paper focuses on the H. suaveolens pharmacological and other relevant elements.
Keywords: Hyptis; essential oil; leaves; extract phytochemicals.
1. INTRODUCTION
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit is a folkloric medicinal plant that is used to cure wounds, gastrointestinal
issues, respiratory tract and uterine infections, and skin illnesses. It grows in thick clusters along
roadsides, in degraded moist and dry deciduous woodland, waste land, and overgrazed grassland, as
well as surrounding stockyards. It is a weedy foreign plant endemic to tropical America that has
become naturalised in the tropics, disrupting the recruitment pattern in the neighbouring populated
areas [1]. The plant is known as 'wilayati tulsi' because of its similarity to tulsi leaves, although it also
goes by other names such as American mint, bush mint, and the chan plant.
The plant is a sweet-scented woody herb with a tetragonal hispid stem, long petioled, pubescent,
roughly elliptic-ovate reaching, base oblique, truncate or acute, margin coarsely serrulate, apex acute,
chartaceous leaves, and a tetragonal hispid stem [2]. Flowers blue in short stalked axillary cymes,
calyx ovoid, companulate and subequally 5 lobed, often accrescent. Corolla is bilabiate with lower
deflexed and seccate lip and upper rounded. Stamens didynamous, diclinate, anther cells confluent,
glandular ovary 4 partite, gynobasic style with a shortly bifid stigma. Nut lets ovoid, smooth or
rugulose [3].
2. TRADITIONAL USE
Hyptis is used for ethnobotanical applications in rural communities in Africa [4]. Traditionally the
decoction of the roots is used as appetizer and the root is chewed with betel nuts as a stomachic; leaf
sap of H. suaveolens with lemon juice added is taken in Sierra leone for stomach ache and the leaf is
applied around the head for head ache or topically to maturate boils [5]. A leaf poultice is applied to
cancers and tumours in the Americas [6]. The plant is used by various tribal communities of
Maharashtra, Marathwada region to cure various diseases like, parasitical cutanous, diseases,
infection of uterus, and as a sudorofic in catarrhal condition. The essential oils contained in the leaves
have potential antimicrobial and antifungal properties [7,8,9,10]. The plant is stimulant carminative,
antispasmodic, antirheumatic and antisoporific baths. It is also used for headache, stomachache and
snuff to stop bleeding of the nose [11]. It is a medicinal antidote to poison [12]. In Guinea Bissau,
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periodic burning of leaves and flower [13] and in Kenya, the overnight burning of leaves show
repellency against mosquitoes [14]. In Nigeria the plant used for treating respiratory tract infections,
colds, pain, fever, cramps and skin diseases. Seeds extract is a remedy for menorrhagia, leucorrhoea
and temporary male sterility [15]. The tribal people use the plant to repel mosquitoes in Tamil Nadu
[16]. Seeds soaked in water are used as soothing agent by Bheel tribe [17,18]. In the Songkhla
province, the whole plant decoction is used to cure fever and fatigue and the seeds are used to cure
constipation and as antidiarrhoeal [19]. Mal Paharia tribes use the root as a blood purifier and leaves
as effective wound healer [20].
3. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
Phytochemical offers by plants have many high value chemicals useful as drugs, cosmetic, bio-
polymer etc which are highly beneficial to human kind. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the
extract of Hyptis shows the presence of many phytochemicals like steroids, alkaloids, phenolics,
flavonoids, tannins, cyanogenic glycosides [21,22,23,24,25] and saponins. The antioxidant and anti-
inflammatory activity of flavonoids, anti-diarrheal and stomachic activity of tannins, anagestic, anti-
pyretic and anti-coagulant properties of glycosides were well established. The essential oil of aerial
parts of H. suaveolens is predominated by β-caryophyllene, 4-terpinenol, -terpineol, -terpinolene,
--phellandrene, -copaene, -thujene, -humulene, -bergamotene, -pinene, -pynene , -
elemene, terpinene, -cadinene, -cadinene, linalool, fenchol, eugenol, camphene, sabinene,
myrcene, 1, 8-cineole, aromadendrene, benzyl benzoate and a diterpene hydrocarbon II etc.
Eucaliptol is the most abundant component in the oil in leaves, followed for -ellemene, β-pyrene, (+)-
3-carene, trans--caryophyllene and germacrene. The essential oil cn be applied in aspergillosis
treatment [26] dehydroabietinol [27], limonene, bicyclogermacrene, β-phellandrene [28]
monoterpenes, -pinene, and p-cymene [29].
Natural triterpenoid characterized as 3β-hydroxylup-20(29)-en-27-oic acid [30], 3β-hydroxylup-12-en-
28-oic acid, and amyrin [31]. The plant derived triterpenoids posseses various pharmacological
properties. A large number of triterpenoids exhibits cytotoxicity against a variety of tumor cells as well
as anticancer efficacy in preclinical animal models. A triterpenoid similar to betulin and betulinic acid
was also identified [32]. Betulin and its derivatives however possess biological effects like anti-
inflammatory, antiviral, anti-HIV, hepatoprotective. The oil of stems contains diterpene hydrocarbon II
and palustrol [33], hyptadienic acid, hyptadienic acid, suaveolic acid, suaveolol, methyl suaveolate, b-
sitosterol, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, rosamarinic acid [34]. Suaveolol and methyl suaveolate are
responsible for anti-inflammatory activity of the plant and hence used to treat dermatological diseases.
Ursolic acid occur in the form of an aglycone of triterpene saponins inhibits the inflammatory enzymes
cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. Rosmarinic acid, a polyphenol, possesess anti-oxidant property.
(2E)-1-(2-hydroxy phenyl) pent-2-en-1-one (I) and 1-[(3-hydroxy-5, 5-dimethyl cyclohex-3-en-1yl) oxy]
hexan-3-one (II) [35], 3β-hydroxylup-12-en-28-oic acid,3β-hydroxylup-20(29)-en-27-oic acid [36] etc
were isolated from various parts.
4. PHARMACOLOGY
The plant has antiinflammatory, antinociceptive [37] antiplasmoidal [38], antirheumatic, anticonvulsant
[39], antiulcerogenic, carminative and lactagogue properties. It is used in catarrhal and uterine
affections, parasitical cutaneous diseases, epistaxis etc [40]. The plant is also used in nausea and
infection of gall bladder [41]. It can reduce calcium oxalate crystallization [42], which is comparable to
that of propertary drugs for dissolving kidney stones. The plant cures skin diseases and bronchial
disorders [43]. Natural HIV-integrase inhibitor [44] and trypsin inhibitor [45] were also isolated from
this plant.
Antibacterial activity: Methanolic extract of leaves is active activity against X. campestri and is more
effective than Kanamycin and Neomycin [46]. It shows inhibitory action on S. aureus and Bacillus
cereus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. The volatile oils is toxic to human pathogenic bacteria [47], B.
cereus [48], Serratia marcescens and K. pneumoneae [22,23].
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Anti-diabetic activity: The methanol extract of leaves posses anti-diabetic activity in alloxan-induced
diabetic rats. The presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, tannins, steroids and/or terpenes
in the leaves either as single constituents or in combination may be responsible for the anti-diabetic
activity [49].
Antifungal activity: The essential oil extracted form the leaves has antifungal and antibacterial
properties [50,8,51]. These are active against S. cerevisiae, Mucor sp. and F. moniliforme ([52] and F.
oxysporum [53]. Anti-aspergillus property against A. fumigates, A. paraasiticus and A. flavus [54] is
well established. The pant shows activity against Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii and Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum and the oil in combination with Trichoderma harzianunum controlled wilt and rot diseases
by S. sclerotiorum [55]. Growth inhibnition also noticed in A. niger, C. albuicans, Cryptococcus and
Fusarium species in some instances the inhibition exceeded Griseofulvin [56]. The aqueous and
ethanol extracts show inhibition of C. albicans, Collectrotichum capsici, F. oxysporum F. lycopersici
[22,23].
Anti-inflammatory activity: H. suaveolens contains tannins which are used as antiinflammatory agents
and also used topically for treatment of burns. Suaveolol and methyl suaveolate inhibits croton oil-
induced dermatitis of the mouse ear and due to topical anti-inflammatory activity which is only two to
three times lower than that of the reference drug Indomethacin [57].
Antioxidant activity: The healing properties exhibited by the ethanolic extract [58] and the protective
properties of free soluble polyphenol [59] on Fe(II) induced lipid peroxidation in isolated Rat’s brain
are with a supportive role of antioxidant enzymes. It is identified that the antioxidant activity is due to
the presence of flavonoids [60].
Anti-tumor activity: The plant is also known for its anti-tumor and anti-cancer activities. The leaf is a
potent anticancer agent in traditional medicine [61]. Recently 1, 3-propamediamine N (3-
Aminopropyl)-N-methyl isolated from Hyptis has proved its anticancer potentials in Ehrlich Ascites
Carcinoma Cell Line [62].
Gastro protective activity: Suaveolol obtained from ethanolic and aqueous extracts have
gastroprotective activity [63,64].
Hepatoprotective activity: The leaf aqueous extract protects liver tissues against oxidative damages
and acetaminophen induced toxicity [65].
Toxicity: The extract of leaves exhibits low acute toxicity [37]. The effect of water extract in Wistar rats
reveals the trivial effect of the extract at given doses in rats [66].
Wound healing activity: Ethanolic, petroleum ether, alcoholic and chloroform water extract of leaves
showed wound healing activity [24]. The activity may be due to free radical scavenging action of the
plant and enhancing level of antioxidant enzymes in granuloma tissue [58].
Insecticidal and larvicidal activity: The phytochemicals from H. sauaveolens can act as larvicide,
insect growth regulators, and repellent and ovipositor attractant. Bush mint produces a very strong
aromatic mint/thyme-like smell when the leaves are crushed lead to use of the plant as a powerful
insectifuge and insect repellent [67]. And the fumes of dried leaves are used repel mosquitoes and
control insect pests of stored grains [68,69]. It is active against the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus
maculates [70] and cowpea borer, Maruca testulalis. The aqueous extract with a lower dose of
insecticides can control cotton boll worms and is active against stem borer Sesamia calamistis [71].
Hyptis extract shows mortality against Sitophilus zeamais and Callosobruchus maculates [72]. It can
also control insects and nematodes [73]. Dehydroabietinol revealed an in vitro antiplasmodial effect
against Plasmodium falciparum [28]. Essential poil is as effective for personal protection against
mosquito bites [74]. The hexane leaf extracts showed larvicidal, and ovicidal activity against A.
aegypti, An. stephensi and C. quinquefasciatus [75,76]. The ethyl acetate extracts acts against
Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura [77,78]. The aqueous and ethanolic extract show reduced
the viability in Anopheles gambiae [79]. Its application is required to control Trogoderma granarium
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and the methanolic extract of seed can be a substitute to synthetic insecticides [80]. The ticks
of Hyalomma sp., Rhipicephalus sp. and Haemophysalis sp. were found to be highly susceptible to
the steam distillate of Hyptis [81].
Other Important Activities: The plant is reported to be a potent antihelminthic and antimalaric [38]. An
anti-phospholipase A2 activity was observed for an aqueous extract [80]. The essential oil extracted
from leaves has antifertility properties [26,82]. The leaf residues can be used as potent bio-herbicide
to control the spread of Parthenium [81].
δ-cadinene
α-copaene
β-caryophyllene
α-phyllandrene
Suaveolol
Betulin
Fenchol
1,8-cineole
β-elemene
Eugenol
Major Phytochemicals found in H. sauveolens
5. CONCLUSION
Though Hyptis suaveolens is an invasive obnoxious weed, the literature survey reveals the
therapeutic efficiency of the plant. The phytochemicals isolated from this medicinal has been
effectively using in many health problems since a long time. The present review work provides a wide
area of interest for planning and conducting research on this wonderful plant to develop of novel drug
molecules for the future.
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COMPETING INTERESTS
Author has declared that no competing interests exist.
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Biography of author(s)
Dr. M. Devi Priya
Department of Botany, St. Thomas College, Pazhavangadi P.O., Pathanamthitta, Kerala- 689 673, India.
Research and Academic Experience: 13 years of teaching experience
Research Area: Plant Tissue Culture Technology, Phytochemistry
Number of Published papers: 5
_________________________________________________________________________________
© Copyright (2021): Author(s). The licensee is the publisher (B P International).
DISCLAIMER
This chapter is an extended version of the article published by the same author(s) in the following journal.
International Journal of Basic, Applied and Innovative Research, 4(4): 108-117, 2015.
... Hyptis suaveolens (L.) also belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is a perennial and rapidly growing herb with high medicinal properties but considered to be a weed. Up to 37 different extracts obtained from the leaves and stems of Hyptis suaveolens [18][19][20]. The stems of the plants were also used to extract high quality natural cellulose fibers with properties suitable for medical applications [18]. ...
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Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) with antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties were obtained using extracts from Hyptis suaveolens (L.) commonly called wild tulsi. Green synthesis using plant extracts is a preferred means to obtain nanoparticles because of the simplicity, efficiency, and clean process. Plant extracts contain phytochemicals that provide microbial and other medical properties to the nanoparticles. In this study, Hyptis suaveolens (L.) was treated in water and the extracts obtained were used to synthesize copper nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that the synthesized copper nanoparticles are spherical in shape with an average diameter of 7.2 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis showed that the particles were mostly of copper 92% and about 8% of oxygen indicating partial conversion of the copper sulphate into copper oxide. Plasmonic absorbance also indicated that the nanoparticles were predominantly made of copper. The nanoparticles showed excellent antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi in the lowest concentration tested. Both wild tulsi extract (WTE) and wild tulsi nanoparticle (WTN) were non-toxic on NIH 3T3 cells at lower concentrations tested, however, WTN showed cytotoxicity at higher concentrations and with extended incubation times.
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... H. suaveolens is a fast-growing perennial and aromatic herb, 0.4-2 m tall with hairy stems and leaves, having branches and usually woody at the base. The leaves are weak, oval in outline, tip and broadly pointed [10]. Phytochemical analysis of the plant led to the characterization of quercetin 3-O-β-Dglucopyranoside, apigenin, sorbifolin, quercetin, kaempferol, genkwanin, rosmarinic acid, methyl rosmarinate, podophyllotoxin and picropodophyllotoxin [11]. ...
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Full-text available
  • May 2020
Aims: This present study described the chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of essential oils hydrodistiled from the leaves and flowers of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Study Design: This research was designed to accommodate different stages such as collection of authentic sample of Hyptis suaveolens, obtain essential oil by hydrodistillation, chemical analysis of the oil samples by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and screening of the essential oils for antimicrobial activity. Place and Duration of Study: School of Natural Science, Vinh University, Vinh City, Nghệ An Province, Vietnam, between August and December 2018. Methodology: The leaves and flowers of H. suaveolens used for this study were gotten from Đồng Văn Commune, Pù Hoạt Nature Reserve, Vietnam. The collection was done in December 2018. Essential oils were distilled off using hydrodistillation method according to established procedure. The determination of antimicrobial efficacy of essential oils of H. suaveolens will be achieved by the method of microdilution broth susceptibility assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and IC50 were evaluated accordingly. Results: The major compounds in the oil were b-caryophyllene (31.1% and 33.7%), caryophyllene oxide (17.6% and 3.9%), phytol (9.9% and 2.7%) and a-humulene (6.7% and 6.6%), respectively. The leaf oil displayed strong antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC299212, Bacillus cereus ATCC14579 and Candida albicans ATCC10231 with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 16.0, 32.0 and 16.0 µg/mL respectively, while the IC50 values were 5.78, 9.35 and 6.78 µg/mL, respectively. The flower oil showed activity towards the same organisms with MIC values of 64.0, 64.0 and 16.0 µg/mL, respectively; with IC50 values of 20.45, 26.78 and 6.78 µg/mL, respectively. Both essential oils exhibited moderate activity towards Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 with MIC of 256.0 µg/mL. Conclusion: The results are indication of the potential of H. suaveolens essential oils as source of antimicrobial agents.
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Chan Seeds (Hyptis suaveolens L.) Storage Proteins: Isolation, Characterization, and Cytotoxic Effect on Three Cancer Cell Lines
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2024
Since pre-Hispanic times, chan seeds (Hyptis suaveolens L.) have been used as food and in traditional medicine. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about the antioxidant capacity and cytotoxic effect of their storage proteins on cancer cells. Thus, these were investigated in this study. The total protein content of the seeds was 19.5% (dry base), and its protein fractions were confirmed via Tris-Tricine-SDS-PAGE electrophoresis as 43.1% glutelins, 30.9% albumins, 23% globulins, and 2.9% prolamins. The antioxidant capacity determined by ABTS showed the highest percentage of inhibition for the prolamins fraction of 23.6% (half-maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50]: 1.38 µg protein/mL) and the lowest percentage for the glutelins fraction of 6.3% (IC50: 4.51 µg protein/mL). The cytotoxic activity against the murine lymphoma L5178Y, human cervical (Hela), and colorectal (Caco-2) cell lines revealed that prolamin exerted superior inhibition on the Hela and Caco-2 cancer cells, with IC50 values of 0.49 and 0.44 mg protein/mL, respectively. This study underscores the potential of chan seed proteins as natural antioxidants and anticancer agents.
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Genetic diversity, essential oil’s chemical constituents of aromatic plant Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze Syn. Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. and its uses in crop protection: a review
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2024
This review provides evidence on the genetic diversity, chemical constituents, and ecotoxicology of Mesosphaerum suaveolens ‘ essential oil. It emphasizes the agricultural benefits such as crop protection effectiveness of the plant and highlights the existing knowledge gaps and research perspectives to promote its utilization in agriculture. A systematic and extensive review of the literature was done and all pertinent full-text articles and abstracts were analyzed and incorporated into the review. Mesosphaerum suaveolens is used traditionally in pharmacology to treat several diseases such as malaria, constipation, stomach problems, and renal inflammation. It also treats cramps, digestive infections, headaches, and skin infections. To date, very few studies have been conducted worldwide about its genetic diversity. These studies highlighted three morphological variants, the blue-flowering, the white-flowering, and the light-purple flowering M. suaveolens. Its wide biological actions may be attributed to the numerous groups of chemical constituents in its essential oil including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes. Biological studies highlighted evidence of M. suaveolens being used as an antifungal, bactericidal, antimicrobial, insecticidal, and repellent plant. The essential oil extracted from M. suaveolens showed significant potential for the control of agricultural pests such as Sitiophilus zeamais, Helicoverpa armigera and Helminthosporium oryzae. M. suaveolens is commonly used worldwide as a pesticidal plant in healthcare, agriculture, and food preservation. However, there is a lack of studies concerning the toxicity and effectiveness of isolated potent phytotoxic substances, the efficacy screening in the field, the genetic diversity, the essential oil yield, and productivity. Consequently, further studies are required to fill the knowledge gaps.
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Influence of light quality and some growth regulators in inducing the production of Podophyllotoxin, a bioactive compound against cancer, in adventitious roots formed in the leaves of Hyptis suaveolens
Article
  • Nov 2022
  • IND CROP PROD
Podophyllotoxin (PTOX) is an aryltetraline lignan used to treat skin lesions, such as warts, human papilloma virus, and genital infections. Hyptis suaveolens has PTOX in its roots and the culture of its plant tissues in vitro has been increasingly used to produce rare and high-quality medicinal compounds. Adventitious roots are an attractive source of phytochemicals due to their genetic and biosynthetic stability. Thus, the aim of the present study is to investigate adventitious roots’ induction in leaves and nodal segments under different light qualities and auxins in H. suaveolens. Adventitious roots have only emerged in H. suaveolens leaves grown in semi-solid MS medium, in the absence of light and under red light-emitting diode (LED). Root dry weight values recorded for these treatments were statistically equal to each other, i.e., 21.84 and 29.81 mg, respectively. PTOX quantification was performed in the dark (10.72 µg g⁻¹) and under red LED (9.93 µg g⁻¹). Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg L⁻¹) concentrations induced adventitious roots’ formation in leaves of plants belonging to this species. Explant supplemented with 2.0 mg L⁻¹ NAA led to higher root dry weight (45.53 mg) in leaves. However, the 1.0 mg L⁻¹ IBA treatment produced more PTOX (9.96 µg g⁻¹ root). Nodal segments of H. suaveolens, IBA and NAA concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg L⁻¹) also induced adventitious roots’ formation. The treatment with 0.5 mg L⁻¹ IBA resulted in higher root dry weight (37.62 mg) in the nodal segment. However, 1 and 2 mg L⁻¹ IBA resulted in lower root dry weight and higher PTOX (9.97 µg g⁻¹ and 9.95 µg g⁻¹). In conclusion, adventitious root formation and PTOX induction in H. suaveolens leaves grown in semi-solid MS medium only happen in plants grown in the dark and under monochromatic red LED light. Growth regulator NAA was the best element to induce adventitious roots’ emergence in leaves, whereas IBA was the best one for such a purpose in nodal segment. Growth regulator NAA can inhibit the synthesis of PTOX, but IBA induces this secondary compound.
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Sustainable utilization of medicinal plants and conservation strategies practiced by the aboriginals of Purulia district, India: a case study on therapeutics used against some tropical otorhinolaryngologic and ophthalmic disorders
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2021
  • Environ Dev Sustain
Purulia, the land of distinctive geological and archaeological features, abundant natural resources and a home to a number of aboriginals, has been studied widely to apprehend the role of ethnic remedies against myriad of diseases. Availability of natural remedies and practice of traditional knowledge have popularized the use of medicinal plants among local communities. The objective of the study is to elucidate the use of folk medicine against common otorhinolaryngologic and ophthalmic medical conditions, by various ethnic groups of Purulia district, West Bengal, India. A completely randomized ethnobotanical approach was carried out during a number of field visits conducted to interview 55 traditional healers (THs) residing across the 20 blocks of district Purulia via semi-structured open-ended questionnaire. The similarity of usage of plants for different diseases was calculated by the informant consensus factor (Fic), whereas fidelity level indicated the plants mostly cited by the informants. The correlative importance of the usage of the plants was measured by the use value (UV). A total number of 28 plant species belonging to 27 genera and 20 families are reported in this present study in the treatment of a number of otorhinolaryngologic and ophthalmic ailments such as cough and cold, eye diseases (sore eye, red eye, eye inflammation and conjunctivitis), ear diseases (earache and pus in ears), nosebleed and throat infection. The highest value for informant’s consensus factor (Fic) was observed in cough and cold (0.87) that indicates most of the plants possess analgesic and antipyretic potential, whereas the lowest value (0.33) was shown by sore eye that denotes least number of plants have been applied for eye cure. Mostly, leaf part (41.4%) is utilized to cure selected otorhinolaryngologic and ophthalmic disorders where most of the herbal formulations were applied as leaf juices (60.7%). Most significant plant species were Piper nigrum L., Ocimum sanctum L. and Zingiber officinale Roscoe according to their highest UV (1.80), followed by Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees (1.79) and Justicia adhatoda L. (1.66). The present work represents first quantitative ethnobotanical study against some tropical otorhinolaryngologic and ophthalmic disorders in remote areas of Purulia district where acute poverty, underprivileged livelihood, illiteracy, unavailability of conventional health care as well as age-old trust on THs have popularized the use of natural resources (i.e. medicinal plants). Many of the reported ethnomedicinal properties of some plants have been backed up by clinical data also. Aboriginal people also showed keen interest and knowledge regarding conservation of endangered medicinal plants and on sustainable utilization of botanical resources. Proper documentation of traditional knowledge and potential preclinical and clinical studies based on the ethnobotanical data procured may be suggested for safe and efficacious use of herbal medicine against otorhinolaryngologic and ophthalmic disorders.
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A review on the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2021
Background Plants are the repository of variable number of valuable secondary metabolites that bears pharmacognostic and pharmacological implications having potentiality to emerge as super drugs in future. In-vivo production of these metabolites is influenced by the biotic and abiotic stresses resulting in continuous accumulation of diverse phytochemicals and their derivatives that can be useful in designing and developing potential drugs for future. The aim of the present study is to review the existence of medicinally important secondary metabolites and possible pharmacological and pharmacognostic importance of under-explored weed plant species Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit., to explore the potentiality of the plant for developing and designing the drugs for future. Main body of the abstract Hyptis suaveolens belonging to family Lamiaceae is the rich source of medicinally important phytochemicals like essential oils, tannins, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and sterols. One or many of these compounds have antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, anti-septic, anti-cancer, anti-ulcer, antimicrobial, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-diabetic, anti-fertility, diaphoretics, anticutaneous, anticatarrhal, antirheumatic, anti-ulcer, gastroprotective, immunomodulatory, analgesic, and antiviral activity. Short conclusion Hyptis suaveolens contains unique terpenoid metabolites like suaveolic acid, suaveolol, methyl suaveolate, beta-sitosterol, ursolic acid, and phenolic compound like rosamarinic acid, methyl rosamarinate that have potentiality to substitute the traditional drugs as therapeutic agent against the resistant and newly emerged bacterial and viral pathogens. Pentacyclic triterpenoid, ursolic acid have been reported to have effective antiviral response against the SARS-CoV2 responsible for the present COVID-19 pandemic and HIV virus for which no effective vaccines are available till date. Ursolic acid has the ability to modulate the activity of main protease (M pro ) that is essential for processing of SARS-CoV2 replicase-transcriptase machinery needed for viral replication and particle assembly.
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Efficacy of Hyptis suaveolens against lepidopteran pest
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2005
  • CURR SCI INDIA
Efficacy of Hyptis suaveolens against lepidopteran pests Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit, a rigid sweetly aromatic herb belonging to the family Lami-aceae is a native of tropical America. It was introduced and naturalized in India 1 . The plant is used as green manure in certain parts of the west coast. The edible shoot tips are sometimes used for flavouring. In Java, the plant is used as cattle fodder. An in-fusion of the plant is used to treat catar-rhal conditions, affections of the uterus and parasitical cutaneous diseases; the leaf juice is taken internally for colic and stom-ach-aches. The Mundas (group of tribals from Orissa and West Bengal) use the plant for headache; the powder of leaf is used as snuff to stop bleeding of the nose. In Philippines, the leaves are used for anti-spasmodic, antirheumatic and antisopori-fic baths. A decoction of the roots is used as appetizer and the root is chewed with betel nuts as a stomachic 2,3 . The leaves are used to treat cancer 4 and anti-fertility 5 . Some species of Hyptis have been shown to possess insecticidal properties. Insec-ticidal activity of volatile oils from Hyptis martiusii has been reported 6 . Also the chemical compositions of the essential oil from H. martiusii 6 , H. mutabilis 7 , H. suaveo-lens 8–10 , H. spicigera 11 , H. verticillata 12 , H. crenata 13 and H. pectinata 14 have been reported. The presence of ethereal oil, monoter-penes, diterpenes, suaveolic acid, suaveo-lol, triterpenoid, traces of hydrocyanic acid, sterol, campesterol, fucosterol, sesquiter-pene alcohols and fatty acids 1,9,10 have been reported in this plant. 1,8-cineole and sabinene are the main constituents 10 . In India, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a serious pest feeding on more than 180 host plants be-longing to 45 families 15 . It commonly destroys more than half the yield. The annual loss amounts to US$ 300–500 mil-lion in cotton and pulses 16 . Spodoptera litura Fab. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is another economically important insect pest of cosmopolitan distribution 17 . It has been reported to attack more than 112 different species of cultivated crop plants throughout the world 18 . Both the noctuids feed on tender leaves, flowers and imma-ture pods and ultimately cause severe loss of production. Growing awareness on the negative impact of chemical pesticides on the environment has prompted a surge to look for alternatives. Plants have been identified to play a vital role in providing alternative source of biodegradable pesti-cides. The present study was undertaken to identify some new chemical compounds from H. suaveolens to control lepidopteran pests. Fresh mature leaves of H. suaveolens were collected from Chennai, shade-dried and powdered using electric blender. One kg of plant powder was soaked in each solvent (hexane, diethyl ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water) for 24 h at room temperature (28 ± 2°C) sequen-tially and filtered. The solvent from the crude was evaporated using rotary vac-uum evaporator, weighed and stored at 4°C for subsequent experiments. From the crude, 1000 ppm concentration was prepared and tested for antifeedant, oviposition deter-rent, ovicidal and larvicidal activity against lepidopteran pests, Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura. Antifeedant activity of the plant extracts was studied using leaf disc no choice method 19 . Fresh leaf discs (3-cm diameter) of castor and cotton were used for S. litura and H. armigera respectively. The leaf discs were treated with 1000 ppm concentra-tion of plant extracts individually; one treatment with acetone alone was used as positive control and one treatment with-out solvent was considered as negative control. In each petri dish (1.5 cm × 9 cm) wet filter paper was placed to avoid early drying of the leaf disc and single fourth instar larva of S. litura and H. armigera was introduced individually. Five repli-cates were maintained for each concen-tration and the progressive consumption of leaf area by the larva after 24 h was recorded in control and treated discs using leaf area meter (Delta-T Devices, Serial No. 15736 F 96, UK). For oviposition deterrent activity 1000 ppm concentration of plant extracts was sprayed on fresh castor and cotton leaves for S. litura and H. armigera respectively; similar controls as mentioned above were also used here. The petioles of the treated leaves were tied with wet cotton plug to avoid early drying and placed inside the cage (60 cm × 45 cm × 45 cm). Ten pairs of S. litura and H. armigera moths were intro-duced on castor and cotton leaves respec-tively. 10% (w/v) sucrose solution with multivitamin drops was provided for adult feeding to increase fecundity. Five replicates were maintained for control and treat-ments. After 48 h, the numbers of egg masses (S. litura) and eggs (H. armigera) laid on treated and control leaves were recorded and the percentage of oviposition deter-rence was calculated 20 . For ovicidal activity, scales from the egg masses of S. litura were carefully removed using fine camel brush. 500 eggs from both the lepidopterans were separated into 5 lots each having 100 eggs and dipped in 1000 ppm concentration of plant extracts and controls as mentioned above. Num-ber of eggs hatched in control and treat-ments were recorded and the percentage of ovicidal activity was calculated using Abbott's formula 21 . For evaluation of larvicidal activity against S. litura, fresh castor leaves were treated with 1000 ppm concentration of plant ex-tracts and controls as mentioned above. Petioles of the leaves were tied with wet cotton plug to avoid early drying and placed in plastic trough (29 cm × 8 cm); 20 pre-starved (2 h) IV instar larvae of S. litura were introduced individually and covered with muslin cloth. For H. armigera 1000 ppm concentration of plant extracts was mixed with artificial diet 22 . Small pieces of arti-ficial diet were separated and placed in plastic containers. Single IV instar larva was introduced in each container. Five individual containers were considered as one replication. Five replicates were main-tained and the number of larvae dead after 48 h was recorded and the percentage of larval mortality was calculated using Ab-bott's formula 21 . All the data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the significant difference within the mean was separated using Least Signifi-cant Difference test (LSD; P < 0.05). Crude ethyl acetate extract (20 g) was dissolved in 10 ml of ethyl acetate and 5 g of silica gel and macerated well using mortar and pestle to make fine powder. The powdered material was fractionated through a silica gel (100–200 mesh LR) column chromatography (4 cm × 60 cm) using the combination of hexane/ethyl acetate (95 : 5; 90 : 10; 85 : 15; 80 : 20). Totally 11 fractions were obtained; each fraction was confirmed using Thin Layer Chromatography (on Aluchrosep Silica gel 60 UV 254 gel coated sheets); each fraction was tested for its bioactivity at 500 ppm concentration. Promising frac-tions were further studied for their bioacti-vity at 100, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm. Purified promising fractions were subjected
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Wound Healing Activity of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit (Lamiaceae)
Article
  • Jul 2009
Hyptis Suaveolens (L.)Poit is a traditional pubescent annual herb found throughout India. On the basis of its traditional use and literature references, this plant was selected for the screening of wound healing property. The leaves of Hyptis Suaveolens were exhaustively extracted by soxhlet apparatus with different solvents like petroleum ether, solvent ether, chloroform, alcohol and chloroform water in ascending order of the polarity. All the five extracts were subjected to antibacterial screening by using the cup plate method. The petroleum ether, alcoholic and chloroform water extract showed maximum zone of inhibition. So these extracts were taken for wound healing activity. The effect of petroleum ether, alcohol, and aqueous extract of leaves was evaluated in excision, incision and dead space wound healing models using Albino wistar rats. Among the extracts, petroleum ether extracts showed significant wound healing activity on all three wound models compared to other extracts by calculating the parameters, percentage closure of excision wound, period of epithelizatio n, tensile strength, dry weight granulation tissue, breaking strength of granulation tissue and hydroxyproline content. Histopathological study of the granulation tissue of the petroleum ether extract treated group evidenced increased collagenation when compared to control group of animals. Presence of sterols, flavonoids, tannins in various extracts was also confirmed by preliminary phytochemical investigation, TLC and HPTLC methods.
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Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Hyptis suaveolens leaves
Article
  • Aug 1999
The essential oil of Hyptis suaveolens leaves showed antibacterial activity at 5 mg/ml concentration against two gram-positive and four gram-negative bacteria.
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Essential Oil Constituents of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. (Bush Tea) Leaves from Nigeria
Article
  • Jan 2000
The essential oil of the leaves of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. from Nigeria was isolated by hydrodistillation. The oil was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Of the 49 components which were detected, 39 amounting to 89.5% were identified. The dominant components were sabinene (16.5%), trans-a-bergamotene and β-caryophyllene (19.8%), terpinen-4-ol (9.6%) and β-pinene (8.6%).
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