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Effect of magnetic water on strength properties of concrete
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4th International Conference on Engineering Sciences (ICES 2020)
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1067 (2021) 012002
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1067/1/012002
1
Effect of magnetic water on strength properties of concrete
Enaam M Ibrahim1, a and Zena K Abbas2, b
1, 2 University of Baghdad, College of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department,
Baghdad, Iraq
Email: aenaammahdi90@gmail.com , bdr.zena.k.abbas@coeng.uobaghdad.edu.iq,
Abstract. The research's main goal is to investigate the effects of using magnetic water in
concrete mixes with regard to various mechanical properties such as compressive, flexural, and
splitting tensile strength. The concrete mix investigated was designed to attain a specified
cylinder compressive strength (30 MPa), with mix proportions of 1:1.8:2.68 cement to sand to
crushed aggregate. The cement content was about 380 kg/m³, with a w/c ratio equal to 0.54, sand
content of about 685 kg/m³, and gravel content of about 1,020 kg/m³. Magnetic water was
prepared via passing ordinary water throughout a magnetic field with a magnetic intensity of
9,000 Gauss. The strength test results showed an encouraging improvement in the fresh and
hardened concrete properties. The percentage increases in compressive strength of 12.16, 10.16,
and 8.62% at 7, 28, and 90 days, respectively, compared particularly well with the control mix
containing tap water, with consistent flexural trends and splitting tensile strengths.
1. Introduction
Magnetic water technology appeared in countries like Russia and China in military construction,
airports, jetties, and concrete productions several years ago, and recently, the magnetic water technique
has attracted considerable scientific interest, as concrete production using this technology appears to be
better for the environment due to reducing pollution and costs based on reducing cement content [1].
Additionally, magnetic water technology has proven to overcome the problem of high sulfate contents
in the sand [2] used in such concrete, as well as producing economical concrete with better strength
without the need for additives like fly ash to improve the strength which uses by Ozyildirim and Haistead
[3] and Ronne [4]. and also no complex concrete like epoxy concrete which was studied by
Vipulanandan and Dharmarajan [5] and without using any chemical admixture like high range water
reducing superplasticizer which was used by ACI [6] and Ramezanianpour et al. [7].
Water plays several essentials role in producing concrete (mixing and curing), beginning with the
hydration of cement and extending to the curing stage to enhance its strength. Tap water (drinkable
water), which free from impurities, is the usual desired water in this technique. This can be converted
to "magnetic water" by passing it through a magnetic field. The structure of tap water molecules, which
is usually oriented in random directions, is oriented in a one single direction after "magnetization"; in
addition, molecule group sizes change when the bond angles change (decreasing from 13 to
approximately 5 or 6 molecules), increasing viscosity and surface area and thus increasing hydration
speed [8]. Water molecules consist of "1 oxygen atom and 2 hydrogen atoms" bonded with an isolated
triangle angle of about (104.5ᵒ) by "light spectrum," which decreases to 103° when they are subjected
to the magnetic field. This occurs as the magnetic field deflects the bond pairs and squeezes them to be
4th International Conference on Engineering Sciences (ICES 2020)
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1067 (2021) 012002
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doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1067/1/012002
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closer together [9]. The water molecules thus appear to form "clusters" of hydrogen bonds, which break
up when moving through a magnetic field and become more uniform, smaller in size, and lower in
density; the thickness of the magnetic water layer around cement particles is also thinner than that of the
tap water, this is the cause of decreasing water demand for mixing which leads to positive effects on
mechanical properties of concrete "the strength" [1].
Magnetic water technology thus enhances compressive strength by 10 to 20% [10] and (10%) by Abdel-
Magid et al. [1]; they also found that this allowed a reduction in cement content of up to 75% without
any effect on compressive strength. In addition to improving compressive strength, the treatment of
concrete with magnetic water often has additional advantages; it increases durability properties by
decreasing water absorption and porosity based on the magnetic intensity of the treated tap water (1
Tesla = 10000 Gauss) [11].
Compressive and tensile strength have been seen to increase by 9 and 6%, respectively, in normal
conditions [12], while Shynier et al. [13] studied the effect of using magnetic water with different
magnetic intensities (4,000, 6,000, and 9,250 Gauss) on concrete properties, finding an increase in
compressive strength of about 10 to 22% as compared with the control tap water.
Karam and Al-shamali [14] stated that the compressive strength of concrete increased by 10 to 15%
when using magnetic water as compared to using tap water, and other mechanical properties like flexural
and splitting tensile strength improved by 7 to 28% for concrete using magnetic water.
Reddy et al. [15] used magnetic water at an intensity of 985 gauss to obtain compressive strength
improvements of 50%, flexural strength increases of 25%, and splitting tensile strength enhancement of
18% when using magnetic water instead of tap water.
A study by Ramachandran and Das [16] showed an improvement in compressive strength of about 50%
at age 28 days when using magnetic water for both mixing and curing; in addition, the flexural strength
increased to 8.5 MPa at 28 days when the concrete was mixed with magnetic water and cured in tap
water, while the splitting tensile strength increased by 30% at 28 days when the concrete was both mixed
and cured in magnetic water.
Raouf et al. [17] observed percentage increases in compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strength
of up to 24, 18.9, and 19.44%, respectively, at 28 days when using magnetic water instead of tap water
for different kinds of reactive powder concrete at all ages for the same non-magnetic mixtures.
An investigation by Reddy et al. [18] was made to show the increase in mechanical characteristics by
increasing magnetization intensity and duration time when using magnetic water with intensity of (0.6
teslas = 6000 Gauss) in mixing concrete (water subjected to magnetization for 24 hours); the percentage
improvements in compressive, flexural and splitting tensile strength were 50.2, 34.5, and 31.5%,
respectively, as compared to ordinary concrete. Figure 1 shows the mechanisms of this magnetic water
technology.
Hassan [19] studied the influence of magnetic water on cement mortar properties including compressive
strength; initial and final setting time, and consistency at different water/cement ratios at 1 and 7 days.
The results of this study showed compressive strengths ranging from 5.5 to 32.5 MPa, initial setting
times ranging from 4 to 32 minutes, and final setting times ranging from 303 to 546 minutes, by using
two types of mixing water (tap water and magnetic water). The results showed that magnetic water use
led to an increase in compressive strength and decreases in both initial and final setting times as
compared with tap water.
Srinidhi et al. [20] proved that recirculation time increased when the pH value of magnetic water was
increased from 6.68 to 7.87, by about 1 hour. The workability of concrete was increased when the slump
value of magnetic water was 50 mm with a water/cement ratio 0.30, with an average increase in the
compressive strength of 37.41% compared to tap water.
Al-Maliki et al. [21] showed a slight increase in workability and compressive strength, also a reduction
of about 7.5% in cement content obtained when using magnetic water instead of tap water, making the
resulting concrete more sustainable. Nwofor and Azubuike [22] similarly conducted a study to
investigate the effects of magnetic water on the workability and compressive strength of concrete and
4th International Conference on Engineering Sciences (ICES 2020)
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1067 (2021) 012002
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doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1067/1/012002
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find the optimum time for exposing water to a magnetic field. Water was exposed to a magnetic field of
(336 mT) per magnet for durations of 12, 18, 24, 36, and 96 hours, and used to create concrete which
showed significant increases in compressive strength when compared to ordinary concrete of 6.5% at 7
days and 17% at 28 days at the 12 to 24 hours of magnetization level. Magnetic water concrete (MWC)
also had a higher slump value than normal water concrete (NWC), making MWC more workable than
NWC. Divya [23] also noted advantages of magnetic water concrete over tap water concrete based on
an increase in compressive strength of about 22% and reductions in cement content of up to 12%.
Jouzdani and Reisi [24] investigated the effects of both water flow rates in different electromagnetic
fields (Q) and different magnetic field intensities (MFI) with regard to the properties of self-compacting
concrete (SCC). The results showed that using magnetic water instead of tap water increased concrete
workability and improved SCC mechanical properties. The compressive, bending, and tensile strengths
of the concrete increased by up to 34.1%, 52.4%, and 74.2%, respectively.
The main objective of the current study was to study the effects of using magnetic water for improving
the properties of fresh and hardened concrete.
Figure 1. Mechanism of magnetic water technology [13].
2. The experimental program
4th International Conference on Engineering Sciences (ICES 2020)
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1067 (2021) 012002
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2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Cement
Lafarge ordinary Portland cement was used in this work, and Tables 1 and 2 show the concrete physical
properties and chemical composition, which are within limits set out in IQS No.5 (1984) [25]. All tests
were established in the labs of the Building Research Centre (BRC).
Table 1. Chemical composition of cement.
Oxides
Contents,%
IQS No.5 (1984) [25]
CaO
60.60
-
SiO2
19.80
-
Al2O3
4.80
-
Fe2O3
3.00
-
Mgo
3.50
≤ 5.00 %
LSF.
0.90
0.66 - 1.02
IR.
0.70
≤ 1.5 %
LOI.
3.10
≤ 4.00 %
SO3
2.22
≤ 2.80 % if C3A ≥ 5 %
OPC' main compounds (Bogue's Eq.)
C3S
59.63
--
C2S
11.78
--
C3A
7.64
--
C4AF
9.12
--
Table 2. Physical properties of cement.
property
Results
IQS No.5 (1984) [25]
Compressive strength, MPa
3day
7day
19
25
> 15
≥ 23
Setting time
Initial time, min.
The final time, hr.
90
5
≥ 45 min.
≤ 10 hr.
Specific surface area,m2/kg
320
≥ 230
Soundness,%
0.4
≤ 0.8
2.1.2. Fine aggregate (sand)
Natural grains of sand from the Al-Ekhadir area were used, in saturated and dry surface conditions, for
the concrete mixes in this work, classified within zone (2), as shown in figure 2. The physical and
chemical properties of the sand were within the limits set out in IQS No.45 (1984) [26], as shown in
table 3. Tests were established in the civil engineering department of the University of Baghdad, in the
Materials Lab.
Table 3. Chemical and physical properties of fine aggregate.
Property
Result
Limit of IQS No.45 (1984) [26]
Sulfate content,%
0.2
≤ 0.5 %
Specific gravity
2.58
-
4th International Conference on Engineering Sciences (ICES 2020)
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1067 (2021) 012002
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doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1067/1/012002
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Fine material passing sieve (0.075)mm
3.5
≤ 5 %
Fineness modulus
2.8
-
Absorption,%
0.8
-
Figure 2. Fine aggregate grading.
2.1.3. Crushed aggregate
A nominal 20 mm maximum size crushed aggregate, collected from the Al-Nibaee region, and was
used in this study in saturated and surface-dry conditions. Figure 3 indicates the grading of this, while
table 4 displays the sample's chemical and physical properties, which were within the limits defined by
IQS No.45 (1984) [26]. Tests were conducted in the civil engineering department of the University of
Baghdad, in the Materials Lab.
Table 4. Chemical and physical properties of crushed aggregate.
Property
Result
Limit of IQS No.45 (1984) [26]
Sulfate, SO3%
Specific gravity
0.03
2.62
≤ 0.1 %
-
Dry rodded density, kg/m3
1560
-
Absorption,%
0.6
-
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
012345678910 11
Cummulative passing (%)
Sieve size (mm)
Lower limit of Iraqi
specification
Upper limit of Iraqi
specification
Sand with SO3=0.2 %
4th International Conference on Engineering Sciences (ICES 2020)
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1067 (2021) 012002
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Figure 3. Crushed aggregate grading.
2.1.4. Mixing water
Tap water from the water supply system for Baghdad City, which conforms to IQS 1703/1992 [27],
was used for mixing and curing, for both tap and magnetic water cases. The magnetic water device used
was from the building research centre of the Ministry of Construction and Iraq Housing. The procedure
for using this was to open the tap water valve and thus allow the tap water to pass through the magnetic
unit (intensity of 9000 Gauss) for the magnetization process. Magnetic water was then collected in an
empty container and used as soon as possible for not to lose its properties, as shown in figure 4.
Figure 4. Magnetic water device for preparing magnetic water
2.2. Mix design
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 2 4 6 8 10121416182022242628303234363840
Cummulative passing (%)
Sieve size (mm)
Lower limit of Iraqi
specification
Upper limit of Iraqi
specification
Crushed aggregate
with SO3=0.03%
4th International Conference on Engineering Sciences (ICES 2020)
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ACI 211.1-91 [28] was adopted to achieve a reference mix of specified cylinder compressive strength
(30 MPa) giving a 37.5 MPa cube compressive strength at the age of 28 days. Slump range for all mixes
was 75 to 100 mm, and the content of cement, fine aggregate, crushed aggregate, and water were 380,
685, 1,020, and 205 kg/m3, respectively, with w/c=0.54 and mixing ratios of 1:1.8:2.68 for cement: sand:
crushed aggregate, respectively.
2.3. Mixing and curing of concrete
Using a rotary mixer, cubic moulds (100 mm), cylinder moulds (150 x 300 mm), and prism moulds (100
x 100 x 400 mm), were arranged, cleaned and oiled as necessary. A vibrating table was used for
compaction. According to BS 1881: part 108:1983 [29], cube compaction was done in two layers for
(10-12 sec). According to ASTM C192-11 [30], cylinders and prisms were emplaced and cured.
Cylinders were compacted in three layers and prisms had two layers. The specimen surfaces were
smoothed with trowels and coated with a nylon sheet for just 24 hrs. After that, the moulds were opened
and the samples cured in a tap water tank until the ages of 7, 28, and 90 days.
2.4. Testing
Testing for hardened concrete was adopted to study the magnetic water technique at an intensity of 9000
Gauss.
2.4.1. Compressive strength test. Cubes of 100 mm side length were tested at 7, 28, and 90 days per BS
1881-part 116:1989 [31], as shown in figure 5.
2.4.2. Flexural strength test. A prism of 100 x 100 x 400 mm was tested at 7, 28, and 90 days per ASTM
C78/C78M -18 [32], as shown in figure 6.
2.4.3. Splitting tensile strength test. A cylinder of 150 x 300 mm was tested at 7, 28, and 90 days per
ASTM C496 –17 [33], as shown in figure 7.
Figure 5. Compressive strength test machine. Figure 6. Flexural strength test machine.
4th International Conference on Engineering Sciences (ICES 2020)
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1067 (2021) 012002
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doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1067/1/012002
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Figure 7. Splitting tensile strength test machine.
3. Results and discussion
Table 5 and figures 8, 9, and 10 show the mechanical characteristic results for compressive, flexural,
and splitting tensile strength at 7, 28, and 90 days for two mixes: MT (Tap water) and MM (Magnetic
water). The second mix (MM), which was prepared with magnetic water at 9000 Gauss showed higher
compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strengths than MT, the reference mix made with tap water.
The mixing ratios were constant in both mixtures. Table 6 and figure 11 showcase the percentage
increases in compressive strength (12.16, 10.16, and 8.62%); flexural strength (11.92, 10.48, and 9.66%)
and splitting tensile strength (10.88, 9.83, and 8.52%) at the 7, 28, and 90 days, respectively simply by
using magnetic water in mixing ordinary concrete instead of tap water; these are in general agreement
with Ziyad et al. [34], who used magnetic water in concrete mixing to develop increases in compressive,
flexural, and splitting tensile strength of about 23.3, 22, and 13.2%, respectively, at 28 days and also
with Karam and Al-shamali [14], who identified a percentage increase in compressive strength of 10 to
15% on using magnetic water, with flexural and splitting tensile strength increases of 7 and 28%,
respectively. Similarly, reasonable agreement was found with Sumathi and Sindhuja [35], who noted an
increase in compressive strength at 28 days of about 19.72% when using magnetic water as compared
to using tap water, with an enhancement in flexural strength of approximately 31.5% and an
improvement in splitting tensile strength of up to 12.7% at 28 days.
Table 5. Mechanical properties of concrete (MPa).
Mix ID
Description
Test (MPa)
Age at testing ( days)
MT
7
28
90
Tap water
Compressive strength
Flexural strength
Splitting tensile strength
29.75
40.62
47.75
3.02
3.53
3.83
2.48
3.05
3.40
MM
Magnetic water
Compressive strength
Flexural strength
Splitting tensile strength
33.37
44.75
51.87
3.38
3.9
4.2
2.75
3.35
3.69
4th International Conference on Engineering Sciences (ICES 2020)
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1067 (2021) 012002
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Table 6. Effect of magnetic water on mechanical properties (MM percentage increase as compared to
MT).
Figure 8. Compressive strength results: MT compared to MM mixes in MPa.
Figure 9. Flexural strength results: MT compared to MM mixes in MPa.
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
51
53
010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Compressive stregth (MPa)
Age / days
MT comp.strength
MM comp.strength
2
3
4
5
010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Flexural stregth (MPa)
Age / days
MT Flexural strength
MM Flexural strength
Test
Age of test ( days)
7
28
90
Compressive strength
Flexural strength
Splitting strength
12.16
11.92
10.88
10.16
10.48
9.83
8.62
9.66
8.52
4th International Conference on Engineering Sciences (ICES 2020)
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1067 (2021) 012002
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doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1067/1/012002
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Figure 10. Splitting tensile strength results: MT compared to MM mixes in MPa.
Figure 11. Percentages increases in strengths.
4. Conclusion
1. Magnetic water technology offers significant improvement in the mechanical characteristics of
ordinary concrete (compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strength) without the need for
supplementary materials.
2. The compressive strength of ordinary concrete prepared with magnetic water (intensity of 9,000
Gauss), shows percentage increases of about 12.16, 10.16, and 8.62% at test ages 7, 28, and 90 days,
respectively, as compared with the control tap water mix.
2
3
4
010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Splitting tensile strength (MPa)
Age / days
MT Splitting tensile
strength
MM Splitting tensile
strength
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
728 90
Percentage increase %
Age / days
compressive strength
flexural strength
splitting tensile strength
4th International Conference on Engineering Sciences (ICES 2020)
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1067 (2021) 012002
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doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1067/1/012002
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3. The flexural strength of ordinary concrete made with the same magnetic water showed percentage
increases of about 11.92, 10.48, and 9.66% at the same ages, respectively, as compared with the control
tap water mix.
4. The splitting tensile strength of ordinary concrete made with the same magnetic water showed
percentage increases of about 10.88, 9.83, and 8.52% at the same ages, respectively, as compared with
the control tap water mix.
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