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SUGGESTIONS AND ASPECTS TO AN UNDESIRABLE SIDE
EFFECT OF A COVID – 19 VACCINE.
Theodore J. Drizis, MD, PhD.
Kalamata – Greece
E-mail: thdrizis@ath.forthnet.gr
Historically, the Renaissance physician Paracelsus (1493 – 1541 CE) said:
“All things are poison and nothing is without poison. Solely the dose
determines that a thing is not a poison.”
1
Contemporary, each drug in the
pharmacopeia is a potential poison, and individual dose, situation,
environment, and generelated factors contribute to a drug’s ability to
achieve its adverse, undesirable, potential, deleterious or no
2
.
The aim of this work is to present some suggestions on account of the
prevention of a probable vaccine’s side effect against Covid – 19.
In nowadays, there is much discussion on vascular thrombosis as a side
effect following the injection of a vaccine against Covid – 19. On the
account of this discussion, first and for most, the official research has the
competency and policy. But on the prevention of the vascular thrombosis,
I would like to suggest and present some aspects and measures in relation
to this injection.
Pharmacologically, at first, it is suggested by myself the rarefaction of the
injection’s vaccine solution with equal volume of normal saline (0.9%)
before its forcing to organism, in order to be rarefied to 50% the
concentration of the vaccine. To bear in mind, typically, the incidence and
seriousness of the toxicity is proportionately related to the concentration of
the drug in the body and to the duration of the exposure
3
. Consequently,
minor concentration, less toxicity. By mathematical analysis, in the
rarefaction, the volume of the distribution (V) in vial of injection relates
the amount of drug (M) to the concentration of drug (C) in the vial,
similarly to the blood of the body. Thus, an equation is formed, the
following: C=M/V
4
, that means, when the amount of drug is stable and the
volume of distribution is increased, the concentration gr/cm3 is minor and
consequently, minor concentration means minor dose of entrance and
inoculation in organism, due to portioning of the amount of drug, thus less
toxicity, in account of the gradual entrance of the drug via subcutaneously,
owning to subcutaneous’ fat, where its “…fat is a rather stable reservoir
1
Kevin C. Osterhoudt and Trevor M. Penning, Drug Toxicity and Poisoning, in Goodman & Gilman’s The
Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 12th Edition, p. 73. Mc Graw Hill Medical 2011.
2
Ibidem, pp. 73 – 75.
3
Ibidem, p. 75.
4
Iain L. O. Buxton and Leslie Z. Benet, Pharmacokinetics: The Dynamics of Drug Absorption, Distribution,
Metabolism, and Elimination, in Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 12 th
Edition, p. 30. Mc Graw Hill Medical 2011.
2
because it has a relatively low blood flow…
5
” Besides, the clearance, a
measure of the body’s efficiency in eliminating drug from the systemic
circulation, depends from the dosing rate and the steady-state concentration
(Css) and mathematically it is expressed by the equation: Dosing rate = CL
∙ Css
6
or CL = Dosing rate/Css. Thus, in the case of this vaccine
administration by rarefaction, due to the dosing rate is constant and steady-
state concentration is minor, the clearance does not decreases and
consequently the body’s ability to eliminate the vaccine’s substance, after
its use by organism, is not decreased, so the vaccine’s undesirable effects
are minor. Under such a circumstance, clearance (CL) will vary with the
concentration of drug, often according to the equation CL = vm/(Km+C)
where Km represents the concentration at which half the maximal rate of
elimination is reached (in units of mass/volume) and vm is equal to the
maximal rate of elimination (in units of mass/time). Thus, clearance is
derived in units of volume/time
7
. Summarizing, in my opinion again, in
order to be maintained constant the clearance with minor concentration,
increases the vm.
Another measure to prevent the vascular thrombosis, I consider the
necessary change of the injection’s route. It is better to become this by
hypodermic via into the subcutaneous tissues, as it has been denoted
previously in order to enter the vaccine in organism by a slow-motion and
not in a massive manner. It is known, “…the rate of absorption following
subcutaneous injection of a drug often is sufficiently constant and slow to
provide a sustained effect…Drugs in aqueous solution are absorbed quite
rapidly after intramuscular injection…Generally, the rate of absorption
following injection of an aqueous preparation into the deltoid or vastus
lateralis is faster than when the injection is made into the gluteus
maximus…This has been attributed to the different distribution of
subcutaneous fat…and because fat is relatively poorly perfused…Fat is a
rather stable reservoir because it has a relatively low flood flow…”
8
.
Consequently, by these measures, in my opinion, is satisfied the good
pharmacokinetics of this vaccine, due to be fulfilled the four most
important parameters of pharmacokinetics
9
, governing the drug disposition
which are, firstly the bioavailability, in which the fraction of vaccine
absorbed by rarefaction and via subcutaneously into the systemic
circulation is small; secondly, the volume of distribution by rarefaction is
5
Ibidem, p. 25.
6
Ibidem, p. 28.
7Ibidem, p. 29.
8 Ibidem, pp. 22 – 23, 25.
9 Ibidem, p. 28.
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greater; thirdly, the clearance by rarefaction is greater and fourth the half-
life time for the elimination is minor.
By rarefaction and the hypodermic route, it could exist undesirable effects
too, but more probably be local, as inflammation’s manifestations.
Phylogenetically, the use of adenovirus’ host as vector (carrier) with
genome from different human’s specie, as chimpanzee could provoke
allergic activities.
Immunologically, being the spike protein of the viral coat or wrapper as
the only responsible factor to be started the cataract of Covid-19 disease’s
pathology, I consider more useful the inoculation only of the antigenic
form of this spike protein on account of a clear production of cellular and
humoral immunity, than to inoculate its genes by adenovirus’ means.
Probably to exist other measures yet, as the drinking of water, juice and so
on.
To conclude, I hope my suggestions be taken into account and be
implement for the prevention of this dangerous and lethal vascular
thrombosis, following vaccine’s injection.
Key – words and phrases
Vaccine, covid-19, thrombosis, suggestions, rarefaction, route.
Abstract.
The aim of this work is to present aspects and suggestions about the
management of Covid -19 vaccine’s side effects, by the use of genes of
spike protein (genetic material) in adenovirus as a vector (carrier). Material
was medical bibliography and digital sides from the respective to vaccines
companies. Method was the critical analysis of the accepted bibliography’s
text. Result is the existence of a perspective to modify the manner of
inoculation vaccines with genes of spike protein in order to minimize the
side effects from their inoculation. In conclusion, taking all of them in
consideration, I am convinced the modification of these vaccines’
inoculation will modify the morbidity of the side effects to amelioration,
as well modification should become to the spike protein itself due to
various mutations of the virus as in flu’s vaccines.
Bibliography.
L. Brunton, Br. Chabner, Bj. Kollman, Goodman & Gilman’s The
Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12th edition, McGraw-Hill
Medical. Copyright 2011.
E. Ernest, J. Melnick, E. A. Adelberg, Review of Medical Microbiology,
10th edition. Translated in Italian by Leonardo Salvaggio. 4th Italian edition.
Editor Piccin, Padova.
Giorgio Cavallo, Elementi di Immunologia. Parma – Italy 1974.