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EDUARDO MATEOS amp; PENELOPE GREENSLADE (2021) Towards understanding Lepidocyrtus Bourlet, 1839 (Collembola, Entomobryidae) II: new Australian species, Zootaxa, 4981: 365387
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The Collembolan genus Lepidocyrtus is subdivided into up to eight subgenera, of which only Lepidocyrtus s.str. (Bourlet, 1839) and Lanocyrtus (Yoshii & Suhardjono, 1989) are represented by European species. The discovery of unique characters in the European species Lepidocyrtus tomosvaryi (rounded dental tubercle) and L. peisonis (lateral tuft of long filiform chaetae in abdomen III) has only described so far for species of the subgenera Setogaster (Salmon, 1951) and Cinctocyrtus (Yoshii & Suhardjono, 1989) and has raised the need to perform a molecular analysis by involving other representative species of the genus. For this study, phylogenetic analysis of 15 Lepidocyrtus species occurring in the Carpathian Basin were carried out. The analyses, which was based on both concatenated datasets of COII and EF1-α sequences and individual gene sequences, clearly placed L. tomosvaryi within the subgenus Lanocyrtus and L. peisonis within Lepidocyrtus s.srt. European species groups defined on the basis of morphological characters were only partly confirmed by the concatenated and COII analyses because of the splitting of the pallidus–serbicus-group, whereas EF1- α sequences weakly supported this group.
The largest superfamily Entomobryoidea is one of the key groups in Collembola. However, incorrect recognition of chaetotaxic homology within Entomobryoidea severely impedes the accurate species comparison of adults and phylogenetic reconstruction. Traditional classification of the superfamily at suprageneric level is disputable in the light of recent advances. Transformational homology of tergal chaetotaxy was traced and revised based on 38 species of first instar and partial early instars. Morphological phylogenetic reconstructions were reconstructed mainly relying on first instar characters using both parsimony and likelihood-based algorithms. Outgroup selection and several rogue taxa impacted on resolution and support of otherwise well-supported clades. Integrating published molecular phylogeny, a revised classification of three families and nine subfamilies was presented: Orchesellidae, Entomobryidae and Paronellidae. Orchesellidae includes all basal taxa having a short fourth abdominal segment. Cyphoderidae and Microfalculidae taxa were sunk into Paronellidae. New Paronellidae was divided into two subfamilies: Paronellinae (Paronellini + Cyphoderini + Bromacanthini) and Salininae (Cremastocephalini + Callyntrurini). Microfalculidae (Microfalcula) was closer to Salina and Akabosia and thus transferred into Cremastocephalini. This study erected a new classification framework for Entomobryoidea based upon comprehensive phylogenies. Chaetotaxic homologization across a wide range provided a standardized, comparable, powerful tool for taxonomy.
Neolucia hobartensis albolineata ssp. nov. is illustrated, diagnosed, described and compared with the nominate subspecies N. hobartensis hobartensis (Miskin, 1890) from Tasmania and N. hobartensis monticola Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914 from northern New South Wales, Australia. The new subspecies is restricted to montane areas (mainly >1000 m) in subalpine and alpine habitats on the mainland in southeastern Australia (southern NSW, ACT, VIC) where its larvae specialize on Epacris spp. (Ericaceae). It thus belongs to a distinct set of 22 butterfly taxa that are endemic and narrowly restricted to montane areas (>600 m, but mainly >900 m) on the tablelands and plateaus of mainland southeastern Australia. Monitoring of these taxa, including N. hobartensis ssp., is urgently required to assess the extent to which global climate change, particularly temperature rise and large-scale fire regimes, are key threatening processes.
Here a new subgenus of Lepidocyrtus Bourlet from South America is proposed. Fractocyrtus subgen.n. differs from other subgenera by tergal polychaetosis, dental tubercle truncate and dentes with numerous spine-like chaetae. Four new species of Lepidocyrtus are described, two of Setogaster Salmon and two of Fractocyrtus subgen.n. Lepidocyrtus (S.) amazonicus sp.n. and L. (S.) multisensillatus sp.n. are similar to L. nigrosetosus Folsom by basomedian field with chaetae smooth and dental tubercle rounded, but differ in dorsal chaetotaxy. Lepidocyrtus (F.) americanus sp.n. and L. (F.) mateosi sp.n. are similar by presence of numerous dental spines, but differ in chaetotaxy. Due to inconsistencies concerning scales on appendages of Lepidocyrtus subgenera, four synonyms are proposed, and the characteristics diagnostic to subgenera are shape and presence of dental tubercle, dental spines, mucronal spinelet and apical bulb of fourth antennal segment. An identification key to subgenera is also provided.
European Lepidocyrtus species are usually grouped into five species-groups within two subgenera, Lepidocyrtus s.s. and Lanocyrtus, defined by the distribution of scale covering and dorsal head and body macrochaetotaxy. The discovery of several Lepidocyrtus populations with morphological characters intermediate between two species-groups suggested the need for the present study to test whether molecular data provide support to these groups. The morphology and gene sequences of 110 specimens belonging to 19 species of European Lepidocyrtus have been studied. Our molecular results are congruent with the distribution of the European species into the five groups established in the literature on the basis of morphological characters, but also indicated that subgenus Lanocyrtus is paraphyletic while subgenus Lepidocyrtus s.s. is monophyletic. A new species, Lepidocyrtus intermedius, is described, and a redefinition of European species-groups is proposed based on chaetotaxy.
The detailed external morphology of the labial palp is given a consistent nomenclature, based on a survey of more than 300 species from almost all known families of Collembola. The most complete and least differentiated palp is found in Isotomidae, and consists of five apical papillae, one lateral process, 16 unsocketed guard setae, and a variable number of proximal normal setae. In addition a group of three hypostomal unsocketed setae is attached to the hyaline plate at tip of the palp. Evolution of the palp involves reduction, differentiation and translocation of the various structures. All essential parts of the palp are primary characters, being present in the first instar juvenile. An exception is the first instar juvenile of Megalothorax which has a very simple palp, as yet unseen in other Collembola. The analysis suggests an early pre-Poduromorpha origin of the Entomobryomorpha-line. The survey, presented in six tables and 88 figures, offers many new diagnostic characters for identifying species and species groups.
The taxonomic status of the subgenera of Lepidocyrtus Bourlet is confused. Currently ten subgenera are recognised but their separation, using the existing set of diagnostic characters, is not clear. Collections over the last forty years have shown that species of Setogaster Salmon, originally described as a genus (Trichogaster Handschin) and currently considered a subgenus of Lepidocyrtus, are common and widespread in Australia. The diagnostic characters of Setogaster, as given by Handschin, are: 1) the basal mucronal spine with spinelet; 2) lack of scales on antennae, legs, ventral tube and dorsal region of manubrium; and, for some species, 3) tufts of long filaments laterally on abdomen III. These three diagnostic characters for Setogaster are shared with some other subgenera, making their delimitation unclear. We provide here an array of new characters that are associated with Handschin's characters which separate Setogaster from all European species of the subgenera Lanocyrtus and Lepidocyrtus s. str. On this basis we define subgenus Setogaster more in detail, redescribe some species in the subgenus, corroborate the presence of the subgenus in many Australian localities, and confirm three records of exotic, introduced species in Australia. Lepidocyrtus nigrofasciatus Womersley, Lepidocyrtus praecisus Schött, and the Hawaiian Lepidocyrtus kuakea Christiansen & Bellinger, are placed in Setogaster subgenus; Lepidocyrtus (Trichogaster) pallida Salmon from Singapore is placed in the subgenus Acrocyrtus; Merapicyrtus Yoshii & Suhardjono is considered a synonym of Setogaster.
The taxonomic comprehension of Brazilian entomobryids had several contributions during the last decade, but the absence of detailed chaetotaxic schemes to most of endemic species difficult identifications and probably hides undescribed spe-cies in surveys across the country. Herein we describe two new species of the family and provide detailed dorsal chaeto-taxy of them, in hope to guide future identifications and descriptions within the genera in Brazil and Neotropical Region. Lepidocyrtus sotoi sp. nov. is possibly more related to L. biphasis due to the lack of antennal and leg scales, but presents a unique dorsal head chaetotaxy among the Neotropical species of the genus. Entomobrya bahiana sp. nov. presents an uncommon color pattern and dorsal chaetotaxy in Th. II-III, Abd. II and IV when compared to other Entomobrya spp. from Neotropical Region.
Collections made during March-April, 2010, October-November, 2010 and 2011 from different districts of Himachal Pradesh, India, by the Apterygota section of the Zoological Survey of India contained new species of Entomobryoidea. Localities sampled were Solan, Shimla, Kullu, Bilaspur, Kagra, Chamba and Sirmaur districts of Himachal Pradesh. Collections were mainly made using an aspirator from leaf litter, mosses, under stones, flowering garden plants and river embankments, wetlands and rotting logs. Sixteen species were found, belonging to genera: Entomobrya, Himalanura, Homidia, Sinella, Willowsia, Lepidocyrtus (Acrocyrtus), Lepidocyrtus (Cinctocyrtus), Seira, Drepanosira and Salina. Twelve of these have been described as new species.
Eight species of Collembola are reported from recent collections made in caves on the Polynesian island of Rapa Nui (Eas-ter Island). Five of these species are new to science and apparently endemic to the island: Coecobrya aitorererere n. sp., Cyphoderus manuneru n. sp., Entomobrya manuhoko n. sp., Pseudosinella hahoteana n. sp. and Seira manukio n. sp. The Hawaiian species Lepidocyrtus olena Christiansen & Bellinger and the cosmopolitan species Folsomia candida Wil-lem also were collected from one or more caves. Coecobrya kennethi Jordana & Baquero, recently described from Rapa Nui and identified as endemic, was collected in sympatric association with C. aitorererere n.sp. With the exception of F. candida, all species are endemic to Rapa Nui or greater Polynesia and appear to be restricted to the cave environment on Rapa Nui. A key is provided to separate Collembola species reported from Rapa Nui. We provide recommendations to aid in the conservation and management of these new Collembola, as well as the other presumed cave-restricted arthropods.
The effects of production practices on the relative abundance of springtails (Collembola) in irrigated cotton fields of northern New South Wales (NSW) were studied over 2 yr to examine effects of farm management on these decomposer organisms. Pitfall trapping and soil core extraction was undertaken in both pseudoreplicated plots within whole fields on cotton farms and on experimental replicate plots of Envirofeast cotton and Lucerne. The relative abundance of surface-active springtails in cotton rows and densities of soil species from the rhizosphere were calculated. Twenty-three species of Collembola were collected from 5 fields, 19 in pitfall traps, and 11 in soil cores. Five species, Setogaster sp., Proisotoma minuta, Entomobrya unostrigata, Entomobrya multifasciata grp, and Lepidobrya sp. were numerically dominant on the ground at 86-96% of individuals and Mesaphorura sp., Folsomides parvulus, and Hemisotoma thermophila grp dominant in the soil. Native grassland samples contained 15 species of which a probable 10 were native and 8 were not found in cotton. Nineteen species of the 24 species identified from cotton were predominantly fungal feeders. Highest catches of Collembola occurred after flowering and soil Collembola increased with depth and during cotton growth on unsprayed plots but decreased on sprayed plots. Surface soil moistures affected daily catch rates with decomposing residues, crop stage, predator abundance, and season as secondary factors. Insecticide (endosulfan, pyrethroid, carbamate, and organophosphate) and predator effects were either negligible or unclear depending on the factor involved. Springtails appear to be predominately food limited during times of adequate soil moisture in cotton fields.
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Genus Lepidocyrtus is represented by 25 species in Europe and the correct identification of some of them is difficult to achieve due to lack of diagnostic characters and some published errors description. In this paper I have studied specimens of Lepidocyrtus flexicollis, L. curvicollis, L. monseniensis and L. nigrescens and I have found several diagnostic characters very useful for their differentiation. The total chaetotaxy of fourth abdominal tergum is very informative for these four species and could be for the whole European species. I have consulted the literature that describes the European species and I made a diagnosis of all of them using the best diagnostic characters possible, with which I have elaborated an identification species key. The high chromatic variability of some European species makes the use of color pattern for taxonomy on this region problematic.
The genus Acrocrytus is reported from Chinese mainland for the first time, with description of two new species Acrocyrtus zhujiensis
sp. n. and Acrocyrtus finis
sp. n. from Zhejiang Province, East China. They can be separated from other species of this genus by colour pattern, unscaled appendages (antennae, legs and ventral tube), interocular chaetae, labial basal chaetae, bothriotrichal complex chaetae on Abd. II–IV, microchaeta a2 on Abd. II, im on Abd. III and C1p on Abd. IV. Illustrations and a table showing main differences with closest Acrocyrtus species are provided.
The present contribution gives a taxonomic account of the members of the springtail genus Pseudosinella Schäffer, collected during the 2004–2006 expeditions organized by Daniel Fong and David Culver to caves of eastern and southern West Virginia. These expeditions are part of an ongoing long-term effort to develop a complete inventory of the cave fauna of the state. The samples examined include seven species of Pseudosinella, two of which, P. josemarii sp. nov. and P. meganporteri sp. nov. are new to science. For five previously named species descriptive notes are given emphasizing new or incompletely described characters such as the dorsal and ventral head chaetotaxy, number of teeth in the ungulum of the maxilla, presence or absence of setae a6 on the first abdominal segment, and lateral chaetotaxy of the fourth abdominal segment. Detailed analysis of the dorsal chaetotaxy of the head shows that Gisin's RST system of nomenclature confounds the identity of some macrosetae, hence, a new nomenclature system, denominated AMS, is proposed to more consistently identify macrosetae across all Lepidocyrtini. In addition, a system is proposed to describe variation in number of postlabial setae, their shape and ornamentation.
The correct identification of morphological species is a key task for species richness estimation of any ecosystem. Although body colour is a widely used character identifying European Lepidocyrtus species, recent investigations using molecular data have revealed that species delineation using body colour can result in an underestimation of real species diversity because of the presence of cryptic species. Lepidocyrtus violaceus is a European species characterised by its dark violet body colour. Its wide distribution leads us to suspect that several cryptic species can be present within this morphospecies. Since traditional morphological characters have appeared insufficient for real diversity identification in Lepidocyrtus, new morphological characters were needed in order to describe the cryptic diversity detected by molecular data in this genus. Pseudopores are integumentary structures present in all Lepidocyrtus species, but the distribution of these structures has not been properly described in the genus, as well as in Entomobryioidea overall. In the present work we aimed to analyse whether L. violaceus is a monophyletic entity in Europe. Moreover, we aimed to determine if the position and number of pseudopores on the different parts of the body and appendages is a phylogenetically useful character in the identification of the species or superspecific entities. Fourteen populations of L. violaceus from five European countries, and another 25 Lepidocyrtus species from nine European countries have been studied. In total, 208 specimens have been analysed morphologically and half of them were studied molecularly using sequences of the genes COXII and EF-1α. Molecular data revealed that the widely distributed Lepidocyrtus violaceus morphospecies is a polyphyletic entity in Europe. Between 6 and 12 diferent cryptic species have been detected within this European morphospecies, and only the presence of pseudopores on the basal plate of the fourth abdominal segment has been found to be a promising diagnostic character between them. A common basal pattern of pseudopore distribution has been recognised in the European members of the genus, and also a diferential pattern within each European species group. As a general trend, an increase in the number of pseudopores has been detected from the most basal to the most derived species groups in the phylogeny of the genus in Europe.
Collembola are an important component of montane arthropod communities worldwide, where they are often the most abundant and active group. In Australia, montane ecosystems are predicted to contract with continued climate warming, yet little is known about the faunal composition of Collembola on mountains nor its level of endemism. We compared the composition of Collembola communities from five mountain summits along a latitudinal gradient in eastern Australia. Each mountain harboured a distinct Collembola community, with few shared species/morphospecies. Even at the genus and family level, however, mountains varied considerably in faunal composition. Although no latitudinal trends were detected, short range endemism of morphospecies was high. Year-to-year variation in community composition within sites was small compared to between-site variation, even when collections were made 10 years apart. These results suggest that montane Collembola taxa may be resilient, as far as short term variations in weather are concerned. However, there is no evidence as to whether longer-lasting warmer conditions would be tolerated. If not, large scale losses of locally endemic species but not genera, unless they are monobasic, are likely.
Twelve species of Lepidocyrtus and 2 species of Pseudosinella are described. -from Author
Entomobryidae, the largest collembolan family, is traditionally classified at suprageneric level using a limited set of morphological structures, such as scales, antennal segmentation. Most tribal and subfamilial delimitations appear, however, disputable in the light of recent works. Integrating molecular and morphological evidence, we propose here a revision of the systematics of the family. In addition to traditional taxonomic characters, tergal specialized chaetae (S-chaetae) are newly introduced, and their patterns are shown to be diversified at all levels from species to subfamilies. S-chaetotaxic pattern on phylogenetic tree shows that evolution of S-chaetae is not parallel between the different terga and that their patterns coincide well with the known molecular phylogeny, providing a powerful tool for the systematics of Entomobryidae. Orchesellinae sensu Soto-Adames et al. (Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 101, 2008, 501); is divided into three subfamilies: Orchesellinae s. s., Bessoniellinae and Heteromurinae, the latter two upgraded from the original tribal level. Entomobryinae sensu Szeptycki (Morpho-Systematic Studies on Collembola. IV. Chaetotaxy of the Entomobryidae and its Phylogenetical Significance, 1979), is no longer divided into scaled and unscaled tribes, and Lepidosira-group is transferred from Seirinae to Entomobryinae. A key to subfamilies and tribes and a comparison with previous classifications of the Entomobryidae are provided. This study greatly improves the understanding of primary and secondary characters and erects the fundamental framework for the taxonomy of Entomobryidae.
We examined and keyed out the subgenera of the genus Lepidocyrtus mostly created by Yoshii. Although many of these subgenera of the genus Lepidocyrtus are difficult to apply in Europe, America, and Africa, they are easily applicable in East and Southeast Asia. The species of Southeast Asia are placed in these subgenera and a key to the subgenera is provided. A new species, Lepidocyrtus (Lanocyrtus) felpei from Xinjiang, People's Republic of China, is described and the species Lepidocyrtus (Lanocyrtus) fimetarius Gisin is redescribed. Although the Lepidocyrtus fauna of the whole of East Asia differs from the Holarctic fauna, the Central and Northeast Asian fauna are similar in subgeneric make up to the North American fauna, slightly less similar to the European fauna, and totally unlike the Southeast Asian fauna.
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