Content uploaded by Anamika Gautam
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Anamika Gautam on Jul 13, 2021
Content may be subject to copyright.
114 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio Sciences 9(3): May-June 2020
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL
PHARMACY AND BIO SCIENCES
IMPACT FACTOR 4.018***
ICV 6.16***
Pharmaceutical Sciences RESEARCH ARTICLE……!!!
EVALUATION OF NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF AMARANTHUS
HYBRIDUS IN BRAIN OF MEMORY IMPAIRED RAT
Anamika Gautam* Preeti Kothiyal and Neeraj Kumar
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Technology and Science,
Dehradun, India.
KEYWORDS:
Alzheimer’s disease, oxidative
stress, Amaranthus hybridus,
Streptozotocin.
FOR CORRESPONDENCE:
Anamika Gautam*
ADDRESS:
Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai
Institute of Technology and
Science, Dehradun, India.
ABSTRACT
Objective: The present study is to investigate the Neuroprotective
effect of Amaranthus hybridus in brain of memory impaired rat. This
study was aimed to evaluate the memory improving effect of
Amaranthus hybridus. Methods: In this present study ICV-STZ at a
dose of (1 and 3 mg/ kg) two days produced impaired memory in rats.
The impaired rats were treated with Amaranthus hybridus for a period
of 21 days. Vitamin E was used as a standard drug. At the end of
treatment period various behaviour models (Morris water maze and
Elevated plus maze) were used for evaluation of memory enhancing
effect of the treatment. The brain level of lipid peroxidation, reduced
glutathione and superoxide dismutase were estimated to evaluate the
role of oxidative stress in AD. Results: Administration of
Amaranthus hybridus with ICV-STZ caused decrease in escape
latency time and transfer latency showing improvement of memory in
impaired rats. Treatment with Amaranthus hybridus decreased in the
level of brain lipid peroxidation and increased in level of brain
reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase indicated for
improvement of memory in impaired rats. Conclusion: Results
conclude that antioxidants like Amaranthus hybridus may be used for
the treatment on impaired rat as well as for Alzheimer’s disease.
115 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
INTRODUCTION:
The brain is the most complicated part of the human body that cannot be easily understood. This organ
which is three-pound is the centres of skill, translator of the senses, promote of body movement, and
regulate of behaviour. This single organ is responsible for every aspect of our body, ranging from heart
rate, thinking, reasoning, sexual activity to emotion, language, learning, and memory.
Learning is due to the experience that alters in the behaviour. Which is act of developing recently or
modifying and enforcing existing knowledge, behaviours, skill, values or importance and that involve
synthesizing distinct types of information. It divided into the long term, mental association and due to
experience. The change in the organism by learning and the changes produced are relatively permanent.
Human learning may occur as part of education, schooling, training and personal development. It is to
be goal-oriented and to be support by motivation. Learning may occur consciously or without conscious
awareness [1] [2]. Memory is associated with learning. Memory is a progression that includes different
individually separate stages i.e. encoding, consolidation, storage, retrieval and forgetting. Encoding is
allows the knowledge from the outer world that is to reach the five senses in the configuration of
chemical and physical stimuli [1].
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) - Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that produces an
impairment of cognitive abilities. The common cause of AD is dementia. It impairs the memory and
ability to learn, reasoning, judgment, communication and daily routine activities. The pathological
attributes in AD are amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, inflammatory processes and disturbance
of neurotransmitters. Basically brain cells wither away and die, causing disorientation, dementia and
severe changes in personality and social interactions. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common
neurodegenerative disease featuring progressive impairments in memory, cognition, and behaviour and
ultimately leads to death. The histopathological changes of Alzheimer’s disease include neuronal and
synaptic loss, formation of extracellular senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles in brain.
Multiple lines of evidence indicate that oxidative stress not only strongly participates in an early stage
of Alzheimer’s disease prior to cytopathology, but plays an important role in inducing and activating
multiple cell signaling pathways that contribute to the lesion formations of toxic substances and then
promotes the development of Alzheimer’s disease. There is currently no cure for most forms of
dementia including AD [3]. Brain areas associated with cognitive functions, particularly the neocortex
and hippocampus, are the regions that mostly affected by the pathology which is characteristic of AD.
Pharmacological treatment strategies in AD include three categories of drug:
1) Their mechanism is based on disease-modifying therapies such as vitamin E;
116 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
2) Their mechanism is based on compensation of neurotransmitter such as a cholinesterase inhibitor;
3) Psychotherapy factors that are prescribed for symptoms of conduct disorder impaired neurogenesis
indicate poor cognitive function.
Important neuropathological features of AD include deposition of amyloid plaques in brain tissue and
meningeal blood vessels as well as presence of neurofibrillary tangles in the hippocampus and the
cerebral cortex of the brain. AD is associated with inflammatory processes. Reactive oxidative species
can damage cellular components and function as a second messenger in the inflammation. Utilization of
antioxidants may be useful in prevention and treatment of AD. One factor that plays an important role
in the pathogenesis of AD is oxidative stress that is an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidant
systems. Oxygen free radicals can attack proteins, nucleic acids and lipid membranes, therefore disrupt
cellular function and integrity. Brain tissue contains large amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids which
are particularly vulnerable to free radical attack. Lipid peroxidation is thought to be destructive form of
oxidative degradation that damage cell membrane and produces a number of secondary products, both
of the loop and splitting forms of oxygenated fatty acids have neurotoxic effects. Increase in the levels
of malondialdehyde (MDA), one of the reactive oxidative species, has recognized as an important lipid
peroxidation indicator [4].
Antioxidants - Antioxidants are the compounds that prevent oxidation. They are varying in sizes,
compositions and molecular weight. Some are small in size and have low molecular weights; others are
enormous in size and can even be macromolecules such as proteins. Antioxidants have several uses,
both in physiological systems and in human-made applications. It was found that while natural
antioxidants can indeed have many positive physiological effects such as the prevention of DNA
oxidation, the sources from which they are consumed must also be carefully considered to maximize
absorption. While synthetic antioxidants are harmless in small concentrations, studies in animal models
have shown evidence of their toxicity in higher concentrations [5]. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that
transfers electrons from a substance to an oxidizing agent. Oxidation reactions can produce free
radicals, which commence chain reactions that damage cells like proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and
DNA. Antioxidants stop these chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates and inhibit other
oxidation reactions by being oxidized themselves[5] [6].
Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) is a lipid-soluble vitamin with high antioxidant properties which decreases
free radical- mediated damage in neuronal cells. Many, but not all, monitoring studies have suggested a
protective effect of vitamin E with or without other antioxidant vitamins for the prevention of cognitive
decline and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Due to of laboratory and population-based data, vitamin E has
117 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
been proposed as a treatment to delay neurodegeneration in AD patients [7}. Vitamin E is the lipid
soluble, chain-breaking antioxidant that plays a protective role against oxidative stress and prevents the
production of lipid peroxides by scavenging free radicals in biological membranes. It also useful in
control the toxic effects of insecticides and chemicals [8]. Vitamin E is a potent peroxyl radical
scavenger; it is a chain- breaking antioxidant that prevents the propagation of free radical damage in
biological membranes. Vitamin E is the collective name for eight naturally occurring molecules,
Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols in that they have an unsaturated phytyl side chain; the four forms
of tocopherols and tocotrienols differ in the number of methyl groups on the chromanol nucleus [9].
Amaranthus Hybridus - Amaranthus hybridus is popularly called “Amaranth or pigweed, slim
amaranth”, is an annual herbaceous plant of 1- 6 feet high.The plant belongs to the Amaranthaceae
family. It is found that the parts of the Amaranthus hybridus are used as diuretic antiscorbutic,
appetizer, astringent, carminative, laxative, stomachic and tonic, and for jaundice. Some workers have
reported Amaranthus hybridus pharmacological activities like anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant activities.
However, there are no reports on the diuretic and anti-inflammatory activities of the plant. Hence, the
present study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and diuretic potential of ethanol extract of
Amaranthus hybridus and diuretic properties of ethanol extra leaves using experimental animal models
[10]. Leaves of A. hybridus contain appreciable amount of proteins, fat, fibre, carbohydrate and calorific
value, mineral elements, vitamins, amino acids and generally low level of toxicants [11]. Leaves are
simple, broadly tapering at the end to ovate in shape with the lower surface hairless or sparsely covered
with hair along the margins and veins [12]. The vitamin compositions of the leaves are β-carotene,
thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, ascorbic acids and α-tocopherol. Seventeen amino acids
(isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, cysteine, phenylalmine, tyrosine, threonine, valine, alanine,
arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, proline and serine) are detected. The chemical
compositions are alkaloid; flavonoid, saponin, tannins, phenols, hydrocyanic acid and phytic acid [13].
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Experimental Animals: Albino wistar rats either sex weighing about 120- 200 g was procured from
Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Technology and Sciences, Patel Nagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand (India).
They were acclimatized in animal house with air condition facility room temperature at 23 ± 2 °C with
12/12 h light/dark photo period, with free access drinking water and food. The experiment was
approved by Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) and carried out according to the guidelines
of the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA)
(Reg. No.264/CPCSEA), New Delhi, India.
118 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
Preparation of Methanolic extraction of Amaranthus hybridus: The fresh whole leafy vegetables
were chopped and dried in shade. The dried masses were blended into fine powder by frequent sieving
and 25g powders were extracted by soxhlet process with methanol for 24 h. After extraction the
contents were concentrated at maintained proper conditions and dried in desiccators to get
corresponding extracts. All the extracts were stored at 4°C in airtight containers until need for further
studies [14].
Induction of Alzheimer Disease: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was produced by the
Intracerebroventricular (ICV) Streptozotocin (STZ). The Streptozotocin was injected bilaterally with
ICV-STZ (3mg/kg) in two divided doses, on days 1 and day 3. Impairment in rat was induced by ICV-
STZ. He were anesthetised with anaesthetic chloramphenicol and i.c.v. injections were made with a
hypodermic needle of 0.4 mm external diameter attached to a 10 μl Hamilton microliter syringe (Top
Syringe, Mumbai, India). The needle was covered with a polypropylene tube except for 3 mm of the tip
region so as to insert this portion of the needle perpendicularly through the skull into the brain of the
rat. STZ was dissolved in freshly made ACSF (25 mg/ml) solution. The injection site was 1 mm to right
or left midpoint on the line drawn through to the anterior base of the ears. Injections were performed
into the right or left ventricle randomly. Two doses of STZ (1 and 3 mg/ kg) were administered by
I.C.V. injection bilaterally. The second dose was administered 48 h after the first dose. The
concentration was adjusted so as to deliver a maximum of 5 μl in a single injection. ACSF (147 mM
NaCl; 2.9 mM KCl; 1.6 mM MgCl2, 1.7 mM dextrose) [15].
Experimental Design:
The protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (Registration
No.M.Ph/IAEC/01/2014/ECC-6) and will be carried out in accordance with the CPCSEA guidelines.11
groups, each comprising of 6 animals
Group 1: Control (saline) group (10ml/kg, i.p) 30 min before conducting acquisition trial from day 1 to
day 4 & 30 min in before the retrieval trial conducted on day 5.
Group 2: Streptozotocin injected (3mg/kg) in two dosages schedule, i.e. on the 1st & 3rd days and
followed by exposure to the Morris water maze test.
Group 3: Streptozotocin injected (3mg/kg) in two dosages schedule, i.e. on the 1st and 3rd days and
followed by exposure to the elevated plus maze test.
Group 4: Streptozotocin injected (3mg/kg) in two dosages and vitamin-E (50 mg/kg/day, p.o) will be
administered to the rat for 21 days and followed by exposure to the Morris water maze test.
119 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
Group 5: Streptozotocin injected (3mg/kg) in the two dosages and vitamin-E (50mg/kg/day, p.o) will be
administered to the rat for 21 days & followed by exposure to the elevated plus maze.
Group 6: Streptozotocin injected (3mg/kg) in two dosages and Amaranthus hybridus (125mg/kg) will
be administered to the rat for 21days & followed by exposure to the Morris water maze.
Group 7: Streptozotocin injected (3mg/kg) in two dosages and Amaranthus hybridus (250mg/kg) will
be administered to the rat for 21 days & followed by exposure to the Morris water maze.
Group 8: Streptozotocin injected (3mg/kg) in two dosages and Amaranthus hybridus (500mg/kg) will
be administered to the rat for 21 days & followed by exposure to the Morris water maze.
Group 9: Streptozotocin injected (3mg/kg) in two dosages and Amaranthus hybridus (125mg/kg) will
be administered to the rat for 21 days & followed by exposure to the elevated plus maze.
Group 10: Streptozotocin injected (3mg/kg) in two dosages and Amaranthus hybridus (250mg/kg) will
be administered to the rat for 21 days & followed by exposure to the elevated plus maze.
Group 11: Streptozotocin injected (3mg/kg) in two dosages and Amaranthus hybridus (500mg/kg) will
be administered to the rat for 21 days & followed by exposure to the elevated plus maze.
Following parameters were estimated: After the evaluation of learning and memory animal was
sacrificed by cervical dislocation (under light anaesthesia) then brain was removed after 25 days and
various parameters are estimated.
Morris Water Maze:
Morris water maze test was employed to assess learning and memory of the animal. Morris water maze
is a swimming based model where the animal learns to escape on to a hidden platform. It consisted of
large circular pool (150 cm in diameter, 5 cm in height, filled to a depth of 30 cm with water
maintained at 28±1°C). The water was made opaque with white colour non-toxic dye or milk. The tank
was divided into four equal quadrants with the help of threads, fixed at right angle to each other on the
rim of the pool. A submerged platform (10×10 cm), painted in white was placed inside the target
quadrants of this pool, 1 cm below surface of water. The position of platform was kept unaltered
throughout the training session. Each animal was subjected to four consecutive training trials on each
day with inter-trial gap of 5 min. the rat was gently placed in the water between quadrants, facing the
wall of pool with drop location changing for each trial, and allowed 90 sec to locate submerged
platform. Then, it was allowed to stay on the platform for 20 sec. If it failed to find the platform within
90 sec, it was guided gently onto platform and allowed to remain there for 20 sec. Day 4 escape latency
time (ELT) to locate the hidden platform in water maze was noted as an index of acquisition or
learning. Animal was subjected to training trials for four consecutive days, the starting position was
120 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
change with each exposure as mentioned below and target quadrant (Q4 in the present study) remain
constant throughout the training period.
Day 1 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Day 2 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1
Day 3 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2
Day 4 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3
On fifth day, platform was removed and each rat was allowed to explore the pool for 90 sec. Mean time
spent by the animal in target quadrant searching for the hidden platform was noted as index of retrieval
or memory. The experimenter always stood at the same position. Care was taken that relative location
of water maze with respect to other subject in the laboratory serving, as prominent visual clues were not
disturbed during the total duration of study [16].
Elevated Plus Maze:
Elevated plus maze was used to evaluate the memory. The plus maze consisted of two open (16×5 cm2)
and closed (16×5×12 cm) arms, connected by a central platform of 5×5 cm2. The maze was elevated to
height of 25 cm. above the floor. A fine line was drawn in the middle of the floor of each closed arm.
On the first day (21st day of the treatment) the animal were placed individually 30 min. after oral
administration of either vehicle or the test drug at the end of open arms. The time taken by the animal to
move from open to closed arm (transfer latency) was noted on the first day. Transfer latency (TL) is
elapse time (in sec). Between the time of placement of the animal on the open arm and the time at
which all four legs were inside the closed arms. The rat was allowed to explore the maze for 2 min. and
return to home case. Retention of this learning task (retention memory) was examined 24 h after the
first day trial (i.e. 24 after last dose). Transfer latency measured in plus maze on first day served as an
index of learning and acquisition, whereas transfer latency on second day served as an index of retrieval
and memory [17].
TBARS Analysis:
This assay is used to determine the lipid peroxidation. Aliquots of 0.5mL distilled water were added
with1 mL of 10% trichloroacetic acid and were added with 0.5mL of brain tissue homogenate. This is
centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. To the 0.2mL supernatant, 0.1mL thiobarbituric acid (0.375%) was
added. Total solution is placed in water bath at 80◦c for 40 min and cooled at room temperature.
Absorbance was read at 532nm [18].
121 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
SOD Determination:
Cytosolic superoxide dismutase activity was assayed as per kono. The assay system consisted of 0.1
mM EDTA, 50Mm sodium carbonate and 96 Mm of nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT). In the cuvette, 2 mL
of above mixture was taken and to it 0.05mL of post mitochondrial supernatant and 0.05 mL of
hydroxylamine hydrochloride were added. The auto-oxidation of hydroxylamine was observed by
measuring the change in optical density at 480 nm for two min at 30/60 sec interval [19].
Estimation of Reduced Glutathione:
Glutathione was measured according to the method of Ellman10. An equal quantity of homogenate was
mixed with 10% trichloroacetic acid and centrifuged to separate the proteins. To 0.01 ml of this
supernatant, 2 ml phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), 0.5 ml 5û5-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) and 0.4 ml
distilled water were added. The mixture was vortexed and the absorbance read at 412 nm within 5 min
[20].
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The statistical analysis would be carried out using Graph Pad Prism 6.0 software. All values were
presented as Mean ± SEM. Multiple comparisons between different groups will be performed using
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons tests. Difference
level at P<0.001, P<0.01 and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant condition.
RESULTS
The present study on “Evaluation of neuroprotective effect of Amaranthus hybridus in brain of memory
impaired rat” was carried out on albino wistar rats of either sex.
Effect of Amaranthus hybridus on escape latency (EL) of albino wistar rats by using Morris
Water Maze
Results of present study are summarized in the table 1 and fig 1. During escape latency when we
compare the four days trials then there no such significance difference in day first between the control,
STZ and Amaranthus hybridus groups with various doses. On day 2-4 when the control group is
compared with STZ group so that there is a highly significance difference in them (P< 0.001), when Stz
group is compared with the Stz along with Vit-E (STZ+ Vit- E) group there is a highly significance
difference (P< 0.001), and when there is a comparison of Amaranth hybridus with different doses with
the STZ then there is a slight significance in Amaranthus hybridus low dose (125 mg/ kg) (p< 0.05) on
day 3 & (P< 0.001) on day 4 and highly significance in medium dose (250 mg/ kg) and (500 mg/ kg) ie;
(P< 0.001).
122 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
So results of this study indicate that the STZ produced impairment of memory in rats as shown in
escape latency test. Vitamin E and Amaranthus hybridus along with STZ produced significant
improvement in learning & memory as shown by decrease in escape latency.
Effect of Amaranthus hybridus on time spent in target quadrant (TSTQ) of albino wistar rats by
using Morris Water Maze
Results of present study are summarized in the table 2 and fig 2. During time spent in target quadrant
(TSTQ) when we compare the trials then there is a significance differences in between the control, STZ
and Amaranthus hybridus groups with various doses. When the control group is compared with Stz
group so that there is a highly significance difference in them (P< 0.001), when STZ group is compared
with the STZ along with Vit-E (STZ+ Vit- E) group there is a highly significance difference (P< 0.001),
and when there is a comparison of Amaranth hybridus with different doses with the STZ then there is a
slight significance in Amaranthus hybridus low dose (125 mg/ kg) (p< 0.05) and highly significance in
medium dose (250 mg/ kg) and (500 mg/ kg) ie; (P< 0.001).
So results of this study indicate that the STZ produced impairment of memory in rats as shown In
TSTQ. Vitamin E and Amaranthus hybridus along with STZ produced significant improvement in
learning & memory as shown by increases in TSTQ.
Effect of Amaranthus hybridus on transfer latency (TL) of Albino wistar rat by using Elevated
Plus Maze
Results of present study are summarized in the table 3 and fig. 3. STZcaused significance increased
(P<0.001) in transfer latency when it compared with the control group which indicates impairment in
learning & memory. Animals were deals with the Vitamin E and Amaranthus hybridus with medium
and higher doses (250 and 500 mg/kg) produced significant decrease in transfer latency as compared
with the STZ group (P< 0.001). But when the Amaranthus hybridus is compared with the STZ there is
no such significance in low dose of Amaranthus hybridus (125 mg/ kg).
Effect of Amaranthus hybridus on reduced glutathione (nM/ mg of protein) of albino wistar rat
As shown in table 4 and fig.4. STZ induced memory impaired in rats in which produced a significance
difference (P< 0.001) in brain glutathione level when compared with the control group. During the
comparison of STZ along with Vitamin E with the Stz group there is a significance difference ie; (P<
0.001) and when STZ along with Amaranthus hybridus with the STZ group then it is clear that with low
dose of Amaranthus hybridus (125 mg/ kg) produced low significance value (P< 0.01) and highly
significance with medium and high doses of Amaranthus hybridus (250 and 500 mg/ kg) (P< 0.001).
123 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
Effect of Amaranthus hybridus on Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TABARS) (nM/ mg of
protein) of albino wistar rat
As shown in table 5 and fig. 5. Level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in brain produced a significance
difference (P< 0.001) when STZ group is compared with the control group. Administration of Vitamin
E along with the STZ group produced significance value (P> 0.01) in level of brain LPO as compared
with Stz group and when dealing of Amaranthus hybridus along with the STZ with all doses (125, 250
and 500 mg/ kg) is compared with STZ group there is also found a significance difference between
them (P<0.001).
Effect of Amaranthus hybridus on Superoxide dismutase (SOD) (nM/ mg of protein) of albino
wistar rat
As shown in table 6 and fig. 6 shows that STZ group produced a significant decrease (P< 0.001) in
brain superoxide dismutase (SOD) level as compared to the control group of animals. Vitamin E along
with STZ group produced significance value (P< 0.001) in brain of SOD level as compared with the Stz
group of animals. Further Amaranthus hybridus along with the STZ with all doses (125, 250 and 500
mg/ kg) produced significance value (P< 0.001) as compared with the Stz group of animals. Therefore
the results were suggested that the effect of Amaranthus hybridus showed improvement in learning and
memory.
Table 1: Effect of Amaranthus hybridus on escape latency (EL) of Albino wistar rat by using
Morris water maze.
Treatment
EL (sec) Day-
1
EL(sec) Day-2
EL (sec) Day-
3
EL (sec) Day-
4
Control
88.43 ± 0.30
76.80 ± 0.88
62.66 ± 0.89
54.40 ± 1.04
Streptozotocin
(STZ)
89.03 ± 0.34
88.23 ± 0.46***
72.11 ± 0.95***
72.400 ±
1.53***
STZ+ Vit-E
87.58 ± 0.28
79.01 ± 0.89###
63.46 ± 0.72###
55.71 ± 1.14###
STZ+ Amaranth
(low dose)
(125 mg/ kg)
88.66± 0.32
86.26 ± 0.524
68.68 ± 1.03#
62.08 ±1.76###
STZ+ Amaranth
(medium dose)
(250 mg/ kg)
88.65 ± 0.28
79.90 ± 0.60###
66.30 ± 1.06###
56.93 ± 1.75###
STZ+ Amaranth
(high dose)
500 mg/ kg)
88.41 ± 0.33
76.83 ± 0.71###
63.93 ± 0.67###
56.10 ± 1.31###
n = 6 in each group. Values are expressed as Mean ±SEM. Data was analyzed by ANOVA followed by
Tukey’s post-hoc test. Here low, medium and high dose are 125, 250 and 500 mg/ kg.
***P < 0.001 as compared to control;
#P < 0.05 as compared to STZ; ###P < 0.001 as compared to STZ;
124 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
Fig. 1: Effect of Amaranthus hybridus on escape latency (EL) of Albino wistar rat by using Morris
water maze.
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
0
20
40
60
80
100
Control
Stz
Stz+ Vit-E
Stz+ Amaranth (low dose)
Stz+ Amaranth (medium dose)
Stz+ Amaranth (high dose)
***
*** ***
###
###
###
# ###
### ###
### ### ######
Escape Latency
STZ- Streptozotocin, Vit- E-Vitamin-E, Amaranth- Amaranthus hybridus
n = 6 in each group. Values are expressed as Mean ±SEM. Data was analyzed by ANOVA followed by
Tukey’s post-hoc test. Here low, medium and high dose are 125, 250 and 500 mg/ kg.
***P < 0.001 as compared to control;
#P < 0.05 as compared to STZ;
###P < 0.001 as compared to STZ;
Table 2: Effect of Amaranthus hybridus on time spent in target quadrant (TSTQ) of Albino wistar
rat by using Morris water maze.
Treatment
TSTQ (sec) Day 5
Control
85.76 ± 1.39
Streptozotocin (STZ)
66.300±0.91***
STZ+ Vit- E
85.91 ± 1.47###
STZ+ Amaranth (low dose)
72.03 ± 0.83#
STZ+ Amaranth (medium dose)
78.43 ± 0.79###
STZ+ Amaranth (high dose)
83.20 ± 1.49###
n = 6 in each group. Values are expressed as Mean ±SEM. Data was analyzed by ANOVA followed by
Tukey’s post-hoc test. Here low, medium and high dose are 125, 250 and 500 mg/ kg.
***P < 0.001 as compared to control;
#P < 0.05 as compared to STZ; ###P < 0.001 as compared to STZ;
125 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
Fig.2: Effect of Amaranthus hybridus on time spent in target quadrant (TSTQ) of Albino wstar
rat by using Morris water maze.
Control
Stz
Stz+ Vit-E
Stz+ Amaranth (low dose)
Stz+ Amaranth (medium dose)
Stz+ Amaranth (high dose)
0
20
40
60
80
100
***
###
#### ###
TSTQ
STZ- Streptozotocin, Vit- E-Vitamin-E, Amaranth- Amaranthus hybridus
n = 6 in each group. Values are expressed as Mean ±SEM. Data was analyzed by ANOVA followed by
Tukey’s post-hoc test. Here low, medium and high dose are 125, 250 and 500 mg/ kg.
***P < 0.001 as compared to control;
#P < 0.05 as compared to STZ;
###P < 0.001 as compared to STZ;
Table 3: Effect of Amaranthus hybridus on transfer latency (TL) of Albino wistar rat by using
elevated plus maze.
Treatment
Transfer latency (sec)
Control
24.66 ± 1.81
STZ
46.83 ± 2.30***
STZ+ Vit-E
25.00 ± 1.77###
STZ+ Amaranth (low dose)
40.00 ± 1.26
STZ+ Amaranth (medium dose)
31.33 ± 1.72###
STZ+ Amaranth (high dose)
24.66 ± 1.17###
n = 6 in each group. Values are expressed as Mean ±SEM. Data was analyzed by ANOVA followed by
Tukey’s post-hoc test. Here low, medium and high dose are 125, 250 and 500 mg/ kg.
***P < 0.001 as compared to control; ###P < 0.001 as compared to Stz;
126 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
Fig. 3: Effect of Amaranthus hybridus on transfer latency (TL) of rat by using elevated plus maze.
Control
Stz
Stz+ Vit-E
Stz+Amaranth (low dose)
Stz+ Amaranth (medium dose)
Stz+ Amaranth (high dose)
0
20
40
60
***
###
###
###
Transfer latency
STZ- Streptozotocin, Vit- E-Vitamin-E, Amaranth- Amaranthus hybridus
n = 6 in each group. Values are expressed as Mean ±SEM. Data was analyzed by ANOVA followed by
Tukey’s post-hoc test. Here low, medium and high dose are 125, 250 and 500 mg/ kg.
***P < 0.001 as compared to control; ###P < 0.001 as compared to STZ;
Table 4: Effect of Amaranthus hybridus on reduced glutathione (nM/ mg of protein) of Albino
wistar rat
Treatment
Reduced glutathione (nM/ mg of protein)
Control
4.25 ± 0.25
STZ
2.09 ± 0.18***
STZ+ Vit-E
3.835 ± 0.17###
STZ+ Amaranth (low dose)
3.12 ± 0.10##
STZ+ Amaranth (medium dose)
3.49 ± 0.17###
STZ+ Amaranth (high dose)
4.19 ± 0.19###
n = 6 in each group. Values are expressed as Mean ±SEM. Data was analysed by ANOVA followed by
Tukey’s post-hoc test. Here low, medium and high dose are 125, 250 and 500 mg/ kg.
***P < 0.001 as compared to control;
###P < 0.001 as compared to STZ; ##P < 0.01 as compared to STZ;
127 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
Fig. 4: Effect of Amaranthus hybridus on reduced glutathione (nM/ mg of protein) of Albino
wistar rat
Control
Stz
Stz+ Vit-E
Stz+ Amaranth (low dose)
Stz+ Amaranth (medium dose)
Stz+Amaranth (high dose)
0
1
2
3
4
5
***
###
##
###
###
Reduced glutathione (nM/ mg of protein)
STZ- Streptozotocin, Vit- E-Vitamin-E, Amaranth- Amaranthus hybridus
n = 6 in each group. Values are expressed as Mean ±SEM. Data was analysed by ANOVA followed by
Tukey’s post-hoc test. Here low, medium and high dose are 125, 250 and 500 mg/ kg.
***P < 0.001 as compared to control;
###P < 0.001 as compared to STZ;
##P < 0.01 as compared to STZ;
Table 5: Effect of Amaranthus hybridus on Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)
(nM/ mg of protein) of Albino wistar rat
Treatment
TBAR (nM/ mg of protein)
Control
2.71 ± 0.13
STZ
8.73 ± 0.18***
STZ+ vit-E
2.96 ±0.17###
STZ+ Amaranth (low dose)
4.31 ± 0.24###
STZ+ Amaranth (medium dose)
3.68 ± 0.28###
STZ+ Amaranth (high dose)
2.86 ± 0.21###
n = 6 in each group. Values are expressed as Mean ±SEM. Data was analysed by ANOVA followed by
Tukey’s post-hoc test. Here low, medium and high dose are 125, 250 and 500 mg/ kg.
***P < 0.001 as compared to control;
###P < 0.001 as compared to STZ;
128 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
Fig. 5: Effect of Amaranthus hybridus on Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBAR) (nM/
mg of protein) of Albino wistar rat
Control
Stz
Stz+ Vit-E
Stz+ Amaranth (low dose)
Stz+ Amaranth (medium dose)
Stz+ Amaranth (high dose)
0
2
4
6
8
10 ***
###
###
###
###
TBARS (nM/ mg of protein)
STZ- Streptozotocin, Vit- E-Vitamin-E, Amaranth- Amaranthus hybridus
n = 6 in each group. Values are expressed as Mean ±SEM. Data was analysed by ANOVA followed by
Tukey’s post-hoc test. Here low, medium and high dose are 125, 250 and 500 mg/ kg.
***P < 0.001 as compared to control;
###P < 0.001 as compared to STZ;
Table 6: Effect of Amaranthus hybridus on Superoxide dismutase (SOD) (nM/ mg of protein) of
Albino wistar rat
Treatment
SOD (nM/ mg of protein)
Control
7.98 ± 0.15
STZ
3.01 ± 0.19***
STZ+ Vit-E
7.650 ± 0.22###
STZ+ Amaranth (low dose)
4.46 ± 0.17###
STZ+ Amaranth (medium dose)
5.85 ± 0.23###
STZ+ Amaranth (high dose)
7.56 ± 0.18###
n = 6 in each group. Values are expressed as Mean ±SEM. Data was analysed by ANOVA followed by
Tukey’s post-hoc test. Here low, medium and high dose are 125, 250 and 500 mg/ kg.
***P < 0.001 as compared to control;
###P < 0.001 as compared to STZ;
129 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
Fig. 6: Effect of Amaranthus hybridus on Superoxide dismutase (SOD) (nM/ mg of protein) of
Albino wistar rat
Control
Stz
Stz+ Vit-E
Stz+ Amaranth (low dose)
Stz+ amaranth (medium dose)
Stz+ Amaranth (high dose)
0
2
4
6
8
10
***
###
###
###
###
superoxide dismutase (nM/ mg of protein)
STZ- Streptozotocin, Vit- E-Vitamin-E, Amaranth- Amaranthus hybridus
n = 6 in each group. Values are expressed as Mean ±SEM. Data was analysed by ANOVA followed by
Tukey’s post-hoc test. Here low, medium and high dose are 125, 250 and 500 mg/ kg.
***P < 0.001 as compared to control;
###P < 0.001 as compared to STZ;
DISCUSSION
Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, characterized by deficits in memory
and cognitive function. The incidence of brain disorders is theatrical on the rise as life expectancy
increases. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex, multifactorial, progressive, neurodegenerative
disease which mostly affecting the elderly population which is estimated for 50–60% of dementia cases
in persons over 65 years of age.
According to the World Health Organisation (WHO, 2006), around 35 million people in industrialized
countries are suffered from AD by 2010. The disease is characterized by defect of memory and
impairment of multiple cognitive and emotional functions. The pathological inherent in AD are amyloid
plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, inflammatory processes and disturbance of neurotransmitters. Basically
brain cells die, causing disorientation, dementia and severe changes in personality and social
130 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
interactions. There is currently no cure for most forms of dementia including AD [21].The present study
evaluates the effect of Amaranthus hybridus in brain of memory impaired rat.
Presently, it is accepted that free radical mediated lipid peroxidation has a crucial role in the
pathogenesis of many disease processes such as atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, carcinogenesis,
inflammation and many other conditions. Hence, the use of various antioxidant supplements for the
prevention or reduction in damage to biological tissues is currently extensively investigated in various
disease conditions. The amount of exogenous antioxidants needs by individuals will be influenced by
the oxidative stress status of the individual as this will affect the endogenous cellular antioxidant
defence system [22].
Vitamin E is essential antioxidant for neurological functions and it has shown in the treatment of
neurodegenerative disorders that involve free radical processes and oxidative damage, like Alzheimer's
disease. This fact, growing body of evidence indicating that neurodegenerative processes are associated
with oxidative stress, lead to the convincing idea that various neurological disorders were prevented
and/or cured by the antioxidant properties of vitamin E. also, Vitamin E protected the brain against the
seizures and neuronal damage and also reduced percentage of neuronal cell death [23].Result of present
study found that Icv-Stz at a dose of 1 and 3 mg/ kg resulted in increase in the escape latency time in
acquisition process as evaluated in morris water maze and it also increase transfer latency in elevated
plus maze. On the other hand, control rats were well formed memory. It has been reported that vitamin
E improved the amnesic and dementia deficits in memory and it also seems that Amaranthus hybridus
is more effective in improving impaired spatial memory induced by Icv-Stz.
Lipid peroxidation plays a major role in oxidative damage. It has been reported that the level of MDA
are generally higher in AD. Administration of Icv-Stz at a dose of 1 and 3 mg/ kg in rats produced the
increased MDA level which is more responsible for the oxidative damage in rats when compared to
normal group. Amaranthus hybridus with high dose (500 mg/kg) on amnesic group produced
significance decrease level of brain LPO which indicates that improvement in memory and learning
ability rather than the low and medium dose (125 and 250 mg/ kg). This indicating reduces in oxidative
stress [24]. Glutathione is an endogenous antioxidant presenting in the reduced form within the cell. It
has been shown to react with free with free radicals and prevent generation of hydroxyl free radicals.
The decreased level of GSH in Icv-Stz treated animals indicates that there is an increased generation of
free radicals and reduced activity of glutathione system in combating oxidative stress. Amaranthus
hybridus with high dose (500 mg/kg) treatment was able to restore the GSH levels and also cause a
significant increase in glutathione than the low and medium dose (125 and 250 mg/ kg) [25]. Further, it
131 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
has been also reported in the present study that the level of brain SOD decrease in Icv-Stz treated group
of animals which indicated that impairment of memory and learning ability. However, the Amaranthus
hybridus with high dose i.e. 500 mg/ kg improve the level of SOD and this indicated to improvement in
memory than the low and medium dose i.e. 125 and 250 mg/ kg [26].
The results of present study suggest that amaranthus hybridus could provide an opportunity to reduce
other harmful drugs which having there harmful effects as well as it increase therapeutic effect. Due to
the plant antioxidants property it may be useful in the Alzheimer disease or in neurodegenerative
disorders thus at the time proper precaution and care could be taken.
CONCLUSION
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the Neuroprotective effect of Amaranthus hybridus in
brain of memory impaired rat. In this study Amaranthus hybridus showed significant improvement in
the learning and memory.
In the present study Streptozotocin at a dose of 3 mg/kg caused induction of Alzheimer disease in rats.
Treatment with Amaranthus hybridus caused improvement in learning & memories of impaired rat as
indicated by the decreased in transfer latency and escape latency in Elevated Plus Maze and Morris
Water Maze test respectively. Amaranthus hybridus also decreased neurodegeneration and decreased in
the level of oxidative stress in the brain. It increases the reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase
level in brain and decreased the TBARS level in brain. It also decreased in the oxidative damage in the
brain by increasing the level of antioxidants.
REFRENCES:
1. Rajwar Navneet, Kothiyal Preeti. Erythropoietin (EPO): Role in Neuroprotection/
Neuroregeneration and cognition. International Journal of Pharmacy 2013; 3(4): 786-795.
2. Jan De Houwer, Dermot Barnes-Holmes and Agnes Moors. What is learning? On the nature and
merits of a functional definition of learning. Psychon Bull Rev 2013.
3. Jalaja S. Menon, Krishnakumar K, Dineshkumar B, Anish John, David Paul, Joseph Cherian.
Herbs for Alzheimer disease. International Journal of Research in Plant Science 2013; 3(3): 54-
56.
4. Nahid Jivad and Zahra Rabiei. A review study on medicinal plants used in the treatment of
learning and memory impairments, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2014; 4(10):
780-789.
5. Venkatesh Rashmi and Sood Diksha. A Review of the Physiological Implications of
Antioxidants in Food. Journal of Young Investigators 2010.
132 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
6. A. A. Hamid, O. O. Aiyelaagbe, L. A. Usman, O. M. Ameen and A. Lawal. Antioxidants: Its
medicinal and pharmacological applications. African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry
2010; 4(8): 142-151.
7. Valory N. Pavlik , Rachelle S. Doody, Susan D. Rountree , Eveleen J. Darby. (Vitamin E Use Is
Associated with Improved Survival in an Alzheimer’s Disease Cohort. Dement Geriatr Cogn
Disord 2009; 28: 536–540.
8. Ronika Saxena and Poonam Garg. In Vitro Anti-oxidant Effect of Vitamin E on Oxidative
Stress Induced due to Pesticides in Rat Erythrocytes. Toxicol Int. 2011 Jan-Jun; 18(1): 73–76.
9. Maret G Traber and Lester Packer. Vitamin E: beyond antioxidant function. Am J C/itt Nutr
l995;62.
10. Omodamiro O. D and Jimoh M.A. Phytochemical Content and Anti-Inflammatory and Diuretic
Activities Of Ethanol Extract Of Amaranthus Hybridus In Experimental Animal Model. Pyrex
Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2015; 2 (1): 023-030.
11. Maiyo, R. M. Ngure, J. C. Matasyoh and R. Chepkorir. phytochemical constituents and
antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of three Amaranthus plant species. African Journal of
Biotechnology 2010; 9 (21): 3178-3182.
12. G. Omosun, A.A. Markson and O. Mbanasor . Growth and Anatomy of Amaranthus Hybridus
as Affected by Diferrent Crude Oil Concentrations. American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific
Research 2008; 3 (1): 70-74.
13. Venkatesh Rashmi and Sood Diksha. AReview of the Physiological Implications of
Antioxidants in Food. Journal of Young Investigators 2010.
14. Ouedraogo Ibrahim, Hilou Adama et al. Nutraceutical Assessment of Four Amaranthus Species
from Burkina Faso. Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences 2011; 3(5): 451-458.
15. Birdavinder Singh, Bhupesh Sharma Amteshwar S Jaggi and Nirmal Singh. Attenuating effect
of lisinopril and telmisartan in intracerebroventricular streptozotocin induced experimental
dementia of Alzheimer’s disease type: possible involvement of PPAR-γ agonistic property.
Journal of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System 2012; 14(2): 124–136.
16. Chen Z hong, XU A-Jing et al. Reversal of scopolamine- induced special memory deficits in
rats by TAK-147. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2002; 23(4): 355-360.
17. Hanumancthachar joshi and Milind parle. Brahmi rasayna improves learning and memory in
mice. Advace acess publication (2006); 31(1): 79-85.
133 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com
18. Puchchakayala Goverdhan, Akina Sravanthi and ThatiMamatha. Neuroprotective Effects of
Meloxicam and Selegiline in Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Impairment and Oxidative Stress
International Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 2012.
19. Vinod Tiwari, Anurag Kuhad, Mahendra Bishnoi and Kanwaljit Chopra. Chronic treatment with
tocotrienol, an isoform of vitamin E, prevents intracerebroventricular streptozotocin-induced
cognitive impairment and oxidative–nitrosative stress in rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and
Behavior 2009; 93: 183–189.
20. Weerateerangkull P Praputpittaya C, Banjerdpongchai R. Effects of Ascorbic Acid on
Streptozotocin-induced Oxidative Stress and Memory Impairment in Rats. Thai Journal of
Physiological Sciences 2008; 20(2): 54-61.
21. Patel VS , Jivani NP et al. Medicinal Plants with Potential Nootropic Activity: A Review,
Research Journal of Pharmaceutical. Biological and Chemical 2014; 5(1): 1-11.
22. Nafeeza Mohd. Ismail, Asma Harun et al. Role Of Vitamin E On Oxidative Stress in Smokers.
Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences 2002; 9(2): (34-42).
23. Karima A. El-Shamy, Yasser A. Khadrawy, Mostafa A. El-Feki, Inas H. Refaat and Hussein G.
Sawie. The Effect of Both Vitamin E and Thymoquinone on Monoamine Neurotransmitter
Changes Induced by Nicotine Treatment and Withdrawal in the Cortex and Hippocampus of Rat
Brain. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 2013; 9(6): 4030-4040.
24. Anil Kumar, Samrita Dogra and Atish Prakash. Neuroprotective Effects of Centella asiatica
against Intracerebroventricular Colchicine-Induced Cognitive Impairment and Oxidative Stress.
International Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 2009; 1-8.
25. Brain J.S and Shaw C.A. Neurodegenerative disorders in human: the role of glutathione in
oxidative stress- mediated neuronal death. Brain Research Review 1997; 25: 335-358.
26. Kirti S. Kulkarni, S.B. Kasture and S.A. Mengi. Efficacy study of Prunus amygdalus (almond)
nuts in scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2010; 42(3): 168-173.