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ISSN 2394-7322
International Journal of Novel Research in Marketing Management and Economics
Vol. 7, Issue 2, pp: (1-8), Month: May - August 2020, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com
Page | 1
Novelty Journals
An Exploratory Study of Factors Influencing
Corporate Sustainability on business
Performance
Benjamin Johnson 1, Johnson Katherine Chibuzo 2, Cyprian Chinwo 3,
Assoc. Prof. Dr Valliappan Raju4
PhD Aspirant, Limkokwing University of Creativity Technology, Malaysia1
PhD Aspirant, Limkokwing University of Creativity Technology, Malaysia2
PhD Aspirant, Limkokwing University of Creativity Technology, Malaysia3
Sr. Lecturer, Limkokwing University of Creativity Technology, Malaysia 4
*Corresponding Author: Benjamin Johnson
Abstract: This study evaluates the effect of corporate sustainability on business performance of manufacturing
industries in USA, from 2012 to 2015. These Manufacturing industries are listed in Corporate Social
Responsibility Hub (CSRHub), Morning Star and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). All data used in this report
were extracted from 37 manufacturing companies’ Sustainability, corporate social responsibility (CSR) and
annual reports. These companies are of diverse sectors such as Automobile, Health care, consumer goods, food,
beverages and technology. Quantitative method of research is used in this study; this also includes the use of
explanatory and descriptive research design. The main issues to be discussed in this study are Donation, Incident
rate reduction and Water Recycled as the independent variables, while Revenue is the dependent variable. Data
analysis was carried out using the regression analysis, descriptive statistics and correlation. E-views software
generated the data for further analysis. The findings imply that donation has a positive insignificance effect on
revenue, reduced incident rate reduction had positive significance effect on revenue and water recycling has
negative insignificant effect on revenue. In the future researches, larger samples of companies form diverse sectors
and subsectors should be studied to broaden the research on company performance especially the non-financial
aspect.
Keywords: Corporate Sustainability, Company Performance, Revenue, Corporate Social Responsibility, Donation,
Incident Rate Reduction, and Water Recycled.
1. INTRODUCTION
In the preceding literature, a lot of authors have tried to define corporate sustainability, but Mel Wilson (2003) sees it as a
new and developing corporate management standard. It is an alternative to the traditional growth and profit-maximization
model. While corporate sustainability identifies that business growth and profitability are important, it also requires the
establishment to pursue societal goals, precisely those relating to sustainable development — environmental protection,
social justice, equity, and economic development
The development and management of corporate sustainability by companies is carried out for their benefit, so that their
company grows, to achieve improvement in their procedures and instead of reputation and profits been focused upon only,
value is added to their companies Mckinsey, (2011).
ISSN 2394-7322
International Journal of Novel Research in Marketing Management and Economics
Vol. 7, Issue 2, pp: (1-8), Month: May - August 2020, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com
Page | 2
Novelty Journals
There were other studies in the past which relates to US manufacturing companies, but these researches done previously
are based on the assumptions that the aims of companies are to maximize profits than other components such as value and
growth. However, other drivers do exist.
The definition of sustainability development that is commonly known by Brundtland‟s report in 1987 when the future
generations and present needs are met with no compromise in the capability to meet these needs is called sustainability
development. Parkins (2000),
Therefore, corporate sustainability deals with the creation of long term shareholder value by accepting opportunities
encountered and dealing with risks that arises from economic, social and environmental factors Mays, (2003).
Generally, corporate sustainability was regarded as a cost generator that reduces the efficiency and acts as hindrance for
developing growing profits. For the last 50 years, corporate sustainability has not been perceived as necessity anymore but
as an opportunity for creating and interpreting value (Ludema et. el, (2012). According to Fischer & Sawczyn (2013) the
recent view of corporate sustainability, is an encouraging and driving force for stakeholders to be transparent in their
companies‟ operations. Additionally, Global reporting initiative (GRI) and other sustainable reporting standards have
placed more pressure on corporate organizations for the expansion and development of their sustainable practices
Backstrom & Karlsson, (2015).
Previous scholars, based their argument that triple bottom line(TBL) should be included in the broad scope of the
performance of a company, not only focus on financial aspect of the company performance; focus also includes market
share, innovation, brand value and other non-financial KPIs (Key performance Indicators Hyvonen (2007); Ryeoin
(1999). On the other hand, Chen (2015) observed that focus should be specific on environmental, economic, innovative,
social and operational performance too. Currently, researches carried out, showed corporate sustainability effects on
business have been quite beneficial through communication and technological improvements, because it has made
unethical behaviours from corporation difficult to avoid being punished and comparison of sustainable practices and
transparency is monitored KPMG, (2013)
Theories have also been used to attain more understanding on corporate sustainability, such theories are Freeman (1984)
Stakeholder Theory, Corporate Environmentalism theory Charter and Polonsky (1999); Banerjee et.al, (2003) Triple
Bottom Line Theory Elkington (994); Forbes (2012); Slaper & Hall (2011), Corporate Social Responsibility. The World
Business Council for Sustainable Development (2001), Legitimacy theory Lindblom, (1993), Agency theory De Klerk
and Villiers, (2012)
Hence, with the current expansion, processes of manufacturing industries in the US have broaden their scope, not just in
economic, but also in social and environment; they have aimed to achieve operational improvements to be flexible,
quality, cost, delivery and gain competitive edge in social and environment matters Caniëls et al., (2013); Vachon &
Klassen, (2008).
Background Literature and Hypothesis development:
A general definition of sustainability by Brundtland (1983) defines the term as a means by which human needs are met in
the absence of non-compromise of the capability of next generation‟s needs being met. This definition placed the
ecological, economic and social dimensions into consideration in order to find a lifelong success.
The United Nations Global Compact (2014) considers corporate sustainability as an obligation for operating a business in
today‟s global market, for long term corporate achievement and to ensure that value is delivered across societies. For a
sustainable operation by companies, they must ensure that carry out responsible operations that aligns with the general
principles, incorporate sustainability in their objectives and operations, carry out sustainability reporting and ensure local
engagement in every of their operating location.
Corporate sustainability effects on company performance:
While conducting a study, Chen (2015) examines how sustainability influences a company performance, focusing on
manufacturing industry in Sweden. She adopted Triangulation approach to validate her findings by conducting and
collecting a survey of large and medium sample firms utilizing independent variables such as product responsibility,
ISSN 2394-7322
International Journal of Novel Research in Marketing Management and Economics
Vol. 7, Issue 2, pp: (1-8), Month: May - August 2020, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com
Page | 3
Novelty Journals
human rights and society, while the dependent variables are cash flow and sales growth. Their results, showed there is a
positive correlation human rights, product responsibility and society with ROE; however, there were significant
differences in the CSR practices. In conclusion, Chen indicated that manufacturing firms in Sweden prioritize the
implementation of environmental and economic practices than on societal ones.
Robert, Ioanou & Serafeim (2014) conducted research in the US, using 180 companies. They collected data using survey
cross sectional survey for a period of 1992 to 2010. Their survey was to identify companies that practiced high
sustainability and those with low practices. They used employees, environment, community, customers and products as
their independent variables, whereas return on asset, MTB and return on equity. They found that the responsibility for
sustainability is held by board members in high sustainability companies using top executive compensation incentives as
functional sustainability metrics.
Also, Babalola (2012) conducted research in Nigeria, to study what relationship corporate sustainability has with a
company performance in terms of profitability. He used secondary method to collect data for 10-year period, from 10
random companies. The data collected was analysed using Ordinary least square and he found out that the companies
sampled investments in corporate sustainability was not up to 10% of their yearly income. Findings also indicated that
explanatory variable justifies the changes in corporate sustainability in Nigeria and gave recommendation on the
regulations and laws
Past research carried out by Callen and Thomas (2009) on US companies, concluded that sustainability performance has
an impact on the company‟s financial performance and Surroca et.al (2010) mentioned that this might vary from nation to
nation in terms of cultural or societal effects with regards to response to social and environmental issues.
Currently, closer attention is paid in the development of a framework that defines, integrates and evaluates sustainable
practices Amini & Bienstock, (2014). In an efficiency, sustainable exploitation practices should be considered such
practices includes energy, water and materials reduction; responding to the stakeholders‟ demand; improvement and
exploitation current sustainable competencies and the progress of an organization growth measurement Maletic et.al
(2014).
In most cases, sustainability and sustainability development are used interchangeably, Brundtland (1987) defined
sustainable development as a development in which current generation‟s needs are met without mitigating the next
generations‟ capability in meeting their needs. One of the sustainable component discussed here is donation. Donation
is a philanthropically or voluntarily giving of some part of a company resources for charitable causes Liang and
Renneboog (2016). These donations are usually in- kind or cash, its mechanism of distribution is trust fund or corporate
foundation.
Committee Encouraging Corporate Philanthropy (CECP) (2014) noted that among 261 top companies donations totalled
25 Billion USD, each company had median of 18 Million USD. Meanwhile, industries such as energy and manufacturing
were the lowest in donations (0.76%) while educational institutes, health and social services are the major beneficiaries of
these donations at 28% and 40% respectively.
Incident rate reduction in companies is another issue in corporate sustainability. According to the Occupational Safety and
Health Act of 1970 (OSHA) incident rate reduction indicates the number of incidents that have occurred or their severity.
These rates are in five categories and easily used interchangeably in confusing manner. They are recordable incident rate
reduction, lost time case rate, days away and severity rate. These rates are used in industry, indicating companies‟
performances in the past.
There is an increase by corporations to cut cost, however the incident rate reduction cost is expensive and can lead to a
significant profit loss (Beyer, 2011). To develop and implement zero incident effectively, it is important to recognize the
role it plays in profits margin.
Water recycling by companies is a procedure that requires treatment of waste water to get the quality of water that fits the
function and conforms to proper regulatory principles Sellahewa (2015).
ISSN 2394-7322
International Journal of Novel Research in Marketing Management and Economics
Vol. 7, Issue 2, pp: (1-8), Month: May - August 2020, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com
Page | 4
Novelty Journals
Corporate Social Responsibility:
The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (2001) defined CSR as the degree which businesses are
committed towards the contribution of a sustainable economic development in alliance employees, family members and
local authorities world business council for sustainable development (WBCSD) (2001). Business for Social Responsibility
(BSR) (2003) defines CSR as comprehensibly group of policies, procedures and programs incorporated in the overall
business activities and decision making procedures, to make sure that the impact of positive of their activities on society is
maximized.
2. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The conceptual framework for this report, would be based on the critical analysis of some key sustainability frameworks
and the literature review.
Figure 1: Conceptual Framework
Hypotheses:
H1: Donation has positive significant effect on Revenue
H2: Incident rate reduction has a negative significant effect on Revenue
H3: Water recycling has a positive significant effect on Revenue.
These listed hypotheses signify that the independent variable of Incident rate reduction is assumed to display a negative
significant effect on the dependent variable Revenue while Donation and Water Recycling are assumed to display a
positive significant effect on revenue. This implies that when companies are inclined towards the decrease of a specific
independent variable like incident rate reduction, it is considered that it boosts the company revenue likewise increase in
other variables (Donation and Water Recycling). Therefore, negative used in this hypothesis, connotes reduction; while
the positive connotes increment of the variable
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Data collection method for this research is basically secondary data. Data was adopted from companies‟ annual reports,
journals, government publications, company‟s websites, articles and business magazines. The justification for using
secondary method of data collection for this report is due to easy access to data, time and less cost. Secondary collected is
for span of five years, cross sectional analysis is used since it short period, obtaining insights into the level of consistency
in their non-financial reports. However, the limitation for this method, is unavailability, non-updated and outdated data of
some company data.
Sample and survey Design
For this research, explanatory research is carried out to determine the degree of cause and its impact on the research
variables Dudovskiy (2016). Since explanatory study will determine the connection of the effect of corporate
sustainability on companies and the variables of this effects will also be identified Wyk, (2012).
ISSN 2394-7322
International Journal of Novel Research in Marketing Management and Economics
Vol. 7, Issue 2, pp: (1-8), Month: May - August 2020, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com
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Novelty Journals
This study followed Parahoo (1997) well established overall number of components and data is gotten from such people,
events, relics and organizations. Similarly it is the elements required to be included in a study Burns and Grove (2003).
Population in this context means a collective set of human or objects Baerriro & Albandoz (2001). The 2429 global
manufacturing companies from different sectors is the total population for this report. While the sample size represent the
potential 37 companies
To carry out the data analysis and effect of corporate sustainability on company performance investigation, statistical
tools such as correlation, F-test, T- test and multiple regression is used and E-views is used for the data analysis.
Table 1: Sample and total population of U.S manufacturing companies.
For this research study, convenience/ quota sampling is used. According to Etikan et.al (2016), this type of sampling
involves a non-probability sample and it entails randomly selecting participants without a criterion involved. While quota
sampling involves a stratum in the sample proportion to the selected population Jonathan (2004). The US industrial
corporations for this study are in various amount from 5 sectors to a total of 37 companies. Randomly selecting Farrokhi
(2012) companies made sample selection easier because some companies have few to no CSR reports.
The technology and internet development has made data accessible and collection less difficult Zimmermann (2015).
Constant development and upgrading of websites, companies tend to upload their annual, CRS, and financial report for
the public. All data gotten for this research, were extracted from each company website.
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Descriptive Statistics
Table 2: Descriptive Statistics
Variables
Mean
Median
Maximum
Std. Dev.
DONATION
25.60836
15.36194
99.55008
26.38272
INCIDENT RATE REDUCTION
0.843419
0.38
11
1.773089
RECYCLED_WATER
2.996446
2.25
9
2.402673
REVENUE__
4.908507
3.77
6.24
84.91467
Donation
In table 2, it shows that 25.6 is the average mean for donation with a standard deviation of 26.3. This result indicates that
25% of the revenue generated is being spent on donation to the community by the US manufacturing companies of
CSRhub used in the duration of this research. Business organization in the US has generously been philanthropic.
Greening and Turban (2000) stated that shareholder value might be enhanced through philanthropic donation in terms of
sales boost, employee morale increase production output. Barron (2001) and Neiheisel (1994) supported by including
innovative stimulation and regulatory and special interest groups relationship improvement. On the other hand, donations
might ordinarily mean agency cost Williamson (1964); Jensen & Meckling (1976). A carefully designed philanthropic
donation might grow a company brand value among its customers like advertisement does Rochin, et, el. (2001).
ISSN 2394-7322
International Journal of Novel Research in Marketing Management and Economics
Vol. 7, Issue 2, pp: (1-8), Month: May - August 2020, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com
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Novelty Journals
Incident rate reduction
Table 2, incident rate reduction has an average mean of 0.84 and a standard deviation of 1.7. The result indicates that
there was 84% reduction in incident rates. This shows that there was 84% reduction in work hours lost due to incidents
that affect employee productivity during the research time in the sampled companies.
Due to limited company resources, strategies for intervention that optimize incident rate reductions are combined with
less expensive programs to yield productivity and positive improvement Iyer, et, el. (2005). Supporting safety
performance, managers tend to promote and celebrate safety milestones, like recognition of employees when they act in
accordance to safety measures. This tends to increase safety work behaviours by employees which in turn increase
productivity Beyer (2011).
Recycled Water
The average mean for recycled water in table 3, is 29 with a standard deviation of 2.4. This shows that 29% of the water
used in the US manufacturing companies during the period investigated was recycled.
Approaches to water recycling implies restoration to the initial condition by treatment process Bachman (2012)
Manufacturing companies like Pepper Snapple implemented their water recycling system in Victorville, California in
2010. The recycling system has effectively reduced cost and it is sustainable for their company Pepper Snapple, (2012).
Another manufacturing industry that taken up this initiative is Chrysler automotive. According to Baachman (2012) and
Ephraim (2014) recycling of water has led reduction of sewage discharge into the community streams, lakes and rivers.
This has in turn helped the society by safety in consumed water, sanitation and reduction in disease due to sanitation
TABLE 3: Pearson Correlation significance level at 0.05
The table 3 above shows that the correlation between donation and revenue is weak and negative with a value of -0.117.
The table also show that the correlation between donation and revenue is insignificant with a probability value of 0.1553
(p>0.05). Thus, the relationship between donation and revenue is weak and negative, yet insignificant.
The correlation between accident rate and revenue is weak but positive with a value of 0.044. Similarly, it shows the
correlation donation and revenue as insignificant with a probability value of 0.5917(p>0.05). Therefore, the relationship is
positive and weak, but insignificant
The final variable in the research is recycled water. In the table, it shows its correlation is negative with value of -0.101.
According to Hair (2006), at a value of 0.21(p>0.05), it shows that recycled water is insignificant.
Summary for Coefficient for Revenue
Table 4: Dependent variable: Revenue
Variable
Coefficient
Std. Error
t-Statistic
Prob.
C
4.645889
2.352761
1.974654
0.0509
DONATION
0.017272
0.021843
0.790735
0.4309
INCIDENT_RATE
2.55921
1.124791
2.275276
0.0249
RECYCLED_WATER
-0.78032
0.712851
-1.094647
0.2762
REVENUE
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
Correlation
Significance
DONATION
-0.117394
0.1553
ACCIDENT RATE
0.044451
0.5917
RECYCLED_WATER
-0.101435
0.2199
ISSN 2394-7322
International Journal of Novel Research in Marketing Management and Economics
Vol. 7, Issue 2, pp: (1-8), Month: May - August 2020, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com
Page | 7
Novelty Journals
In table 4, the standard coefficient value of donation is at 0.0172, at an insignificant value of 0.43 (p>0.05) as stated by
Hair (2006). Therefore, donation has positive insignificant effect on revenue. This shows that there is no statistical
significant impact of donation on revenue.
5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
In this research study, regression analysis was focused on, in order to test the hypotheses of this study. Revenue was the
dependent variable used for this research while donation, incident rate reduction and water recycle were the three
independent variables applied. The study key objectives are, to know the effect of donation, incident rate reduction and
water recycle on a company revenue with regards to US manufacturing companies as sample study. The research study
shows that 25% of revenue made, with regards to the descriptive analysis, is spent on donation to communities globally
by the selected US manufacturing companies from CSRhub at this study duration. Although the regression analysis
indicates the coefficient is positive with value of 0.0172 and an insignificant value of 0.430. This implies that Donation
effect on company Revenue is negatively insignificant.
Using the descriptive analysis, it is observed that the sampled manufacturing companies are putting in much effort to
reduce incident rate. The companies used in this research show 84% reduction in work hours lost due to incidents that
affect employee productivity during the research time. The study also indicate that 29% of the water used in the US
manufacturing companies during the period investigated was recycled. With a negative coefficient of -0.78 and
insignificant value of 0.27, implies that water recycling has a negative impact on a company revenue.
Therefore the study indicates that US manufacturing companies don‟t give donations for the sole purpose of increasing
their sales but because they feel ethically obliged to sustain the communities in which they operate. The US
manufacturing companies adopt proactive strategies in reducing workplace incidents, it causes an increase in their sales,
hence increasing their revenue.
The study recommends that the Companies in fall sectors including manufacturing industries in the US should donate
more to the community to save tax, while commitment to environmental sustainability like water recycling should be
incorporated in their operations for economical and society benefits.
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ISSN 2394-7322
International Journal of Novel Research in Marketing Management and Economics
Vol. 7, Issue 2, pp: (1-8), Month: May - August 2020, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com
Page | 8
Novelty Journals
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