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Torino 2030. A prova di futuro
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Immaginare il futuro è una delle funzioni, forse la principale, della politica. La democratizzazione del futuro è una priorità per le nostre società. Come sarà la città di Torino nel 2030? Quali trend demografici, tecnologici, ambientali e occupazionali stanno disegnando il perimetro dei suoi assetti? Quali le sfide, gli scenari e le missioni collettive per il territorio torinese? Attraverso queste e altre domande, un gruppo di ricercatrici e ricercatori del Politecnico e dell’Università di Torino ha individuato 6 sfide, 12 missioni e 48 azioni volte a affrontare i problemi sociali, economici, ambientali e territoriali dell’area vasta metropolitana. Si è così messo a tema il supporto all’innovazione alla base della riconversione del sistema produttivo in chiave ecologica e digitale; la necessità di una visione metromontana, basata su policentrismo e interdipendenza tra territori; una concezione nuova dei luoghi e delle infrastrutture sociali, culturali e tecnologiche, come prerequisito di una piena cittadinanza sociale; un'economia dei beni e degli spazi comuni come contesto per l’azione collettiva; la de-carbonizzazione e il paradigma della città circolare alla luce degli effetti del cambiamento climatico e, infine, il ripensamento della produzione culturale e creativa dell’area metropolitana come settore strategico. Il lavoro è frutto di uno sforzo lavoro collettivo e interdisciplinare, affiancato dal contributo metodologico dei future studies. Incontri pubblici, tavoli di lavoro con esperti interni ed esterni al territorio torinese hanno messo a fuoco scenari, problemi e opportunità la cui soluzione richiede una classe dirigente coesa e capace di mettere a valore la diversità e i saperi diffusi che caratterizzano il tessuto economico, civile e culturale del territorio.
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We study whether and when Research and Development (R&D) activities by foreign multinationals facilitate the formation and growth of new innovation clusters. Combining information on nearly four decades’ worth of patents with socio‐economic data for regions that cover virtually the entire globe, we use matched difference‐in‐differences estimation to show that R&D activities by foreign multinationals have a positive causal effect on local innovation rates. This effect is sizeable: over a five‐year period, foreign research activities help a region climb 14 centiles in the global innovation ranks. This effect materializes through a combination of knowledge spillovers to domestic firms and the attraction of new foreign firms to the region. However, not all multinationals generate equal benefits. In spite of their advanced technological capabilities, technology leaders generate fewer spillovers than technologically less advanced multinationals. A closer inspection reveals that technology leaders also engage in fewer technological alliances and exchange fewer workers with local firms abroad than less advanced firms. Moreover, technology leaders tend to set up their foreign R&D activities in regions with lower levels of economic development than less advanced firms, yet with comparable public sector research capacity. These findings suggest that multinationals with high levels of technological sophistication face comparatively unfavorable tradeoffs between the costs and benefits of local spillovers, underscoring the importance of understanding corporate strategy when analyzing innovation clusters.
Quali sono le tendenze e i fenomeni destinati a forgiare il futuro? Come è cambiato il mondo negli ultimi decenni e cosa può insegnarci lo studio delle dinamiche di lungo periodo su come cambierà nei prossimi anni? Cosa sono i megatrend e in che modo la loro reciproca relazione trasformerà le nostre società? Sono queste le domande che spingono la nostra ricerca all’Italian Institute for the Future. Con la Guida ai megatrend globali vogliamo condividere con voi alcune delle risposte che abbiamo trovato, offrendo ai lettori una panoramica a 360° delle grandi tendenze che guideranno l’evoluzione umana nel XXI secolo, in un’ottica multidisciplinare e di lungo periodo. Dai cambiamenti climatici al cibo, dall’energia alla politica internazionale, dall’automazione alla demografia, fino ai fenomeni più recenti e radicali come la space economy, la realtà virtuale, l’intelligenza artificiale: una guida fondamentale per immaginare il futuro studiando il presente.
As individuals specialize in specific knowledge areas, a society’s know-how becomes distributed across different workers. To use this distributed know-how, workers must be coordinated into teams that, collectively, can cover a wide range of expertise. This paper studies the interdependencies among co-workers that result from this process in a population-wide dataset covering educational specializations of millions of workers and their co-workers in Sweden over a 10-year period. The analysis shows that the value of what a person knows depends on whom that person works with. Whereas having co-workers with qualifications similar to one’s own is costly, having co-workers with complementary qualifications is beneficial. This co-worker complementarity increases over a worker’s career and offers a unifying framework to explain seemingly disparate observations, answering questions such as “Why do returns to education differ so widely?” “Why do workers earn higher wages in large establishments?” “Why are wages so high in large cities?”
Today we witness strengthened structural spatial divisions within city neighbourhoods, increased inequality and sharper lines of division.¹ Neighbourhoods are increasingly hyper-diverse.² In Europe, high rates of unemployment, austerity and poverty make hyper-diverse neighbourhoods and local communities increasingly complex and problematic. Traditional state-driven top-down revitalisation strategies have often resulted in new urban dynamics and heightened tensions, as well as gentrification processes and social exclusion. Given this backdrop, urban neighbourhoods have become a privileged unit of observation. Here, community-based initiatives have been experimented in dissimilar urban contexts both within and outside of Europe, in some cases producing social cohesion and transforming power relations and socio-spatial inequalities. This paper highlights the need to insert social innovation into urban regeneration practices in order to convey a different approach to socio-spatial change directed to ‘territorial development’. In this sense, urban regeneration is seen as a grounded process in ‘spatialised’ communities, able to take inequality into account within the spatial and social distribution of disadvantage.³ Path-dependency, citizenship mobilisation and the activation of local resources are all essential ingredients for urban regeneration practices. Community-based initiatives play an important role in both social and urban transformation, particularly when they foster forms of institutional learning able to promote an improvement in institutional arrangements and advance awareness of the social effect of micro-practices.⁴.
The aim of this article is to analyse the evolution of the Movimento Cinque Stelle (Five-star Movement, M5s) in the city of Turin from its beginnings to the election of Chiara Appendino as mayor in June 2016 in order to assess the impact of the passing of the threshold of government on three distinct areas: party organisation, the party’s identity and ‘ideology’ and the Movement’s relationship with citizens, social movements and the local media. Although an organisation similar to that of traditional parties has not developed over time, the results show that with the passing of the threshold of government the M5s became more centralised, and personalisation processes emerged: in the absence of a formalised party structure, the candidates and then the elected representatives gained significant decision-making powers. Moreover, administrative constraints led the M5s to scale-down its programme, to pursue policies it had previously challenged and to normalise its relationships with political opponents. Born openly contesting traditional party structures and pledging a radical change to the system of power that had ruled the city for the previous twenty years, nowadays the M5s in Turin oscillates between two poles, halfway between its original identity and institutionalisation. On the one hand, there are the social movements that supported the M5s and from which the first activists were drawn; on the other, government responsibilities and the expectations of those who do not belong to the milieux from which the M5s originated but who voted for Appendino in 2016.
A scarcity of natural resources. The challenge to protect biodiversity and the global climate. Rapid economic growth and urbanisation in Asia and the developing world. Changing demographics and an ageing population. The impact of new digital technologies. Consumer expectations for services, experiences and social interaction. An imperative to innovate. Megatrends are gradual yet powerful trajectories of change that have the potential to throw companies, individuals and societies into freefall. In Global Megatrends author Stefan Hajkowicz identifies these seven patterns of global change and tells a story about how the world will change over the next 20 years. The book captures the thinking of many dedicated scientists and researchers who have devoted their careers to exploring and understanding change. The change heralded by megatrends lies beyond our direct control but not beyond our influence. By getting a picture of how the world is changing and what these megatrends are, we can alter our destiny.
Spatial visualization is a very useful tool to help decision-makers in the urban planning process, i) to define future energy transition pathways, ii) to implement energy efficiency strategies and iii) to integrate renewable energy technologies in the context of sustainable cities. There is thus a need to develop new tools to understand the energy consumption patterns across cities. Statistical methods are often used to understand the driving parameters of energy consumption but rarely used to evaluate future urban refurbishment scenarios. Simulating whole cities using energy demand softwares can be very extensive in terms of computer resources and data collection. A new methodology, using city archetypes, is hence proposed to simulate the energy consumption of urban areas and to evaluate urban energy planning scenarios. The objective of this paper is to present a solid framework and innovative solution for the computation and visualization of energy saving at the city scale. The energy demand of cities, as well as the microclimatic conditions, are calculated by using a 3D model designed as function of the real city urban geometrical and physical characteristics. Data are extracted from a GIS database. We demonstrate how the number of buildings to be simulated can be drastically reduced thereby significantly decreasing the computational time and without compromising the accuracy of the results. This model is then used to evaluate the influence of two sets of refurbishment solutions. The energy consumption are then integrated back in the GIS to identify the areas in the city where refurbishment works are needed more rapidly. The city of Settimo Torinese (Italy) is used as a demonstrator for the proposed methodology, which can be applied to medium-sized cities worldwide with limited amount of information.
THE SUNDAY TIMES BESTSELLER'I see [Raworth] as the John Maynard Keynes of the 21st Century: by reframing the economy, she allows us to change our view of who we are, where we stand, and what we want to be.' George Monbiot, Guardian'This is sharp, significant scholarship . . . Thrilling.' Times Higher Education'[A] really important economic and political thinker.' Andrew MarrEconomics is broken. It has failed to predict, let alone prevent, financial crises that have shaken the foundations of our societies. Its outdated theories have permitted a world in which extreme poverty persists while the wealth of the super-rich grows year on year. And its blind spots have led to policies that are degrading the living world on a scale that threatens all of our futures.Can it be fixed? In Doughnut Economics, Oxford academic Kate Raworth identifies seven critical ways in which mainstream economics has led us astray, and sets out a roadmap for bringing humanity into a sweet spot that meets the needs of all within the means of the planet. En route, she deconstructs the character of ‘rational economic man’ and explains what really makes us tick. She reveals how an obsession with equilibrium has left economists helpless when facing the boom and bust of the real-world economy. She highlights the dangers of ignoring the role of energy and nature’s resources – and the far-reaching implications for economic growth when we take them into account. And in the process, she creates a new, cutting-edge economic model that is fit for the 21st century – one in which a doughnut-shaped compass points the way to human progress.Ambitious, radical and rigorously argued, Doughnut Economics promises to reframe and redraw the future of economics for a new generation.'An innovative vision about how we could refocus away from growth to thriving.' Daily Mail'Doughnut Economics shows how to ensure dignity and prosperity for all people.' Huffington Post