Identification of Some Fiber Characteristics in Rosa sp. and Nerium oleander L. Wood Grown under Different Ecological Conditions
Abstract
Climate-dependent changes in wood anatomical characteristics were studied for Rosa sp. and Nerium oleander sp. grown in phytosociological areas. For this purpose, wood samples were taken from the individual wood species grown in Antalya, Eskisehir, and Kastamonu provenances, where Terrestrial, Black Sea, and Mediterranean climate types prevail, and 11 anatomical characters were identified or calculated. As a result of the study, it has been determined that the climate has large effects on the characteristics that are the subject of the study and that each characteristic is at a higher level in individuals grown in areas where different climate types prevail. The highest values in Rosa species were obtained in the individuals grown under Terrestrial climate type in all characteristics except for LW (lumen widths), EC (elasticity coefficients), and FF (F-Factors.) Whereas in Nerium oleander, the highest values were obtained in individuals grown in the Mediterranean climate type in FL (fibre lengths), LW (lumen widths), FR (felting ratios), and EC (elasticity coefficients). For the same species type, in the Terrestrial climate, RIJID (rigidity coefficients), MUHT (Muhlstep ratios), and RUNK (Runkel ratios), and in the Black Sea climate DWT (double wall thicknesses) and WT (wall thicknesses) characteristics had high values.
... HM accumulation potential in plants results from metabolic activities and growth performance occurring in this process. The mutual interaction of genetic codes and environmental situations impacts tree growth and development (Yigit et al. 2021;Özel et al. 2022). ...
Lead (Pb), one of the most lethal heavy metals (priority contaminant) in environmental and human health, spreads to the air as a metal or compound and has noxious properties. Therefore, tracking and diminishing Pb pollution are urgent and priority research topics. This study aims to contribute to the determination of suitable biomonitor species that can be used to observe Pb pollution shifts over a long period and hyperaccumulator species that can be used to lessen pollution. For this reason, it was selected to use species from Düzce, one of the five most unclean municipalities in Europe, including Pinus pinaster, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Cupressus arizonica, Cedrus atlantica, and Picea orientalis. The Pb concentration variations based on the species, organ, direction, and age range in the last 4 decades were assessed by examining the samples taken from tree species. The highest Pb concentrations were found in the outer bark and the east and north directions (high vehicle density) in almost all the species. These results showed that Pb pollution increases significantly due to vehicles. In conclusion, the displacement of Pb in wood was limited in these species; therefore, they could be used to track the Pb pollution change. C. arizonica and P. menziesii were determined to be suitable for reducing Pb pollution.
... However, the stress factors to which plants are most exposed are climatic stress factors. Because plant development depends on the interaction between genetic structure [80][81][82][83][84][85] and environmental conditions [86][87][88][89][90]. Therefore, factors that cause significant and permanent changes in climatic parameters such as global climate change trigger stress mechanisms of plants [91,92]. ...
Heavy metal pollution is a serious threat to living organisms and ecosystems worldwide. Therefore, it is of great importance to identify suitable biomonitors that can be used to monitor the changes in heavy metal pollution and hyperaccumulator species that can be used to reduce pollution. In this study, the usability of Cedrus atlantica in monitoring the change in the concentration of germanium (Ge) in air and reducing pollution was evaluated. In addition, Ge pollution in the last 60 years in Düzce province, where air pollution is at a very high level, was evaluated and the source of pollution was tried to be determined. As a result of the study, it was determined that the species is a suitable species that can be used both to monitor the change of Ge pollution in the air and to reduce this pollution. It was determined that Ge pollution increased significantly in the study area after 2013. The results of the study reveal that this pollution is mostly caused by traffic and urban areas.
... These factors are also linked to other factors. For example, plant physiology is shaped under the influence of genetic structure (Yigit et al. 2021;Hrivnak et al. 2024) and environmental conditions (Yigit et al. 2023;Özdikmenli et al. 2024). Hence, all factors impacting plant physiology also influence the entry of heavy metals into the plant and their accumulation, and plant physiology is shaped by the interaction of many inter-influencing factors, such as genetic structure (Kurz et al. 2024), edaphic (Kravkaz Kuscu et al. 2018, and climatic factors Aricak et al. 2024), and stress factors Koc and Nzouko 2022). ...
This study aimed to determine the most suitable woody species that can be used to reduce the pollution of Sr, Mo, and Sn, which are heavy metals that are harmful to the ecosystem and human and environmental health. Within the study’s scope, samples were taken from the wood parts of 16 woody species growing under similar conditions in Düzce province, which is among the five cities with the most polluted air in Europe. The wood part is the largest organ of higher plants in terms of mass; it traps heavy metals within itself for many years and can remove heavy metals to a great extent. Therefore, plants with a high potential for heavy metal accumulation in the wood part are among the most suitable plants for phytoremediation studies. The study determined Sr, Mo, and Sn concentrations in the wood parts of 16 tree species via inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and compared them using statistical methods. Results indicate that Robinia pseudoacacia and Cedrus atlantica species were suitable for reducing pollution by Mo and Sn, while Platanus orientalis and Populus alba species were suitable for reducing Sr pollution.
... Another critical factor that will affect the possible responses of species to global climate change will be microclimatic and micro-edaphic conditions. Studies reveal that microenvironmental conditions can be more effective than main climate types Yigit et al. 2021). According to these results, the consequences of global climate change will differ at the regional and even local levels (Taylor et al. 2017). ...
Global climate change poses significant threats to ecosystems worldwide, particularly impacting long-lived forest tree species such as Pinus nigra. This study assessed the potential shifts in distribution areas for Pinus nigra, an important tree species, one highly vulnerable to global climate change, given its prevalence in continental climates, in Türkiye under different climate scenarios (SSPs 585 and 245). In this study, suitable distribution regions of Pinus nigra were evaluated based on SSPs 585 and SSPs 245 using nine different models. Results indicated potential losses in Pinus nigra distribution areas ranging from 15.0% to 43.5% (SSPs 245) and 19.7% to 48.9% (SSPs 585) by 2100. However, in 2100, new suitable distribution areas are expected to be formed at rates ranging from 13.8% to 32.1% and 15.1% to 34.4% according to the above scenarios. Because most of the newly formed suitable distribution regions are quite far from the areas where the species currently spreads, it seems necessary to provide the migration mechanism needed by the species by humans to prevent population losses in this process.
... The living group that will be most affected by this process is plants, which do not have an effective mobility. Since the life on earth is directly or indirectly dependent on plants [35][36][37][38][39], it is inevitable that all living things in the world will be affected by global climate change. ...
In this study, it was aimed to determine the current status of red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) distribution areas in Kastamonu Forestry Regional Directorate, which is the Forestry Regional Directorate with the highest production in Türkiye, and the possible changes in suitable distribution areas due to global climate change. In the study, in addition to the current suitable distribution areas of red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.), suitable distribution areas in 2040, 2070 and 2100 according to SSP 126, SSP 370 and SSP 585 scenarios were determined. The results of the study show that there may be a loss of more than 15% (approximately 114,5 km2) in the suitable distribution areas of red pine populations in Kastamonu until 2100 due to the effects of climate change. It does not seem possible for the species to adapt to these changes without human intervention. Therefore, it is recommended that necessary adjustments should be made in forest management plans taking into account the results of the study.
... Plants often face stress factors throughout their lives, especially abiotic stress factors. The most common stress factors that plants face are climatic stress factors such as drought (Gur et al. 2024;Erturk et al. 2024), frost (Sevik and Karaca 2016;Yigit et al. 2021), UV-B (Ozel et al. 2021a), radiation (Ozel et al. 2021b), heavy metal , salinity (Nazari et al. 2023), toxins (Gull et al. 2019, nanoparticles (Özel et al. 2024). This is because plant development depends on the interaction between genetic structure (Hrivnak et al. 2023;Kurz et al. 2023) and environmental conditions Tandogan et al. 2023;Cetin et al. 2023a). ...
The usability of black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) in both monitoring the changes in the concentrations of silver (Ag), selenium (Se), antimony (Sb), and thallium (Tl), and in reducing soil or air pollution was investigated. In the study, annual rings of a Pinus nigra tree, cut in 2023 and identified as 356 years old, were grouped into 10-year intervals, and then the changes in these heavy metals throughout the process were determined by analysing the concentrations of these elements. Additionally, the relationship of these elements with other elements was also detected in the scope of the study. The study results suggested that Pinus nigra was not a suitable bio-monitor for monitoring the changes in Ag, Se, Sb, and Tl concentrations in the soil or air, but it was a highly suitable species for phytoremediation studies aimed at reducing the pollution of these elements. Moreover, it was determined that the relationships of the studied elements with essential nutrients, such as Mg, Ca, P, K, Al, Zn, Ni, and Fe, were not statistically significant and were very weak; whereas they exhibited positive and very strong relationships with elements known to be highly harmful for health such as V, Pb, and As.
Küresel iklim değişikliği, dünya genelinde özellikle sıcaklık artışı ve yağışlardaki azalmayla birlikte iklimlerde kuraklaşmaya sebep olacak, dünyadaki bütün canlıları ve ekosistemleri etkileyecek, geri dönüşü olmayan en önemli küresel sorun olarak gösterilmektedir. Su kaynakları üzerinde büyük baskı oluşturan ve durdurulması mümkün görülmeyen bu sürecin olası etkilerinin belirlenebilmesi için öncelikle iklim tiplerindeki değişimin tahmin edilmesi ve sürecin gelişimine göre sektörel bazda önlemler alınması önerilmektedir. Bu noktadan hareketle çalışmada Muş ili genelinde günümüzdeki sıcaklık, yağış ve iklim tiplerinin (De Martone ve Emberger iklim sınıflandırmasına göre) durumu belirlenmiş, SSPs 245 ve SSPs585 senaryolarına göre 2060 ve 2100 yıllarına kadar olan süreçte bu parametrelerin nasıl değişeceği belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda Muş il genelinde büyük oranda sıcaklık artışı olacağı, iklim tiplerinin kurak iklim tiplerine doğru kayacağı öngörülmektedir. Bu değişimin etkilerinin büyük oranda bitkiler üzerinde görüleceği, tarım, orman ve mera alanlarındaki etkilerin, ekonomisi büyük oranda tarım ve hayvancılığa bağlı ilde yıkıcı sonuçları olacağı tahmin edilmektedir.
Aim of study: This study aims to investigate the anatomical and fiber morphological characteristics of Jurinea consanguinea in the root, root collar, and stem, while also evaluating stem chemical composition. Area of study: The study area was in Coburlar Village, Zonguldak, Türkiye. Material and method: Chemical composition of the stem was determined according to standard TAPPI protocols. To analyze the morphological properties of fibers and vessel elements, plant parts were macerated according to the sodium chloride (NaClO2) method. Anatomical sections were taken with the GSL-1 microtome. The RStudio program was used for the statistical analysis. Main results: It was determined that the chemical composition of J. consanguinea stem was holocellulose at 67.17%, α-cellulose at 31.13%, lignin at 12.54%, and ethanol solubility at 18.2%. Root, root collar, and stem fiber lengths were found to be 305.7 µm, 278.31 µm, and 1322 µm, respectively. Secretory ducts were observed in the root and root collar's barks. Research highlights: In this study, the root, root collar, and stem anatomy of J. consanguinea, and the stem chemical composition were examined for the first time and introduced into the literature.
Plants, which are the source of life on earth, are also the most important
economic resources. In particular, trees are the main wood raw materials that
form the raw material of many products used in daily life, as well as producing
the basic nutrients needed by living things. In order to ensure that the forest can
continue to develop in a healthy way, it is necessary to know the food use of forest
trees and in which organs they store these nutrients. Within the scope of this
study, it was tried to determine at what level the concentrations of Mg and Na,
which are important nutrients, accumulate in different organs of different woody
species. Within the scope of the study carried out on woody species growing in
Mersin city center, it was aimed to determine the change of Mg and Na nutritional
elements on the basis of species and organs, and woody species that produce a
large amount of leaves were studied. After the collected samples were subjected
to washing and drying, they were read in the ICP-OES device at appropriate
wavelengths. The obtained data were evaluated with the help of SPSS package
program, variance analysis and Duncan test were applied to the data. As a result
of the study, it was observed that the Mg and Na concentrations were at very low
levels in woods of all species, and the nutrient exchange in the bark and leaves
occurred in a very limited range.
Bu çalışmada, doğal yayılış alanında yetişen bazı odunsu bitkilerdeki stomatal karakterlerin tür ve fitocografik bölgeye bağlı değişiminin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla Türkiye’de Akdeniz Fitocoğrafik Bölgesi, Avrupa-Sibirya Fitocoğrafik Bölgesi ve İran-Turan Fitocoğrafik Bölgesinde yayılış gösteren Acer negondo L., Berberis thunbergii DC., Populus alba L. ve Rhus coriaria L. türlerinden yaprak numuneleri alınmıştır. Yapraklardan elektron mikroskopu yardımıyla alınan görüntüler üzerinde ImageJ programı yardımıyla ölçümler yapılarak stoma eni, stoma boyu, stomapor eni ve stomapor boyu belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonuçları çalışmaya konu karakterlerin tür ve fitocoğrafik bölgeye bağlı olarak belirgin bir değişiminin olmadığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu sonuç türlerin genetik varyasyonunun geniş olması veya mikro çevre koşullarının baskın olması ile açıklanabilmektedir.
To ascertain the possibility of using branchwood, trunkwood, and rootwood of Betula platyphylla Roth. in papermaking, this study investigated tissue proportion, fiber features, and major chemical components in whole-tree wood of the tree species. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that the rootwood had a significantly lower density and vessel proportion, higher ray proportion, wider lumen, and thicker wall of fiber than the trunkwood and branchwood (p <0.05). The branchwood had a significantly shorter fiber and smaller length/width than the trunkwood and rootwood (p <0.05). The trunkwood had significantly longer and narrower fibers with thinner wall and higher cellulose, but lower hemicelluloses than the branchwood and rootwood (p <0.05). The study concluded that the trunkwood of B. platyphylla was suitable for producing good paper, while the branchwood and rootwood met the basic requirements of papermaking and could be used to produce low-grade paper.
Rosa canina is a well-known medicinal plant used in folk remedy that alleviates various disorders, including inflammation, gastritis, and diarrhea. The objective of this investigation was to identify and quantify the phenolic components of R. canina methanolic extract (RCME) and to determine its protective action with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-generated mice colitis model. RCME chemical analysis was done using Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry, and experimental animals received RCME at different doses before colitis induction by oral DSS administration during 7 days. Another group received sulfasalazine as a positive control. Colitis damages and RCME benefits were assessed using histopathological and biochemical changes and improvements. Many phenolic compounds have been identified. In addition, the DSS intoxication induced an alteration of colonic epithelium associated with an oxidative stress state. DSS administration led to an increase or decrease of intracellular mediators such as free iron and ionizable calcium. RCME consumption effectively protected against colonic histological/biochemical alterations induced by DSS intoxication providing support for the traditional use of this plant.
The use of certain types of plants to determine the accumulation of HMs (heavy metals) has yielded quite consistent results in the research fields. Many researches have focused on particular types of HMs due to their common presence in the air (Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Cr to name a few). However, it is equally as important to shed light on other types of HMs and the scale of their existence in our atmosphere, hence this paper. Blue spruce (Picea pungens) tree organs were used in an experiment to calculate the recent concentration of HMs. The research concentrates on Ca, Cu, and Li elements in the washed and unwashed needles, branches, and barks, and these organs were evaluated depending on the organ age. The study results showed that the concentration of the elements subjected to the research changed depending on the organ, washing status and organ age, and that the lowest concentrations of Ca and Cu elements were obtained in the barks in general. In relation to the organ age, it was found that there was an increase in the concentration of Ca with age, and that the concentration of Li element was inversely proportional to age.
Food scarcity is one of global issues that our world faces today. A significant portion of the world’s population has no access to adequate food, and it is stated that approximately 830 million people suffer from chronic famine. This predicament is estimated to grow even further. Many attempts have been made to solve the food problem. Some examples are using new resources which have not been used for dietary purposes up to this point, planting new areas to produce food products, and increasing the potential harvest per an area unit. One of the solution proposals, which has come up recently within this scope, is the term of “edible landscaping”, which means the use of edible plants in the landscaping works, and thus maximizing the potential for food security. However, edible landscaping poses a considerable risk. Heavy metal accumulation in plants grown in urban centers can reach to high levels, and consuming these plants will allow these heavy metals a direct access into the human body and wreak havoc to the public health. But since this subject has not been sufficiently studied yet, the extent of such a risk is not accurately determined yet. This study aims to determine the changes of Ni, Co and Mn concentrations depending on traffic density in the leaves, branches, barks and fruits of cherry, plum, mulberry and apple trees growing in areas with dense traffic, low-density traffic and no-traffic zones in Kastamonu province. The results showed that the concentrations of Ni and Co elements increased in many organelles depending on traffic density, and that the heavy metal concentrations in fruits could be very high. This situation indicates that fruit and vegetables grown in industrial zones and urban centers, where heavy metal pollution may be high, can be harmful to the public health if consumed as crops.
Heavy metals have a separate precaution in the air pollution components as they are not easily deteriorated in nature, they tend to bioaccumulate, they are carcinogenic or poisonous, and they can be toxic even at low concentrations. Therefore, monitoring of heavy metal pollution is of great importance. Plants are frequently used as biomonitors to monitor the heavy metal pollution. However, the heavy metal accumulation capacities of plants can vary considerably depending on the plant species, as well as on the organelle basis and the amount of particulate matter in the environment. It is also very important to determine how much of the heavy metal concentrations found in plants are derived from the plant species and how much from the particulate matter on the organ. In this study, it was aimed to determine the change of heavy metal accumulation in some landscape plants grown in the city center of Kastamonu depending on plant type, plant organism, washing status, and traffic density. For this purpose, leaf and branch samples were collected from individuals of Ligustrum vulgare L., Euonymus japonica Thunb., Biota orientalis L., Juniperus sabina L., Berberis thunbergii DC, Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt., and Buxus sempervirens L., which are frequently used in urban landscape designs growing in areas with heavy, low dense, and no traffic. Some of the collected samples were washed, and heavy metal analyses were conducted to determine the amount of Pb and Mg concentrations. It was remarkable that Pb concentration was higher in branches than in the leaves for all the species. And the alteration depending on traffic density on the base of the factors studied was in different proportion depending on the metals.
Heavy metals are one of the most infamous air pollutants. They do not deteriorate easily in nature and they tend to bioaccumulate in nature. Because of their significance in terms of potential damage to human and environmental wellbeing, the monitoring of heavy metal pollution and identifying risk-prone regions is of great importance. Bioindicators are the most important determinants of the change in the concentration of heavy metals in the atmosphere. While plants play the biggest and most important role in reducing pollution in all of its types, they are also the ideal bioindicators. However, some plant species are better equipped to detect heavy metal accumulation than others. This study aims to determine the usability potential of Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris) in monitoring traffic-based heavy metal concentrations. For this purpose, samples of Scotch pine individuals were collected from one of the busiest highways in Turkey (along the Ankara-Istanbul route) from refuges at roadsides and at distances of 3m, 10m, 30m, 50m, and 100m from the roadside. Some of the branches and needles of the samples were also subjected to washing processes and the changes of Ni, Cr and Zn concentrations were determined for these samples. The change of Ni, Cr and Zn concentrations depending on the distance to the road, washing conditions and organelle were evaluated separately. We determined that Scotch pine is a good biomonitor-especially for monitoring changes in Cr concentrations.
Toxic metals are one of the most culpable air pollutants. They do not dissolve naturally. Rather, they tend to be bioaccumulative, and some of them have toxic or carcinogenic effects even at low measures. Therefore, the ability to measure and monitor toxic metal concentrations in the air is vital in fighting pollution. To achieve this, bioindicators are widely used due to their efficiency and global availability. Bioindicators are plants that accumulate some of the toxic metals found in the soil or air. This study aims to determine the differences in toxic metal concentrations depending on plant species, plant organelles, and traffic density in certain landscaping plants grown in Kastamonu town center. The results showed that the elements subjected to the study varied significantly between the different species. The highest accumulation values of such metals were obtained in cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera), and the lowest values of all metals were found in the European ash (Fraxinus excelsior). Based on our observations in this study, we determined that the most suitable species used as biomonitor is the cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera). We noticed that the concentrations of the metals differed significantly according to the species. The biggest difference recorded was five times more in Ni metal concentration. The concentrations of the studied elements were also varied depending on organelles and on traffic density, which will be discussed in detail in this paper.
Variations in wood properties such as basic density, tissue proportion, fibre dimensions and their derived indices, cellulose and lignin content of Melia dubia at five age gradations were examined to evaluate the suitability of the species for pulp and paper production. The study showed that basic density, fibre proportion, fibre length, cell wall thickness, slenderness ratio, solids factor, cellulose and lignin content increased with tree age. However, vessel proportion, fibre width and lumen width decreased. Most of the wood properties were found suitable for making good quality pulp and paper at the age of 4 and 5 years in comparison to other hardwood species among five age gradation. Hence, harvesting at fourth and fifth year of age is suggested in M. dubia for high pulp yield and better paper quality.