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The Roles of Stress, Coping, and Parental Support in Adolescent Psychological Well-Being in the Context of COVID-19: A Daily-Diary Study
Abstract
Background: COVID-19 has introduced novel stressors into American adolescents’ lives. Studies have shown that adolescents adopt an array of coping mechanisms and social supports when contending with stress. It is unclear, though, which strategies are most effective in mitigating daily pandemic-related stress, as few micro-longitudinal studies have explored adolescents’ daily affect during COVID-19. Parental support may also be a critical component of adolescents’ pandemic-related coping, as adolescents’ peer networks have been limited by public health measures.
Methods: This longitudinal study examined links between stress, coping, parental support, and affect across 14 consecutive days and 6,216 assessments from a national sample of adolescents(N=444; Mage=15.0; 60% female; 44% Black, 39% White, 9% Latinx, 6% Asian American, 2% Native American) during school closures and state-mandated stay-at-home orders between April 8 and April 21, 2021.
Results: Adolescents’ health and financial stress predicted increases in same-day (health stress’ effect size = .16; financial stress’ effect size = .11) and next-day negative affect (health stress’ effect size = .05; financial stress’ effect size = .08). Adolescents’ secondary control engagement coping predicted increases in same-day (effect size = .10) and next-day (effect size = .04) positive affect and moderated the link between health stress and negative affect. Parental social support predicted increases in same-day (effect size = .26) and next-day (effect size = .06) positive affect and decreases in same-day (effect size = -.17) negative affect and moderated the link between financial stress and negative affect.
Limitations: Results are indicative of conditions at the immediate onset of COVID-19 and should be interpreted as such.
Conclusions: Findings provide information as to how health providers and parents can help adolescents mitigate the impact of COVID-19-related health and economic stressors on their psychological well-being. It remains critical to monitor the psychosocial impact of the pandemic on adolescents’ affect while continuing to identify personal and environmental protective factors for reducing harm and maximizing resilience.
... Not only did the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic thrust adolescents into a mandated period of social withdrawal from peers, but it also contributed to a developmentally atypical increase in the amount of time spent in the home environment. When youth perceive high levels of support from their parents, they tend to experience better psychological outcomes (Kolak et al., 2018;Silva et al., 2020), even in the face of adversity (Wang et al., 2021). However, adolescents typically spend more time with peers than with parents as they explore their identities and exercise their autonomy (Lam et al., 2012(Lam et al., , 2014, and parent-adolescent relationships tend to be marked with conflict tied to youth's burgeoning independence (Smetana & Rote, 2019). ...
... For instance, family emotional support has been shown to buffer against the effect of stress on youth (Kolak et al., 2018;McMahon et al., 2020), and prosocial relationships with parents have been linked to adaptive outcomes in the face of adversity (Pfefferbaum et al., 2014(Pfefferbaum et al., , 2016. These findings have been replicated in pandemic-era research, with parental support operating as a moderator in the negative relation between COVID-related stressors (e.g., disrupted learning environments) and youth's psychological well-being such that these effects were weakened (Wang et al., 2021. In addition, parent support has been shown to affect the trajectory of youth's psychological well-being at the pandemic's onset by buffering against increases in depression (Gadassi Polack et al., 2021) and loneliness (Janssens et al., 2021). ...
... We measured stress using a single Likert scale item (i.e., Overall, how stressful was your day?; 1 = not at all, 4 = very). This item has been used in previously published daily-diary studies with adolescent samples (e.g., Wang et al., 2021;Zeiders, 2017). ...
In spring 2020, U.S. schools universally transitioned to online learning due to the COVID-19 pandemic's onset, thus creating a natural experiment for examining adolescents' risk and resilience during an ongoing school crisis response. This longitudinal study used a daily-diary approach to investigate the role of social support in the link between remote learning and psychological well-being across 64 days among a national sample of adolescents (n = 744; 42% Black, 36% White, 22% Other ethnicity/race; 41% boys; 72% eligible for free/reduced-priced lunch; Mage=14.60, SDage=1.71, age-range = 12-17 years). On days when youth attended remote learning, they reported lower daily positive affect, more daily stress, and higher parent social support. There were no significant differences in the effect of remote learning on affect or stress by race or economic status. On days when youth experienced more parent support, they reported lower daily stress and negative affect and higher daily positive affect. On days when youth experienced more peer support, they reported higher daily positive affect. Overall, the study highlights the impact of pandemic-onset remote learning on adolescents' psychological well-being and emphasizes the need for future research on school crisis contingency planning to address these challenges.
... Even during typical times, indicators of mental health can vary considerably day-to-day within children and these withinchild processes can further differ from one child to another [11][12][13]. Considering stress and mental health as dynamic processes may be especially worthwhile during COVID-19 because pandemic-related stressors are likely to introduce even more volatility [4,14]. ...
... A common intensive longitudinal method is the daily diary approach, which taps into the micro-level processes that unfold in real life by requiring respondents to report on the same set of variables once per day for a given period of time-usually about 2 weeks [15]. Yet, only a handful of studies examining pandemic impacts on child mental health have leveraged the daily diary approach [4,7,14,16]. Moreover, although some of these studies have considered moderators immediate to the pandemic, such as child age [16], daily coping strategies and parental support [14], and COVID-related worries and isolation [4], none have considered pre-pandemic moderators. ...
... Yet, only a handful of studies examining pandemic impacts on child mental health have leveraged the daily diary approach [4,7,14,16]. Moreover, although some of these studies have considered moderators immediate to the pandemic, such as child age [16], daily coping strategies and parental support [14], and COVID-related worries and isolation [4], none have considered pre-pandemic moderators. Addressing this gap is important because discerning how children's existing or pre-pandemic capacities support or hinder their adjustment during the pandemic can inform proactive efforts to foster resilience to future challenges [2,5]. ...
Children’s risk of poorer mental health due to the COVID-19 pandemic may depend on risk and protective factors heading into the pandemic. This study examined same-day associations between COVID-19 stressors and children’s mental health using a daily diary design across 14 days, and considered the moderating roles of pre-pandemic peer victimization experiences and resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA; an indicator of cardiac regulatory capacity). Forty-nine Canadian children aged 8–13 years (Mage = 10.69, 29 girls) participated in the final wave of a longitudinal study just prior to the pandemic and a daily diary extension during the pandemic (N = 686 pandemic measurement occasions). Multilevel modeling indicated that children had poorer mental health on days when they experienced a COVID-19 stressor (e.g., virtual academic difficulties, social isolation). A three-way interaction indicated that this association was stronger for those with higher pre-pandemic peer victimization experiences and lower pre-pandemic resting RSA; however, highly victimized children with higher resting RSA did not experience poorer mental health on days with COVID-19 stressors. Findings offer preliminary insights into the preceding risk and protective factors for children’s mental health amidst major subsequent stress.
... In the context of major life stressors caused by prior disaster events, greater use of avoidant coping was associated with elevated distal affective symptom severity (Bistricky et al., 2019). In the evolving literature regarding COVID-19 pandemicrelated coping, several trends have emerged regarding concurrent or predictive links with anxiety and general well-being (Eden et al., 2020;Mariani et al., 2020;Pigaiani et al., 2020;Wang et al., 2021;Waselewski et al., 2020). From data collected in March-April 2020, Pigaiani et al. (2020) found that the majority of adolescents engaged in strategies that changed their behavior, including those which directed attention away from thoughts of the pandemic such as pursuing new interests and planning daily routines, as well as strategies that served to maintain social connection. ...
... Further, adolescents who coped by eliciting support from their school and family showed benefits in terms of subjective well-being. Another study (Wang et al., 2021) showed that adolescents' use of coping strategies characterized by adapting to a stressor (e.g., via cognitive restructuring, acceptance, positive thinking and/or distraction), and receiving social support, predicted within-person increases in positive affect. ...
Introduction: Adolescence is a sensitive period during which stressors and social disruptions uniquely contribute to anxiety symptoms. Adolescent's coping strategies (i.e., avoidance and approach) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be differentially related to anxiety symptom changes. Further, social media use (SMU) is ubiquitous and may serve as an avenue to deploy avoidant and/or approach coping. Method: Participants included 265 adolescents (ages 12-20 years; 55.8% female, 43.8% male) and one parent per adolescent. At two time points separated by~6 months, adolescents reported on SMU and coping strategies, and parents and adolescents reported demographic information and adolescents' anxiety symptoms. Data were collected online in the United States, from summer 2020 through spring 2021. Results: Increases in avoidant coping predicted increasing anxiety, particularly when approach coping decreased. Decreases in both avoidant coping and SMU coincided with decreasing anxiety. Older adolescents showed decreasing anxiety when avoidant coping declined and SMU increased.
... The present results verified the conclusion made by Wu et al. (2016) regarding a correlation between family structure and psychological well-being. The association further supports that parental support from both parents increases psychological well-being (Wang et al., 2021), and living with a one-parent family structure is linked with undesirable psychological well-being (Martiny et al., 2021). Aside from being models of wellness, they are the ones who provide the support that can stimulate growth, develop interpersonal skills, and generate a sense of purpose (Gomez-Lopez et al., 2019). ...
... Aside from being models of wellness, they are the ones who provide the support that can stimulate growth, develop interpersonal skills, and generate a sense of purpose (Gomez-Lopez et al., 2019). How students feel valued and accepted are some things evident from supportive households so that their evaluation of self becomes positive (Wang et al., 2021). Beri and Dorji (2021) also strengthened the parental support of both parents, and caring adults become a source of inspiration that improves well-being. ...
This descriptive-correlational study assesses the psycho-spiritual well-being of junior high school students at Catholic Schools in Central Philippines. Also, it determines the relationship between the said constructs, and at the same, their association between the variables of sex, family structure, birth order, religious affiliation, and church involvement. The data are gathered using Ryff’s Psychological Well-being and Ellison and Paloutzian’s Spiritual Well-being Scale. The findings reveal moderate levels of psychological and spiritual well-being among the respondents. Point biserial shows that a significant relationship existed between the demographics of family structure and psychological well-being and between church involvement and psychological well-being. Rank biserial shows, on the other hand, that there is a significant relationship between family structure and spiritual well-being and between church involvement and spiritual well-being. Also, Spearman Rank Correlation results indicated that there is a relationship between psychological well-being and spiritual well-being.
... As some rare exceptions, among 8-to 12-year-olds in Belgium, van der Kaap-Deeder et al. (2017) found a crossday positive association between child-perceived maternal psychological control and children's negative affect, as well as a cross-day negative association between maternal psychological control and children's positive affect. Wang et al. (2021) reported that during the COVID-19 pandemic, U.S. adolescent-reported parental support was negatively related to adolescent negative affect and positively to adolescent positive affect within the same day. However, the cross-day association was only found between parental support and adolescent positive, but not negative, affect. ...
... In fact, after controlling for previous day's associations, parental warmth and adolescent negative affect had a significant and negative within-day correlation (r = −0.11), consistent with a recent study where Wang et al. (2021) reported a within-day, rather than cross-day link between parental support and adolescent negative affect. Others have suggested that the effect of positive parenting on adolescent maladjustment may be observed on a more concurrent (i.e., hours; Bülow et al., 2022) or long-term (i.e., years; Boele et al., 2022) timescale. ...
Emerging evidence suggests that family members’ stress and family interactions vary across days. This study examined the daily associations among parental and adolescent daily stress, parental warmth, and adolescent adjustment with a 30-day daily diary study among 99 ethnically diverse Canadian parent–adolescent dyads (54% White, 23% Asian, 9% multiracial, Mage = 14.5, 55% female). Multilevel structural equation modeling revealed a negative within-day link between parental daily stress and parental warmth, and positive within-day links between adolescent daily stress and their emotional problems and negative affect. Parental warmth was positively associated with the next day’s adolescent positive affect and prosocial behaviors, and explained the cross-day link between parental daily stress and adolescent adaptive outcomes. The findings indicate parent-driven effects in daily family stress processes.
... Further, they are at higher risk of loss of income due to temporary unemployment or parttime employment (Immel et al., 2022;Kramer & Kramer, 2020). Moreover, the additional economic pressures of the pandemic increase personal stress and reduce the capacity to provide a 'functional' family life and parenting (Low & Mounts, 2022;Schmeer et al., 2021;Wang et al., 2021). ...
... Finally, the COVID-19 pandemic provides a specific challenge to the everyday life of most mothers and their families (Low & Mounts, 2022;Wang et al., 2021). The changes in income due to the pandemic (e.g., job loss, part-time work) on the one hand, and the perception of the pandemic situation as particularly stressful and negative on the other, point to the unique conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic substantially affected the lives of mothers. This study seeks to investigate the stress that mothers experienced during the Covid-19 pandemic and their self-efficacy as parents in managing the impact of the disease. The study gathered longitudinal data from 603 German mothers (Mage = 40.5 years) with children requiring daily care during local lockdowns. The data were collected at two measurement points before and two measure- ment points during the pandemic. Using bivariate dual change score models, this study investigated the bidirectional relationship between both constructs, perceived stress and parental self-efficacy, by considering mothers’ socioeco- nomic background as well as COVID-19 related perceptions. The results reveal bidirectional paths between mothers’ perceived stress and parental self- efficacy. Mothers who evaluated the current situation as stressful appeared to be at risk of perceiving themselves as less effective in their parenting over time, but especially during the pandemic. In addition, mothers’ levels of education and their subjective poverty was predictive of a general change in their levels of stress and parental self-efficacy.
... Other daily diary studies that have included contextual factors such as employment and working from home conditions provide a more complex snapshot of familial influences. In a study which included a 15-day period during the early phase of the pandemic, researchers found that youth with parents who had experienced job loss reported greater increases in parent-child conflict, as well as decreases in self-reported positive affect and increases in negative affect (Wang, Toro, et al., 2021). Parents' working from home status predicted increases in parental warmth, which in turn predicted increases in child positive affect and decreases in child negative affect. ...
... As expected, levels of parent-adolescent conflict were higher among low-income families who were more likely to work in hourly and essential service sector jobs, and more vulnerable to job loss, infection, and financial stress during the pandemic (Perry-Jenkins et al., 2020). According to the authors, factors related to working from home such as financial stability, job security, professional autonomy, and schedule flexibility may buffer parents against psychological distress and negative parenting behaviors (Perry-Jenkins et al., 2020; Wang, Toro, et al., 2021). Importantly, the burden of COVID has not been equal, and families who are socio-economically disadvantaged have found themselves at greater risk for parent-child conflict and poor mental health outcomes. ...
... This strategy was employed in families with children of all ages, but the routine of young children was structured primarily by the parents, while adolescents were actively included in its creation and supported in respecting it independently [40]. An additional strategy was to provide children with a feeling of reassurance and family cohesion through parental closeness, communication, and scheduling of shared activities [21,29,39,40]. Cohesion was established with frequent physical and emotional closeness with the child, such as devoting more time for cuddling [40] and through the sharing of activities that allowed for positive memories and strengthening of family bonds (i.e., walking, board games, movie nights and cooking) [40]. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic caused many enduring changes in everyday life of families with negative effects on parents’ and children well-being. However, literature lacks of studies exploring emotional reactions and coping strategies of both mothers and children of different ages. Furthermore, most studies used only self-reports. This study aimed to identify the emotions and coping strategies of children, adolescents and their mothers and to verify the association between maternal and children well-being. A mixed-method design using interviews and questionnaires was applied to collect information on well-being (emotional reactions, behavioral/emotional problems) and coping strategies of both mothers (n=65), and their children (n=35, 8-10 year; n=30, 11-13 year) during the second wave of the pandemic (December 2020). No differences between the groups emerged concerning the emotional reactions reported. In contrast, mothers and children of different ages reported different self-regulation and other-regulation strategies. Moreover, maternal strategies had different effects on children well-being. The integration of qualitative and quantitative results was informative to understand how families adapted to the radical changes of everyday life caused by the pandemic. Implications for developing interventions in such similar stressful situations to promote family well-being are discussed.
... This strategy was employed in Chinese families with children of all ages, but the routine of young children was structured primarily by the parents, while adolescents were actively included in its creation and supported in respecting it independently [13]. An additional strategy was to provide children with a feeling of reassurance and family cohesion through parental closeness, communication, and the scheduling of shared activities (as reported in studies conducted Spanish, China and United States) [11,13,33,34]. Cohesion was established with frequent physical and emotional closeness with the child, such as devoting more time for cuddling [35] and through the sharing of activities that allowed for positive memories and strengthening of family bonds (i.e., walking, board games, movie nights and cooking) [13]. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic caused many enduring changes in the everyday life of families, with negative effects on parents’ and children’s wellbeing. However, there is a lack of studies in the literature exploring the emotional reactions and coping strategies of both mothers and children of different ages. Furthermore, most studies used only self-reports. This study aimed to identify the emotions and coping strategies of children, adolescents and their mothers and to verify the association between maternal and child wellbeing. A mixed-method design using interviews and questionnaires was applied to collect information on wellbeing (emotional reactions, behavioral/emotional problems) and coping strategies of both mothers (n = 65; M age = 42.17; SD = 4.40; M age = 41.63; SD = 4.48), and their children (n = 35, 8–10 year; n = 30, 11–13 year) during the second wave of the pandemic (December 2020). No differences between the groups emerged concerning the emotional reactions reported. In contrast, mothers and children of different ages reported different self-regulation and other-regulation strategies. Moreover, maternal strategies had different effects on children’s wellbeing. The integration of qualitative and quantitative results was informative to understand how families adapted to the radical changes of everyday life related to the pandemic. The implications for developing interventions in such similar stressful situations to promote family wellbeing are discussed.
... Studies suggested that chronic stress can lead to burnout, which can lower career confidence, and even lead to quitting in turn [71]. Therefore, Compas [72] concluded that both primary, and secondary controlled participation coping are associated with adaptive mental health, including enhancement of positive emotions, and reduction of negative emotions, and effective coping occurs when the positive effects of coping or protective factors outweigh the negative effects of stressors [73], thus improved adaptation. ...
Background
With the expansion of professional degree graduate students’ enrollment in China education, the mental health of these professional degree graduate students in medical-related majors who are under pressure of study, scientific research, clinical practice, and employment should not be ignored. What is the mental health level of these graduate students under the effect of learning career adaptation (internal resources) in the face of daily stress (external factors)? The purpose of this study is to discuss the relationship between these variables, and the mediating role of learning career adaptation of professional degree graduate students in traditional Chinese medicine colleges, and universities, to provide a theoretical basis for improving the learning career adaptation of students, and improving the level of mental health.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1593 professional degree graduate students majoring in clinical medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, and nursing in five traditional Chinese medicine universities. Finally, 660 questionnaires were returned, with a recovery rate of 41.43%. The scores of daily stress, learning career adaptation, and mental health were measured by Daily Stressors Scale for graduate students, graduate-students learning career adaptation scale, and General Mental Health Questionnaire (GHQ-20). Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the status quo of daily stress, learning career adaptation, and mental health. Pearson correlation analysis were used to analyze the relationship between them. we undertake analyses using structural equation modeling to construct the latent variable path model of daily stress, learning career adaptation on mental health. The significance level of the mediating effect was tested by the non-parametric percentile bootstrap method.
Results
The scores of mental health, daily stress, and learning career adaptation were 50.56 ± 10.80, 35.12 ± 19.55, and 67.13 ± 7.48 respectively. Daily stress was negatively correlated with the three dimensions of learning career adaptation: career confidence, focus on his career, and career control (P < 0.01). Daily stress was positively correlated with depression and anxiety (P < 0.01). Self-affirmation, depression, and anxiety were negatively correlated with career confidence, focus on his career, and career control (P < 0.05). Learning career adaptation plays a partial mediating role between daily stress, and mental health (p < 0.001), with an intermediate effect value of 0.127, representing 28.54% of the total effect.
Conclusions
Mental health, learning career adaption of medical-related professional degree graduate students in traditional Chinese medical universities were at a moderate degree, and an upper-middle level respectively, while daily stress is to a lesser extent. Learning career adaptation mediates the relationship between daily stress, and mental health partially. To some extent, it can buffer the impact of daily stress on mental health, especially anxiety. The educational administrator could take various measures to improve the mental health of professional degree graduate students. It can also enhance their learning career adaptation from the perspective of individuals, and organizations to improve their mental health.
... Our findings of more frequent financial and job problems in the "High-Risk" cluster than in the "Non-Risk" cluster are also consistent with studies that found that stressful life events and a low socioeconomic status generally increase the risk of reporting mental health problems in children and adolescents aged between 7 and 17 years [45]. Factors related to working from home, such as financial stability, job security, professional autonomy, and schedule flexibility, may buffer parents against psychological distress and negative parenting behaviors [42,59]. The burden of COVID-19 has not been equal, and families who are socioeconomically disadvantaged have found themselves at greater risk for parent-child conflict and poor mental health outcomes [11]. ...
Background: The past 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic were stressful for most children and adolescents; some children may have experienced a high level of stress and trauma. To date, no study has examined self-reported stress and trauma levels due to COVID-19 in children. This study aimed to assess perceived threat, exposure and trauma symptoms in children aged 7–13 years. In addition, we explored whether parent-reported factors could predict a higher risk of COVID-19 vulnerability in their children.
Method: Cross-sectional data were collected from 752 children to assess COVID-19 threat, exposure and trauma symptoms using the self- and parent-reported Child and Adolescent Trauma Screening Self-Report (CATS) Trauma questionnaire. We used exploratory analyses (factor analysis of mixed data and hierarchical clustering) to identify subgroups (i.e., clusters) of children sharing similar characteristics in the dataset. Linear regression modeling was applied to determine the likelihood of higher threat and vulnerability in children with parent-reported COVID-19 threat, exposure, CATS trauma symptoms, behaviors on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and posttraumatic growth (PTG).
Results: We identified a high-risk group of children reporting clinically relevant trauma symptoms and COVID-19-related fears. Parents’ reports of trauma could be used to identify children at high risk.
Conclusions: Approximately 25% of children reported moderate to clinically relevant levels of trauma symptom. It is especially important to offer adequate support to these children to ease the trauma and prevent their symptoms from developing into psychopathology.
... Adolescents were asked daily how stressed or worried they felt about six potential [32] (e.g., your parent(s) being infected; how long school will be shut down) on a scale from 0 "Not at all" to 3 "A lot." A COVID-19 stress score was created by averaging student responses across days 2 to 14. ...
The current study investigated adolescents’ experiences of COVID-19 anti-Chinese discrimination (i.e., vicariously witnessed, directly experienced), the consequences for mental health, and the moderating role of general pandemic stress. During Summer 2020, 106 adolescents (43% Latino/a/x, 19% Asian American, 13% Black/African American, 26% biracial/multiracial/other; 58% female) participated in a 14-day daily diary study. Path analyses revealed that more experiences of vicarious COVID-19 anti-Chinese discrimination were associated with greater anxious mood, depressed mood, and mental health stress, while direct COVID-19 anti-Chinese discrimination was unrelated to mental health outcomes. The interaction between vicarious COVID-19 anti-Chinese discrimination and general COVID-19 stress was significant for depressed mood; simple slope analyses showed that for adolescents reporting high levels of COVID-19 stress, more frequent experiences of vicarious COVID-19 anti-Chinese discrimination were associated with greater severity in depressed mood, but this link was nonsignificant for those reporting low levels of general pandemic stress. Findings from the current study underscore the pernicious effects of vicarious COVID-19 anti-Chinese discrimination on the mental health of minoritized youth beyond solely Asian Americans. Additionally, the results evince the need for future pandemic-response efforts to craft public health messaging that avoids the racialization of disease and subsequent stigmatization of ethnic-minority communities.
... Specifically, our findings indicate that supportive parent-child interactions in early adolescence are indirectly associated with attenuated distress (see also Ford et al., 2023) in the form of hopelessness and feeling worse when encountering a novel stressor, one decade later, by fostering adaptive coping. Previous research mostly focused on the effectiveness of coping strategies in alleviating distress (Buhle et al., 2013;Wang et al., 2021), and the therapeutic approaches suitable for supporting the necessary adaptive coping skills (Regehr et al., 2013;Yeo et al., 2020), but less on whether adaptive coping processes can be fostered earlier in life, within family settings. ...
We examined early adolescent predictors of later distress and adaptive coping in early adulthood, using data from a prospective longitudinal cohort study ( n = 786). In early adolescence (age 13), we assessed indicators of mental health (internalizing symptoms), stressor exposure (cumulative stressful life events), and family socialization (supportive parent–child interactions). In early adulthood (age 22), during the first COVID-19-related Swiss national lockdown, we assessed cumulative pandemic-related stressors, distress (poor well-being, hopelessness, and perceived disruptions to life) and adaptive coping. Early adolescent internalizing symptoms predicted lower well-being, more hopelessness, and perceived lifestyle disruptions in early adulthood, during the pandemic. Cumulative stressful life events during early adolescence moderated the association between cumulative pandemic-related stressors and perceived lifestyle disruptions. Supportive parent–child interactions fostered subsequent engagement in adaptive coping, which, in turn, predicted less hopelessness and better well-being. Findings reveal that early adolescent development is linked with distress and adaptive coping in later periods.
... Bhattarai et al. also reported spending time with close ones and looking at good things as a common coping strategy adopted by adolescent students [19]. Closeness, continuous provision of comfort and love, and proper education and counselling by the peer and parents were the fundamental approaches suggested to combat the stress-related problem in children [42][43][44][45]. Therefore, parents and caretakers should respond to them with good communication, affection, and respect whenever they need help and help them also to explore different coping strategies [46]. ...
Background. Mental health problems can significantly impact a student’s academic performance, career, health, and future if they are not identified and managed in time. The poor mental health of young people is a global problem, including in Nepal. However, the scenario of perceived stress among adolescent students residing in academic hostels is not explored in Nepal. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the prevalence of perceived stress with its associated predictors, experienced stressors, and coping mechanisms among adolescent students residing in private hostels in Nepal. Methods. A cross-sectional study design was employed among all adolescent students of grades six to ten who resided in eight school hostels in Nepal. A total of 209 students responded to self-administered validated questionnaires for perceived stress (PSS-10) and coping scales. Results. More than half (51.67%) of the students experienced symptoms of perceived stress. Strict discipline in the hostel (77.03%) and groupism based on religion (5.26%) were the most common and least common stressors experienced, respectively. One-third of the students ( n = 70 , 33.5%) very often felt confident about handling personal problems. The presence of a mischievous element and neglect from friends were significant stressors determined. Seeking social support was the most used coping strategy over externalizing behaviours such as using bad words, yelling, and shouting. Conclusion. The study confirmed the presence of perceived stress among students living in hostels, where hostel residential factors were the predominant predictors. As a minority of the students can properly manage their stress, it is necessary to provide students with the appropriate educational counselling to help them deal with potential obstacles. Additionally, monitoring, increased communication with family and friends, and improving the hostel environment can be important in addressing students’ perceived stress.
... 4% of them often felt sad (34). About a year after the onset of the pandemic in the U.S. 95.3% reported health stress and 85% -financial stress on more than one day over the period of a 14-day daily-diary study (35). A study from Spain concludes that confinement due to COVID-19 may induce anxiety in children and adolescents, which may in turn negatively impact their sleep and executive functioning (36). ...
Objective-The present study aimed to obtain a comprehensive view of the up-to-date global evidence on the impact of the COV-ID-19 pandemic on adolescent mental health and well-being. Background-A great deal of concern has been raised about the negative impact of the current health crisis on adolescents. Methods-Electronic literature searches were conducted in July 2022 in the Google Scholar database. A total of 57 original research articles and review articles that met the criteria were selected and reviewed. They comprised studies with adolescent populations from more than 20 countries across 5 continents. Discussion-The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescent mental health was identified as negative, positive, and fluctuating over the course of the pandemic. The accumulated evidence supports the assertion that there has been a considerable and wide-ranging negative impact. However, the long-term and short-term effects differ. Some positive effects of the current pandemic have also been reported: a small number of adolescents seemed to thrive overall, and the majority of them even seemed to have experienced positive changes in some specific aspects. Even so, the positive impact can hardly outweigh the negative. The fluctuating trajectories of adolescent mental health during the pandemic could be attributed to infection rates, quarantine, the severity of containment measures, the accumulation of stressors, etc. Conclusion-There is evidence for both negative and positive impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescent mental health and well-being. Further research is needed to study the complex impact of a health crisis of such magnitude.
... As for parental self-efficacy in general, in a study from Italy, parents' belief to be able to manage daily parental demands during quarantine mediated associations of their psychological distress and regulatory emotional selfefficacy with their children's emotional regulation (Morelli et al., 2020). As for the role of parental support in times of COVID-19, in a diary study with US-American adolescents, parents' social support (i.e., adolescents spending pleasant time with and feeling supported by their parents) was associated with increases in adolescents' same-and next-day positive affect and decreases in same-day negative affect (Wang et al., 2021). In another survey with students from China, adolescents who reported discussing the pandemic with their parents reported higher levels of current life satisfaction and had a lower risk of meeting the threshold of depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms (Tang et al., 2021). ...
Although adolescence is characterized by increasing individuation, parental support represents an important resource especially in early adolescence. This multi-informant study examined the role of parental self-efficacy in providing emotional and instrumental support when early adolescents partially learned from home during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on a resources model of coping, we examined effects of parental self-efficacy on early adolescents' reports of self-regulated learning (SRL), learning self-efficacy, and positive emotions, mediated via early adolescents’ problem-focused and emotion-focused coping. Assumptions were tested among 263 Austrian parent-child dyads. While the mediation assumption was rejected, we identified positive associations between emotional support and SRL, and between problem-focused coping and SRL, learning self-efficacy, and positive emotions. Instrumental support negatively related to SRL, suggesting benefits of emotional over instrumental support.
... . Menurut (SAFITRI, n.d.) mengatakan bahwa dukungan orang tua sebagai interaksi yang dikembangkan oleh perawatan, kehangatan, persetujuan dan berbagai jenis perasaan positif orang tua terhadap anak. Menurut(Wang et al., 2021) dukungan orangtua telah terbukti sebagai salah satu hal yang paling efektif dalam proses prestasi akademik dan faktor protektif selama mahasiswa dalam periode stress tinggi yang tidak terkendali.Dukungan orang tua pada dasarnya merupakan bantuan yang diberikan kepada anak terutama dalam belajar.(Susilo, M,H, 2016) menyatakan bahwa dukungan merupakan bantuan yang diberikan seseorang kepada orang lain dalam rangka mencapai sesuatu yang diinginkan. ...
The research has several objectives, namely wanting to know the relationship between student interest in learning to learning outcomes, knowing the relationship of motivation for achievement to learning outcomes, knowing the relationship between parental support to learning outcomes, knowing the relationship between student interest in learning, learning achievement and parental support for learning outcomes of Sports Education (POR) students of the University of Muhammadiyah East Kalimantan (UMKT). The design of the research carried out is correlation. The population in this study was 64 students of the UMKT POR Study Program and a sample of 30 people with purposive sampling techniques with data analysis looking for the percentage of each indicator. This study obtained the results of contributions from each variable that the contribution of student interest in learning is high, the motivation for achievement is in the medium category, and the support of parents in the high category so that the relationship between interest in learning, motivation for achievement and parental support is in the high category. The benefits of the research are known that the interest in learning, motivation and support of parents of POR UMKT students are very supportive of learning outcomes even during a pandemic
... El valor inicial en T1 del ambiente familiar positivo tuvo una relación positiva con las experiencias positivas ante la adversidad en T2. Las capacidades adaptativas frente a la adversidad suelen presentarse alrededor de ambientes donde se promueven las relaciones familiares de apoyo, como las que se presentan en las familias con un ambiente familiar positivo (Corral et al., 2014;Masten, 2001;Wang et al., 2021). En este contexto, el apoyo parental experimentado en los ambientes familiares positivos conformado por la comunicación, el afecto y el conjunto de apoyos emocionales, instrumentales e informacionales asociados, es posible que sustituya, al menos momentáneamente, las consecuencias negativas provocadas por el aislamiento social de las y los adolescentes con sus pares . ...
El propósito del presente estudio fue analizar la relación de la angustia y experiencias positivas con el ambiente familiar medido antes y durante el confinamiento por COVID19. Se probó un modelo de diferencia de puntaje latente para evaluar la relación entre el cambio latente en el ambiente familiar positivo, la angustia general y las experiencias positivas ante el confinamiento por COVID-19. Nuestra hipótesis se basó en la teoría transaccional del desarrollo psicológico donde el ambiente familiar positivo tendrá una relación positiva con las experiencias positivas ante la adversidad y una relación negativa con la angustia general frente al confinamiento por Covid-19. Participaron 111 estudiantes de educación preparatoria del noroeste de México (estudio longitudinal de dos tiempos), demostrando que el ambiente familiar positivo afectó positivamente a las experiencias positivas ante la adversidad. A la inversa, el ambiente familiar positivo tuvo un efecto negativo significativo sobre la angustia general. Se discute que el ambiente familiar positivo es relevante para los estudiantes adolescentes, ya que es posible que sustituya momentáneamente el aislamiento social provocado por la contingencia sanitaria por COVID-19. Se encontró que el ambiente familiar positivo previo al confinamiento se relacionó de forma positiva con las experiencias positivas ante la adversidad y de forma negativa con la angustia general. Similarmente, el incremento en el ambiente familiar positivo al momento del confinamiento se relacionó de forma positiva con las experiencias positivas ante la adversidad y de forma negativa con la angustia general
... 33,34 Research also suggests older children (particularly adolescents) reported increased negative affect (e.g., sadness and worry) related to COVID-19-linked financial stress. 35 Although wide variability was observed, particularly for widowed caregivers (e.g., 95% CI, 1.95-58.25), future consideration of differences based on partnership status and care of older children and the impact of public health emergencies seems warranted. ...
Objective:
The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated differences related to employment and family psychological health. However, empirical evidence examining COVID-19-linked differences concerning children and families remains scant. This study addresses this gap by examining sociodemographic differences associated with COVID-19 on family access to resources and family psychological health.
Method:
A telephone survey of 600 caregivers living in Mississippi was conducted from August 2020 to April 2021. Caregivers answered questions about levels of worry regarding themselves or their child contracting COVID-19 and impact of the pandemic on household income, access to resources, and family psychological health.
Results:
Multivariate models demonstrated that Black caregivers (n = 273; 45.5%) had increased odds of agreeing that they worry about contracting COVID-19 (odds ratio [OR] = 2.57). Furthermore, as caregiver reported household annual income decreased, caregivers had increased odds of agreeing that they worry about contracting COVID-19 (OR = 1.16), lost job-related income (OR = 1.14), and had a hard time obtaining resources (OR = 1.16) because of the pandemic. No significant differences related to rural or urban residence were observed.
Conclusion:
The findings highlight the need for pragmatic responses that are attuned to differences by providing more equitable access to resources for families. The findings suggest that strategies addressing family worry, obtaining job-related income support, and helping families obtain tangible resources may positively affect family psychological health. As population changes in vaccination rates and COVID variants emerge, reassessment of family and community impact seems indicated. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.
... It is particularly important to consider academic stress levels in middle and high school students as they are linked to many mental health problems, such as anxiety (Nonterah et al., 2015), depression (Bergin & Pakenham, 2014;Esparbès-Pistre et al., 2015) or suicidal thoughts (Gallagher, Prinstein, Simon, & Spirito, 2014). Similarly, studies show that high school stress significantly alters the level of happiness and well-being (Gallagher et al., 2014;Wang et al., 2021) and is correlated with higher substance use (Leonard et al., 2015) and altered sleep patterns (Bernert, Merrill, Braithwaite, Van Orden, & Joiner, 2007;Curcio, Ferrara, & De Gennaro, 2006;Noland, Price, Dake, & Telljohann, 2009). Finally, stress has a negative effect on learning in general as it reduces academic performance and leads to a loss of confidence (Immordino-Yang & Damasio, 2007;Richlin-Klonsky & Hoe, 2003). ...
This study examined the symptoms of exhaustion, school stress and anxious school refusal from a comparative developmental perspective in French adolescents enrolled in public and private general, technological and vocational schools. It is particularly important to consider academic stress levels, anxiety and school burnout in middle and high school students as they are linked to many mental health problems, such as depression or suicidal thoughts. In this study, four hundred and ninety‐three adolescents completed an online questionnaire consisting of the School Burnout Inventory, the Echelle Toulousaine de Stress Scolaire perçu and the School refusal evaluation was developed. The results show a very high percentage of suffering among teenagers. The young people most affected are high school students and more particularly students in 10th and 12th grade, with nearly three‐quarters of them suffering from school burnout and/or high school stress, without any distinction between the sexes or the type of schooling. This study examined the symptoms of exhaustion, school stress and anxious school refusal from a comparative developmental perspective in French adolescents. Four hundred and ninety‐three adolescents completed an online questionnaire. The results show a very high percentage of suffering among teenagers. This study provides unprecedented results and highlights a very high percentage of suffering among adolescents, especially among high school students, without any distinction between the sexes or the type of schooling.
... children and adolescents aged between 7 and 17 years(Reiss et al., 2019). Factors related to working from home such as nancial stability, job security, professional autonomy, and schedule exibility may buffer parents against psychological distress and negative parenting behaviors (Perry-Jenkins & Gerstel, 2020; M. T.Wang et al., 2021). The burden of COVID-19 has not been equal, and families who are socioeconomically disadvantaged have found themselves at greater risk for parent-child con ict and poor mental health outcomes(Chavira et al., 2022). ...
Background
The past two years of the COVID-19 pandemic were stressful to most children and adolescents, and some of the children may have experienced a high level of stress and trauma. To date, no study has examined differences in self-reported stress and trauma levels due to COVID-19 in children. This study aimed to assess the differences between perceived threat, exposure and trauma symptoms in children aged 7–13 years. In addition, we explored whether parent-reported factors could predict a higher risk of COVID-19 vulnerability in their children.
Method
Cross-sectional data from 752 children were assessed with regard to COVID-19 threat and exposure and trauma symptoms using the self- and parent-reported CATS Trauma questionnaire. We used exploratory data analysis methods (factor analysis of mixed data and hierarchical clustering) to identify subgroups (i.e. clusters) of children sharing similar characteristics in the data set. Linear regression modelling was applied to determine the likelihood of higher threat and vulnerability in children with parent-reported COVID-19 threat, exposure, CATS trauma symptoms and behaviour using the child behaviour checklist (CBCL).
Results
We identified a high-risk group of children reporting clinically relevant trauma symptoms and COVID-19 related fears. Parents’ reports of trauma could identify these.
Conclusions
In about 25% of children clinical relevant trauma symptoms and threat are present. It is especially important to offer adequate support to ease the trauma and prevent development into further psychopathology.
... Additionally, since this study is focused on short-term processes, whether time affect the relationship between mother-teen interactions and adolescents' self-esteem is not tested. However, it is worth noticing that this research was conducted during COVID-19 epidemic, during which period teenagers' mental health is greatly threatened by pandemic and family shows especially importance to teenagers' well-being (Wang et al., 2021). Therefore, this study focused on whether personal features and environmental characteristics moderate the daily relationships between maternal warmth, parent-teen conflict and self-esteem. ...
Self-esteem is associated with adaptive adolescent outcomes but tends to decline in adolescence. Parent-teen warmth has been linked to concurrent increases in adolescents’ self-esteem while adolescents’ conflict with parents is detrimental to their self-esteem in cross-sectional or longitudinal studies. However, it is unknown how adolescents experience of maternal warmth and conflict with mothers are correlated with their daily self-esteem, and whether these associations vary in adolescents’ gender, age and family subjective socioeconomic status (SES) from the perspective of Process-Person-Context-Time (PPCT) theory. To address this gap, 293 adolescents (Mage = 13.88 years, SD = .62) were recruited from a school, reporting their daily experience of maternal warmth, conflict with mothers and self-esteem by answering checklists for up to 7 days. Multilevel analysis showed that adolescents reported significantly higher self-esteem on days they experienced more warmth or less conflict with mothers than usual. Moreover, maternal warmth was linked to next-day self-esteem positively, yet mother-teen conflict not shown this spill-over effect. Gender, age and subjective SES did not moderate all the daily associations among mother-teen warmth, conflict and self-esteem. Findings suggest that mother-teen interactions play both protective and detrimental role in adolescents’ daily self-image and that “good” interaction goes a longer way than “bad” one.
... Most of them focused on parenting practices and parental involvement in adolescents' careerrelated behaviors points to some specific characteristics of the parentchild relationship that generally contribute to the teenagers' engagement in adaptive career-related behaviors (e.g., Vignoli et al., 2005;Wang et al., 2019). Warm, positive, and supportive parenting seems to foster the emergence and development of self-initiative, self-efficacy, academic achievement, and career-exploration behaviors (Vignoli et al., 2005), in addition to adolescents' psychological well-being (Filus et al., 2019), dispositional optimism (Renaud et al., 2019), and life satisfaction (Liu et al., 2021), especially during such stressful times as the Covid-19 pandemic (Wang et al., 2021). ...
The present study aimed to broaden the knowledge about the personal and parental factors associated with teenagers' efforts to actively engage in the developmental task of vocational preparation. We investigated the associations between parental career-related behaviors (i.e., parental support, interference, and lack of engagement), adolescents' career exploration, and the moderating role of dispositional optimism. Our sample was formed by 441 Romanian teenagers (58 % males, M = 14.17, SD = 1.05). The results suggested that adolescents experiencing a low level of parental support reported a low level of career exploration, regardless of the level of dispositional optimism. Conversely, when the level of parental support was high, participants reported a higher level of career exploration when they also reported a high level of dispositional optimism. We discuss the importance of examining individual characteristics in conjunction with ecological factors related to adolescents' environments when understanding career exploration.
... which were associated with greater psychological distress. Having more family/social support and having the opportunity to engage in physical activity are also protective factors associated with reduced anxiety [58]. Since the emergency for COVID-19 is far from over, the challenge for scholars and professionals will be to disseminate effective programs also use innovative strategies (such as schoolbased or app-based support; cf. ...
With the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, several limitations and stressful changes have been introduced in adolescent’s daily life. Particularly, Italian teenagers were the first among western populations to experience fears of infection, home confinement, and social restrictions due to a long lockdown period (10 weeks). This study explores the role of coping strategies (task-oriented, emotion-oriented, and avoidance coping) and meta-beliefs about worry as vulnerability factors associated with adolescents’ anxiety. A community sample of adolescents (N = 284, aged 16–18 y.o.) answered questionnaires assessing anxiety symptoms (RCMAS-2), meta-cognitive beliefs and processes about worry (MCQ-C), and coping strategies (CISS). Results show that 37% of participants report clinically elevated anxiety. Emotion-centered coping predicted higher anxiety, whereas task-centered coping resulted associated with decreased anxiety. Cognitive monitoring about their own worry contributes, but to a lesser extent, to higher levels of anxiety. The implications for the intervention are discussed, especially the need to enhance the coping skills of adolescents and mitigate the stress of the COVID-19 pandemic, which could last for a long time.
... 78,79 In a study of American adolescents conducted during school closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic, "secondary engagement" coping mechanisms, such as gratitude, were associated with persistent positive emotions. 80,81 Taken together, the results of this and previous studies suggest that gratitude employed during the COVID-19 pandemic can buffer the negative effects of disasters, improving adolescents' mood and restoring a sense of control. 82 Encouraging adolescents to use gratitude during the pandemic may help prevent psychological conditions such as depression. ...
Objective:
This study was performed to identify factors associated with depression and anxiety among Korean adolescents during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.
Methods:
We conducted a cross-sectional study of 1,898 Korean adolescents (55.2% male, 44.8% female) ranging in age from 12 to 17 years (mean±standard deviaion age, 15.4±2.6 years). Depression and anxiety were defined as a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score ≥10 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 score ≥10, respectively. Other questionnaires included sociodemographic data, psychosocial stresses, and experiences in association with COVID-19. Psychiatric scales included Gratitude Questionnaire-6, Perceived Stress Scale-10, and UCLA Loneliness Scale-3.
Results:
The prevalence rates of depressive and anxiety symptoms among participants were 13.8% and 21.0%, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that female sex, fear of COVID-19 infection, low gratitude were risk factors for depression. Fear of COVID-19 infection, increased TV watching time, and academic-related stress were risk factors for anxiety.
Conclusion:
Depression and anxiety were prevalent during the pandemic in Korean adolescents, and were associated with fear of COVID-19 infection. Providing appropriate information on COVID-19, helping adolescents manage academic-related stress and maintain daily life patterns, and implementing interventions to foster gratitude are important for preventing depression and anxiety in Korean adolescents.
... The work-life balance enhances performance, productivity, maintain congenial industrial relations, decreases employee health care costs, enables better talent management (MSG, 2020) A longitudinal study examined the association among stress, coping, parental support in the context of psychological well-being using a sample of 444 adolescents inclusive of male and female, Black/African American, White/Europen American, Latinx, Asian American, and Native American stay-athome during the covid-19 pandemic. The results reported negative effects of stress during pandemics on adolescents and with enhanced psychological wellbeing with parental support (Wang et al., 2021). Li et al., (2021) evaluated the psychological well-being and factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder among front-line nurses during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic using a predictive study design. ...
The researchers present the findings of an empirical study on occupational stress, and its effect on work-life balance and psychological well-being of the E-Commerce Industry employees around Hyderabad, who are using Metro Rail transport to reach the workplace and back home. The study was carried out when the Covid-19 pandemic second wave is at its peak. The Metro Rail journey provides a platform for each commuter to learn new habits continuously, like newspaper reading, improving communication skills, etc. It is also evident from the survey that they build the relationship on a day-to-day basis during their journey time, which helps them to form diversified networking that enables them to understand and empathize with others and the situations. The data was gathered using a research instrument, a structured undisguised questionnaire with 37 statements representing three components of the study – occupational stress, work-life balance, and psychological well-being. The occupational stress and work-life balance were measured using a five-point Likert-type scale. The responses on psychological well-being were gathered using a scale developed by Ryff and Keyes 1995, a seven-point scale. The data gathered this seven-point scale transformed to a five-point scale using the linear transformation method for ease of data analysis.
Background.The COVID-19 Family Disruption Model (FDM) describes the cascading effects of pandemic-related social disruptions on child and family psychosocial functioning. The current systematic review assesses the empirical support for the model.
Methods.Study eligibility: 1) children between 2–18 years (and/or their caregivers); 2) a quantitative longitudinal design; 3) published findings during the first 2.5 years of COVID-19; 4) an assessment of caregiver and/or family functioning; 5) an assessment of child internalizing, externalizing, or positive adjustment; and 6) an examination of a COVID-19 FDM pathway. Following a search of PsycINFO and MEDLINE in August 2022, screening, full-text assessments, and data extraction were completed by two reviewers. Study quality was examined using an adapted NIH risk-of- bias tool.
Results.Findings from 47 studies were summarized using descriptive statistics, tables, and a narrative synthesis. There is emerging support for bidirectional pathways linking caregiver-child functioning and family-child functioning, particularly for child internalizing problems. Quality assessments indicated issues with attrition and power justification.
Discussion.We provide a critical summary of the empirical support for the model, highlighting themes related to family systems theory and risk/resilience. We outline future directions for research on child and family well-being during COVID-19. Systematic review registration. PROSPERO [CRD42022327191].
La presente investigación, tuvo como objetivo general: determinar la incidencia de la violencia familiar en la resiliencia y afrontamiento en adolescentes de una Institución Educativa del distrito de Pueblo Nuevo. Chepén. Cuantitativo bajo un diseño correlacional de enfoque no experimental transeccional, la muestra la conformaron 397 estudiantes, a quienes se les aplicó: Cuestionario de violencia familiar (VIFA), la Escala de Resiliencia y el Inventario breve de afrontamiento (COPE -28). Obteniendo como principales resultados que existe una incidencia inversa de violencia física hacia la resiliencia (Zβ=-.184, p=.000) y afrontamiento (Zβ=-.178, p=.000). También se evidencia la presencia de una incidencia indirecta entre la violencia psicológica con resiliencia (Zβ=-.166, p=.001), la presencia de una incidencia indirecta entre la variable Violencia familiar con resiliencia (Zβ=-.208, p=.000) y por último que no existe relación entre la Violencia familiar y afrontamiento con (p>=.005).
Stres akademik merupakan salah satu stres terbesar yang dialami oleh remaja. Menghadapi stres akademik, strategi koping yang digunakan sangat menentukan keberhasilan seseorang dalam menghadapi stres tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektivitas intervensi daring untuk meningkatkan koping adaptif dalam menurunkan stres akademik pada siswa. Partisipan yaitu siswa kelas 2 SMA (n=6) berusia 15-17 tahun siswa yang mengalami stres akademik tingkat sedang hingga tinggi, dan skor koping maladaptif tingkat sedang hingga tinggi berdasarkan skrining yang dilakukan. Instrumen yang digunakan yaitu Educational Stress Scale for Adolescents(ESSA) dan Brief-COPE. Analisis kuantitatif menggunakan repeated measures ANOVA menunjukkan adanya penurunan skor stres akademik (F (2, 10) =1.04; p < ,05) dan penurunan skor koping maladaptif (F (1.34, 6.67) = 1.87; p < ,05). Namun, tidak ditemukan adanya kenaikan skor yang signifikan pada koping adaptif siswa (F (1.4, 7.03) =1.04; p < ,05). Secara kualitatif, siswa merasa dapat memahami sumber stres akademik, reaksi stres pada diri, dan strategi koping adaptif yang sesuai bagi diri. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa program intervensi daring untuk menurunkan stres akademik pada siswa kelas 2 SMA cukup efektif.
The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in adolescents' increased exposure to daily experiences of risk factors for depression and anxiety (e.g., loneliness). Intensive longitudinal studies examining daily experiences during the pandemic have revealed short-term and long-term consequences on youth mental health. Although evidence suggests small average increases in adolescent depression and anxiety, most of the story is in variability: increases are higher for youth and families with greater pre-existing mental health vulnerabilities and fewer socioeconomic resources, whereas increases are lower when social or financial support and positive coping and health behaviors are available and employed. Public health and economic policies should be mindful of youth mental health risks and actively promote known mental health supports, including family economic resources, access to mental healthcare, and social connection.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, U.S. youth faced various stressors that affected their schooling experiences, social relationships, family dynamics, and communities. These stressors negatively impacted youths' mental health. Compared to White youths, ethnic-racial minority youths were disproportionately affected by COVID-19-related health disparities and experienced elevated worry and stress. In particular, Black and Asian American youths faced the compounded effects of a dual pandemic due to their navigation of both COVID-19-related stressors and increased exposure to racial discrimination and racial injustice, which worsened their mental health outcomes. However, protective processes such as social support, ethnic-racial identity, and ethnic-racial socialization emerged as mechanisms that attenuated the effects of COVID-related stressors on ethnic-racial youths' mental health and promoted their positive adaptation and psychosocial well-being.
Longitudinal studies across the globe documented significant increases in psychological stress and mental health problems among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Health concerns, school disruptions, and social disconnection were major sources of stress. High levels of perceived stress predicted worse mental health outcomes, with girls, older adolescents, and socio-economically marginalized youth experiencing more pronounced mental health deteriorations. However, social support from family and peers was a protective factor against increased stress and accompanying mental health problems. We urge policymakers and other key decision-makers to improve the availability and financing of mental health services and support programs for adolescents to address the wave of mental health challenges following the pandemic.
Introduction:
In adolescence, life satisfaction is an early indicator of later psychological well-being. However, researchers know little about how daily family relationships shape adolescent life satisfaction. The current study examined the day-to-day associations between parent-adolescent relationships and life satisfaction, and whether adolescent emotion dysregulation moderated these associations.
Methods:
A total of 191 adolescents (Mage = 12.93, SDage = 0.75, 53% female) recruited from junior high schools in Taiwan participated in a 10-day daily diary protocol. We conducted multilevel analyses to examine within-family and between-family processes.
Results:
At the within-family level, adolescents reported higher life satisfaction on days when parent-adolescent closeness was higher, but lower life satisfaction on days when parent-adolescent conflict was higher. At the between-family level, higher parent-adolescent closeness was associated with greater life satisfaction on average, while parent-adolescent conflict was not related to adolescent life satisfaction. Cross-level interactions indicated that within-family changes in parent-adolescent closeness and conflict were only associated with life satisfaction for adolescents with higher levels of emotion dysregulation, indicating emotion dysregulation may intensify the role of daily parent-adolescent relationships in shaping adolescent life satisfaction.
Conclusions:
This study expands current literature and provides novel evidence that changes in day-to-day parent-adolescent relationships have important implications for adolescent life satisfaction, especially for youth higher in emotion dysregulation. The findings underscore the importance of evaluating family and individual characteristics to better support adolescent well-being.
Introduction:
The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted access to critical health services, resulting in diminished gains in HIV epidemic control. This analysis assesses the magnitude of the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic has had on HIV services for adolescents in USAID-supported PEPFAR programs.
Methods:
PEPFAR Monitoring, Evaluation, and Reporting (MER) programmatic data were analyzed from across 16 USAID-supported adolescent care and treatment programs for fiscal year 2020 (FY20; October 2019 - September 2020). Descriptive statistics were used to calculate absolute number and percent change between the pre-COVID-19 (Quarters 1 - 2; October 2019 - March 2020) and COVID-19 periods (Quarters 3 - 4; April 2020 - September 2020) for clinical cascade indicators. All analyses were conducted in Microsoft Excel.
Results:
The number of HIV tests conducted during COVID-19 decreased by 21.4% compared to pre-COVID-19, with a consequent 28.8% decrease in adolescents identified living with HIV. The rate of proxy linkage to ART increased between periods, from 86.9% to 90.4%. There was a 25.9% decrease in treatment initiations among adolescents during COVID-19. During FY20, viral load coverage (VLC) rates for adolescents dropped from 81.6% in FY20Q1 to 76.5% in FY20Q4, while the rates of viral load suppression for adolescents increased from 76.1% in FY20Q1 to 80.5% in FY20Q4.
Conclusion:
There was a substantial decrease in case-finding, treatment initiations, and VLC rates for adolescents supported in USAID/PEPFAR programs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additional health systems adaptations and strategies are required to ensure adolescents have continued access to HIV services during pandemic disruptions.
Background:
Whereas national attention has been paid to the ongoing mental health crises among young people triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic, less is known about the social, physical and psychological impacts of COVID-19 on young people living with HIV, especially racial/ethnic minorities.
Setting:
Online survey of participants across the U.S.
Method:
A national cross-sectional survey of non-Latinx Black and Latinx young adults (18-29) living with HIV. Between April and August 2021, participants answered survey questions about several domains (e.g., stress, anxiety, relationships, work, quality of life) that were worsened, improved, or unchanged during the pandemic. We ran a logistic regression estimating the self-reported impact of the pandemic on these domains between two age groups (ages 18-24 versus 25-29).
Results:
The sample size was 231 (186 non-Latinx Black, 45 Latinx) and mainly male (84.4%) and gay identified (62.2%). Nearly 20% of participants were 18-24 years old and 80% were ages 25-29. Participants who were 18-24 years old reported 2-3 times the odds for having worse sleep quality and mood and greater stress, anxiety, and weight gain compared to those 25-29 years old.
Conclusion:
Our data provide a nuanced picture of the negative impacts that COVID-19 had on non-Latinx Black and Latinx young adults living with HIV in the U.S. Given that these adults represent a priority population for HIV treatment outcomes, it is critical to better understand the ongoing toll that these dual pandemics have on their lives.
Objective:
This study investigated COVID-19 stressors and silver linings, familism values, familial resilience, and coping, and their relation to internalizing symptoms among Latinx youth.
Method:
A community sample of 135 Latinx adolescents completed online surveys 6-months apart (M age = 16, 59.3% female; majority U.S-born).
Results:
COVID-19 stress was associated with more depressive (β = .18, p = .027) and anxiety (β = .21, p = .010) symptoms. However, COVID-19 stress was related to higher levels of depressive anxiety symptoms only for youth who engaged in low (β = .38, p < .001; β = .38, p = .001) and medium (β = .19, p = .004; β = .22, p = .011) levels of problem-focused engagement coping. Higher levels of family resilience were associated with lower cross-sectional depressive symptoms (β = -.28, p = .004). For longitudinal models, a significant relation between COVID-19 stress and problem-focused engagement predicted Time 2 depressive symptoms (β = -.20, p < .041).
Conclusion:
Latinx youth who experienced high levels of COVID-19 stress who enacted problem-focused coping fared better across the pandemic. Familial resilience did not carry the same longitudinal benefit but did bolster mental health concurrently. Clinicians should endeavor to buttress familial resilience processes in addition to problem-engaged coping for Latinx youth in treatment.
This study examined the impact of COVID-19 stress and experiences of racism on COVID-19 adaptability and activism among Black youth. The protective role of perceived peer and adult social support were examined. Data were analyzed from 123 Black youth (Mage = 15.44, 63% girls) from a school district in the Midwest. The findings revealed that more social support from adults increased Black youth adaptability (e.g., "ability to think through possible options to assist in the COVID-19 pandemic"). Perceived lower social support from adults predicted higher engagement in high-risk activism, and higher levels of peer social support were associated with higher levels of high-risk activism. Further, Black youth reporting higher levels of racism and adult social support were more likely to report higher levels of COVID-19 adaptability. Black youth reporting higher racism and peer social support engaged in high-risk activism. Black youth who reported high levels of racism and low perceived adult social support reported higher engagement in high-risk activism. Research and practice implications that support Black youth during the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of racism and COVID-19 stress on well-being and activism are discussed.
Resilience is a concept that has captured intensified attention since COVID-19. Over decades, resilience research has been done across diverse domains focused on stress responses to adversity. For adolescents who are undergoing a "storm and stress" phase in transition to adulthood, everyday stresses should be managed timely and properly so that resilience is in place when needed. Within the frameworks of attachment and resilience, the author conducted this narrative review proposing a conceptual model to discuss adolescents' attachment and resilience to daily stressors during and following the pandemic. Theoretical and empirical evidence showed building relationships and regulating emotions are instrumental in nurturing adolescents' resilience. This review may have implications for the prevention and intervention of adolescents' mental health during and after COVID-19, which may aid in the transition to adulthood and later life well-being.
COVID-19 changed the landscape of employment and financial security in the USA, contributing to multi-systemic disruptions in family life. Using dyadic, daily-diary parent-adolescent data from a nationwide American sample (18,415 daily assessments; 29 days: 4/8/2020-4/21/2020 and 5/18/2020-6/1/2020; N = 635 parent-adolescent dyads), this intensive longitudinal study investigated how COVID-19-related job loss and working-from-home (WFH) arrangements influenced parents' and children's daily affect indirectly through family functioning (i.e., parent-adolescent conflict, inter-adult conflict, and parental warmth) and whether these links varied by family socioeconomic status (SES). Parental employment status was linked to these family relational dynamics, which were then connected to parents' and adolescents' daily affect. Although SES did not moderate these links, low-income families were more likely to experience job loss, parent-adolescent conflict, and inter-adult conflict and less likely to WFH than higher-income families. As inter-relations within the family are a malleable point for intervention, clinicians working with families recovering from the fiscal impact of the COVID-19 pandemic are encouraged to use approaches that strengthen family relationships, especially between adolescents and their parents. Unemployment subsidies are discussed as a means to support families struggling with job loss, and organizations are urged to consider the benefits of WFH on employee health and work-life balance.
The purpose of this chapter is to review and summarize recent research related to the impact of COVID-19 on parent-child and parent-adolescent relationships globally, focused mainly on findings from non-Western countries. The evidence reviewed supports the conclusions that a multitude of factors were involved in the negative impact that the COVID-19 pandemic had on children, parents, parent-child relationships, families, and societal functioning overall. While the direct negative impacts were huge, including over 1.3 million children experiencing the loss of a parent or caregiver, the indirect effects (e.g., impact from responses to slow or prevent the spread of the virus) that the pandemic had on the world were also important. The sudden and unexpected loss or decreased access to necessary resources (e.g., children’s peer and school support, access to employment, financial and health resources) and the related stressors wreaked havoc on children and families globally.
W teorii zachowania zasobów (Conservation of Resources Theory COR) Stevan Hobfoll przyjmuje założenie, że motywacja ludzkich zachowań jest skoncentrowana na zachowaniu posiadanego kapitału adaptacyjnego, a człowiek doświadcza stresu w okolicznościach związanych z utratą – faktyczną lub przewidywaną – dóbr niezbędnych do przetrwania w określonym środowisku społecznym lub też w sytuacji, gdy zainwestowane zasoby nie przynoszą mu satysfakcjonującego zysku. Dynamika zachowywania zachowania zasobów jest podporządkowana czterem regułom opracowanym na gruncie koncepcji COR. Reguła prymatu straty przyjmuje założenie, że strata zasobowa jest dla człowieka nieproporcjonalnie bardziej znacząca w stosunku do odczuwanego zysku zasobów. Zgodnie z tą regułą inwestowania w zasoby ludzie dokonują inwestycji zasobowych po to, aby skompensować realne lub ewentualne straty. Na podstawie reguły paradoksu można stwierdzić, że w sytuacji doświadczania strat ludzie zaczynają przypisywać zyskom zasobowym większe znaczenie niż ponoszonym stratom. Istota zasady desperacji polega na tym, że wyczerpanie lub znaczne nadwyrężenie zasobów prowadzi ludzi do zachowań obronnych. Niniejsza monografia służy osiągnięciu kilku celów. W kontekście teoretycznym ma na celu empiryczną weryfikację zasad opracowanych w teorii zachowania zasobów oraz wskazanie mechanizmów psychospołecznych, jakie decydują o poziomie udzielanego wsparcia społecznego w stresujących okolicznościach.
Analiza zależności decydujących o poziomie dostarczanej pomocy została dokonana na gruncie teorii COR. Zaś w aspekcie praktycznym – wskazanie możliwości budowania kapitału wspierającego uczniów
w systemie szkolnym. Uzyskane wyniki stanowią ważny wkład w literaturę przedmiotu z kilku ważnych powodów. Pierwszy z nich
polega na wskazaniu takich mechanizmów adaptacyjnych, dzięki
którym człowiek nie tylko wykazuje się odpornością na występowanie stresu i jego negatywnych konsekwencji, ale również potrafi konstruktywnie funkcjonować w stresujących okolicznościach,
m.in. wspierać inne osoby. Po drugie, rezultaty dokonanych analiz
wskazują na specyfikę pomagania podopiecznym przez nauczycieli i specjalistów (psychologów i pedagogów szkolnych). Trzeci powód odnosi się do próby znalezienia czynników, które optymalizują
działania polegające na dostarczaniu specjalistycznego wsparcia
w ramach systemu szkolnego.
Despite the salient impacts of daily experiences, scarce research has measured various daily minor experiences and evaluated their influences on adolescent well-being in their daily life. This study assessed the exposure to multiple aspects of daily hassles and uplifts in adolescents’ daily lives, and examined the links between the level, types, and diversity of these exposures and adolescents’ daily physical and mental well-being. Ninety-nine adolescents (12–17 years old, M = 14.6, 51.5% White, 53.5% female) completed a 30-day daily diary study. Multilevel modeling revealed different associations between the level and types of daily hassles and uplifts and adolescent well-being on the same day. Experiencing diverse daily hassles was linked with more emotional problems, and experiencing diverse daily uplifts was related with lower negative affect. The findings underscore the importance of including level, types, and diversity of both daily hassles and uplifts in research to better characterize adolescents’ daily experiences. The findings also highlight the concurrent and potential cumulative effects of daily minor social events and mundane experiences in adolescent development in their daily lives.
Young adulthood is a critical developmental life stage and a period of enhanced vulnerability to stress. In 2020, young adults in Northern California were faced with a series of unforeseen, collective stressors: the COVID-19 pandemic, extreme wildfires, social tension associated with the murder of George Floyd, and a contentious election that culminated in an attack on the nation’s capital. In a natural experiment, we compared the psychosocial development of 415 young adults across 8 monthly assessment waves during 2020 to a control cohort (n = 465) who completed the same assessment protocol in 2019, prior to the onset of stressors. Results of latent growth curve models indicated that the 2020 cohort had less adaptive trajectories of affective well-being and lower levels and less adaptive trajectories of social functioning, suggesting detrimental effects of cumulative, collective stressors on the socio-emotional development of young adults.
This encyclopedia entry provides a brief history of the ways in which researchers have defined, conceptualized, and measured stress and provides recommended definitions and conceptualizations of stress for use in research and practice with children and adolescents. The entry also describes some of the most prevalent types of stressors experienced by young people and common effects of stress exposure. Both mental health and other types of outcomes, such as physical health and learning outcomes, are described. Finally, this entry summarizes what researchers have discovered about the processes through which stressors affect children and adolescents, as well as potential factors that might protect young people from the negative effects of stress.
The continuing impact of daily stress during the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the lives of families worldwide, and increased the risk of psychological problems for parents and their children. The current study investigated the daily effect of COVID-19 cases on parents' positive and negative emotions among 163 Taiwanese families using daily diary methodology across 10 weekdays. Results of multilevel modeling indicated that parents reported fewer positive emotions on days when COVID-19 cases were higher than average. Further moderating analyses showed the adverse effect of COVID-19 cases was only evident when the same-day marital relationship quality was lower than usual. The findings highlight the psychological stress of COVID-19 cases on parents' daily emotions and identify the protective role of marital relationship quality. Policies and clinical interventions should consider the implications of daily COVID-19 stressors for parents' emotional well-being, and target the protective role of marital relationship quality in daily life.
Parents, who have important roles in the education of the individual, have increased the stakeholder role in the emergency remote teaching (ERT) process of the COVID-19 Pandemic. In order to explore parents‘ experiences, phenomenology, one of the qualitative research designs, was employed in this study. For the purpose of determining the study group, convenience sampling, which is among the purposeful sampling types, was adopted. Interview method and semi-structured interview protocol were operated to collect data. Content analysis method was executed to discover the relations between the themes, categories and codes. Data analysis revealed that the parents experienced psychological, physical and social challenges, and sudden transition caused challenges related to technology literacy. Parents reported an increase in undesirable behaviors such as screen addiction and sleep disorders in their children who had to stay home for a long time. They stated that they could not balance the role of teacher and parenting in the ERT process. Parents stated that they tried to provide a suitable learning environment at home in order to support the education of their children who lost their motivation to learn in this process, but that their children had learning deficiencies and they were worried about the decrease in their academic success. In addition, it was stated that there was an increase in communication and cooperation between children and parents who had the opportunity to spend time together. Although the communication and cooperation of the parents with the school administration weakened, it was observed that there were positive developments in the communication and cooperation with the teachers.
The researchers present the findings of an empirical study on occupational stress, and its effect on work-life balance and psychological well-being of the E-Commerce Industry employees around Hyderabad, who are using Metro Rail transport to reach the workplace and back home. The study was carried out when the Covid-19 pandemic second wave is at its peak. The Metro Rail journey provides a platform for each commuter to learn new habits continuously, like newspaper reading, improving communication skills, etc. It is also evident from the survey that they build the relationship on a day-today basis during their journey time, which helps them to form diversified networking that enables them to understand and empathize with others and the situations. The data was gathered using a research instrument, a structured undisguised questionnaire with 37 statements representing three components of the study-occupational stress, work-life balance, and psychological well-being. The occupational stress and work-life balance were measured using a five-point Likert-type scale. The responses on psychological well-being were gathered using a scale developed by Ryff and Keyes 1995, a seven-point scale. The data gathered this seven-point scale transformed to a five-point scale using the linear transformation method for ease of data analysis. A multivariate Generalized Linear Model which allows more than one dependent variable was used for data analysis. The study was subjected to find whether the E-Commerce industry employees who use the metro rail services to reach the workplace and back home experience what level of stress-low, moderate, or high levels, and its influence on their work-life balance and psychological well-being. Psychological well-being is further measured on six sub-scales, environmental mastery, autonomy, self-acceptance, personal growth, positive relations and purpose of life. The overall Cronbach alpha statistic value for all the study variables is 0.86, work-life balance 0.68, psychological LEADING MINIMAL STRESS, WORK-LIFE BALANCE, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING: 1176 well-being 0.84, and occupational stress 0.62 indicating the research instrument maintained its internal consistency and reliability. Statistically significant differences were observed on occupational stress, age and gender influencing the metro commuter's work-life balance, and some psychological well-being factors.
Purpose: Adolescents are at risk for violating COVID-19 social distancing measures due to salient developmental needs for autonomy and relatedness. This intensive longitudinal study investigated the initiation and sustainment of adolescents’ daily social distancing behaviors.
Methods: Focus group and daily-diary approaches were used to collect 6,216 assessments from a nationwide American adolescent sample (n=444; Mage=15.1; 40% male; 42% Black, 40% White, 10% Latinx, 6% Asian American, 2% Native American) over the course of 14 days at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Results: When adolescents were motivated by preventing others from getting sick, they were more likely to engage in social distancing (same-day: B=.50, SE=.09, 95% CI [.32, .68] p<.001; next-day: B=.49, SE=.09, 95% CI [.31, .67] p<.001). Daily social support from friends (same-day: B=.04, SE =.02, 95% CI [.01, .08] p<.05; next-day: B=.08, SE=.02, 95% CI [.05, .12] p<.001), connectedness with friends via technology (same-day: B=.23, SE=.04, 95% CI [.14, .32] p<.001; next-day: B=.12, SE=.05, 95% CI [.03, .21] p<.001), and practical knowledge about ways to prevent contracting and transmitting COVID-19 (same-day: B=.12, SE=.02, 95% CI [.08, .17] p<.001; next-day: B=.05, SE=.02, 95% CI [.01, .10] p< .05) positively predicted adolescents’ same- and next-day engagement in social distancing.
Conclusions: Adolescents who were motivated by the desire to protect others were more likely to engage in social distancing. In addition, adolescents who learned about preventative health behaviors for mitigating COVID-19, received peer support, and remained virtually connected with friends were more likely to engage in daily social distancing at the onset of the pandemic.
The COVID-19 pandemic has considerably impacted many people’s lives. This study examined changes in subjective wellbeing between December 2019 and May 2020, and how stress appraisals and coping strategies relate to individual differences and changes in subjective wellbeing during the early stages of the pandemic. Data were collected at four time points from 979 individuals in Germany. Results showed that, on average, life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect did not change significantly between December 2019 and March 2020, but decreased between March and May 2020. Across the latter timespan, individual differences in life satisfaction were positively related to controllability appraisals, active coping, and positive reframing, and negatively related to threat and centrality appraisals and planning. Positive affect was positively related to challenge and controllable-by-self appraisals, active coping, using emotional support, and religion, and negatively related to threat appraisal and humor. Negative affect was positively related to threat and centrality appraisals, denial, substance use, and self-blame, and negatively related to controllability appraisals and emotional support. Contrary to expectations, the effects of stress appraisals and coping strategies on changes in subjective wellbeing were small and mostly non-significant. These findings imply that the COVID-19 pandemic represents not only a major medical and economic crisis, but also has a psychological dimension, as it can be associated with declines in key facets of people’s subjective wellbeing. Psychological practitioners should address potential declines in subjective wellbeing with their clients and attempt to enhance clients’ general capability to use functional stress appraisals and effective coping strategies.
The COVID-19 pandemic poses an acute threat to the well-being of children and families due to challenges related to social disruption such as financial insecurity, caregiving burden, and confinement-related stress (e.g., crowding, changes to structure, and routine). The consequences of these difficulties are likely to be longstanding, in part because of the ways in which contextual risk permeates the structures and processes of family systems. The current article draws from pertinent literature across topic areas of acute crises and long-term, cumulative risk to illustrate the multitude of ways in which the well-being of children and families may be at risk during COVID-19. The presented conceptual framework is based on systemic models of human development and family functioning and links social disruption due to COVID-19 to child adjustment through a cascading process involving caregiver well-being and family processes (i.e., organization, communication, and beliefs). An illustration of the centrality of family processes in buffering against risk in the context of COVID-19, as well as promoting resilience through shared family beliefs and close relationships, is provided. Finally, clinical and research implications are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Background:
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is profoundly affecting life around the globe. Isolation, contact restrictions and economic shutdown impose a complete change to the psychosocial environment in affected countries. These measures have the potential to threaten the mental health of children and adolescents significantly. Even though the current crisis can bring with it opportunities for personal growth and family cohesion, disadvantages may outweigh these benefits. Anxiety, lack of peer contact and reduced opportunities for stress regulation are main concerns. Another main threat is an increased risk for parental mental illness, domestic violence and child maltreatment. Especially for children and adolescents with special needs or disadvantages, such as disabilities, trauma experiences, already existing mental health problems, migrant background and low socioeconomic status, this may be a particularly challenging time. To maintain regular and emergency child and adolescent psychiatric treatment during the pandemic is a major challenge but is necessary for limiting long-term consequences for the mental health of children and adolescents. Urgent research questions comprise understanding the mental health effects of social distancing and economic pressure, identifying risk and resilience factors, and preventing long-term consequences, including-but not restricted to-child maltreatment. The efficacy of telepsychiatry is another highly relevant issue is to evaluate the efficacy of telehealth and perfect its applications to child and adolescent psychiatry.
Conclusion:
There are numerous mental health threats associated with the current pandemic and subsequent restrictions. Child and adolescent psychiatrists must ensure continuity of care during all phases of the pandemic. COVID-19-associated mental health risks will disproportionately hit children and adolescents who are already disadvantaged and marginalized. Research is needed to assess the implications of policies enacted to contain the pandemic on mental health of children and adolescents, and to estimate the risk/benefit ratio of measures such as home schooling, in order to be better prepared for future developments.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has disrupted virtually every aspect of daily living, engendering forced isolation and social distance, economic hardship, fears of contracting a potentially lethal illness and feelings of helplessness and hopelessness. Unfortunately, there is no formula or operating manual for how to cope with the current global pandemic. previous research has documented an array of responses to mass crises or disasters, including chronic anxiety and posttraumatic stress as well as resilience and recovery. much can be learned from this research about how people have coped in the past in order to identify strategies that may be particularly effective in managing distress and cultivating resilience during these perilous times. we delineate multiple coping strategies (e.g., behavioral activation, acceptance-based coping, mindfulness practice, loving-kindness practices) geared to decrease stress and promote resilience and recovery. These strategies may be especially effective because they help individuals make meaning, build distress tolerance, increase social support, foster a view of our deep human interconnectedness, and take goal-directed value-driven actions in midst of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Background:
Since December 2019, when coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) emerged in Wuhan city and rapidly spread throughout China, data have been needed on the clinical characteristics of the affected patients.
Methods:
We extracted data regarding 1099 patients with laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 from 552 hospitals in 30 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in China through January 29, 2020. The primary composite end point was admission to an intensive care unit (ICU), the use of mechanical ventilation, or death.
Results:
The median age of the patients was 47 years; 41.9% of the patients were female. The primary composite end point occurred in 67 patients (6.1%), including 5.0% who were admitted to the ICU, 2.3% who underwent invasive mechanical ventilation, and 1.4% who died. Only 1.9% of the patients had a history of direct contact with wildlife. Among nonresidents of Wuhan, 72.3% had contact with residents of Wuhan, including 31.3% who had visited the city. The most common symptoms were fever (43.8% on admission and 88.7% during hospitalization) and cough (67.8%). Diarrhea was uncommon (3.8%). The median incubation period was 4 days (interquartile range, 2 to 7). On admission, ground-glass opacity was the most common radiologic finding on chest computed tomography (CT) (56.4%). No radiographic or CT abnormality was found in 157 of 877 patients (17.9%) with nonsevere disease and in 5 of 173 patients (2.9%) with severe disease. Lymphocytopenia was present in 83.2% of the patients on admission.
Conclusions:
During the first 2 months of the current outbreak, Covid-19 spread rapidly throughout China and caused varying degrees of illness. Patients often presented without fever, and many did not have abnormal radiologic findings. (Funded by the National Health Commission of China and others.).
It is well established that stressful life events (e.g., family bereavements or moving to a new country) are damaging to psychological health and well‐being. Indeed, social relationships are often noted as an important factor that can influence well‐being and buffer the negative effects of stress. However, the quality and source of these relationships, particularly for adolescents, are often overlooked. Using the Growing Up in Ireland Survey, a population‐based study of 13‐year‐old Irish adolescents (N = 7,525; 51.1% female), the current study examines the quality of both parent and peer relationships as potential mechanisms explaining the association between stressful life events and psychological well‐being indices in adolescents. As expected, results showed that stressful life events negatively impacted the psychological well‐being of adolescents. Parallel mediation analyses indicated that both parent and peer relationship quality mediated this association. Further exploratory analyses found that for girls, greater numbers of stressful life events were associated with poorer quality relationships with both their parents and peers, and in turn, these were linked to lower levels of psychological well‐being. For boys, this effect was only evident for parental relationship quality, but not peers. The implication of these findings for adolescent's psychological well‐being, particularly for girls, are discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Unpredictability within the family environment has been consistently linked to anxiety and depressive symptomology in early adulthood. The current investigation sought to examine how individual and family factors may serve to protect college students from the potentially detrimental effects of growing up with family chaos. A multi-dimensional survey, including measures assessing family unpredictability, coping behavior, anxiety, and depressive symptoms, was administered to 260 (68% female) undergraduate college students. A series of regression models found mediating and moderating effects: the relationship between family unpredictability and psychological distress was explained in part by less family closeness, and this was especially true among students who engaged in more emotion-focused coping. Individuals who used less emotion-focused coping did not appear to suffer from psychological distress associated with family unpredictability. Conversely, task-focused coping did not moderate the association between family unpredictability and psychological distress; yet, individuals who used more task-focused coping, in general, experienced less distress. These findings could be used to inform intervention efforts targeted at improving parenting and caregiving practices as well as the development of campus programs aimed at improving students’ coping strategies.
In this meta-analytic and narrative review, we examine several overarching issues related to the study of coping, emotion regulation, and internalizing and externalizing symptoms of psychopathology in childhood and adolescence, including the conceptualization and measurement of these constructs. We report a quantitative meta-analysis of 212 studies (N = 80,850 participants) that measured the associations between coping and emotion regulation with symptoms of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Within the meta-analysis we address the association of broad domains of coping and emotion regulation (e.g., total coping, emotion regulation), intermediate factors of coping and emotion regulation (e.g., primary control coping, secondary control coping), and specific coping and emotion regulation strategies (e.g., emotional expression, cognitive reappraisal) with internalizing and externalizing symptoms. For cross-sectional studies, which made up the majority of studies included, we examine 3 potential moderators: age, measure quality, and single versus multiple informants. Finally, we separately consider findings from longitudinal studies as these provide stronger tests of the effects. After accounting for publication bias, findings indicate that the broad domain of emotion regulation and adaptive coping and the factors of primary control coping and secondary control coping are related to lower levels of symptoms of psychopathology. Further, the domain of maladaptive coping, the factor of disengagement coping, and the strategies of emotional suppression, avoidance, and denial are related to higher levels of symptoms of psychopathology. Finally, we offer a critique of the current state of the field and outline an agenda for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record
Purpose:
Forming secure friendship attachments during adolescence are important for mental health; few, however, have specifically examined the ways in which the transitions in attachment during adolescence may influence future mental health outcomes among African Americans.
Methods:
The present study examines how transitions in attachment in adolescence predicted changes in depression symptoms from late adolescents through adulthood in an African-American sample. We used growth curve modeling to examine the association between transitions in friendship attachment and changes in depression symptoms in adulthood.
Results:
At age 16 years, 346 (64.0%) adolescents reported secure attachment with 195 (36.0%) reporting either avoidant or resistant attachment. At age 17 years, 340 (62.9%) reported secure attachment and 201 (37.2%) reported avoidant or resistant attachment. The largest percentage of participants (46.2%) reported stable-secure attachment across the two time points. Results of the growth model indicated that adolescents who reported a stable-secure attachment style had lower levels of depression symptoms during adulthood than those individuals who transitioned from secure-to-insecure, from insecure-to-secure, or were in the stable-insecure group. Interestingly enough, individuals in both the attachment transition groups had a faster declining rate of depression symptoms over time compared to the two stability groups.
Conclusions:
Data support existing research showing an association between transitions in attachment during adolescence and depression through adulthood. Furthermore, these study findings suggest there may be protective features associated with transitioning between attachment styles during adolescence on later depression, compared to African Americans who remain stable in their attachment style.
Guided by the motivational theory of coping (Skinner and Zimmer-Gembeck in Ann Rev Psychol 58:119–144. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085705, 2007), we investigated children’s anticipated coping with three different stressful events (bullying, parental argument, parent–child verbal conflict), and examined whether their reliance on challenge coping responses versus threat coping responses could be accounted for by emotional reactions (including feelings of sadness, anger and fear), perceived controllability, and orientation or interest in the stressor. In addition, we examined parents’ reports of their children’s temperamental traits as correlates of coping. In random order followed by a positive stimulus, children (N = 206, age 8–12 years) watched each of the three stressful events, and reported their emotions, perceived control, orientation and coping after each one. As anticipated, results indicated that controllability was associated with more challenge coping (a composite of adaptive/approach coping responses such as problem solving and support seeking) and less threat coping (a composite of maladaptive/withdrawal coping responses such as helplessness and escape). In general, feelings of sadness were more strongly associated with challenge coping, whereas fear and anger especially related to more threat coping. Greater orientation towards the stressor was particularly predictive of more challenge coping, but also was associated with more threat coping in response to parent stressors. These associations were significant, even after controlling for temperament (negative reactivity, task persistence, withdrawal, and activity), which was generally unrelated to children’s coping. Other combinations of coping responses were also examined.
This article examines associations between the Great Recession and 4 aspects of 9-year olds' behavior-aggression (externalizing), anxiety/depression (internalizing), alcohol and drug use, and vandalism-using the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a longitudinal birth cohort drawn from 20 U.S. cities (21%, White, 50% Black, 26% Hispanic, and 3% other race/ethnicity). The study was in the field for the 9-year follow-up right before and during the Great Recession (2007-2010; N = 3,311). Interview dates (month) were linked to the national Consumer Sentiment Index (CSI), calculated from a national probability sample drawn monthly to assess consumer confidence and uncertainty about the economy, as well as to data on local unemployment rates. Controlling for city-fixed effects and extensive controls (including prior child behavior at age 5), we find that greater uncertainty as measured by the CSI was associated with higher rates of all 4 behavior problems for boys (in both maternal and child reports). Such associations were not found for girls (all gender differences were significant). Links between the CSI and boys' behavior problems were concentrated in single-parent families and were partially explained by parenting behaviors. Local unemployment rates, in contrast, had fewer associations with children's behavior, suggesting that in the Great Recession, what was most meaningful for child behavior problems was the uncertainty about the national economy, rather than local labor markets. (PsycINFO Database Record
The death of a parent or sibling (family bereavement) is associated with mental health problems in approximately, 25 % of the affected children. However, it is still unknown whether mental health problems of family-bereaved adolescents are predicted by pre-existing mental health problems, pre-loss family functioning, or multiple bereavements. In this study, a prospective longitudinal assessment of change in mental health following bereavement was done in a large representative sample from the ‘Tracking Adolescents Individual Lives Survey’ (TRAILS). This is a four-wave prospective cohort study of Dutch adolescents (n = 2230) of whom 131 (5.9 %) had experienced family bereavement at the last wave (T4). Family-bereaved adolescents reported more internalizing problems, within 2 years after family bereavement, compared to the non-bereaved peers, while taking into account the level of internalizing problems before the bereavement. A clinically relevant finding was that 22 % new cases were found in family-bereaved, in comparison to 5.5 % new cases in non-bereaved. Low SES predicted more internalizing problems in family-bereaved but not in non-bereaved adolescents. Family functioning, reported by the adolescent, did not predict mental health problems within 2 years. Multiple family bereavements predicted fewer externalizing problems. In conclusion, internalizing problems increase in adolescents after family bereavement in comparison to non-bereaved and these can be predicted by pre-loss factors. Awareness among professionals regarding the risks for aggravation of mental health problems after family loss is needed.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00787-015-0695-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Disasters and terrorism present significant and often overwhelming challenges for children and families worldwide. Individual, family, and social factors influence disaster reactions and the diverse ways in which children cope. This article links conceptualizations of stress and coping to empirical knowledge of children's disaster reactions, identifies limitations in our current understanding, and suggests areas for future study of disaster coping. Coping strategies, developmental trajectories influencing coping, and the interplay between parent and child coping represent critical areas for advancing the field and for informing programs and services that benefit children's preparedness and foster resilience in the face of mass trauma.
Despite rising interest on the concept of societal resilience and its measurement, little has been done to provide operational indicators. Importantly, an evidence-based approach to assess the suitability of indicators remains unexplored. Furthermore few approaches that exist do not investigate indicators of psychological resilience, which is emerging as an important component of societal resilience to disasters. Disasters are events which overwhelm local capacities, often producing human losses, injury and damage to the affected communities. As climate hazards and disasters are likely to increase in the coming decades, strengthening the capacity of societies to withstand these shocks and recover quickly is vital. In this review, we search the Web of Knowledge to summarize the evidence on indicators of psychological resilience to disasters and provided a qualitative assessment of six selected studies. We find that an evidence-based approach using features from systematic reviews is useful to compile, select and assess the evidence and elucidate robust indicators. We conclude that strong social support received after a disaster is associated with an increased psychological resilience whereas a female gender is connected with a decrease in the likelihood of a resilient outcome. These results are consistent across disaster settings and cultures and are representative of approximately 13 million disaster-exposed civilians of adult age. An approach such as this that collects and evaluates evidence will allow indicators of resilience to be much more revealing and useful in the future. They will provide a robust basis to prioritize indicators to act upon through intersectoral policies and post-disaster public health interventions.
The objective of this study was to investigate how Norwegian children on holiday in Southeast Asia coped when the tsunami hit December 26, 2004. The goal is to understand more about children and adolescents' immediate coping strategies when faced with a life-threatening situation. Acquiring more knowledge on coping strategies at different points in the recovery process can be useful for gaining insight to the relationship between coping and psychological adjustment.
Semi-structured interviews of 56 children aged 6–18 years (36 girls and 20 boys) were conducted in their homes approximately 10 months after the tsunami. The interviews were analysed using qualitative methods.
Two primary coping strategies were described and labelled as self-soothing thoughts and behavioural strategies. Self-soothing thoughts were divided into five categories: positive thinking; avoidant thinking; rational thoughts; and thoughts on parental competencies and parental protection. Behavioural strategies were divided into six categories: attachment seeking behaviour; distraction behaviour; helping others; seeking information and comfort; and talking.
The children's coping responses point to the developmental aspects of coping and how children are dependent upon adults for guidance and protection. In addition, very few youth reported using problem-focused coping strategies that are normally thought of as helpful in the aftermath of trauma, whereas strategies often thought of as not so helpful such as distraction and avoidance, was more predominant. It may be that helpful immediate coping strategies are different from long-term coping strategies, and that coping strategies differ according to the degree of perceived control of the situation.
In this chapter, we describe the major developments in the field of resilience since its inception more than 40 years ago. The chapter is organized in four sections, the first one presenting a brief history of work on resilience. The second section is devoted to elucidating critical features of research on this construct, highlighting three sets of issues: definitions and operationalization of the two constructs at its core, protective and vulnerability factors; distinctions between the construct of resilience and related constructs, such as competence and ego resiliency; and differences between resilience research and related fields, including risk research, prevention science, and positive psychology. The third section of the chapter is focused on major findings on vulnerability and protective factors. These are discussed not only in terms of the specific factors found to modify risk within three broad categories--attributes of the family, community, and child--but also in terms of factors that exert strong effects across many risk conditions and those more idiosyncratic to specific risk contexts. The final section includes a summary of extant evidence in the field along with major considerations for future work on resilience across the life span. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
A child version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; D. Watson et al, see record
1988-31508-001), the PANAS-C, was developed using students in Grades 4–8 (
N = 707). Item selection was based on psychometric and theoretical grounds. The resulting Negative Affect (NA) and Positive Affect (PA) scales demonstrated good convergent and discriminant validity with existing self-report measures of childhood anxiety and depression; the PANAS-C performed much like its adult namesake. Overall, the PANAS-C, like the adult PANAS, is a brief, useful measure that can be used to differentiate anxiety from depression in youngsters. As such, this instrument addresses the shortcomings of existing measures of childhood anxiety and depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
It is often said that timing is everything. The process model of emotion regulation has taken this aphorism to heart, suggesting that down-regulating emotions before they are "up and running" is always easier than down-regulating emotions once they have gathered force (i.e., generic timing hypothesis). But does timing (i.e., emotion intensity) matter equally for all forms of regulation? In this article, the authors offer an alternative process-specific timing hypothesis, in which emotion-generative and emotion-regulatory processes compete at either earlier or later stages of information processing. Regulation strategies that target early processing stages require minimal effort. Therefore, their efficacy should be relatively unaffected by emotion intensity. By contrast, regulation strategies that target later processing stages require effort that is proportional to the intensity of the emotional response. Therefore, their efficacy should be determined by the relative strength of regulatory versus emotional processes. Implications of this revised conception are considered.
The development of a measure of coping and involuntary stress responses in adolescence is described. The Responses to Stress Questionnaire (RSQ) reflects a conceptual model that includes volitional coping efforts and involuntary responses to specific stressful events or specified domains of stress. The psychometric characteristics of the RSQ were examined across 4 domains of stress in 3 samples of adolescents and parent reports obtained in 2 samples. The factor structure of the RSQ was tested and replicated with an adequate degree of fit using confirmatory factor analysis across 3 stressors in 2 samples. Internal consistency and retest reliability for the 5 factors were adequate to excellent. Concurrent validity was established through correlations with another measure of coping, heart rate reactivity, and correlations of self- and parent-reports. Significant correlations with both adolescents' and parents' reports of internalizing and externalizing symptoms were consistent with hypotheses.
Developmental psychopathology offers an integrative framework for conceptualizing the course of development during adolescence, with particular relevance for understanding continuity and the emergence of psychopathology during this and subsequent developmental periods. In this article, the utility of a developmental psychopathology perspective for informing the design of research, prevention, and intervention is highlighted. Interdisciplinary, organizational models of development, emphasizing the dynamic relations between the developing individual and internal and external contexts, are discussed. Examination of boundaries between abnormal and normal development during adolescence offers important vantage points for articulating diversity in the developmental course during this period. Conceptualizing divergence and convergence in developmental pathways, continuity and discontinuity in development, and the transactions of risk and protective processes leading to maladaptation, psychopathology, and resilience are highlighted.
In diary studies, people provide frequent reports on the events and experiences of their daily lives. These reports capture the particulars of experience in a way that is not possible using traditional designs. We review the types of research questions that diary methods are best equipped to answer, the main designs that can be used, current technology for obtaining diary reports, and appropriate data analysis strategies. Major recent developments include the use of electronic forms of data collection and multilevel models in data analysis. We identify several areas of research opportunities: 1. in technology, combining electronic diary reports with collateral measures such as ambulatory heart rate; 2. in measurement, switching from measures based on between-person differences to those based on within-person changes; and 3. in research questions, using diaries to (a) explain why people differ in variability rather than mean level, (b) study change processes during major events and transitions, and (c) study interpersonal processes using dyadic and group diary methods.
Research on coping during childhood and adolescence is distinguished by its focus on how children deal with actual stressors in real-life contexts. Despite burgeoning literatures within age groups, studies on developmental differences and changes have proven difficult to integrate. Two recent advances promise progress toward a developmental framework. First, dual-process models that conceptualize coping as "regulation under stress" establish links to the development of emotional, attentional, and behavioral self-regulation and suggest constitutional underpinnings and social factors that shape coping development. Second, analyses of the functions of higher-order coping families allow identification of corresponding lower-order ways of coping that, despite their differences, are developmentally graded members of the same family. This emerging framework was used to integrate 44 studies reporting age differences or changes in coping from infancy through adolescence. Together, these advances outline a systems perspective in which, as regulatory subsystems are integrated, general mechanisms of coping accumulate developmentally, suggesting multiple directions for future research.
The study of resilience has two core characteristics: it is fundamentally applied in nature, seeking to use scientific knowledge to maximize well-being among those at risk, and it draws on expertise from diverse scientific disciplines. Recent advances in biological processes have confirmed the profound deleterious effects of harsh caregiving environments, thereby underscoring the importance of early interventions. What remains to be established at this time is the degree to which insights on particular biological processes (e.g., involving specific brain regions, genes, or hormones) will be applied in the near future to achieve substantial reductions in mental health disparities. Aside from biology, resilience developmental researchers would do well to draw upon relevant evidence from other behavioral sciences as well, notably anthropology as well as family, counseling, and social psychology. Scientists working with adults and with children must remain vigilant to the advances and missteps in each others' work, always ensuring caution in conveying messages about the "innateness" of resilience or its prevalence across different subgroups. Our future research agenda must prioritize reducing abuse and neglect in close relationships; deriving the "critical ingredients" in effective interventions and going to scale with these; working collaboratively to refine theory on the construct; and responsibly, proactively disseminating what we have learned about the nature, limits, and antecedents of resilient adaptation across diverse at-risk groups.
Objective
COVID-19 has presented threats to adolescents’ psychosocial well-being, especially for those from economically disadvantaged backgrounds. This longitudinal study aimed to identify which social (i.e., family conflict, parental social support, peer social support), emotional (i.e., COVID-19 health-related stress), and physical (i.e., sleep quality, food security) factors influence adolescents’ same- and next-day affect and misconduct and whether these factors functioned differently by adolescents’ economic status.
Method
Daily-diary approaches were used to collect 12,033 assessments over 29 days from a nationwide sample of American adolescents (n =546; Mage = 15.0; 40% male; 43% Black, 37% White, 10% Latinx, 8% Asian American, and 3% Native American; 61% low-income) at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Results
Peer support, parent support, and sleep quality operated as promotive factors, whereas parent-child conflict and COVID-19 health-related stress operated as risk factors. Although these links were consistent for adolescents irrespective of economic status, low-income adolescents experienced more conflict with parents, more COVID-19 health-related stress, less peer support, and lower sleep quality than higher-income adolescents. Food insecurity was connected to decreased same- and next-day negative affect for low-income adolescents only. Low-income adolescents also displayed greater negative affect in response to increased daily health-related stress relative to higher-income adolescents.
Conclusion
These results highlight the role of proximal processes in shaping adolescent adjustment and delineate key factors influencing youth psychosocial well-being in the context of COVID-19. By understanding adolescents’ responses to stressors at the onset of the pandemic, practitioners and healthcare providers can make evidence-based decisions regarding clinical treatment and intervention planning for youth most at risk for developmental maladjustment.
Interest in resilience is surging in research, policy and practice as threats from disasters rise and humanity confronts a global pandemic. This commentary highlights the importance of defining resilience for portability across system levels and disciplines in order to integrate knowledge and prepare adequately for the challenges posed to children and youth by multisystem disasters. A scalable definition of resilience is recommended: The capacity of a dynamic system to adapt successfully to challenges that threaten the function, survival or development of the system. Major determinants of adaptation among young people in the context of disaster are highlighted, including variations in adversity exposure dose, developmental timing, individual differences and the socio‐ecological systems of children's lives that can be mobilised in response. Adaptation of children in disasters depends on the resilience of interconnected systems, including families, schools, communities and policy sectors. Implications of a multisystem perspective for disaster risk reduction and preparedness are discussed with a focus on nurturing the resilience of children and their societies for challenges in the near term and long into the future.
Objective
Disease containment of COVID-19 has necessitated widespread social isolation. We aimed to establish what is known about how loneliness and disease containment measures impact on the mental health in children and adolescents.
Method
For this rapid review, we searched MEDLINE, PSYCHINFO, and Web of Science for articles published between 01/01/1946 and 03/29/2020. 20% of articles were double screened using pre-defined criteria and 20% of data was double extracted for quality assurance.
Results
83 articles (80 studies) met inclusion criteria. Of these, 63 studies reported on the impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of previously healthy children and adolescents (n=51,576; mean age 15.3) 61 studies were observational; 18 were longitudinal and 43 cross sectional studies assessing self-reported loneliness in healthy children and adolescents. One of these studies was a retrospective investigation after a pandemic. Two studies evaluated interventions. Studies had a high risk of bias although longitudinal studies were of better methodological quality. Social isolation and loneliness increased the risk of depression, and possibly anxiety at the time loneliness was measured and between 0.25 to 9 years later. Duration of loneliness was more strongly correlated with mental health symptoms than intensity of loneliness.
Conclusion
Children and adolescents are probably more likely to experience high rates of depression and probably anxiety during and after enforced isolation ends. This may increase as enforced isolation continues. Clinical services should offer preventative support and early intervention where possible and be prepared for an increase in mental health problems.
The December, 2019 coronavirus disease outbreak has seen many countries ask people who have potentially come into contact with the infection to isolate themselves at home or in a dedicated quarantine facility. Decisions on how to apply quarantine should be based on the best available evidence. We did a Review of the psychological impact of quarantine using three electronic databases. Of 3166 papers found, 24 are included in this Review. Most reviewed studies reported negative psychological effects including post-traumatic stress symptoms, confusion, and anger. Stressors included longer quarantine duration, infection fears, frustration, boredom, inadequate supplies, inadequate information, financial loss, and stigma. Some researchers have suggested long-lasting effects. In situations where quarantine is deemed necessary, officials should quarantine individuals for no longer than required, provide clear rationale for quarantine and information about protocols, and ensure sufficient supplies are provided. Appeals to altruism by reminding the public about the benefits of quarantine to wider society can be favourable.
The construct of engagement provides a holistic lens for understanding how children interact with learning activities, with distinct behavioral, emotional-affective, and cognitive components forming a multidimensional engagement profile for each child. As the understanding of engagement and recognition of its complexity grow, a pressing need has emerged for a synthetic, coherent review that simultaneously integrates extant literature and clarifies the conceptualization of engagement, identifies its key facilitators and consequences, and proffers a theoretical framework that elaborates on how engagement functions. Using a developmental-contextual approach, this article integrates empirical and theoretical scholarship to illustrate how engagement is produced by developmental and relational processes involving transactions across multiple ecologies. The integrative model of engagement offers a comprehensive perspective on the multiple pathways-psychological, cognitive, social, and cultural-underlying the development of children's engagement. Conceptualizing engagement as a multidimensional construct shaped by interactions between an individual and the environment enriches the field's understanding of the personal, contextual, and sociocultural factors that foster or undermine engagement. This framing also enhances understanding of the psychosocial mechanisms through which learning environments influence engagement. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
The current study examines whether daily coping moderates the effects of daily stress on same-day mood and next-day mood among 58 Latino adolescents (Mage = 13.31; 53% male). The daily diary design capitalized on repeated measurements, boosting power to detect effects and allowing for a robust understanding of the day-to-day experiences of Latino adolescents. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that on days when youth reported higher levels of peer and academic stress, they also reported more negative moods. However, only poverty-related stress predicted mood the following day. Engagement coping buffered the effect of poverty-related stress on next-day negative and positive mood, while disengagement exacerbated the effects of academic and peer stress. The need for interventions promoting balanced coping repertoires is discussed.