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Iclel 20 Conference Proceeding Book

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Obese patients are at increased risk of exacerbations from viral respiratory infections. During the H1N1 pandemic, obesity was associated with an increased risk of influenza-associated intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death, longer duration of mechanical ventilation, and longer duration of ICU and hospital length of stay compared with the non-obese. These observations have raised a concern about the correlation between obesity and the current COVID-19 pandemic. In this review, we have outlined the potential impacts of obesity on respiratory physiology and the function of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Also, it has been clearly illustrated that obese patients are potentially more vulnerable to COVID-19 and more contagious than lean patients. The comorbidities associated with obesity were found to be correlated with a severe clinical course of COVID-19 and increased mortality and high BMI has been shown to be correlated with hospitalisation, the need for mechanical ventilation and non-survival. The review also sheds light on the challenges that obese patients pose for healthcare providers inside and outside ICUs.
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The urban smog has negative global effects. They are expressed in the increased mortality of people, an increase scale of respiratory diseases as well as climate changes causing negative effects in the field of agricultural crops, which results in an increase in food prices. The occurrence of these phenomena mobilizes the global community to conduct activities aimed at limiting their occurrence. Medium-sized cities can play a significant role in this respect. The element conditioning the life of city dwellers is the appropriate condition of the natural environment. In Polish and Slovak conditions, smog is becoming a problem, which negatively affects the health of citizens of these countries. Therefore, actions are taken to limit the occurrence of this phenomenon. They are described in the current ecological policy of both countries. This article tries to show on the example of the Polish commune of Mikołów and the Slovak commune of Żylina the actions taken in them to reduce air pollution and thereby reduce the phenomenon of smog. In both analysed cities, measures taken to reduce the phenomenon of smog are implemented in a planned manner and may be an inspiration for other medium-sized cities in the world having air quality problems
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In view of the current importance of, and demand for, the English language nowadays, learning and teaching the language increases in significance. Determining teachers’ expectations of classroom processes may have beneficial consequences for the nature of education. This study aims to determine English teachers’ expectations and perceptions of support for English teaching. A qualitative research method was used, designed with descriptive modelling and a case study approach was adopted. In order to elicit English teachers’ expectations, a semi-structured interview form was prepared from a review of the literature and an examination of related studies in the field. The qualitative data obtained from the interview forms were subjected to content analysis, coded and categorised by the researchers. The categories were then classified according to the characteristics and themes extracted. In this study, the concepts of credibility and transferability were given preference over those of validity and reliability. Among the findings, language laboratories were the facilities most often featuring in English teachers’ expectations from administrations. From parents, teachers principally expected more positive attitudes towards English language learning and greater provision of materials to support study at home. It was also found that teachers’ expectations of cooperation and collaboration with colleagues were not met, nor were colleagues employing the variety of teaching methods expected.
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A significant body of research points to the challenges faced by English teachers in balancing creative pedagogy with the demands of high-stakes testing. However, few studies have examined teachers’ conceptions of the importance of creativity in the context of end-of-school examinations. This study addresses this critical gap by exploring the perspectives of secondary Australian English teachers on the value of creative learning experiences when preparing students for the Higher School Certificate (HSC) in the state of New South Wales. Given the recent implementation of the new Stage 6 Syllabus, this article offers insights into the scope for creativity in the revised Standard and Advanced English courses for Year 12 students. Drawing from teacher case studies, the findings indicate that despite teachers’ belief in the importance of creativity, their time for creative teaching and learning has been limited by the demands of the former HSC syllabus. Teachers feel positively, however, about the increased space for creativity within the new Stage 6 English courses. This research will be useful for teachers as they transition into teaching the new English syllabus, prompting them to reassess the scope for creative learning when preparing students for the HSC.