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Music, sleep, and depression: An interview study
Abstract
Music has been suggested as a potential sleep aid option in the treatment of depression-related insomnia; however, research is needed to fully understand the possible benefits. In this study, the objective was to examine experiences of music listening using a new intervention, The MusicStar app, at bedtime for adult psychiatric outpatients with depression-related insomnia. The study design utilized a qualitative thematic analysis using phenomenological methods applied as microanalysis of interview data. Participants were recruited from an outpatient unit for depression in psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark. Four adults with depression and sleep disturbances took part in a semi-structured interview after completing a four-week music intervention as part of a clinical trial. The participants evaluated a music listening intervention for sleep improvement. The following six themes were highlighted: Sleep and relaxation, Distraction, Mood, Habits, Preference, and Technology. Three participants reported intervention effective in improving sleep and relaxation. Interactions with technology and music preferences were important. The findings suggest influences of music on relaxation and sleep in depression-related insomnia with examples; Music distracts from inner stimuli, affects mood, arousal, and supports healthy habits potentially improving sleep hygiene. In conclusion, this study improves our understanding of the multiple effects of music in depression insomnia including limitations and directions for future research.
... The mechanisms of action of the music intervention have not been elucidated. Possible explanations of the underlying mechanisms are provided in an interview study of four participants [34]. ...
... In contrast, a highly positive evaluation from another participant suggests a substantial positive effect of music intervention in some individuals. These examples support the hypothesis that the effect of music intervention may be much higher for some individuals than the average effect indicated by the trial results [34]. ...
Background:
Insomnia in depression is common and difficult to resolve. Unresolved depression-related sleep disturbances increase risk of relapse at high costs for individuals and society. Trials have suggested music for insomnia in various populations, but there is little research on the effectiveness of music for depression-related insomnia.
Methods:
We examined the efficacy of a music intervention on insomnia, depression symptoms and quality of life in adults with depression-related insomnia. A two-armed randomized controlled trial was conducted, including depression outpatients with insomnia (n = 112) in a 1:1 ratio to music intervention and waitlist control group. The intervention group listened to music at bedtime for 4 weeks. Participants received treatment as usual during 8 weeks with assessments at baseline, at 4 and 8 weeks. The primary outcome measure was Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), secondary outcomes comprised Actigraphy, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17) and World Health Organisation well-being questionnaires (WHO-5, WHOQOL-BREF).
Results:
The music intervention group experienced significant improvements in sleep quality and well-being at 4 weeks according to global PSQI scores (effect size = -2.1, 95%CI -3.3; -0.9) and WHO-5 scores (effect size 8.4, 95%CI 2.7;14.0). At 8 weeks, i.e. 4 weeks after termination of the music intervention, the improvement in global PSQI scores had decreased (effect size = -0.1, 95%CI -1.3; 1.1). Actigraphy sleep assessments showed no changes and there was no detection of change in depression symptoms.
Conclusions:
Music intervention is suggested as a safe and moderately effective sleep aid in depression-related insomnia. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov. ID NCT03676491.
... Rosie P et al. used semi-structured interviews to explore the psychological and physiological effects of the teaching and learning environment on music students' music learning, noting that the learning environment for music students helps to enhance their psychological and physiological wellbeing while improving students' understanding of music teaching and learning helps to maximize this advantage even more [13]. Lund, H. N. et al. empirical analysis verified the effectiveness of music in the treatment of insomnia and depression, which has positive implications for understanding how music can play a role in the treatment of mental illnesses and abnormal mental conditions [14]. Hernandez-Ruiz, E. et al. point out the role played by music in positive thinking, but to understand the underlying causes need to understand what characteristics of their music play a role in stimulation, which is an effective path to understanding the logic of musical interventions in therapy [15]. ...
In this study, we employed a Deep Belief Network-Deep Neural Network (DBN-DNN) model to perform personalized data analysis based on user-specific music preferences and listening behavior. This approach seeks to transcend informational boundaries and enhance the exploration and realization of the intrinsic value of data. We conducted a regression correlation analysis on a comprehensive dataset to investigate the potential relationship between college students’ music preferences and their personality traits, considering both musical and psychological dimensions. The study revealed that pop music (mean rating of 3.89), classical music (2.97), and hip-hop music (2.13) ranked highest in popularity among college students. Additionally, a significant negative correlation was observed between the preference for tension-rebellion-themed music in adulthood and the family’s socioeconomic status during childhood (-0.357). Furthermore, there was a notable positive correlation between openness to experience and preferences for classical music, popular music, and blues music (-0.864). A positive correlation was also evident between conscientiousness and preferences for classical music, light music (0.834), and traditional Chinese music. Thus, the DBN-DNN model coupled with regression analysis effectively elucidates the relationship between music preferences and psychological traits.
... In particular, the emotional regulation effect of music can relieve stress and mental problems and promote well-being (Chin & Rickard, 2014;Saarikallio, 2008). Several studies identified that music could positively affect human emotions (Lund et al., 2022;Panteleeva et al., 2017;Sharman & Dingle, 2015). Based on this empirically verified rationale, musical interventions have been used in clinical settings, such as group therapy, to control emotional responses (e.g., Dingle and Fay, 2017). ...
This study investigated the relationship between the emotional use of music and subjective well-being in older Chinese adults. Specifically, it examined how the emotionally adaptive functions of music mediate the relationship between the emotional use of music and subjective well-being moderated by perceived stress. The participants were 347 Chinese men and women aged 60 years or older. The moderated mediating effect was analyzed using PROCESS Macro 3.5 Model 15. Results revealed that the use of music was positively correlated with the emotionally adaptive functions of music and the subjective well-being of older adults. Perceived stress was negatively correlated with subjective well-being, but it was not significantly correlated with the emotional use of music and emotionally adaptive functions of music in senescence. The emotionally adaptive functions of music were positively correlated with subjective well-being. In a moderated mediating model, there was a significant interaction effect between the use of music and perceived stress on life satisfaction. However, the emotionally adaptive functions of music could not mediate the relationship between the use of music and the life satisfaction of older adults, regardless of the level of perceived stress. These findings suggest that, although its effects may differ depending on the level of perceived stress, the use of music can promote emotionally adaptive functions of music and lead to life satisfaction among older adults who were experiencing stress.
... • The assess the implications of sleep anomalies on mood and overall wellbeing of adults. Hannibal et al., (2021) studied the relationship between music, sleep, and depression. This research studied the impact of music as sleep aid option in depression related insomnia. ...
Sleep has been comprehensively studied and affects our quality of life in many ways-be it our competence at work, our endurance in daily tasks, or the anticipation and maintenance of mental health, just to name a few. It is a crucial biological process for the survival for all species. Sleep deprivation can affect the body in physical, psychological, and biological ways. Optimum amount of sleep is needed for proper functioning of the human body. Researches have proven that sleep abnormalities have a negative impact on the mood, attitude towards one's life and the overall wellbeing of a person. According to DSM IV, Mood disorders is a psychiatric condition in which the principal feature is a prolonged, pervasive emotional disturbance, such as a depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, or substance-induced mood disorder. It is a mental illness which targets specifically emotions and mood, people suffering from mood disorder may experience prolonged sadness, extreme happiness and in some cases. The purpose of this literature review research is to assess the relationship between sleep anomalies and mood disorders among adults. Findings suggests that psychiatric disorders and more specifically mood disorder is positively linked with sleep disturbances. The use of sleep and circadian rhythm as a method of intervention works well in the treatment of mood disorders accompanied by regular sleep pattern. leep occupies almost one third of our life and it is vital for survival of all species, including humans. There is no denial to the fact that sufficient, restorative sleep plays a critical role in sustaining physical and mental health. Sleep disorders are quite prevalent in India with 33% of the adult population of our country facing some kind of sleep anomaly (National medical journal of India,2019). Sleep deprivation has a great impact on the health and the overall functioning of a person. The role of sleep is to provide the required rest and replenish the energy levels of the person in order for the optimal functioning of the organs. People suffering from various kinds of sleep disorders struggle with their energy levels throughout the day which in turn affects their productivity and their activities of daily living.
Objective
The objective of this review was to identify and synthesize the best available evidence on how adult patients experience living with depression-related insomnia, and their experiences related to pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions aimed at improving sleep.
Introduction
Insomnia affects 80% to 90% of patients with depression. The costs of insomnia are considerable for the individual and society alike. To understand the role and consequences of insomnia for an individual with depression and to optimize sleep interventions, an in-depth understanding of patients’ experiences is needed. Therefore, this review addresses how adult patients experience living with depression-related insomnia, along with the experiences of pharmacological and non-pharmacological sleep interventions among patients with depression-related insomnia.
Inclusion criteria
Studies focusing on adult patients aged 18 years and older with a diagnosis of depression who had experiences with insomnia and pharmacological and/or non-pharmacological sleep interventions were included. All studies with qualitative research findings from inpatient and outpatient populations were considered.
Methods
The following databases were searched: MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase (Elsevier), CINAHL (EBSCOhost), PsycINFO (ProQuest), Cochrane CENTRAL, SveMed+, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection. Google Scholar and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses were searched for eligible dissertations and theses. The searches were conducted on May 3–5, 2022, and updated on June 13–19, 2023. Studies published in English, Danish, German, Norwegian, and Swedish were considered. Databases were searched from their inception to the search date. All studies were screened against the inclusion criteria and critically and independently appraised by 2 reviewers for methodological quality. Findings were pooled using meta-aggregation, and a ConQual Summary of Findings was created.
Results
Ten qualitative studies were included. The studies were conducted in 6 countries and counted a total of 176 participants. In all, 127 findings were extracted and aggregated into 11 categories. From the 11 categories, 3 synthesized findings were developed: 1) Disruption of sleep challenges coping with everyday life by depleting both physical and mental resources; 2) Sleep is an escape and a protective factor against suicide; and 3) Choices, support, and personalized interventions from non-pharmacological approaches addressing depression-related insomnia are valued.
Conclusions
This review underlined the relationship between depression-related insomnia, its profound impact on individuals’ lives, and the value of non-pharmacological sleep interventions to address these issues. Specifically, the study revealed the physical and emotional consequences of insomnia while emphasizing how wakefulness during night hours may exacerbate feelings of loneliness and vulnerability to negative thoughts and suicide. Moreover, it provides an overview of patients’ experiences of non-pharmacological approaches to address depression-related insomnia and highlights their diverse treatment experiences and preferences.
Supplemental Digital Content
A Danish-language version of the abstract of this review is available as Supplemental Digital Content [http://links.lww.com/SRX/A64].
Systematic Review Registration Number
PROSPERO CRD42021276048
Background
This study investigated the relationship between the enjoyment of music listening and subjective well-being among Chinese adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic, and the mediation effect of emotionally adaptive functions of music listening and of stress regulation of music listening in the aforementioned relationship.
Methods
The participants were 277 male and female Chinese adults aged 18–57 years. The mediating effects were analyzed using PROCESS Macro 3.5 Model 4.
Results
The results revealed that the enjoyment of music listening was positively correlated with the emotionally adaptive functions of music listening, stress regulation of music listening, and subjective well-being. Additionally, the emotionally adaptive functions and stress regulation of music listening were positively correlated with subjective well-being. The emotionally adaptive functions of music listening completely mediated the association between enjoyment of music listening and subjective well-being during the COVID-19 Pandemic. However, the stress regulation of music listening did not mediate this relationship.
Conclusion
These findings suggest that music listening can enhance the subjective well-being of Chinese adults through emotionally adaptive functions in stressful situations.
In receptive music therapy, music listening is used as a therapeutic medium in many different ways. The Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music (GIM) is a specific receptive music therapy model where the client or patient listens to selected classical music in an expanded state of consciousness in an ongoing dialogue with the therapist, facilitating symbolic and metaphorical imagery in many modalities. In this model, music is often considered a “co-therapist”, and more than 100 music programs are used to address specific issues and problems. However, no classification of the music used in GIM exists. This article presents a matrix with 3 major categories: 1) Supportive music – 2) Mixed supportive and challenging music – 3) Challenging music, with three subcategories within each category. Based on a review of literature related to music listening in music and medicine the taxonomy is introduced and its relevance for the Bonny Method discussed, with special focus on two adaptations: KMR-Brief Music Journeys and Group Music and Imagery (GrpMI). Vignettes from KMR with one individual cancer patient and from GrpMI sessions with psychiatric patients are presented and related to the taxonomy.
Research on the efficacy of music for improving sleep quality has produced mixed results. We investigated whether the number of music dosages could be a reason for the lack of clarity. Six longitudinal music sleep studies using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) over 3 weeks were identified. Music when compared to active (audiobooks or medication) or passive controls significantly improved (improvement is reflected by a lower score) PSQI within the first or second week of prescription. The improvement was an average mean difference of −1.15 (SD = 0.53) for each week. Music dosages continued to be associated with improved PSQI over a study that had a 3-month music intervention. One study with a low initial PSQI score resulted in poor sleepers (PSQI > 5) achieving healthy sleep (PSQI < 5) within 3 weeks of regular music intervention. For future studies, “prescribing” music beyond 3 weeks may lead to more instances of healthy sleep, particularly for those who have mild sleep problems. To explain the findings, we proposed that the relationship between weeks of music listening and improved PSQI are attributed to the truncation of poor bedtime habits linked to ruminative tendencies and consequent hyperarousal prior to the music intervention. Music listening at bedtime replaces those bad habits, we argue, by forming a new psychological link between bedtime and sleep through evaluative conditioning. The findings of the present study provide disarming evidence of the potential for prescription of music for treating mild sleep disorder.
Background:
Insomnia is a common sleep disorder for adults with depression, with major impact on their quality of life. Previous trials suggest that listening to music may be helpful in the treatment of sleep disturbances in healthy populations, including students and elderly. In addition, small studies with clinical populations of traumatized refugees, adults with chronic insomnia and adults with depression insomnia add to the evidence base. However, the impact of music listening in the treatment of depression related insomnia is not well documented.
Objective:
To examine the efficacy of music listening on sleep quality, symptoms of depression, and quality of life in adults with depression-related insomnia.
Method:
A single-center randomized controlled trial (RCT) in a two-arm parallel-group design is conducted and reported according to the CONSORT guidelines. The trial consists of an experimental group and a standard care control group. Both groups receive standard treatment for depression following Danish clinical guidelines in an outpatient psychiatry unit. The experimental group listens to music for a minimum of 30 minutes at bedtime for 4 weeks.
Discussion:
This trial will provide information on the efficacy of music intervention as a non-pharmacological intervention in the treatment of depression-related insomnia. This study will provide novel knowledge concerning music medicine as an evidence-based treatment for depression.
Trial registration:
Clinicaltrials.gov. ID NCT03676491, registered on 19 September 2018.
Sleep deficiency is linked to chronic health problems, such as heart disease, kidney disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, stroke, obesity, and depression. Healthcare practitioners are increasingly paying close attention to sleep and its impact on health and wellness as a measure of critical vitality. Sleep’s impact on neurologic function, and cognitive endurance affect capacity throughout the lifespan. This article will address recent findings related to the potential of music to induce sleep in illness and wellness. Music therapy research findings and its efficacy as a potent cost-effective intervention will be highlighted.
This article reports on the ongoing project development and research study ‘A New Sound and Music Milieu at Aalborg University Hospital’. Based on a number of pilot studies in AUH-Psychiatry on how special playlists and sound equipment (sound pillows and portable players) can be used by hospital patients and administered by hospital staff supervised by music therapists, the new project aims to prepare the ground for a systematic application of sound and music in the hospital environment. A number of playlists have been developed, based on theoretical and empirical research in music medicine and music therapy. A special software and hardware design – ‘The Music Star’– has been developed, and installed in combination with a directional line array speaker in patient rooms in two ICUs at the AUH–Psychiatry. The aim of the project is to empower patients to choose music suited to their needs here and now. In the study we focus on how self-selected music may lead to a decrease in anxiety and pain or improved relaxation/sleep. The article describes and discusses the theory-driven development of the sound/music milieu, relevant empirical studies, the novel method of data collection, preliminary results of the project and implications for the future implementation of the model.
Sleep loss is a widespread problem with serious physical and economic consequences. Music can impact upon physical, psychological and emotional states, which may explain anecdotal reports of its success as an everyday sleep aid. However, there is a lack of systematic data on how widely it is used, why people opt for music as a sleep aid, or what music works; hence the underlying drivers to music-sleep effects remain unclear. We investigated music as a sleep aid within the general public via a mixed methods data online survey (n = 651) that scored musicality, sleep habits, and open text responses on what music helps sleep and why. In total, 62% of respondents stated that they used music to help them sleep. They reported fourteen musical genres comprising 545 artists. Linear modelling found stress, age, and music use as significant predictors of sleep quality (PSQI) scores. Regression tree modelling revealed that younger people with higher musical engagement were significantly more likely to use music to aid sleep. Thematic analysis of the open text responses generated four themes that described why people believe music helps sleep: music offers unique properties that stimulate sleep (Provide), music is part of a normal sleep routine (Habit), music induces a physical or mental state conducive to sleep (State), and music blocks an internal or external stimulus that would otherwise disrupt sleep (Distract). This survey provides new evidence into the relationship between music and sleep in a population that ranged widely in age, musicality, sleep habits and stress levels. In particular, the results highlight the varied pathways of effect between music and sleep. Diversity was observed both in music choices, which reflected idiosyncratic preferences rather than any consistent musical structure, and in the reasons why music supports good sleep, which went far beyond simple physical/mental relaxation.
Depression is a very common mood disorder, resulting in a loss of social function, reduced quality of life and increased mortality. Music interventions have been shown to be a potential alternative for depression therapy but the number of up-to-date research literature is quite limited. We present a review of original research trials which utilize music or music therapy as intervention to treat participants with depressive symptoms. Our goal was to differentiate the impact of certain therapeutic uses of music used in the various experiments. Randomized controlled study designs were preferred but also longitudinal studies were chosen to be included. 28 studies with a total number of 1,810 participants met our inclusion criteria and were finally selected. We distinguished between passive listening to music (record from a CD or live music) (79%), and active singing, playing, or improvising with instruments (46%). Within certain boundaries of variance an analysis of similar studies was attempted. Critical parameters were for example length of trial, number of sessions, participants' age, kind of music, active or passive participation and single- or group setting. In 26 studies, a statistically significant reduction in depression levels was found over time in the experimental (music intervention) group compared to a control (n = 25) or comparison group (n = 2). In particular, elderly participants showed impressive improvements when they listened to music or participated in music therapy projects. Researchers used group settings more often than individual sessions and our results indicated a slightly better outcome for those cases. Additional questionnaires about participants confidence, self-esteem or motivation, confirmed further improvements after music treatment. Consequently, the present review offers an extensive set of comparable data, observations about the range of treatment options these papers addressed, and thus might represent a valuable aid for future projects for the use of music-based interventions to improve symptoms of depression.
This study aimed at investigating the associations between regulation strategies and musical mechanisms involved in musical affect self-regulation. A sample of 571 participants was collected and the data regarding the reported strategies and mechanisms were analysed using correspondence analysis (CA). Three bipolar dimensions – cognition, feelings, and body – were retained for interpretation, thus revealing six contrasting strategic uses of music: cognitive work, entertainment, affective work, distraction, revival, and focus on situation. Clear associations between strategies and mechanisms emerged from the CA, connecting cognitive, feelings-focused, and situational processing with individual-dependent mechanisms and repairing, pleasure, and body-focused strategies with feature-dependent mechanisms. The novel observations about these associations renew the conceptual understanding of musical affect self-regulation and lay foundations for a new model that integrates regulatory strategies and mechanisms as intrinsic and interrelated components of this behaviour.
Music listening promotes adolescents’ well-being and relaxation in daily life. Relaxation is linked to affective self-regulation, but little is known about the specific affective processes of musical relaxation. The current study aimed to elaborate the affective dimension of adolescents’ musical relaxation, through detailed exploration of the related affect regulation goals, strategies, and induction mechanisms. A qualitative study with 55 adolescents (42 girls, 13 boys), aged 15, was conducted. Participants listened to self-selected relaxation music for 20 min, once in a laboratory and once at home, and provided written descriptions of their experience. A total of 110 episode descriptions were analyzed using summative, directed, content analysis for identifying typical patterns and interactions between the underlying concepts. Three major strategies (processing, distraction, induction) and two mechanisms (musical and mental) were identified. Processing was supported by both mechanisms, while distraction and induction predominantly by the musical mechanism. Change from negative to positive mood was particularly realized through musical distraction, while pure positive emotion induction was equally supported by all strategies and mechanisms. The analysis revealed clear patterns of how affect regulation strategies and induction mechanisms interrelate and serve different outcomes as part of adolescents’ relaxation. The findings provide conceptual clarification and theoretical grounds for understanding how affective processes function in musical relaxation. The discussion is performed in light of prior research and broader understanding of music as part of adolescents’ affective processing and self-regulation.
http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/CghhsNrJ9MK68tKJx7Gg/full
Research on the affective phenomena involved in music has grown exponentially over the last 20 years. One particular topic is the use of music for affect self-regulation (i.e., the process of creating, changing, or maintaining affective states). Being a recent field of research, knowledge remains scattered and heterogeneous. An integrative literature review was conducted to present the results from recent research and critically analyse its overall conceptual state. A systematic search of online databases focusing on publications from January 1994 to June 2014 was completed. An extensive screening resulted in the selection of 34 publications, which were analysed with regard to their focus, conceptual clarity, and the results obtained concerning the following levels: goals (G), strategies (S), tactics (T), and mechanisms (M). The findings show that the GSTM levels have not been studied with equal weight and precision. Moreover, additional relevant dimensions of analysis have also emerged. A considerable degree of inconsistency in the use of terms and conceptual imprecision was found across the publications, and the lack of a model aggravated the situation. The main components of affect regulation through music were identified. A compilation of definitions of affective terms and recommendations for future research are presented.
The objective of this paper is to describe two methods of qualitative analysis - thematic analysis and content analysis - and to examine their use in a mental health context.
A description of the processes of thematic analysis and content analysis is provided. These processes are then illustrated by conducting two analyses of the same qualitative data. Transcripts of qualitative interviews are analysed using each method to illustrate these processes.
The illustration of the processes highlights the different outcomes from the same set of data.
Thematic and content analyses are qualitative methods that serve different research purposes. Thematic analysis provides an interpretation of participants' meanings, while content analysis is a direct representation of participants' responses. These methods provide two ways of understanding meanings and experiences and provide important knowledge in a mental health context.
© The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists 2015.
Music is frequently used to support emotional health and well-being, with emotion regulation the most commonly reported mechanism. Music-based emotion regulation has not yet been extensively investigated within the broader emotion regulation framework. The effects of music-based emotion regulation on emotional state and well-being outcomes have also rarely been tested in real time. The current study aimed to determine the consequences of emotion regulation strategies used during music listening, in terms of hedonic outcomes, and associations with emotional health and well-being. A sample of 327 participants used the MuPsych application (app), a mobile experience sampling methodology designed for the real-time and ecologically-valid measurement of personal music listening. Results revealed that using music to regulate a recently experienced emotion (response-focused strategies) yielded the greatest hedonic success, but was associated with poorer emotional health and well-being. Music-based emotion regulation differed from non-music emotion regulation findings in several key ways, suggesting that music-based emotion regulation does not occur in accordance with the process model. This supported the notion that personal music listening is utilized as an independent regulatory resource, allowing listeners to reach specific emotional goals. Regulation strategies are selected to reach a desired hedonic outcome, based on initial mood, and influenced by emotional health and well-being.
Personaleerfaringer med at anvende musiklyttepuder til forskellige grupper af patienter i psykiatrien i Aalborg. NIELS HANNIBAL. Niels Hannibal er kandidat i musikterapi fra 1994. Modtog ph.d.-grad i 2001. Har siden 1995 vaeret tilknyttet musikterapiuddannelsen på Aalborg Universitet og blev i 2005 ansat som lektor. Niels Hannibal udfører som en del af sit virkefelt kliniske og forsk-ningsmaessige aktiviteter på Musikterapiklinikken på Aalborg Universitetshospital -Psykiatrien. Henvendelse: hannibal@hum.aau.dk LARS OLE BONDE. Professor i musikterapi ved AAU. Professor II ved Senter for musikk og helse, Norges Musikkhøgskole. GIM-terapeut, -traener og supervisor. Lars Ole udfører som en del af sit virkefelt forskningsmaessige aktiviteter på Musikterapiklinikken på Aalborg Universitets-hospital – Psykiatrien. Talrige publikationer om musikterapi, musikpsykologi, musikpaed-agogik og musikdramatik. HELLE NYSTRUP LUND. Musikterapeut cand.phil. 1995 og cand. mag. 2003, Aalborg Universitet. Uddannet kognitiv terapeut i 2012. Ansat Aalborg Universitetshospital – Psykiatrien siden 2004. Klinisk musikterapeut med erfaring indenfor voksenpsykiatrien. Aktiv oplaegs-og workshopholder. Udøvende pianist med speciale i jazz og improvisation.
This chapter first sets out the purpose of the book, which is to explore the relationship between music, health, and wellbeing. The ideas and work presented throughout this volume are based on relatively recent developments in music research. The discussion then turns to the reasons why music could have beneficial effects on wellbeing and health. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Thematic analysis is a poorly demarcated, rarely acknowledged, yet widely used qualitative analytic method within psychology. In this paper, we argue that it offers an accessible and theoretically flexible approach to analysing qualitative data. We outline what thematic analysis is, locating it in relation to other qualitative analytic methods that search for themes or patterns, and in relation to different epistemological and ontological positions. We then provide clear guidelines to those wanting to start thematic analysis, or conduct it in a more deliberate and rigorous way, and consider potential pitfalls in conducting thematic analysis. Finally, we outline the disadvantages and advantages of thematic analysis. We conclude by advocating thematic analysis as a useful and flexible method for qualitative research in and beyond psychology.
No abstract available.
Music-based interventions are used to address a variety of problems experienced by individuals across the developmental lifespan (infants to elderly adults). In order to improve the transparency and specificity of reporting music-based interventions, a set of specific reporting guidelines is recommended. Recommendations pertain to seven different components of music-based interventions, including theory, content, delivery schedule, interventionist, treatment fidelity, setting, and unit of delivery. Recommendations are intended to support Consolidated Standards for Reporting Trials (CONSORT) and Transparent Reporting of Evaluations with Non-randomized Designs (TREND) statements for transparent reporting of interventions while taking into account the variety, complexity, and uniqueness of music-based interventions.
This paper is a report of a study to investigate the effects of music on sleep quality in young participants with poor sleep.
Sleep disorders may result in fatigue, tiredness, depression and problems in daytime functioning. Music can reduce sympathetic nervous system activity, decrease anxiety, blood pressure, heart and respiratory rate and may have positive effects on sleep via muscle relaxation and distraction from thoughts. Control groups have not been used in most previous studies.
We used a three-group repeated measures design. Ninety-four students (aged between 19 and 28 years) with sleep complaints were studied in 2006. Participants listened for 45 minutes either to relaxing classical music (Group 1) or an audiobook (Group 2) at bedtime for 3 weeks. The control group (Group 3) received no intervention. Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index before the study and weekly during the intervention. Depressive symptoms in experimental group participants were measured using the Beck Depression Inventory.
Repeated measures anova revealed a main effect of TIME (P < 0.0001) and an interaction between TIME and GROUPS (P < 0.0001). Post hoc tests with Bonferroni correction showed that music statistically significantly improved sleep quality (P < 0.0001). Sleep quality did not improve statistically significantly in the audiobook and the control group. Depressive symptoms decreased statistically significantly in the music group (P < 0.0001), but not in the group listening to audiobooks.
Relaxing classical music is an effective intervention in reducing sleeping problems. Nurses could use this safe, cheap and easy to learn method to treat insomnia.
With the growth of interest in using music to treat insomnia, there is a need to collect and evaluate the literature. This paper reviews disparate literature and assesses the various kinds of assertions and hypotheses made by researchers about music's efficacy in assisting sleep. Six main researcher proposed reasons (RPR) for how music aids sleep were identified in the literature: (1) relaxation, where music encourages physiological or psychological relaxation; (2) distraction, where music acts as a focal point to distract from inner stressful thoughts; (3) entrainment, synchronization of biological rhythms to beat structures in music; (4) masking, obscuring noxious background noise with music; (5) enjoyment, listening to preferred, emotionally relatable or pleasant music; and (6) expectation, individuals cultural beliefs around music. We evaluated each RPR in terms of the evidence available in the extant literature. Masking RPR was identified as having support for improving sleep. Relaxation, distraction and enjoyment RPR had mixed levels of support. Expectation RPR had possible support. Entrainment had mixed possible support. The paper discusses interactions between RPRs, and a call is made to turn research attention to sequencing the RPRs and possible RPR mediators, with relaxation being a likely mediator of several RPRs.
Background:
Stress and anxiety are increasingly common among young people. The current research describes two studies comparing the effects of self-selected and researcher-selected music on induced negative affect (state anxiety and physiological arousal), and state mindfulness.
Method:
In Study 1, 70 undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: researcher-selected music, self-selected music, or a silent control condition. In Study 2, with 75 undergraduates, effects of music were compared to an active control (listening to a radio show). Negative affect was induced using a speech preparation and arithmetic task, followed by music listening or control. Self-reported anxiety and blood pressure were measured at baseline, post-induction, and post-intervention. Study 2 included state mindfulness as a dependent measure.
Results:
Study 1 indicated that participants who listened to music (self-selected and researcher-selected) reported significantly greater anxiety reduction than participants in the silent control condition. Music did not reduce anxiety compared to an active control in Study 2. However, music listening significantly increased levels of state mindfulness, which predicted lower anxiety after self-selected music listening.
Conclusions:
Music may provide regulation in preparation for stressful events. Yet, the results of Study 2 indicate that other activities have similar benefits, and shows, for the first time, that music listening increases mindfulness following a stressor.
Music is often used as a self‐help tool to alleviate insomnia. To evaluate the effect of bedtime music listening as a strategy for improving insomnia, we conducted an assessor‐blinded randomized controlled trial. Fifty‐seven persons with insomnia disorder were included and randomized to music intervention (n = 19), audiobook control (n = 19) or a waitlist control group (n = 19). The primary outcome measure was the Insomnia Severity Index. In addition, we used polysomnography and actigraphy to evaluate objective measures of sleep, and assessed sleep quality and quality of life. The results showed no clear effect of music on insomnia symptoms as the group × time interaction only approached significance (effect size = 0.71, p = .06), though there was a significant improvement in insomnia severity within the music group. With regard to the secondary outcomes, we found a significant effect of the music intervention on perceived sleep improvement and quality of life, but no changes in the objective measures of sleep. In conclusion, music listening at bedtime appears to have a positive impact on sleep perception and quality of life, but no clear effect on insomnia severity. Music is safe and easy to administer, but further research is needed to assess the effect of music on different insomnia subtypes, and as an adjunctive or preventive intervention.
A well-known symptom for patients with depression and bipolar diagnosis is poor quality of sleep. This has a major impact on the quality of life for the individual. Most recently, an article in the Cochrane Review, Music for insomnia in adults, concludes that music may be effective for improving sleep quality in adults with insomnia symptoms [1] .
A Research Project at Aalborg University Hospital, Psychiatry, in Denmark has been initiated involving psychiatrists and nurses from an outpatient unit and researchers and music therapists from the Music Therapy Research Clinic at the hospital in an innovative collaboration. A pilot project is started, where patients with depression are given a sound pillow with special designed playlists, offering selected calm music for the patients to use at home for a period of 30 days. The listening periods are registered by the patients. Questionnaires are filled out before and after the listening period. A short semi-structured interview is taking place four times throughout the listening period and as a follow-up, when patients come in for control.
The aim is to investigate, whether music listening is helpful to improve sleep quality and quality of life, and to investigate if music listening can limit or replace medication. Discussion of first results.
BACKGROUND: Insomnia is a common sleep disorder in modern society. It causes reduced quality of life and is associated with impairments in physical and mental health. Listening to music is widely used as a sleep aid, but it remains unclear if it can actually improve insomnia in adults.
OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of listening to music on insomnia in adults and to assess the influence of specific variables that may moderate the effect.
SEARCH METHODS: We searched CENTRAL, PubMed, Embase, nine other databases and two trials registers in May 2015. In addition, we handsearched specific music therapy journals, reference lists of included studies, and contacted authors of published studies to identify additional studies eligible for inclusion, including any unpublished or ongoing trials.
SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials and quasi-randomised controlled trials that compared the effects of listening to music with no treatment or treatment-as-usual on sleep improvement in adults with insomnia.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently screened abstracts, selected studies, assessed risk of bias, and extracted data from all studies eligible for inclusion. Data on pre-defined outcome measures were subjected to meta-analyses when consistently reported by at least two studies. We undertook meta-analyses using both fixed-effect and random-effects models. Heterogeneity across included studies was assessed using the I² statistic.
MAIN RESULTS: We included six studies comprising a total of 314 participants. The studies examined the effect of listening to pre-recorded music daily, for 25 to 60 minutes, for a period of three days to five weeks.Based on the Grades of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach, we judged the evidence from five studies that measured the effect of music listening on sleep quality to be of moderate quality. We judged the evidence from one study that examined other aspects of sleep (see below) to be of low quality. We downgraded the quality of the evidence mainly because of limitations in design or being the only published study. As regards risk of bias, most studies were at high risk of bias on at least one domain: one study was at high risk of selection bias and one was judged to be at unclear risk; six studies were at high risk of performance bias; three studies were at high risk of detection bias; one study was at high risk of attrition bias and was study was judged to be at unclear risk; two studies were judged to be at unclear risk of reporting bias; and four studies were at high risk of other bias.Five studies (N = 264) reporting on sleep quality as assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were included in the meta-analysis. The results of a random-effects meta-analysis revealed an effect in favour of music listening (mean difference (MD) -2.80; 95% confidence interval (CI) -3.42 to -2.17; Z = 8.77, P < 0.00001; moderate-quality evidence). The size of the effect indicates an increase in sleep quality of the size of about one standard deviation in favour of the intervention compared to no treatment or treatment-as-usual.Only one study (N = 50; low-quality evidence) reported data on sleep onset latency, total sleep time, sleep interruption, and sleep efficiency. However, It found no evidence to suggest that the intervention benefited these outcomes. None of the included studies reported any adverse events.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this review provide evidence that music may be effective for improving subjective sleep quality in adults with insomnia symptoms. The intervention is safe and easy to administer. More research is needed to establish the effect of listening to music on other aspects of sleep as well as the daytime consequences of insomnia.
Background:
The stress response has been well documented in past music therapy literature. However, hypometabolism, or the relaxation response, has received much less attention. Music therapists have long utilized various music-assisted relaxation techniques with both live and recorded music to elicit such a response. The ongoing proliferations of relaxation music through commercial media and the dire lack of evidence to support such claims warrant attention from healthcare professionals and music therapists.
Objective:
The purpose of these 3 studies was to investigate the correlational relationships between 12 psychophysical properties of music, preference, familiarity, and degree of perceived relaxation in music.
Methods:
Fourteen music therapists recommended and analyzed 30 selections of relaxation music. A group of 80 healthy adults then rated their familiarity, preference, and degree of perceived relaxation in the music.
Results:
The analysis provided a detailed description of the intrinsic properties in music that were perceived to be relaxing by listeners. These properties included tempo, mode, harmonic, rhythmic, instrumental, and melodic complexities, timbre, vocalization/lyrics, pitch range, dynamic variations, and contour. In addition, music preference was highly correlated with listeners' perception of relaxation in music for both music therapists and healthy adults. The correlation between familiarity and degree of relaxation reached significance in the healthy adult group.
Conclusions:
Results from this study provided an in-depth operational definition of the intrinsic parameters in relaxation music and also highlighted the importance of preference and familiarity in eliciting the relaxation response.
The great saxophonist Charlie Parker once proclaimed 'if you don't live it, it won't come out of your horn'. This quote has often been used to explain the hedonistic lifestyle of many jazz greats, but it also signals the reciprocal and inextricable relationship between music and wider social, cultural, and psychological variables. This link is complex and multifaceted and is undoubtedly a central component of why music has been implicated as a therapeutic agent in vast swathes of contemporary research studies. Music is always about more than just acoustic events or notes on a page. Music has a universal and timeless potential to influence how we feel. Yet, only recently, have researchers begun to explore and understand the positive effects that music can have on our wellbeing - across a range of cultures and musical genres. This book brings together research from music psychology, therapy, public health, and medicine, to explore the relationship between music, health, and wellbeing. It presents a range of chapters to give an account of recent advances and applications in both clinical and non-clinical practice and research. Some of the questions explored include: what is the nature of the scientific evidence to support the relationship between music, health, and wellbeing? What are the current views from different disciplines on empirical observations and methodological issues concerning the effects of musical interventions on health-related processes? What are the mechanisms which drive these effects and how can they be utilized for building robust theoretical frameworks for future work?
Undergoing interventional radiology (IR) procedures with procedural sedation can be anxiety provoking. To understand more clearly if music can reduce anxiety, an integrative research review was conducted to compare music during invasive procedures or perioperatively without general anesthesia to standard care. This review reveals that music may be effective in lowering blood pressure and reducing medication requirements. Practice guidelines and suggestions for future research are offered to help IR nurses examine this intervention in more detail.
Music is used to regulate mood and arousal in everyday life and to promote physical and psychological health and well-being in clinical settings. However, scientific inquiry into the neurochemical effects of music is still in its infancy. In this review, we evaluate the evidence that music improves health and well-being through the engagement of neurochemical systems for (i) reward, motivation, and pleasure; (ii) stress and arousal; (iii) immunity; and (iv) social affiliation. We discuss the limitations of these studies and outline novel approaches for integration of conceptual and technological advances from the fields of music cognition and social neuroscience into studies of the neurochemistry of music.
Music has been shown to be effective in a number of psychiatric conditions, including improving the quality of sleep. A pilot study was carried out to study the effect of Indian classical music on the quality of sleep in individuals with depression. Fifty individuals diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder on DSM-IV were consecutively allocated into two groups. One group received music with selected raagas, while the other group was treated with hypnotic medications for a month. The changes in depressive symptoms and sleep quality were measured on MADRS and PSQI. Both PSQI and MADRS scores improved with music. Improvement in scores with music was comparable to hypnotic medications and persisted beyond the treatment period. We conclude that music is comparable to hypnotic medication in improving quality of sleep in depressed patients and can thus act as a useful adjunct in the management of depression.
Research-based evidence supports the therapeutic use of music to improve the sleep quality measured by self-reported questionnaires. However, scientific knowledge of the effects of music measured using standard polysomnography in chronic insomnia adults is currently insufficient.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of soothing music on objective and subjective sleep quality in adults with chronic insomnia.
Fifty participants were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial conducted in the sleep laboratory of a hospital, with 25 participants allocated to the music group and 25 to the control group. For four days, the experimental group was exposed to soothing music selected by the participants or researchers for 45 min at nocturnal sleep time, whereas the control group was not exposed to music. Sleep was measured using polysomnography (PSG) and self-reported questionnaires. A general estimating equation was applied to analyze the data.
After controlling for baseline data, the music group had significantly better scores for rested rating (p=0.01), shortened stage 2 sleep (p=0.03), and prolonged REM sleep (p=0.04) compared to the control group, shown by the generalized estimating equations. However, there was no evidence of the effectiveness of music on other sleep parameters as measured by PSG. Additional findings indicate no difference in sleep quality between those who listened to their own preferred music (n=10) and those who listened to music selected by the researchers (n=15).
The results contribute to knowledge of the effectiveness of music as a therapy to improve sleep quality in adults experiencing insomnia. Listening to soothing music at nocturnal sleep time improved the rested rating scores, shortened stage 2 sleep, and prolonged REM sleep, but has little effect on sleep quality as measured by polysomnography and self-reported questionnaires.
We aim to review trials of the effectiveness of music listening in reducing depressive symptoms in adults, and identify areas requiring further study.
Little is known about the efficacy of music listening in the mediation of depressive symptoms.
We systematically search 9 databases and reviewed 17 studies included randomized controlled and quasi-experimental trails of music listening in reducing depressive symptoms in adults. The Joanna Briggs Institute-Meta Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument was used for quality assessment of included studies.
Music listening over a period of time helps to reduce depressive symptoms in the adult population. Daily intervention does not seem to be superior over weekly intervention and it is recommended that music listening session be conducted repeatedly over a time span of more than 3weeks to allow an accumulative effect to occur.
All types of music can be used as listening material, depending on the preferences of the listener. So, it is recommended that the listeners are given choices over the kind of music which they listen to. There is a need to conduct more studies, which replicate the designs used in the existing studies that met the inclusion criteria, on the level of efficacy of music listening on the reduction of depressive symptoms for a more accurate meta-analysis of the findings and reflect with greater accuracy the significant effects that music has on the level of depressive symptoms.
Neuroscientific and clinical studies of music over the past two decades have substantially increased our understanding of its use as a means of therapy. The authors briefly review current literature related to music's effect on people with different mental illnesses, and examine several neurobiological theories that may explain its effectiveness or lack thereof in treating psychiatric disorders. Neuroscientific studies have shown music to be an agent capable of influencing complex neurobiological processes in the brain and suggest that it can potentially play an important role in treatment. Clinical studies provide some evidence that music therapy can be used as an alternative therapy in treating depression, autism, schizophrenia, and dementia, as well as problems of agitation, anxiety, sleeplessness, and substance misuse, though whether it can actually replace other modes of treatment remains undetermined. Future research should include translational studies involving both neuroscience and clinical medicine that investigate the long-term effects of music intervention and that lead to the development of new strategies for music therapy.
Sleep disturbances are almost always present in patients with depression. Though sleep disturbances generally abate with the resolution of depression, some patients continue to report poor sleep. Since a number of studies have demonstrated that insomnia increases the risk of new-onset depression and recurrence of depression, optimal management of insomnia associated with depression becomes an important clinical goal. Antidepressant agents have variable effects on sleep and in fact, some antidepressants seem to worsen sleep in patients with depression. This article reviews various treatment options in the management of patients presenting with insomnia and depression, including single agents, combination strategies and behavioral interventions.
Insomnia and daytime sleepiness are often associated with depression. The possible relationships between sleep difficulties and depression are numerous. Insomnia and other sleep disturbances can be precursors to the onset of major depressive disorder, so they may act as risk factors for or predictors of depression. The symptomatology of depression also prominently includes insomnia, and sleep disturbances may be residual symptoms after response to antidepressant treatment. Insomnia and the resultant daytime sleepiness may be short-term or long-term side effects of antidepressant treatment as well. Whether insomnia is a precursor, symptom, residual symptom, or side effect of depression or its treatment, clinicians must give serious attention to and attempt to resolve sleep disturbances because of the risk of depression onset, worsening of depressive symptoms, and relapse of depression after response to antidepressant treatment. Remission of depression cannot be fully achieved until the associated insomnia and daytime sleepiness are resolved. This article describes the relationships between insomnia and depression and discusses the effects of various antidepressants on sleep. Finally, several different treatment options, including antidepressant monotherapy and augmentation of antidepressants with other medications, are explored.
Music for pain relief. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
- M S Cepeda
- D B Carr
- J Lau
- H Alvarez
Cepeda, M. S., Carr, D. B., Lau, J., & Alvarez, H. (2006). Music for pain relief. The Cochrane Database of
Systematic Reviews, Issue 2, 49(11), 816-817. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03084941
Music interventions in health care
- L Gebauer
- P Vuust
Gebauer, L., & Vuust, P. (2014). Music interventions in health care [White paper]. https://danishsound.org/
wp-content/uploads/2020/01/DSN_2014_Music-Interventions-in-Health-Care.pdf
Musiklyttepuder, lydbøjler og spillelister i behandlingen af psykiatriske patienter/Sound pillows, music players and playlists in the treatment of psychiatric patients
- N Hannibal
- H N Lund
- L O Bonde