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Interpretative phenomenological analysis.
Abstract
Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) is a well-established qualitative approach developed to investigate individuals' lived experiences. In trying to understand lived experience. It is concerned with the particular experiences that individuals have and their meaning making that occurs in relation to those experiences. IPA is collaborative because it explores experiential meanings through the interpretative work between the researcher and the participant rather than being a theory-driven examination. This chapter outlines the theoretical underpinnings of IPA, offers a description of the general principles of the IPA research process. It presents an example of IPA analysis with data taken from a PhD research project conducted by the second author (Fieldsend, 2019) under the supervision of the first author (Smith) on the lived experience of involuntary childlessness. The chapter points to methodological developments currently happening in the IPA world. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)
... Despite its association with the cultural dynamics of tradition, this experience is an individual psychological phenomenon (Schmitt, 2011) that can be understood through phenomenological research strategies (Creswell & Creswell, 2021). Investigating consumers' reactions to this event (Becker & Jaakkola, 2020) enables interpretations and associations to be made; consequently, appropriate conclusions can be reached, as suggested by Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) (Smith & Fieldsend, 2021). This factor enables establishing the research question guiding the present study: how was consumers' experience with the tradition of São João Festival held in Campina Grande City, in 2022, from the phenomenological perspective? ...
... The current study also adopted an idiographic proposal influenced by studies, such as the one conducted by Gilboa and Vilnai-Yavetz (2013), who started from basic elements of experience (such as thoughts and emotions) to find increasingly abstract results. This process is similar to that carried out in the current study, as well as in the study by Thompson et al. (1990), who used hermeneutic interpretations to better understand meanings attributed by consumers, although their study differed, in some points, from the herein adopted hermeneutic proposal by Smith and Fieldsend (2021). ...
... /June 2025 experience access the memory of it and try to make sense of what they experienced, through a first interpretative process. This process outcome lies on creating and sharing the speech about the experience as meaning, which will be interpreted, once again, by the interviewer, in order to form the double hermeneutic process (Smith & Fieldsend, 2021), which is part of the methodological process presented in the following section. ...
The aim of the current article is to describe the consumer experience at the traditional São João Festival, in Campina Grande City, Paraíba State, in 2022. Method: Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was adopted as method, in association with theoretical elements available at the Consumer Experience literature. Results: The description highlighted four experiences as narratives comprising consumers’ reactions to the event: “Meeting an old friend again”, which is focused on affection to tradition; “Time to celebrate”, which is based on the existing bohemia; “A northeastern feeling”, which is centered on local culture affirmation; and “It is no longer done like it was before…” which expresses the critical tone facing traditions’ mutation. Contributions: The current study provides a sophisticated understanding about this experience, based on the Consumer Experience literature and on IPA application. Relevance: Innovative practical impact on both the involved public and private organizations. Socio-historical relevance as register of cultural manifestation featured by great popular engagement. Approach adopted to produce unique psychological descriptions about how people enjoy this festival. It was possible to understand nostalgic, pleasurable and identity-forming mechanisms shaping the experience with the event, among others. Social or managerial implications: Results make consumer experience innovation insights possible and are also a register of a high cultural relevance event.
... Apesar de sua relação com a dinâmica cultural da tradição, a experiência é um fenômeno psicológico individual (Schmitt, 2011) que pode ser compreendido por meio de estratégias de pesquisas fenomenológicas (Creswell & Creswell, 2021). É por meio do estudo das reações dos consumidores ao evento (Becker & Jaakkola, 2020) que pode-se tecer interpretações e relações e, assim, chegar a conclusões adequadas, como indica a Intepretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) (Smith & Fieldsend, 2021). Dito isso, torna-se possível conceber a pergunta da pesquisa, a qual orientou o presente estudo: de que modo aconteceu a experiência do consumidor com a tradição da festa de São João, em Campina Grande, em 2022, de acordo com a visão fenomenológica? ...
... O resultado desse processo é a criação e o compartilhamento da fala sobre a experiência em forma de significado, o qual será interpretado, mais uma vez, pelo entrevistador, para formar o processo de dupla hermenêutica (Smith & Fieldsend, 2021), a qual faz parte do processo metodológico apresentado na seção seguinte. ...
... Os autores destacam que o método não é imperativo em seus detalhes, podendo ser adaptado de acordo com diferentes contextos de pesquisa (Smith & Fieldsend, 2021). A IPA fundamenta-se em uma visão 'interpretativista' de pesquisa, a qual contrasta com os fundamentos das ciências naturais, por considerar a atividade do ser humano dotada de significado construído a partir das vivências subjetivas no mundo (Holstein et al., 2013;Schwandt, 2006, p.193-218). ...
Objetivo: descrever narrativas de experiência do consumidor na tradicional festa de São João em Campina Grande, em 2022.Metodologia: descrição feita por meio da fenomenologia da Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis(IPA), apoiada nos fundamentos teóricos da experiência do consumidor. Principais resultados: A descrição indicou quatro experiências compostas por reações dos consumidores ao evento: “O reencontro de uma grande amizade”, baseada no afeto pela tradição; “Uma época para festejar”, fundamentada na boemia da festa; “Profundamente nordestino, que tem como núcleo a afirmação da identidade local; e “Não se faz mais como antigamente...”, a qual expressa o tom crítico às mudanças na tradição. Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: aplicação original da IPA em harmonia com a teoria da experiência do consumidor. Leitura teórica de um grande festival, com base em nuances novas, com destaque para a caracterização de um objeto com aspecto sócio-histórico peculiar. Relevância/originalidade: impacto prático inovador nas organizações públicas e privadas envolvidas. Relevância sócio-histórica, por ser um registro de manifestação cultural, expressa por grande envolvimento popular. Abordagem que produz descrições psicológicas singulares acerca de como a festa é vivenciada. Foi possível entender os mecanismos nostálgicos, prazerosos e identitários que dão forma à experiência do evento, entre outros. Implicações para a gestão ou sociais: os resultados possibilitaram gerar insights de inovação relativos à experiência do consumidor, assim como o registro de um acontecimento popular de grande relevância cultural.
... The study used an interpretative phenomenological approach (IPA) that provides a deeper and context-specific understanding of the participants' personal experiences. It allows the researcher to interpret the participant's experiences on the basis of their values, beliefs, experiences, and theoretical knowledge, thus enabling higher-order interpretations (Cronin-Davis et al., 2009;Alase, 2017;Smith & Fieldsend, 2021;Fischer, 2009). The IPA involves a double hermeneutic approach in which researchers attempt to integrate the 'emic' and etic' perspectives. ...
... Another important aspect of IPA is ideography, wherein the researchers attempt to understand the lived experience of each participant before making general statements. IPA requires the researchers to be mindful of their preconceived beliefs or assumptions through reflective practices, including bracketing (Cronin-Davis et al., 2009;Alase, 2017;Smith & Fieldsend, 2021;Fischer, 2009). Reflexivity encompasses the entire research process and refers to a 'set of continuous, collaborative, and multifaceted practices through which researchers self-consciously critique, appraise, and evaluate how their subjectivity and context influence the research processes' (Olmos-Vega et al., 2022). ...
... In line with IPA, the authors incorporated the principles of bracketing, reflexivity, and peer critique throughout the analysis process (Peat et al., 2019;Smith & Fieldsend, 2021;Fischer, 2009). The authors identified and wrote down their assumptions and beliefs about the phenomenon from their personal experience of living in a joint or nuclear family, role in the family (grandchild/child/spouse), living in the study setting, personal factors (e.g., age, gender, generation), professional background, or from the literature reviewed. ...
Leisure is essential to support quality of life following retirement. In India, there is limited research on the leisure participation of older adults. In collective cultures such as India, family members may also influence older adults’ leisure participation. Therefore, the present study aimed to understand the experiences and perspectives of Indian older adults and their family members regarding leisure participation following retirement. The present study used an interpretative phenomenological approach with in-depth interviews. The participants were eight dyads of older adults and their family members residing in Mumbai, an Indian metropolis. The findings suggest that older adults described activities that gave them satisfaction as leisure, such as preretirement hobbies, work-related activities, volunteering, and activities for and with family, including household chores. The study also identified personal, familial, and contextual factors influencing older adults’ leisure participation. The findings of this study can inform the provision of contextually relevant interventions to support meaningful leisure participation in older adults and healthy aging.
... By focusing on a smaller number of participants, researchers can conduct thorough, detailed analyses that capture the complexity and nuance of individual experiences. This study's idiographic approach prioritizes examining individual cases in detail before drawing broader conclusions [30,36]. ...
... This article is based on indepth interviews with six torture survivors. The sample size aligns with the recommendations of IPA [36,37], which suggest including six to eight participants. The final sample size was determined by the richness and depth of the data provided by each participant [30,38]. ...
... Transcriptions from the interviews were analyzed using IPA [36][37][38]. The analysis aligns with the phenomenological perspective outlined by Merleau-Ponty, which serves as a framework for discussing the findings. ...
Background
Trauma from torture is expressed primarily through bodily sensations and emotions, reflecting its deep imprint on the body’s memory. Merleau-Ponty’s existential phenomenology, which emphasizes the lived body, provides a valuable framework for discussing the intricate interplay between physical and psychological experiences. Through this approach, we gain a deeper understanding of the profound impact of torture on survivors, which in turn informs holistic recovery strategies.
Objectives
The primary objective of this study was to explore the nuanced experiences of individuals who have endured torture, aiming to cultivate a profound comprehension of their journeys. Additionally, this study sought to explore the inherent risks of retraumatization within healthcare settings.
Methods
This study, approved by the Norwegian Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics, involved in-depth interviews with six torture survivors. The recorded interviews were transcribed and analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). The article explores survivors’ experiences by means of Merleau-Ponty’s theory of the lived body.
Results
The study identified four main themes: resisting torture–ignoring the body; fear and vulnerability–the unsafe body; broken trust–the broken body; and resilience–rebuilding the body. The participants reported various torture methods, including physical violence, asphyxiation, dragging, electric shocks, witnessing torture and murder, and sexual abuse, along with positional torture. They also noted instances of health-related torture, such as the deliberate withholding of medical care and the involvement of healthcare professionals.
Conclusions
Survivors’ accounts of torture raise awareness about its widespread impact and deepen the understanding of its physical and psychological effects. Merleau-Ponty’s concept of the lived body enhances our grasp of the body’s connection to the world, informing better care and retraumatization prevention. This perspective can shape public opinion, policy, and global efforts to prevent torture, support survivors, and improve healthcare, while personal stories humanize the issue and challenge torturers’ claims.
... Following the idiographic approach, 10 participants were interviewed from the 20 respondents who consented to participate. As far as sample size is concerned, 10 participants was considered sufficient given IPA's focus on a rich qualitative idiographic analysis as opposed to quantitative significance (J. A. Smith & Fieldsend, 2021). The interview pool provided significant detail on similarities and differences on psychological features of leader identity threat experiences. ...
... We employed the IPA analytic method that balances explorations of meaning at the micro level and considerations of the overall experience of participants (Smith & Fieldsend, 2021). IPA is particularly suited to investigating specific lived experiences such as workplace power dynamics (Berber & Acar, 2021), difficult and potentially hidden matters such as venture failure (Cope, 2011) or financial fraud (Suh et al., 2018), and workplace phenomena that are uniquely personal for individuals such as calling (Ahn et al., 2017). ...
... Since IPA prioritizes personal experiences (emotions, thoughts, and behaviors) rather than generalizing them, it aligns well with our actor-centric study design and situates the research in the context of leadership work in situ. Following established IPA analysis guidelines (Cope, 2011;Smith & Eatough, 2006;Smith & Fieldsend, 2021), we conducted a flexible and iterative process of data analysis. For each participant, we thoroughly reviewed their interview transcripts and audio recordings multiple times. ...
... We used a sequential mixed-method design to explore the perspectives of people with SCD towards shielding during the COVID-19 pandemic . The qualitative phase of the study used interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) due to the methodological need to understand the phenomenon of shielding from participants' perspectives (Smith and Fieldsend, 2021). IPA has been used successfully in previous SCD psychology research using smaller sample sizes (Erskine, 2012;Coleman et al., 2016). ...
... We felt this was ethically important due to the sensitive issues that came to the fore around racism and deaths in NHS services. For the same reasons and increasing pressures on the voluntary sector as the pandemic progressed, we decided to switch to IPA, allowing us to recruit a smaller sample size (6-8 people), but that would allow a deeper understanding of a phenomenon from the participant's perspective (Smith and Fieldsend, 2021). In total, eight participants with SCD took part in the interviews, comprising six women and two men. ...
The editorial included in this e-book, calls on governments to learn lessons from COVID-19 and use an ‘anti-ableist and anti-ageist ethics of care’ to design future services that more effectively address systemic and overlapping discrimination. Policymakers need to put the human rights and dignity of older and disabled people front and centre.
... This method emphasizes understanding concepts from the participants' perspectives, making it particularly suitable for elucidating the complex and subjective realm of digital learning (Smith et al., 2009). Phenomenological research is grounded in the premise that individuals' lived experiences are pivotal for comprehending meanings and values, with truth inherently embedded in these experiences (Smith & Fieldsend, 2021). ...
... We argue that the interpretive phenomenological approach is valuable in addressing our research questions (Smith et al., 2009;Smith & Fieldsend, 2021). This method allowed us to comprehensively examine subjective experiences and perceptions of digital learning in Afghan universities. ...
The transition to a post-conflict nation presents numerous challenges for higher education. This study explores the advantages and impediments of implementing digital learning in Afghan higher education institutions (HEIs). Digital learning in Afghan HEIs currently falls short of stakeholder expectations and requirements. Authorities and key stakeholders, however, have taken measures to address these issues and ensure seamless integration of digital learning into HEIs. Efforts have been made to promote digital learning and improve access to higher education for disadvantaged groups, which could expand educational opportunities and foster diversity, equity, and inclusion, particularly among girls in Afghanistan. Our research employed an interpretive field approach, conducting interviews with 102 participants across 12 Afghan universities—eight public and four privates—to examine the challenges and opportunities associated with digital learning initiatives and inclusive education in a post-conflict setting. We also recommended ways to improve digital learning and promote inclusive education in the country. Our findings provide recommendations for digital and policy strategies to enhance the digital learning experience and promote inclusive education in post-conflict nations. The experiences and lessons learned from Afghan HEIs offer valuable insights for developing more accessible, engaging, and effective online education models.
... This is a suitable approach if one seeks to gain a better understanding of how individuals interpret and make sense of things that occur in them, including their lived experiences. This method is particularly effective in understanding complex and emotionally charged experiences (Smith & Fieldsend, 2021). ...
This qualitative study examined the challenges affecting the well‐being and coping strategies of Chin irregular migrant workers in Malaysia. Using non‐governmental organization referrals and snowball sampling, 25 participants were recruited for semi‐structured interviews and focus group discussions. The findings revealed that participants experienced mistreatment, discrimination, and financial exploitation from employers and co‐workers because of their irregular status, ethnic background, and language barriers. Fears of detention, deportation, restricted access to public healthcare, and discriminatory treatment affected their daily mental challenges and mental health. Religious devotion, alcohol consumption, and cohabitation were found to be coping strategies for addressing struggles, some of which are harmful coping mechanisms that lead to health problems. Therefore, collaboration between Myanmar and Malaysia is crucial for regularizing migrant status, providing accessible medical care without fear of repercussions, and enabling the use of formal channels for remittances to improve the health and well‐being of these individuals.
... This rigorous approach is crucial for ensuring that the analysis is both comprehensive and reflective of the participants' lived experiences. As noted by Smith and Fieldsend (2021), IPA is characterized by its focus on lived experience and the interpretative work that seeks to understand individuals' personal narratives. Additionally, IPA's emphasis on the uniqueness of individual experiences allows researchers to explore complex issues in depth, fostering a richer understanding of the phenomena under investigation. ...
A growing social phenomenon has emerged in Indonesian society, strongly linked to philanthropy, particularly sedekah (charitable giving). As the discourse on embedding Islamic economic values grows, grassroots philanthropic practices are becoming increasingly important. However, limited research explores the experiences of activists involved in these movements. This study aims to understand how philanthropic practitioners perceive wealth. Three informants from Yogyakarta, Indonesia, were interviewed using semi-structured interviews, and the data were analyzed with Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Six key themes emerged: (1) life reflections, (2) enthusiasm for learning, (3) alms as provisions, wealth as an intermediary, (4) sufficiency and tranquility, (5) increasing consciousness, and (6) diversity of activities. The findings show that these practices can be analyzed through Bourdieu’s theory of practice, which emphasizes the interaction between internal agency and external structures. Their philanthropic actions reflect their habitus as Homo Islamicus and are shaped by various forms of capital, including intellectual and cultural capital grounded in Islamic epistemologies like tauhid (Islamic monotheism), tasawuf (Sufism), and fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). Their charitable activities operate in an arena that embraces diverse sedekah initiatives, embodying a universal spirit that transcends faith and personal preferences.
... Individuals were invited to participate if they had experienced a violent relationship greater than six months ago and if they identified as a cisgender woman or a gender or sexual minority. In line with phenomenological studies, criteria sampling focused on direct sampling was utilized (Smith & Fieldsend, 2021). Respondents were not eligible to participate if: (a) they were currently in a relationship where violence had occurred within the past 6 months, (b) they were under 18 or over 65, or (c) they identified as a cisgender man. ...
The current research and theoretical models of trauma and healing after intimate partner violence (IPV) often do not incorporate the perspectives of the diverse people most likely to experience IPV. Therefore, understanding the lived experience of trauma and healing after IPV with a diverse sample from a critical feminist lens is necessary for a more inclusive conceptualization of trauma and healing. In this study, interviews were conducted with 16 survivors of IPV (9 racial/ethnic minority participants, 9 sexual identity minority participants, 2 gender minority participants) using a feminist phenomenological analysis. Several themes were identified that detailed the physical, psychological and emotional wounds that occurred because of IPV, the physiological, emotional, and behavioral reactions to those wounds, and how survivors conceptualize their own healing process. The findings highlight that the wounds from IPV are not limited to the violent relationship, the ways that marginalization impacts both trauma and healing, and the relational nature of both trauma and healing for survivors of IPV. Implications from this study highlight the need to consider impacts from trauma beyond PTSD criteria and the power of relational healing from IPV.
... The interviews were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysisf (IPA; Smith & Fieldsend, 2021) to assess interviewee's subjective experiences and conceptualisations. This involved a systematic and iterative process of engaging with the data to distill key insights while retaining the richness of participants' narratives. ...
The importance of fostering trust between students and teachers is a growing focus in education. However, practitioners and researchers hold different understandings of this research topic that often neglect the viewpoints of both students and teachers. Addressing this, we explored the nuanced nature of trust from the perspectives of students and teachers, including antecedents and consequences they associated with trust. We conducted semi-structured interviews with twelve participants: two teachers and five students each from two ninth-grade classes in a German intermediate school (“Mittelschule”). Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis highlighted the relevance of trust for challenged populations in the aftermath of COVID- 19 in particular and suggests that, from student and teacher perspectives, trust may encompass more elements than recognized in previous scientific literature. Based on student and teacher perspectives, we propose an extended definition of trust as a willingness to be vulnerable to, or to confide in, others based on their openness, honesty, reliability, benevolence, and competence. Students and teachers identified similar trust-related behaviours inside and outside the classroom, linking trust with engagement, overall well-being, and attitudes towards making mistakes. These findings underscore the importance of actively cultivating trust in educational settings to foster supportive learning environments and meaningful student–teacher relationships.
... Our goal was to gather detailed and rich information about participants' lived experiences of permanency disruptions. IPA emphasizes both individual and shared experiences; thus, each case was viewed independently and in relation to other cases (Smith & Fieldsend, 2021). In our study, "disrupted permanency" refers to any breakdown, "falling out," or loss of support from an adoptive parent or legal guardian. ...
Despite the emphasis on increasing permanency for youth in foster care, outcomes are seldom systematically evaluated after youth achieve legal permanency. This study aimed to understand the experiences of young people who achieved legal, but not relational permanency. Using interpretive phenomenological analysis, we gathered rich and detailed narratives of five adults who underwent a disrupted adoption or guardianship. Findings reveal insight into factors of disruption and the ramifications, showing a complex phenomenon in need of further research.
... Data results are analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) and coded using Taguette. IPA as a technique is exclusively used for subjective life experiences, with the purpose of describing in detail and deriving meaning from such experiences (Smith & Fieldsend, 2021). IPA consists of six stages (Engward & Goldspink, 2020), and is initially done separately for each participant. ...
The research aimed to investigate factors that contributed to persistent suicide ideation. Peer rejection had a significantly adverse impact on mental health and could lead to the development of suicidal thoughts. The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide (IPTS) stated that suicide ideation was formed by feelings of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness, in which the former manifested from an obstructed need to belong. Prior research had been divided on the role of thwarted belongingness in suicide ideation formation; while the current research aimed to provide clarity on this matter. The research applied a qualitative method with a phenomenological design. Data collection was carried out using semi-structured, inductive interviews with each participant. Participants were young adults with experience in peer rejection and a minimum of 1 year of ongoing suicide ideation. Results show support for the IPTS and the role of thwarted belongingness in suicide ideation formation. Additionally, two factors for the maintenance of suicide ideation are identified, namely heightened sensitivity to rejection and habituation to suicidal thinking. Findings contribute to previously inconclusive and minimal research on the IPTS and maintenance of suicide ideation respectively. Future research should be conducted regarding the latter matter as it is a serious risk factor for suicide attempts. Suggestions for future intervention are discussed.
... Influencer marketing is a key factor shaping Generation Z's viewing decisions on platforms like YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok (Smith, 2021). Trust and credibility of influencers play a major role in Gen Z's engagement, aligning with Social Influence Theory, which explains how social interactions and cues from trusted figures influence behavior Cialdini & Goldstein, 2004). ...
Background and Aims: Generation Z is highly engaged with social media platforms like YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok, making them a key target for influencer marketing, particularly within the fitness content niche. This study aims to investigate how influencer marketing and live-streaming impact Generation Z's viewing decisions across these platforms. Given the growing influence of social media on health-related behaviors, this research fills a gap by examining these effects in Thailand, where few studies have explored this relationship. Methodology: The study employed a purposive sampling method to collect data from 253 young adults in Thailand with experience in social media commerce and fitness content consumption. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the influence of two independent variables—influencer marketing and live-streaming—on the likelihood of viewing fitness content across YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok. Results: Influencer marketing significantly increased the likelihood of viewing fitness content on all platforms, with odds ratios between 1.99 and 3.13. On the other hand, live-streaming did not show a significant effect on YouTube or Instagram, while on TikTok, it hurt viewing decisions, with an odds ratio of 0.505. This unexpected result suggests platform-specific behaviors. Conclusion: The study highlights the strong influence of influencer marketing on fitness content engagement among Generation Z and the more complex role of live-streaming. These findings offer actionable insights for marketers and contribute to existing literature by exploring region-specific behaviors in Thailand, paving the way for future research on platform-specific influencer strategies.
... Following a phenomenological methodological approach (Smith & Fieldsend, 2021), we conducted onehour semi-structured Zoom interviews with the teachers before the beginning of the workshop, ensuring their anonymity and right to withdraw from the study at any point. These interviews aimed to understand their perspectives on integrating creative tools in mathematics education and their perceptions of the connection and disconnection between mathematics and real-life. ...
This study examines how 10 math teachers perceive the connection between math and real life, revealing diverse and sometimes conflicting views. Semi-structured interviews, guided by the Pedagogical Imagination (PI) framework, identified three key themes: math as parallel to life, intersecting with life, and approaching real life. Some teachers viewed math as disconnected from daily life, while others saw it as a means for emotional detachment or recognized its deep connections to life. The participating teachers struggled to make these connections meaningful for students. However, those who saw the potential emphasized its importance for enhancing student engagement and understanding. The findings highlight the challenges teachers face in integrating real-life contexts into math education and suggest a need for targeted interventions to bridge this gap. This study is part of a larger project, including hybrid workshops that integrate creative writing and mindfulness into math education. This preliminary phase underscores the need for interdisciplinary approaches to make math more relevant to students' lives. Future research will assess the effectiveness of these tools in strengthening connections between math and real life.
... Data were collected and analysed using an interpretive deductive phenomenological approach (Smith and Fieldsend 2021) and thematic analysis as described by Braun et al. (2019). Thematic analysis identifies themes in qualitative data to reveal the experiences and perspectives of the participants. ...
Throughout history, the conceptualisation of "humour" has posed a challenge, without achieving a definitive consensus. This study explores the application of humour in mental health, highlighting its potential to strengthen the therapeutic relationship. This research seeks to fill the knowledge gap in this constantly evolving field. To investigate mental health professionals' perceptions of using humour in the therapeutic relationship. A phenomenological interpretative approach was employed, following qualitative guidelines in healthcare. The study was conducted between November and December 2023. The target population consisted of mental health professionals working in acute units. A purposive sample of 10 participants was selected for the study. COREQ was used to organise individual interviews. Data collection included recorded interviews. The study had Ethics Committee approval and informed consent from participants. Data were analysed with ATLAS.Ti version 24. Ten professionals (5 women and 5 men), aged between 42 and 61 years with 20 to 35 years of experience in mental health, participated in the interviews. Data analysis yielded five main categories: barriers and benefits of using humour, professionals' humour styles, training in humour, and communication skills in the therapeutic relationship. An integrated understanding of humour in mental health and its impact on the therapeutic relationship is revealed. Barriers and benefits are highlighted, emphasising the need for specific training. The affiliative style is valued for its emotional connection, cautioning against other styles. The lack of training underlines the need to integrate humour into mental health training. The importance of adaptation and empathy in communicative interventions is emphasised, highlighting the need for greater awareness and training for a more humane and effective therapeutic environment.
... Specifically, this study employed interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA), a qualitative approach designed to investigate in detail the personal experiences, perceptions, and meaning-making processes of individuals (Alase, 2017;Smith et al., 2009;Tuffour, 2017). IPA's depth, emphasizing personal interpretations within unique sociocultural contexts (Smith & Fieldsend, 2021;Smith & Nizza, 2022), aligns with the study's goal to explore the multifaceted experiences and stress of SMSAs. This approach facilitates a detailed examination of the complex experiences of SMSAs, ensuring their stories are comprehensively understood and represented , which is critical in the sensitive and varied landscape of sexual minority identity in China. ...
Sexual minority youth frequently encounter discrimination in sports, limiting their ability to fully access the physical, psychological, and social benefits of sports participation. This issue remains particularly underexplored in Asian contexts, creating a significant gap in the research on sexual minority youth in sports. Using interpretative phenomenological analysis and minority stress theory as a framework, this qualitative study examined the experiences and stress of sexual minority student-athletes (SMSAs) in China. Based on semi-structured interviews with 16 current and former SMSAs, the study identified three key themes: (1) Chinese cultural pressures and normative expectations, (2) Sports norms reinforcing the sex–gender–sexuality triad, and (3) Anticipated stigma and internalized stigma. While echoing global patterns of discrimination within sports, the findings highlight the unique cultural influences shaping SMSAs’ experiences and stress in China. This study underscores the urgent need for inclusive sports policies, diversity training, and mental health support systems to create safer, more equitable environments for sexual minority athletes.
... The in-depth interview is a key research tool in qualitative phenomenological studies, designed to capture the participant's subjective experience and the meaning they attribute to the phenomenon under investigation (Smith and Fieldsend, 2021). Conducted as a conversation between interviewer and interviewee, the in-depth interview allows the interviewee to guide the discussion and construct their personal narrative. ...
Design/methodology/approach: Using a qualitative phenomenological approach, 16 semi-structured interviews were conducted with knowledge workers. Thematic analysis was used to identify affective challenges and corresponding adaptive Personal Information Management (PIM) practices.
Purpose: This study examines how knowledge workers navigate affective challenges in PIM, specifically anxiety, frustration, dependence, and loss of control, while managing complex, high-volume information. It explores the adaptive PIM practices they employ to mitigate these challenges.
Findings: Findings describe four key affective challenges: anxiety about information loss and system failure, frustration with information overload and inadequacies in PIM practices, dependence on digital systems, and loss of control over fragmented information. To address these, participants adopted adaptive PIM practices, including backup routines, prioritization, decluttering, structured organization, and redundant storage solutions. These practices functioned as scaffolding, reducing emotional strain and enhancing control over personal information spaces.
Research implications: The study offers insights for designing PIM systems that address affective challenges, including automated backup prompts and decluttering tools, and for workplace initiatives promoting PIM skill development to enhance productivity and well-being.
Originality: This study positions adaptive PIM practices as essential scaffolding that supports knowledge workers in managing the dual demands of functionality and emotional regulation within their information landscapes. By framing adaptive practices as scaffolding, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of how PIM skills and mastery address both the organizational and affective complexities faced by knowledge workers.
... For more on phenomenological research methods, see for exampleSmith and Fieldsend (2021). ...
Researchers in America are developing a hippocampal cognitive prosthesis. The technology aims to improve or even restore memory for people with Alzheimer’s disease through implanting electrodes into the brain. In this paper we discuss the ways that this technology could affect memory, with concomitant potential for impact on personal identity and related attributes like autonomy, agency, and authenticity. To do this we describe how developers of technologies like this adopt functionalist positions on minds and brains, whereby functionally equivalent technology can undertake functions previously executed by the brain without negative impact on mental states. Our position is that such accounts are too uncertain to adopt uncritically, and after examining some critiques of functionalism, we argue that material differences in function could affect the phenomenological experience of mental state generation, including memory. We conclude with proposals for researchers to consider so as to take into account some of these limitations.
... For the roundtable discussions and video-stimulated recall interviews, interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was employed to examine the data. Originally developed in psychology, IPA is a qualitative research method focused on understanding individuals' lived experiences and how they interpret these experiences in relation to social issues and phenomena (Smith & Fieldsend, 2021). IPA's idiographic approach, which allows researchers to recruit a closely defined group representing a specific perspective within the study area, is especially useful for gathering rich, detailed data on personal perspectives and sense-making processes. ...
As English is now used globally by people from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds, Global Englishes (GE) challenges traditional native-speaker norms and values diverse English varieties. This shift has impacted English Language Teaching (ELT), leading to the rise of Global Englishes Language Teaching (GELT), which advocates a more inclusive and accurate approach to ELT. However, implementing GELT faces significant barriers, particularly the lack of learning materials, which stifles innovation. Digital technologies, especially recent advancements in AI, offer new avenues for overcoming these challenges. Adopting a critical ecological perspective, this study explores the potential and limitations of AI in developing and implementing GE-oriented materials from teachers’ perspectives at a secondary school in China. Data collected through reflective journals, classroom observations, roundtable discussions, and video-stimulated recall interviews were analysed using thematic and Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Findings suggest that AI enhances efficiency in material development, supports student-centred design, integrates well with digital resources, and boosts student engagement. However, challenges include rigid curricular structures, AI inaccuracies, technical issues, and AI’s inability to replace teachers’ unique insights. This study argues that AI offers promising support for GE-oriented materials development, with teachers’ unique role remains indispensable in GELT. Methodological, pedagogical, and empirical implications are discussed.
... We employed Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) [31] to analyse the data, following seven steps: familiarisation, exploratory commenting, developing emerging themes, searching for connections across themes, analysing remaining cases, looking for patterns across cases, and reporting. These steps were applied to each interview, repeating the process for all seven participants. ...
Background
Children with Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) face the challenges of a rare condition impacting their motor neurons, placing substantial caregiving burdens on their mothers. Despite being primary caregivers, mothers of children with SMA in Ghana often find their voices unheard, with restricted access to vital interventions like counselling, support groups, and respite care designed to aid them. This study aimed to explore the experiences of mothers caring for children with SMA in Ghana, where the diagnosis is often delayed and support systems are limited.
Methods
We conducted an interpretative phenomenological study with a purposive sample of seven mothers whose children, aged between 8 and 24 months, were diagnosed with Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) and registered with the Rare Disease Ghana Initiative (RDGI). Individual interviews were conducted between August and September 2023 using semi-structured interview guides. The data were manually analysed using a pen-and-paper method. The study adhered to ethical guidelines, including informed consent procedures and confidentiality measures to protect participants’ rights and privacy.
Results
This study explored mothers’ experiences caring for children with SMA, revealing a spectrum of challenges that impact their physical, emotional, spiritual, and social well-being. The findings identified five dominant themes and thirteen subcategories, encompassing issues such as sleep deprivation, mental health concerns, emotional turmoil, practical difficulties, and social isolation. It was also found that mothers tend to have a deep connection to their faith and a sense of closeness to God during challenging times, which provides them with strength and comfort. This collectively identifies the difficult journey of these mothers as they seek diagnosis and treatment for their children.
Conclusion
The study identified challenges faced by mothers in caring for their children with SMA. These challenges are reported to significantly impact their physical, psychological, social, and spiritual well-being. To support these mothers effectively, it is recommended that the Ministry of Health, Ghana Health Service, healthcare professionals, policymakers, and non-governmental organisations in Ghana should consider community engagement and education, integration of spiritual care, and psychosocial support programmes.
An upward trend in age at first birth (OECD. 2019), accompanied by a decline in overall birth rates (Hamilton et al., National Center for Health Statistics, 2021), highlights the importance of better understanding the reproductive decision making of established adults (ages 30–45). To this end, we qualitatively interviewed 17 cisgender US established adult women who had not had children to gain a better understanding of influences on and feelings about reproductive decision making. Participants described external influences, including age, parental pressure, and societal pressure. Participants also described reasons to forgo or delay reproduction, including feeling prepared, having the freedom to pursue their own interests, and concerns about the environmental impact of reproducing. Finally, participants shared emotional responses to reproductive decision making, describing anxiety and ambivalence, and concerns about not having children. Taken together, our results highlight the complexities of reproductive decision making for established adult women. Better understanding established adult women’s reproductive decision making can encourage and inform policy and therapeutic interventions.
An increasing number of people receive autism diagnoses in adulthood, and there are few studies investigating autistic adults’ experiences of disclosing their diagnosis. This study sought to understand autistic adults’ experiences of diagnostic disclosure using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Twelve autistic adults, who received their diagnosis in adulthood, participated in one-to-one semi-structured interviews exploring their experiences of diagnostic disclosure. Quality control and reflexivity procedures were used to ensure rigour. Four group experiential themes and nine subthemes emerged: (1) ‘Functions of Disclosure’ (subthemes: i. Accessing Support; ii. Becoming Myself; iii. Activism and its Burden); (2) ‘Approaching the Conversation’ (Subthemes: i. Managing Disclosure and Reactions; ii. Disclosure Started Pre-Diagnosis; iii. Impact on Others); (3) ‘Negative Effects of Preconceptions’ (Subthemes: i. Disbelief and Imposter Syndrome; ii. Not Having My Needs Met; iii. Caution and Avoidance), and (4) ‘Acceptance, Openness and Finding Community’. Disclosure served multiple functions for the autistic participants. There was variability in the support that autistic participants received in preparation for disclosing the diagnosis. More consistent post-diagnostic support is required to engage newly diagnosed autistic adults in considering the practicalities and potential consequences of disclosure, its benefits and challenges.
Lay Summary
An increasing number of people are receiving diagnoses of autism in adulthood. However, there are few studies investigating autistic adults’ experiences of ‘disclosure’, that is, telling others about their autism diagnosis. The aim of this study is to understand autistic adults’ experiences of telling other people that they are autistic after receiving a diagnosis during adulthood. Twelve autistic adults were interviewed about their experiences of disclosure. The interviews showed that autistic people disclose to access support, be themselves and to help others. To disclose, autistic people had to make decisions about what information to share and how to handle people’s reactions. Some people started telling others about their potential diagnosis before being formally diagnosed. Disclosure has an impact on people receiving the news of disclosure. Many autistic people experienced not being believed, resulting in unmet needs. This led them to be more careful about future disclosure. However, disclosure also led to some positive experiences, where autistic people felt listened to and accepted by those they disclosed to. This led to receiving support and feeling part of a community. It is recommended that clinicians and autism service providers include discussions about disclosure as part of routine post-diagnostic support.
Background
Sexuality is multidimensional and complex, and involves identity development, attraction, and behavior. Heterosexual-identified men who have sex with men (H-MSM) experience sexual identity and behavior discordance, yet it is unknown how H-MSM compare to concordant heterosexual men and gay, bisexual, and queer (GBQ+) men in terms of sexuality constructs.
Objective
This study aims to survey adult cisgender men in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom to gain greater insights into how demographics, identity development, attraction, behavior, technology use, relationship negotiation and communication skills, and pre-exposure prophylaxis and life satisfaction relate to each other, and then to interview H-MSM for an in-depth follow-up on survey concepts.
Methods
Purposive sampling will be used to recruit men via online and offline venues. Data collection will be multifaceted and include an online questionnaire for adult cisgender men and a subsequent interview for H-MSM. The survey will be available in English, French, and Spanish. Structural equation modeling, underpinned by hegemonic masculinity and sexual script theories, will be performed to test the relationships among survey variables. Interpretive phenomenology will be employed on the qualitative data to consider how unique sociocultural factors influence the sexuality and experiences of H-MSM, allowing for similarities and differences across participants to be identified and explored.
Results
Data collection began on November 26, 2024, and as of February 2025, data collection remains ongoing. We expect to conclude data collection and data cleaning by mid-summer 2025. Data analysis will begin in fall 2025. Our findings will provide a more nuanced understanding of the identity development, attraction, behavior, relationship negotiation, and technology use of H-MSM in comparison with GBQ+ men and concordant heterosexual men.
Conclusions
This research aims to broaden the scope of existing literature and support advancements in interventions and knowledge to support the overall health and well-being of H-MSM. An examination of potential differences among H-MSM, concordant heterosexual men, and GBQ+ men aims to improve the understanding of H-MSM as a distinct population, without dismissing them as closeted GBQ+ men. This study aims to provide key insights into avenues for research and practice with men whose sexuality and sexual behaviors may be outside of commonly accepted norms.
International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)
DERR1-10.2196/66897
Limited research explores the motivations of women climbers, particularly within patriarchal societies where participation faces gender-related stereotypes and cultural prejudices. This study addresses this knowledge gap, aiming to understand how to promote female engagement in climbing as serious leisure, contributing to gender equality in tourism. Focusing on elite female climbers in Kazakhstan, this study investigates their motivations and resistance against dominant power structures. Utilizing self-determination theory, the concept of domination and resistance, and intersectional theory, this study employs interpretive phenomenological analysis of 16 personal accounts of female climbers. Findings reveal a variety of climbing motives including physiological, developmental, social, and psychological. A new motive, or a boundary condition contributing to climbing motives, is identified that showcases subtle forms of women's resistance. These forms aim to assert women's autonomy, defy societal norms and expectations, and enable subversive behavioural acts. By revealing resistance as a stand-alone motive or as a potential boundary condition contributing to other climbing motives, this study highlights how women, especially in patriarchal societies, navigate the complex intersection of traditional gender roles in pursuit of their climbing aspirations. The study provides recommendations for encouraging female participation in serious leisure within patriarchal societies and beyond, fostering inclusivity in tourism activities.
Background
Physical activity is important in the management of systemic lupus erythematosus, yet available evidence indicates that inactivity and poor physical fitness are commonplace. Individuals with SLE, and particularly those whose condition severity warrants aggressive pharmacological treatment such as glucocorticoid pulse therapy, may face substantial barriers to exercise participation. A better understanding of these may be useful to develop targeted and effective exercise recommendations and strategies.
Purpose
To explore motivations and barriers for exercise participation in a group of women with SLE who have recently undergone glucocorticoid pulse therapy.
Methods
This is a cross-sectional, exploratory study, whereby participants underwent individually administered semi-structured interviews related to personal motivations and barriers to exercise training. Self-reported well-being and quality of life were assessed using the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Quality of Life (SLEQOL) and SF-36 questionnaires.
Results
Twenty-three women, with a high median level of disease activity (SLEDAI 8; IQR: 4–12) participated in the study. All participants reported wide-ranging health benefits as a motivation to exercise, but the majority did not exercise. They cited numerous health-related, personal and social barriers to exercise participation. SF-36 results indicated that the group experienced difficulties in participating in work and other regular daily activities.
Conclusion
Although the group recognized the health-related benefits of exercise, this knowledge was insufficient to encourage exercise participation. Exercise professionals must remain cognizant of the wide-ranging health-related, personal and social barriers that may exist for this group, and to consider these when formulating exercise recommendations.
The overall aim of this thesis was to report on the development and implementation of a standardized psychosocial autopsy to understand and prevent suicide in the Netherlands.
Chapter 2 sets off with an exploration of stakeholder perceptions and needs concerning the implementation of a standardized psychosocial autopsy in the Netherlands. Standardized herein refers to a specific, predetermined set of guiding principles and conditions relating to processes involved with the psychosocial autopsy, ranging from the interview instrument to data collection and the translation into recommendations for prevention.
In the second part of this dissertation, we present findings from psychosocial autopsy studies into adolescent suicides, and railway suicides. In chapter 3 we investigated the differences in suicide-related communication between young male and female (aged under 20 years old) suicide decedents.
We used a qualitative analysis technique called the ‘Constant Comparative Method’101 to investigate 798 suicide-related communication events reported in interviews concerning 35 young male and female decedents.
In chapter 4 we explored the meaning of social media in the lives of the adolescents who died by suicide. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was performed to assess the role social media had in the lives and to the deaths of these adolescents, with particular attention to the ways in which social media use affected their wellbeing and distress.
Chapter 5 reports a mixed-methods psychosocial autopsy of railway suicides. In this study, we combined data detailing the sociodemographic characteristics of all railway suicide decedents in the Netherlands from 2017 and 2021, with data from in-depth psychosocial autopsy interviews concerning 39 railway suicide decedents.
We started working towards a retrospective, dynamic, cross-sectional cohort that facilitates real-time monitoring of psychosocial characteristics of suicides and allows for an analysis of time-trends and clusters in the future. Chapter 6 describes findings from the pilot study with the new, mixed-methods psychosocial autopsy of suicide in young and middle-aged people.
In chapter 7, the use of Large Language Models for automated deductive coding of interview data is explored and evaluated.In chapter 8, we discuss the findings from our research that have yet received little attention in scientific literature, reflect on lessons learned, and discuss the future of the psychosocial autopsy.
Flow theory describes the highly focused state of being absorbed into an activity, causing a loss of self-consciousness and track of time. Research has suggested that this can lead to a happier and more fulfilling life. This study used interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) to understand art students’ experiences of flow while making art and to acknowledge any emotional responses they have to this experience. Semi-structured interviews (conducted in 2021) were used to gain an enriched understanding of flow in six art students. The analysis found that all participants experienced flow while making art, and this experience was incredibly similar for all participants. In addition, no emotions were reported while the participants were in the flow state, yet positive emotions were associated with the experience of flow afterward. Interestingly, the participants reported negative emotions toward art without flow, suggesting that flow could be the incentive for wanting to produce art. These findings point to the importance of flow for experiencing happiness, and, unlike previous research, suggest that flow states can play a role in the motivation to make art. Future research should attempt to replicate these finding using other qualitative methods, such as event sampling, and explore the flow state in other activities.
Studies of internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy (ICBT) have documented its efficacy for pediatric Functional Abdominal Pain Disorders (FAPDs), but few have detailed how adolescents experience this. We investigated the lived symptom experiences of eight adolescents (age 13-17 years) with FAPDs, who had received ICBT. Semi-structured interviews were conducted using photo-elicitation, and analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, identifying three main themes; "Power of thoughts" describes the impact of thoughts on understanding symptoms and self. "Freedom in new behaviors" explores behavior changes in the adolescents and their families. "Mediators of change; why not give it a chance?" explores the helpful treatment-parts and the adolescents' approach toward it. The findings support the positive effects of ICBT for pediatric FAPDs. Specific treatment elements motivated the adolescents, who experienced acquiring self-agency and improved symptom management. An encouraging secondary benefit was the experienced change of family-relationships, likely to further enhance the personal growth of the adolescent.
Military institutionalization involves internalizing military values, norms and structured behaviours that differ significantly from civilian life, leading to culture shock during the transition. Career experiences in the military imprint behaviours and identities that shape subsequent roles and how retired officers transition to the civilian world. The present study explored how military culture and identity influence military‐to‐civilian transition difficulty among retired army officers. Fourteen semi‐structured interviews were conducted and analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis, resulting in three overarching themes: Transition and Contrasting Cultures , Transition and the Role of Military Imprinting and Relearning—Connecting Disparate Cultures . The themes are divided into subthemes that shed light on how veterans navigate cultural disparities, experience identity and ego conflict tribulation and highlight factors that facilitate bridging the military–civilian cultural gap. The study's findings underscore the pivotal influence of military culture and the identity forged within military organizations on veterans' transition experiences. These insights carry significant implications for veterans and reintegration programs. It further offers possible suggestions to enhance transition interventions by addressing psychological distress related to reculturation and identity transition to facilitate smoother integration.
Children and young people (CYP) with long-term health conditions (LTC) are at higher risk of developing mental health difficulties. Research suggests nature-based therapeutic interventions (NBTIs) may benefit CYP’s wellbeing, but less is known about the impact on CYP with LTC. This study’s objective was to explore how CYP with LTC and associated psychological difficulties experienced a NBTI and the impact on their wellbeing. Ten participants aged 10–13 attended a NBTI and took part in semi-structured interviews that explored how they made sense of their journey through the intervention, its impact on mental, physical wellbeing and sense of self. An interpretative phenomenological analysis of the interview data yielded four group experiential themes: ‘Overcoming Illness-Identity’, ‘Freedom to Choose’, ‘Sense of Connection’ and ‘A Mindful Presence’. Participants reported improved self-esteem, a deepened sense of belonging with peers and nature, and enhanced emotion regulation. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Research is required to better understand the experience and effectiveness of dyadic developmental psychotherapy (DDP), a promising intervention developed to meet the complex needs of developmental trauma-experienced children in substitute care. DDP is a systemic intervention, within which the child's carer plays a significant role. Given their significant role and the lack of existing research, this study aimed to explore how foster carers experience DDP.
Design
A qualitative design using semi-structured interviews with 10 foster carers was implemented.
Method
Interviews conducted via Microsoft Teams and telephone were recorded, transcribed and analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis.
Results
Four group experiential themes and 11 subthemes were formed; ‘from disbelief to clarity’, ‘scaffolded and safe’, ‘attuned and connected’ and "It's worth it". From initial confusion and disappointment, came clarity of self-understanding and a more attuned, connected attachment relationship. DDP was experienced as both fulfilling and demanding.
Conclusions
Though the need to explore DDP's effectiveness remains, this study suggests foster carers experience DDP as a demanding yet worthwhile intervention. Implications for practice, especially an increased need for relational safety and carer support are explored, as well as avenues for future research.
Although Sweden is a top country for gender equality, there are disparities in domestic labor and parental leave use between men and women. The COVID-19 pandemic changed work-home life by increasing remote work. This study explored eight fathers’ work-family experiences in Sweden before, during and since the COVID-19 pandemic using interviews. Three group themes were developed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis: “Fatherhood as protected and restrained before and during COVID-19”, “COVID-19 as an opportunity for introspection” and “COVID-19 as an opportunity for better balance”. Fathers made meaning of the pandemic in terms of new freedom and flexibility, whilst also expressing the importance of social connection at work. The study contributes insights on fathers’ needs and the debate on post-pandemic work organization.
Following a perinatal death, parents can experience mental health difficulties and social stigma around the loss that can lead to increased feelings of isolation. This meta-synthesis aimed to explore partners' experiences of perinatal death following miscarriage, stillbirth and neonatal death. A search of six electronic databases resulted in the inclusion of 18 studies involving over 300 fathers. Using meta-ethnography five themes: were developed 1) The pain with loss, 2) state of shock, 3) suffering in silence, 4) disconnection from the self and others' and 5) coping. A lack of support available from services or familial support networks led to isolation. Coping strategies fostering open communication often allowed fathers to process the death of their baby, and many spoke positively of their ongoing connection with their baby that died. However, consequences of unhealthy coping mechanisms, including avoidance or blame, resulted in the father's disconnection from the self, others or the world.
Introduction
In order to document and understand the lived experiences of guidance advocates navigating transactional distance in education, this phenomenological study examined the experiences of advocates in the Philippines.
Methods
This study examined how clients and guidance advocates interact in online learning environments, with a particular emphasis on the experiences of eight individuals who underwent online counseling (OC). These individuals provided firsthand experiences that elaborated the phenomenon.
Results
The study, which has its roots in Transactional Distance Theory (TDT), finds interesting connections between the variables and the experiences of the individuals. Among these variables are: (i) discourse that mirrors the exchanges between a counselor and a client; (ii) framework, which includes OC dynamics and changing communication requirements; and (iii) learner autonomy, which stands for the involvement of clients in online learning.
Discussion
A community-based framework for developing students is formed by these variables. The data shared by participants reveal complex issues as they struggle with the limitations and realities of applying standards in multimodal counseling sessions. This change emphasizes how important it is for students to have a strong support system. The study, which focused on guidance advocate-client relations, took inspiration from the eight participants’ OC experiences. The mechanisms that promote a reciprocal, technology-mediated kind of communication are central to this emerging structure.
Longitudinal Qualitative Research (LQR) aims to chronicle individuals’ lives in real-time, offering a “qualitative movie” of their unfolding experiences, focusing on the dynamic interplay of continuity and change. The rising interest in LQR has led to methodological advancements, with LQR being combined with established methodologies. Among these, Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) has stated to engage with longitudinal design. IPA’s unique focus on idiography, phenomenology and hermeneutics can be particularly fruitful when engaging with temporal dimensions. Yet, applying longitudinal design to any qualitative study is complex; it requires thoughtful consideration of how we embed temporal lenses through the whole study cycle and goes beyond collecting data 'more than once’. The literature on the implications of embedding longitudinal design in IPA methodology is still developing. In particular, the considerations related to embedding temporality when approaching data collection have not yet been explored in detail. In this paper, we reflect on key considerations and strategies when conducting data collection as part of longitudinal IPA. We focus on the balance between flexibility and continuity when collecting data across sequential waves of data collection, and on the extent to which researchers explicitly engage with participants in uncovering continuity and change throughout their studies, which we discuss in turn. We do that by drawing on published papers, complemented by our own experience using IPA and LQR to illustrate the methodological dilemmas. By doing this, we hope to provide valuable insights for researchers considering the use of IPA and LQR and to facilitate an understanding of how these features can be integrated effectively throughout the research process.
The individual, interpersonal, and relational roles of mobile phones for gaming and how these roles interrelate with the development of young individuals need to be studied using local insights. This research examines and understands how Asian youth, particularly Filipinos, utilize mobile media, specifically in mobile gaming, and its potential and consequences on their identities and relationships. This research analyzed the meaning-making processes and narratives among Filipinos aged 15–18. The narratives of the youth underwent thematic analysis, where data were organized, described, coded, and thematized to surface motivations and patterns of mobile media and gaming use among select youth. For young Filipino gamers, mobile media has become integral to their daily lives, interactions, community building, and negotiations in virtual and physical spaces. Mobile media use is considered a double-edged sword: on the one hand, it positively influences well-being and connectivity, and on the other hand, adverse effects such as frustrations, problematic sense of autonomy, and incompetence are causes of concern. This research also found that mobile media is ubiquitous in shaping the youth’s identity as it is present in their interactions and relationships. Indeed, the potentialities and pitfalls of mobile gaming media in shaping the youth should be underscored as young adults continue to construct themselves in digital spaces.
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