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Nigerian Journal of Engineering, Vol. 27, No. 2, August 2020 ISSN (print): 0794 – 4756, ISSN(online):2705-3954.
Nigeri an Journal of Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
journal homepage: www.njeabu.com.ng
Application of the Weap Model for Future Water
Allocation from Tiga Dam
*A. Moha mmed1 , 2, M. M. Muhamm ad2, B. K. Adeogun2, S. A. Abdull ahi2 and U.D. I dri s 1
1Department of Agricultural and Bio-environmental Engineering, Samaru College of Agriculture, Division of Agricultural
colleges, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria – Nigeria,
2Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
mohammedauwal96@yahoo.com, mujahidmuhammad8@gmail.com, adeogunbk@gmail.com, abdulmmu1@gmail.com
udidris11@gmail.com
Research Article
Abstract
This study aimed to ascertain water allocation for different purpose in Tiga dam located at Hadeja Jama’are River Basin
(HJRB) using WEAP model, in order to resolve the conflict between the requirements (water allocation) of Kano city and
major irrigation project. The research commenced with a preliminary site investigation in order to analyze hydraulic nature,
agricultural activities, other activities related to water resources in the basin and collection of metrological and hydrological
data. 31 years of meteorological and hydrological data, population and its growth rate, irrigation area and number of
industries from 1987 to 2017 were used in the WEAP model software. The model predict that from 2018 to 2050 the dam will
not be able to meet up with the total demand, it is only capable of supplying annual average of 9040 Million Cubic Meter
(MCM) for agriculture with unmet demand of 2757 MCM, 328 MCM for Kano city with unmet demand of 7.8 MCM, 1.0 MCM
for industries with unmet demand of 0.3 MCM and generate annual average of 28000 Gj hydropower with unmet power
demand of 8.6 Gj. In general, this model predicts that the annual average future water supply from 2018 to 2050 for all the
purposes is 9361 MCM with unmet demand of 2765.1 MCM. The dam can supply 77.09% of the major irrigation project
demand, 79.92% of the Kano industries demand, and 97.68% of the Kano city water demand in future. With the use of WEAP
model software, we can confirm that the water scarcity and difficulties will arise in Kano state Nigeria over a long period, but
creations of means for wastewater re-use and recycling, controlling rapid population growth and adaptation of water efficient
irrigation methods may help seriously in reducing unmet water demand.
Copyright © Faculty of Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
Keywords
Article History
WEAP Model, Water Allocation, Unmet Demand, Water supply,
Tiga Dam, Kano City, Agricultural Demand and Industrial
demand.
Received: – September 2019
Reviewed: – July, 2020
Accepted: – August, 2020
Published: – August, 2020
1. Introduction
Water is the most essential substance fundamental to life
and is a scarce resource in some regions of the world. It is
also essential for agriculture, production systems and
means to achieve sustainability in production system, in
many regions of the world (Zakari et al., 2011). It is not
evenly distributed on the entire universe; it’s either in
excess in some regions or scarce in others. Man’s ability to
manage water resources will greatly depend on his
understanding of hydrologic processes and physical system
involved (Mustafa and Yusuf, 2012).
It is necessary to establish a system that will properly
address the issue of water allocation for different purposes
in dams. This brought about the application of water
evaluation and planning system (WEAP) to solve the issue
of water management and allocation. The Water evaluation
and planning System model (WEAP) was developed by the
Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) to enable
evaluation of planning and management issues associated
with water resources development. The WEAP model can
be applied to both municipal and agricultural systems and
can address a wide range of issues including scenarios
demand analyses, water conservation, water rights and
allocation priorities, stream flow simulation, reservoir
operation, ecosystem requirements and project cost-benefit
analyses (Roberto and Matthew, 2007 and SCI, 2015).
WEAP model has two primary functions: (1) Simulation of
natural hydrological processes (evapotranspiration, runoff
and infiltration) to enable assessment of the availability of
water within a catchment and (2) Simulation of
anthropogenic activities superimposed on the natural
system to influence water resources and their allocation
(i.e., consumptive and non-consumptive water demands) to
enable evaluation of the impact of human water use.
At present time water shortage is one of the real challenges
facing many countries in the world. Thus, the water
allocation plan and water resources development projects
are undertaken to address these requirements. Water
allocation plans need to balance the water supplies with
demands, particularly to manage the natural water
availability to avoid frequent or unexpected water shortfalls
(Myat and Aye, 2014).
There are many problems in Hadeja Jama’are River Basin
(HJRB) such as improper management and adaptation
strategies which may lead to serious water crises and
probably environmental refugees (Shakirudeen et al.,
2011). Sometime it results to conflict between the
requirements (water allocation) of Kano city and the major
irrigation projects. According to Myat and Aye (2014)
“Water of a desired availability and quality is often scarce
to satisfy the demand for different uses, decisions and plans
45
Mohammed et al. (2020)
have to be made on how it will be shared between different
locations and competing users”.
Many researches were conducted around the world to find
out water allocation for different purposes and water
resources management system (Suryadi et al., 2018,
Daniyal et al., 2017, Berredjem and Hani, 2017, Trinh,
2016, Akindele, and Indabawa, 2015, Alfarra at el, 2012,
and Shakiruden et al., 2011).
The total water demand for three districts (Kertajati,
Jatitujuh, and Ligung) from 2015 to 2040 was found as
1,450.60 L/s (Suryadi et al., 2018). Daniyal et al. (2017)
reported that as a result of rapid population growth water
demand of Guddu, Sukkur and Kotri barrage for
agricultural, domestic, and industrial sector will increase
from 40.37MAF in 2015 to 56.5MAF in 2050. When they
used management strategies in to the model, it was revealed
that sprinkler irrigation reduced 20% of agricultural water
consumption, drip irrigation reduced 35% of agricultural
water consumption, and lining of canal reduced 50% of
seepage water loses. Berredjem and Hani (2017) analyzed
Sub-Basin of lower Seybouse, and found that the water
demand in 2010 was 82.64 cubic hectometers (hm3), out of
which 53% was for household, 30% for irrigation and 17%
for industrial uses. When projected it was found that in
2050, the total water demand will increase to 178.04 hm3 in
2050.
Trinh (2016) used Agent-Based Model and MIKE NAM
Model in North Nam Ha irrigation district located in the
Red river basin – Vietnam and determined irrigation water
allocation for eight sub-districts, so as to reduce conflicts
and improve water use efficiency.
It was reviewed that river flow at Gashua in Yobe State,
downstream of Tiga Dam fell by about 100m3 per year on
completion of the dam and majority of the investigated
chemical parameters of Lake Tiga showed a decrease
towards the reservoir of the dam especially conductivity,
total alkalinity, total conductivity, total hardness and so
forth. Other parameters such as pH and dissolved oxygen
were found to increase. The low level of temporal
variability of Potential Evaporation (PE) over the Tiga Dam
was observed, indicating that temperature has only
marginally increased over the years in addition to
substantial amount of water which had been trapped
without efficient utilization (Akindele & Indabawa, 2015,
Shakirudeen et al., 2011).
Furthermore, Alfarra et al. (2012) found that there will be
unmet water demand in future time in Amman Jordan
Valley but when control measures were introduced in the
WEAP Model the unmet water demand was reduced by
18.3 %.
The main objective of this paper is to ascertain the water
allocation for different purposes in Tiga dam, using WEAP
model, with a view to carrying out analysis of the
hydrological and metrological data of the study area. This
is in order to resolve the conflict between the requirements
(water allocation) of Kano city and the major irrigation
projects, predict sufficient water allocation for different
purposes (demand), and also to reduce economic losses as
regards to unreliability of water and low allocation in some
areas downstream of the dam.
2. Materials and Met hods
2.1. Study area
The Tiga Dam is in Kano State, Northwest of Nigeria. The
dam is located 30 km from South of Kano City and 350 km
north of Federal Capital Territory (Abuja). It was
constructed between 1971 – 1974 and it is major reservoir
on the Kano River, the main tributary of the Hadejia River
(Akindele at el., 2013). The dam is located between
Latitude: 11° 15’ to 11° 29’ N and Longitude: 8° 16’ to 8°
38’ E, covering an area of 178 square kilometers (69 sq mi)
with maximum capacity of nearly 2,000,000 cubic meters
(71,000,000 cu ft). Water from the dam supplies the Kano
River Irrigation Project as well as Kano City for domestic
uses. The red circle in Figure 2 indicates the study area.
Figure 1: Catchment area of the Yobe River, Tiga Dam to the west, south of Kano. (Source: Shakirudeen et al., 2011).
Bello and Tuna (2014) indicates that the Kano state has a
mean annual rainfall ranges of 1,000 mm in the extreme south to a little less than 800 mm in the extreme north. The
rains last for three to five months. Mean temperature ranges
46
Nigerian Journal of Engineering, Vol. 27, No. 2, August 2020 ISSN (print): 0794 – 4756, ISSN(online):2705-3954.
from 26°C to 33°C. Then, a cool and dry season lasts from
October to mid-May of the next year. In this period the
mean monthly temperature is between 21 and 230C. Table 1
shows Hydrological Characteristic of Kano River Basin at
1985.
Kano metropolitan has population of 2,163,225 (NPC,
2006). 75% of the people living in Kano are living in rural
areas (Kano State of Nigeria, 2005). Currently the rate of
population growth was observed to be 2.9% per year in
Kano State. Moreover, high dependency ratio (those
typically not in the labor force) has been observed in Kano
State and about 47% of the total populations in the study
area are under 15 years of age (NPC, 2010).
2.2. Materials
The following materials were used in the research work.
2.2.1 Demographic data
Table 2 present the population distributions that use the
dam for domestic activities, their local governments and
inter census growth rate. According to the World Health
Organization (WHO) for developing countries, the
minimum standard amount of water demand per capita is
120 liter per day (WHO, 1999).
2.2.2 Agricultural data
The agricultural data such as total irrigation land which is
15000 Ha and average water application per hectare which
is 6000 m3/ha (HJRBDA, 1985; Sangari, 2006).
2.2.3 Industrials data
Based on our field investigation and that of Liman (2015),
Tiga Dam was found to be feeding about 334 industries
with an average of 23 m3/day being allocated to each
industry, but 30 m3/industry/day of water is needed to
satisfy the industrial demand. Thus, the simulation was
carried out with 30 m3/industry/day
Table 1: Hydrological Characteristic of Kano River Basin
Basin
Area Gauged
(km2)
Mean Rainfall
(mm/year)
Water Input
(Billion m3)
Discharge
(Billion m3)
Estimated Evapotranspiration
(Billion m3)
Retained water
(Billion m3)
Kano
7,097
1000
7.10
1.21 (17%)
4.68 (66%)
1.21(17%)
(Source: Olofin, 1985)
Table 2: Summary of the population distribution use the Tiga Dam for domestic activities
Local Governments
Population
Inter-census growth rate
BEBEJI
191916
3.36
DALA
418759
3.36
FAGE
200095
3.36
GAYA
207419
3.36
GEZAWA
282328
3.36
GWALE
357827
3.36
KUMBUTSO
294391
3.36
WARURE
131858
3.36
WUDIL
188639
3.36
GABASAWA
211204
3.36
NASSARAWA
596411
3.36
RANO
148276
3.36
TOTAL
3229123
3.36
(Sources: NPC, 2010 and field investigation from the present study)
2.2.4 Meteorological and hydrological data
Thirty one (31) years meteorological data from 1987 to
2017 were obtained both from the meteorological stations
of Institute of Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello
University, Zaria and that of Tiga Dam. The meteorological
data comprises rainfall depth, evaporation, maximum and
minimum temperatures. Also hydrological information
from 1987 to 2017 were collected from Tiga Dam such as
initial storage, observed volume, tail-water elevation,
reservoir curve, maximum turbine flow, and storage
capacity.
2.3. Methods
The study began with a preliminary site investigation
through reconnaissance survey to analyses hydraulic nature,
agricultural activities, other activities related to water
resources in the basin and site visit to collect
meteorological and hydrological information. These data
were used in the WEAP model to model hydrological
process of the study area.
2.3.1 Modelling process
The reservoir was modeled using Water Year Method.
Modeling with Water Year Method involve six (6) steps as
follows using the WEAP Model:
47
Mohammed et al. (2020)
(a) Establish water year type: The thirty one (31) years
historical rainfall data was used in establishing the
water year type. Equation (1) shows the relation of
water year type with annual rainfall depth and mean
annual rainfall depth.
The variation of the rainfall and stream flow were achieved
by defining different climatic regimes (e.g Dry, Very dry,
Wet and Very wet) and comparing with Normal water year.
The Normal water year was obtained when Equation (1)
becomes Unity. When the water year is below or above
Unity, the various water year types will be defined as either
Dry, Very dry, Wet or Very wet, as illustrated in Figure 2.
(b) Current Account: Year 1987 was established as the
Current Account of the model. Monthly meteorological
data (net evaporation and rainfall depth) and
hydrological data (initial storage, observed volume,
storage capacity, maximum storage inflow, outflow,
maximum turbine and tail-water elevation) was
imputed in to Current Accounts (January to December)
so as to serve as the base year of the model.
(c) Reference Account: Yearly meteorological and
hydrological data were input into Reference Account
from 1988 to 2017.
(d) Demand sites simulation: To simulate the demand
sites, from the Element window the river was clicked
and dragged from upper to lower elevation, similarly,
the reservoir and three demand nodes were placed on
the river and appropriate position respectively. And the
transmission link was used linked each demand node
with the reservoir. Annual number of population and
per capital consumption, number of industries and per
industrial allocation, irrigation area and application per
hectare from 1987 to 2017 were input into Reference
Account of Kano domestic demand, Kano industrial
demand and agricultural demand respectively as shown
in Figure 3.
(e) Outcomes: The model was run to obtain results. The
year step was increased to 2050 and also the model
was run to forecast the result up to 2050.
(f) Model calibration: The calibration was performed by
manual check of the model simulated versus observed
net evaporation value for the purpose of verifying the
accuracy of the output. Afterwards, the optimal values
of coefficient of determination (R2), and percentage
error (PE) objective functions were determined, and
applied in validating the model.
Figure 2: Water year type Values
Figure 3: Schematic of the demand sites
48
Nigerian Journal of Engineering, Vol. 27, No. 2, August 2020 ISSN (print): 0794 – 4756, ISSN(online):2705-3954.
Agricultural demand
Kano demand
Kano industrial demand
Water Demand (not including loss, reuse and DSM)
Scenario: Reference, All m onths (12)
1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017
Million Cubic Meter
7,000
6,500
6,000
5,500
5,000
4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
2.3.2 Future water supply to different demands
The model year and time steps were increased to 2050 and
the model was run to obtain future water supply and unmet
water demand for different demands.
2.3.3 Hydropower Generation
The hydropower potential to be generated in Tiga Dam was
evaluated based on the releases from turbines which
depends on the amount of discharge downstream, volume
of water in the reservoir and tail water elevation as
highlighted in section 2.2.4.
3. Result and Discussion
3.1 Calibration and validation
The model was validated by comparing forecast net
evaporation value of the catchment using objective
function. The correlation of coefficient (R2) and the
percentage error were found to be 0.99 and -3.2%
respectively. These show that the model prediction was
very good because R2 is grater then 70% and the error was
low.
3.2 Initial analysis of past and present references
demands
The demand sites for different demands (Kano city,
agricultural and industrial) is presented in Figure 4.
Agricultural sector has the highest water demand in relation
to others. This is because of the large proportion of
irrigation area and amount of water demand for
Agricultural activities when compared with the domestic
and industrial demands. Also, from the figure, it revealed
that agricultural sector has three stage of water demand as a
result of increase of irrigation area (1987-1992, 1993-2002
and 2003-2017). In this way, Kano city is the second in
terms of water demand, while the industrial sector having
least water demand due to low industrial density. Hence,
the average water demand for the agriculture, Kano city
and Industry were determined to be 6452.6 Mcm (million
cubic meter), 128.2 Mcm and 19.4 Mcm respectively.
The model performed excellently as it has close
relationship with a related studies reported by Bello and
Tuna (2014) that the total water demand of Kano state is
975 million liters per day (Mld) which is equivalent to
355.1 million cubic meter per year (Mcmy). However,
Bello and Tuna (2014) only considered domestic water,
while current study integrate domestic, agricultural,
industrial water demand and hydropower generation.
Figure 4: Water demand for entire purposes
3.3 Water supply and deficit
Table 3 present the result of water supplied by Tiga Dam
for different purposes. We can understand from the result
that agricultural sector has highest allocation because of its
highest demand of water followed by Kano city and finally
industrial sector with lower allocation due to low industrial
density. Agriculture has annual average water supply of
5580 Mcm with 873 Mcm water deficit, Kano city has 111
Mcm water supply with 17 Mcm water deficit and
industries have 17 Mcm water supply with 3 Mcm water
deficit. Variation of water supply and water deficit are
dependent on water year value as defined previously and
population increase.
Table 3: Summary of water supply and water deficit for different purposes
Water supplied
Water deficit
Years
Agricultural
demand (MCM)
Kano city
domestic
demand
(MCM)
Kano
industrial
demand
(MCM)
Agricultural
demand
(MCM)
Kano city
domestic
demand
(MCM)
Kano
industrial
demand
(MCM)
1987
4669
62
1
861
11
0.1
1988
5320
73
11
210
2
0.4
1989
5010
71
10
520
7
1
1990
4879
71
16
651
9
2
1991
4974
76
17
556
8
1
1992
5082
80
17
448
7
1
1993
5821
81
17
631
8
1
1994
5585
81
16
867
12
2
49
Mohammed et al. (2020)
1995
5409
81
16
1043
15
3
1996
5383
83
16
1069
16
3
1997
5356
86
15
1096
17
3
1998
5462
91
16
990
16
2
1999
5409
92
16
1043
17
3
2000
5394
96
18
1058
18
3
2001
5438
100
18
1014
18
3
2002
5409
103
18
1043
19
3
2003
5336
105
18
1116
21
3
2004
5674
116
19
778
15
2
2005
5840
123
19
612
12
2
2006
6165
126
19
748
15
2
2007
5919
125
18
994
21
3
2008
5796
126
18
1117
24
3
2009
6002
135
19
911
20
2
2010
6103
142
19
810
18
2
2011
5807
140
18
1106
26
3
2012
5824
145
18
1089
27
3
2013
6092
157
19
821
21
2
2014
5964
158
19
949
25
3
2015
5796
159
18
1117
30
3
2016
5974
170
19
939
26
3
2017
6058
178
2
855
25
3
Average
5579
111
17
873
17
3
3.4 Future water supply for different purposes
The amount of water Tiga dam is capable of supplying to
agricultural purpose for the period 2018 – 2050 is presented
in Figure 5. The figure indicates that there will be annual
increase of water allocation because of increase of farming
area while Figure 6 shows that there will be annual increase
of water deficit for this purpose for the same period.
Water supply and unmet water supply to Kano city are
presented in Figure 7 and 8 respectively. However, from
figure 8, the unmet demand is insignificant for the year
1990 to 1994, also there is not satisfied supply in all the
years from 2018-2050 as observed. This is due to the
increase of pressure on water as a result of rapid population
growth.
Figure 5: Future water allocate to agricultural purpose
Agricultural demand future scenarion (1988-2050)
Supply Delivered
Demand Site: Agricultural demand, All months (12), All Sources (5)
1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 20112014 2017 2020 2023 2026 2029 2032 2035 2038 2041 2044 2047 2050
Million Cubic Meter
11,000
10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
50
Nigerian Journal of Engineering, Vol. 27, No. 2, August 2020 ISSN (print): 0794 – 4756, ISSN(online):2705-3954.
Figure 6: Water deficit for agricultural purpose.
Figure 7: Future water allocated to Kano city.
Figure 8: Unmet water demand to Kano city
Supply for industrial purpose is decreasing and fluctuating
as shown in Figure 8 this is because of priority given to
other purposes as a result of rapid population growth and
farming area. Figure 9 indicates that the dam will not met
the industrial demand in the future.
Agricultural demand future scenarion (1988-2050)
Unmet Demand
Demand Site: Agri cultural demand, All months (12)
1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 20112014 2017 2020 2023 2026 2029 2032 2035 2038 2041 2044 2047 2050
Million Cubic Meter
4,200
4,000
3,800
3,600
3,400
3,200
3,000
2,800
2,600
2,400
2,200
2,000
1,800
1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
Kano population future scenario 2018-2050
Supply Delivered
Demand Site: Kano demand, All months (12), All Sources (5)
1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2020 2023 2026 2029 2032 2035 2038 2041 2044 2047 2050
Million Cubic Meter
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Kano population future scenario 2018-2050
Unmet Demand
Demand Site: Kano demand, All months (12)
1987 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 2034 2038 2042 2046 2050
Million Cubic Meter
20.0
19.0
18.0
17.0
16.0
15.0
14.0
13.0
12.0
11.0
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
Indusreal demand future scenario (1988-2050)
Supply Delivered
Demand Site: Kano industrial demand, All months (12), All Sources (5)
1987 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 2034 2038 2042 2046 2050
Million Cubic Meter
1.20
1.10
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
51
Mohammed et al. (2020)
Figure 9: Future water allocated to Kano industries
Figure 10: Unmet water demand to Kano industries
It was observed from Figures 5 to 10 that annual average
value of water allocated to agriculture is 9039 Mcm with
water deficit of 2757 Mcm, for Kano city is 358 Mcm with
water deficit of 7.8 Mcm and for industries is 1.1 Mcm with
water deficit of 0.3 Mcm. In general we can observe that
Tiga Dam alone can’t meet the demand of the three water
purposes. The results found in this research is in consistent
with that of Bello and Tuna (2014) who found that Kano
has 36% water deficit. Yunana et al, (2017) stated that
additional pressure would be imposed on water availability,
water accessibility and water demand in Africa because
population in Sub-Sahara Africa is expected to increase
from 700 million in 2007 to 1.1 billion in 2030 and 1.5
billion by 2050.
3.5 Future Hydropower Generation and Unmet
Hydropower Generation
Tiga reservoir is only having capacity to generate annual
average power of 28000GJ with unmet power generation of
8.6GJ as presented in Figure 11 and 12 respectively. Figure
11 shows that difference in annual power generation is very
small or approximately the same, this is as a result of equal
annual maximum turbine flow. Patten of Figure 12 is as a
result of variation of rainfall and flow in to the reservoir
which lead to fluctuation of release to downstream.
Figure 11: Future hydropower generation
Figure 12: Unmet future hydropower demand
Indusreal demand future scenario (1988-2050)
Unmet Demand
Demand Site: Kano industrial demand, All months (12)
19871990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 2034 2038 2042 2046 2050
Million Cubic Meter
0.40
0.38
0.36
0.34
0.32
0.30
0.28
0.26
0.24
0.22
0.20
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
hydropower future scenario 2018-2050
Hydropower Generation
Reservoir: Kano dam reservoir, All months (12)
1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2020 2023 2026 2029 2032 2035 2038 2041 2044 2047 2050
Thousand Gigajoule
28.0
26.0
24.0
22.0
20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
hydropower future scenario 2018-2050
Hydropower Unmet Demand
Reservoir: Kano dam reservoir, All months (12)
1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2020 2023 2026 2029 2032 2035 2038 2041 2044 2047 2050
Gigajoule
8.5
8.0
7.5
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
52
Nigerian Journal of Engineering, Vol. 27, No. 2, August 2020 ISSN (print): 0794 – 4756, ISSN(online):2705-3954.
4. Conclusion and Recommendation
In conclusion, an effort has been made to determine past
and future water allocation for different purposes such as
agriculture, Municipal (Kano city) and industrial from Tiga
Dam using the WEAP model. With the use of WEAP
model software, we can confirm that the water scarcity and
difficulties related to it will arise in Kano state, Nigeria as
long as mechanisms of management are not put in place to
take care of rapid population growth and increase in
irrigation. In the future, from 2018 to 2050 the dam will not
be able to meet up with the total demand, it is only capable
of supplying annual average of 9040 Mcm for agriculture
with unmet demand of 2757 Mcm, 328 Mcm for Kano city
with unmet demand of 7.8 Mcm, 1 Mcm for industries with
unmet demand of 0.3 Mcm and generate average annual
hydropower of 28000 GJ with unmet power of 8.6 GJ.
Hence, the model predicts that the annual average future
water supply from 2018 to 2050 for all scenarios is 9361
Mcm with unmet demand of 2765.1 Mcm. Moreover, the
dam can supply 77.09% of the major irrigation project
demand, 79.92% of the Kano industries demand, and
97.68% of the Kano city water demand in future.
It is recommended that further study should be carried out
by considering different management strategies to find out
the most efficient methods to reduce unmet demand for all
the purposes. In agricultural purpose, drip or sprinkler
irrigation can be considered to reduce water loss and
wastage. Population growth control will reduce domestic
water demand. Rainwater harvesting and storage in surface
or underground reservoirs will reduce domestic and
industrial demands from the dam during dry season.
Furthermore, extra early maturing crops should be used, to
reduce amount of water required per hectare in the
irrigation. Finally, creation of means for wastewater re-use
and recycling may help seriously in reducing unmet water
demand.
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