Content uploaded by Sunanda Kulshrestha
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Sunanda Kulshrestha on Jun 18, 2021
Content may be subject to copyright.
Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 3, 2021, Pages. 1773 - 1794
Received 16 February 2021; Accepted 08 March 2021.
1773
http://annalsofrscb.ro
An Insight into Chemicals Toxicity in Cosmetics and Their Health-Related
Perceptions
Ayushi Sharma1, Sunanda Kulshrestha2, Anjana Goel3*, ShoorVir Singh4
1Ph.D. student, Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, U.P,
INDIA.ayushi.sharma_msc18@gla.ac.in
2Ph.D. student, Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, U.P,
INDIA.sunanda.kulshrestha@gmail.com
3Associate Professor, Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, U.P,
INDIA.anjana.goel@gla.ac.in
4Professor & Head, Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, U.P,
INDIA.shoorvir.singh@gla.ac.in
*Corresponding author
Dr Anjana Goel, Associate Professor, Dept of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, U.P.
INDIA
Present Address: 17km Stone, NH-2, Mathura-Delhi Road, P.O. Chaumuhan, Mathura-281
406, (U.P.) INDIA
Email id:anjana.goel@gla.ac.in; anjanagoel2000@yahoo.com
Contact details: 91 9897006326
ORCID
AnjanaGoelhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3759-184X
ABSTRACT
Cosmetics has been used, since ancient times, for enhancing the beauty and self- care. But the
difference lies in the chemicals that have been constantly used for the manufacturing of
cosmetics in the present timeconcerning the natural cosmetics that were been in use in ancient
civilization and still used by many people. Many controversies arose in past years targeting the
companies the company to ban the use of such chemicals but none seem to lead to any result.
Cosmetics manufactured today are added with a load of chemicals to increase their shelf life, to
enhance their quality, for selective and assorted colors or any other desired property. But no one
could have ever thought of how these would affect the humans and the environment too. The
cosmetics lead to prolonged exposure to chemicals and indirect ingestion that give rise to health-
related issues like allergy, hypersensitivity and some are even be reported to have carcinogenic
effects. Many experimental pieces of evidence have supported the presence of substances like
phthalates, coal tar, heavy metals, parabens etc. in the cosmetics. They have been reported to
have dangerous impacts on biological things. Apart from this, the cosmetics are also tested on
animals in such an inhuman way that can‘t be imagined of and set out for sale, keeping the fact at
a corner that animal and humans have different issues and body build-ups and effects won‘t be
the same. This also gives rise to animal related ethical issues. Safety evaluation for cosmetics
Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 3, 2021, Pages. 1773 - 1794
Received 16 February 2021; Accepted 08 March 2021.
1774
http://annalsofrscb.ro
needs to be updated. This review is a compilation of information from the reviewed literature
related to cosmetics. More strict safety evaluation rules, banning for such harmful chemicals,
giving break to excessive animal abuse in the industry and use of more and more natural
products and herbal formulations should be encouraged.
KEYWORDS:Chemicals; Cosmetics; Hazards; Implications; Metals.
1. Introduction
Cosmetics are very widely used products on a daily basis by every being. Usually, a cosmetic
product is adopted in the treatment of the exterior surface of the human body to perform the
following 4 functions: (1) change in appearance; (2) maintenance in good condition; (3)
alteration of body odor and (4) protection.It includes makeup for self-grooming and even
hygiene related product that meet the daycare needs. The word ‗cosmetics‘ attribute to all kind of
products adopted to maintain and glorify ones outer personality while beautifying it. The purpose
they serve includes better conditioning of appearance, safeguarding from the harmful effects of
the environment (UV rays from sun, dust and pollution), helping in ageing processes and adding
a fragrance to prevent body odour. All the cosmetics manufactured by industries in some or the
other way carry heavy loads of chemicals in them that are capable of causing many kinds of
ailments to the human body as well as the environment. Carcinogens are a type of compound that
could be thought of; they tend to initiate tumor or cancer in living cells. Each product consists of
carcinogen in one or the other way but still, it‘s not banned because the laws governing personal
care and cosmetic products are bounded and validly allow use of carcinogens in cosmetics and
daily care products (Siemer, 1991; Jacob et al., 2018).
Cosmetics industry has grown day by day on an average 4.5% approximately per year
from the last 20 years. The industry has emerged as capable to be the most suitable industries
despite of the economic deterioration this could be linked directly with increasing demand all
over the world. In the 1970s, tentative data pointing towards a cancer-causing risk provoked
reinstatement of simple aromatic diamines in semi-permanent dyes (Lopaciuk and Loboda,
2013). Cosmetics industry has grown day by day on an average 4.5% approximately per year
from the last 20 years. The industry has emerged as capable to be the most suitable industries in
spite of the economic deterioration this could be linked directly with increasing demand all over
the world. In the 1970s, tentative data pointing towards a cancer-causing risk provoked
reinstatement of simple aromatic diamines in semi-permanent dyes (Shafer and Shafer, 1976).
Supporting epidemiological data including personal use of hair dyes as a ―possibly cancer-
causing element to humans‖ has been procured along with the use of talc-based body powder as
conceivably cancer-causing to humans. Other such data including toxicity and harms caused by
other products has been reported in experimental basis but no such epidemiological data has been
found to support the evidence (Booth et al., 1989; Straif et al., 2014).
Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 3, 2021, Pages. 1773 - 1794
Received 16 February 2021; Accepted 08 March 2021.
1775
http://annalsofrscb.ro
2.What isCosmetics?
‗Cosmetics‘wordoriginates from the Greek ―Kosmtikos‖ which denotes ‗expert in decoration‘ or
‗to embellish‘ (Barel et al., 2006). The Council of EU regulation provided the following
definition for cosmetic: ―A cosmetic product means any mixture or substance envisioned to be
placed in contact with the external parts of the human body (hair system, epidermis, lips, nails,
and external genital organs) or with the mucous membranes and the teeth of the oral cavity with
a view exclusively or mainly to perfuming them, cleaning them, protecting them, changing their
appearance, keeping them in good condition, or correcting body odors‖ (Butler, 1993; Shai et al.,
2009).
Cosmetics can be classified as rendering to their use, functions, consumer‘s gender or age, form
of preparation, among others. The greatestapposite classification is as follows :(1) cosmetics for
the hair, skin and integument care (2) cosmetics for personal cleansing ( deodorants, soaps,
shampoos); (3) protective cosmetics ( anti-wrinkle products, solar products); (4) cosmetics for
embellishment ( lip colors, perfumes); (5) remedial cosmetics (hair dyes, beauty masks); and (6)
active cosmetics (antiseptics fluoridated toothpastes) and (7) maintenance cosmetics
(moisturizing creams, shaving cream) (Mitsui, 1997). Another concept related to cosmetics in
‗cosmeceutics‘.The word cosmeceutics was commercialized by the aesthetic doctor Albert
Kligman . This word means a mixture of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, used to define cosmetic
products that can possess a suitable effect on skin but cannot be measured as having a pure
biological therapeutic effect. Though, the cosmeceutic word remains contentious without lawful
status and has not been usually acknowledged by all researchers (Dureja et al., 2005).
3.Most Common Chemicals Found In Cosmetic Products
Day to day we are unaware of loads of chemicals we are getting exposed to in face of cosmetics.
A detailed description of such compounds has been given below and Table 1 describes the cause
ofthese chemicals and toxicants in commonly used cosmetics lays on us.
3.1Coal Tar Dyes
Coal tar is an amalgamation of a variety of chemicals that constitutes petroleum. Colors obtained
from coal- tar have been widely used in cosmetics, usually recognized by a five-digit Color
Index (CI) number. One of the most important coal-tar dye is p- phenylenediamine which is used
in most hair-dyes. Darker the color of hair dye more is the amount of phenylenediamine that it
contains. Coal tar is found to be linked with cancer and they probably could lead to cancers,
whether these colors are produced by coal tar or synthetically. Either these colors are mixed with
harmful heavy metals or to some extent with aluminum substrates and these compounds could
lead to brain damage also. Few of these colors have not been accepted as food additives and
hence are not safe to be ingested, but still, they are being used in lipsticks(Darbre, 2005; Rollison
et al., 2006).
Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 3, 2021, Pages. 1773 - 1794
Received 16 February 2021; Accepted 08 March 2021.
1776
http://annalsofrscb.ro
3.2 Diethanolamine (Lauramide DEA and Cocamide DEA)
DEA associated elements are used in the formation of cosmetics, cream, or as a pH stabilizer to
maintain the acidity of other constituents. They are also been used in shampoos, soaps and
cleansers. Nitrosamines are formed when DEA acts on nitrites present in cosmetics. Nitrites can
either be used as anti-oxidizing or as a contaminant. The decomposition of different chemicals
used as preservatives in cosmetics is found to produce nitrites when these products are kept in
the air. In laboratory experiments, upon disclosure to excessive doses of DEA-related
constituents has been evident to form liver cancers and precancerous alterations in skin and
thyroids and can also root eye annoyance and moderate skin (Zhang, 2008).
3.3 DBP (Dibutyl Phthalate)
Dibutyl phthalate is mainly used as a plasticizer and as a solvent that stops nail paints from being
rigid and fragile. It has been evident to form developingimperfections, changes in the testes and
lessens sperm counts and prostate. It has also been recognized as a probable endocrine
deactivator on the fact that it affects with hormone function, and may be hazardous to the foetus
and deteriorate fertility. Furthermore, Health Canada discloses that revelation to phthalates may
stance health effects such as kidney and liver failure in children‘s of young age when products
encompassing phthalates are consumed for extended periods. Phthalates are also related to less
sperm count in men and reproductive deficiencies in the developing male fetus (when the mother
is in contact at the time of pregnancy), among other health effects (Stahlhut, 2007).
3.4 Parabens
It one of the most common constituents and preservatives in cosmetics up to an estimate of 75 to
90% of them contains parabens at very small levels.Prabens simplyenter the skin and are
susceptible of causing defects in hormone function. They can act as estrogens, themale
reproductive and primary female functions. In addition to this, studies have indicated that the
application of methyl-paraben on the skin responds to other chemicals, leading to enhanced skin
and DNA destruction. Parabens occur naturally in diminishing levels in few foods, such as
strawberries,barley, onions currents,vanilla and carrotswhile a non-natural preparation obtained
from petrochemicals has been used in cosmetics. Parabens in foods are decomposed when eaten,
making them less estrogenic. In contrast, when applied to the skin and absorbed into the body,
parabens in cosmetics go through the metabolic process and enter the blood stream and body
organs in its original form. It has been evaluated that women are exposed to at least 50 mg/day of
parabens by applying cosmetics. They are related to neurotoxicity and cancer among other
contrary health effects (Darbre et al., 2004; Charles and Darbre, 2014) .
3.5 Perfume (Fragrance)
The very word perfume (fragrance) in the constituent‘s index of any cosmetic product generally
signifies a composition of different varieties of chemicals. According to an estimate, almost
3,000 chemicals are being used as perfumes. The fragrance is one of the most significant
additives of deodorants, perfumes and colognes. It is being used in almost every type of cosmetic
and taking care product. General products labeled as ―unscented‖ or ―free of fragrance‖ might
comprise of fragrant constituents as beating agents that stop the brain from taking notice of
Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 3, 2021, Pages. 1773 - 1794
Received 16 February 2021; Accepted 08 March 2021.
1777
http://annalsofrscb.ro
fragrance(Anderson and Anderson, 1998). A lot of unpublished fragrant ingredients are termed
to be irritants and can result in severe headaches, allergies and signs and symptoms of respiratory
allergies like asthma. Perfume can either deteriorate asthma or by chance even contribute to its
development in children. It is the second most general source of allergy and irritation in patients.
Link of anti-perspirant deo and breast cancer has also been reported in studies by (Darbre, 2009).
3.6 Polyethylene Glycols (PEGs)
Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) are petroleum-based complex products that are significantly been
used in creams as solvents, thickeners, moisture-carriers and softeners. Depending on the
progressions, PEGs can be contaminated with enhanced quantities of 1,4-dioxane. But,
1,4dioxane has been supposed to be carcinogenic or tumor causing. It is not degraded easily and
can stand in the environment for very long periods. PEGs have shown evidences of gene toxicity
and if applied over damaged skin can lead to systemic toxicity and allergies (Bridges, 2002).
3.7 Petroleum
Petroleum also recognized as mineral oil jelly that act as a boundary to contain moisture in skin
in varied ranges of moisturizers. It is used in hair care products to give a shiny luster to hairs.
Petrolatum could be contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Researchers
have shown that disclosure to PAHs – related to skin cancer, if exposure occurs for a longer
period. On the basis of this evidence, the European Union categories petrolatum as a carcinogen
and contains its use in cosmetics. PAHs in petrolatum can also lead to skin irritation and allergies
(Ulrich, 2004).
3.8 Siloxanes
These are silicone-based complexes used as constituents in cosmetics to enhance their softening,
smoothening properties and to enhance quality of skin. They are commonly used in facial
treatments and skin moisturizers. They are known to be toxic, tenacious and bioaccumulate in
aquatic organisms as CycloPentasiloxane and Cyclo tetra siloxane. Cyclo tetra siloxane is a fatal
endocrine disruptor, affecting working and functioning of human hormones, and is a
reproductive toxicant, effecting fertility in humans (Xu et al., 2015).
3.9 Phenacetin
used in hair color, facial hair bleach and women‘s depilatories phenacetin is occasionally used as
a stabilizer in the products. According to the Prop 65 and IARC phenacetin is a human
carcinogenic compound (Charles and Darbre, 2014).
3.10 Benzene
The route of exposure to benzene is ingestion and inhalation. Benzene is occasionally used in
styling lotion and hair conditioner and classified as benzene is a human carcinogenic compound
(Sontag, 1981; Whitteore et al., 1988).
3.11 Untreated mineral oils or mildly treated mineral oils
Mineral oils are widely used in daily use products, with lip gloss, moisturizer, eye shadow, hair
color, conditioner, styling gel/lotion, blush and concealer treated or untreated mineral oil is a
carcinogenic compound for humans according to Prop 65, NTP and IARC mildly (Llanos et al.,
2017).
Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 3, 2021, Pages. 1773 - 1794
Received 16 February 2021; Accepted 08 March 2021.
1778
http://annalsofrscb.ro
3.12 Heavy metals
Cadmium and hexavalent chromium serve as a color in lip gloss and eye shadow.Arsenic are the
impurity in cosmetic compounds including shampoo, facial lotion and foundation. According to
NTP, Prop 65 and IARC identify arsenic, cadmium and chromium as a human carcinogen
(Agency of Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2008).
3.13 Ethylene oxide
It is widely used in fragrances and in popular brands shampoo. There are solid proofs that shows
ethylene oxide can cause hematopoietic and lymphatic cancers; and some studies it has been
found that increased incidence of breast cancer in uncovered or exposed workers. NIOSH
concludes that ethylene oxide leads leukemia and peritoneal cancer; exposure to ethylene oxide
through ingestion, inhalation, and eye and skin contact can disrupt the central nervous system,
respiratory system and reproductive system (Willhite et al., 2014).
3.14 Silica
silica occurs in 2 forms amorphous or crystalline. Crystalline silica is extensively used in
eyeliner, eye shadow, lipsticks, lip gloss, sunscreen, foundation, shampoo and lotion. According
to IARC and NTP crystalline silica of respirable size is carcinogenic compound for humans and
Prop 65 also list silica as human carcinogen (Shohreh, 2015).
4.Health HazardsRelated with Heavy Metals
Heavy metals have been used in cosmetics frequently used by women and also in face makeups
heavy metals which can accumulate in the body over time and can lead to cause various health
issues, such as; cancer, developmental and different reproductive issues, neurological problems;
blood, skeletal, cardiovascular, renal problems; nausea, immune system,headaches, vomiting,
and diarrhoea; lung and respiratory diseases; and hair loss and brittle hair. Some are toxic to the
respiratory system while others are disruptors of hormones (Popoola et al., 2013; Ramakant et
al., 2014).
4.1 Lead (Pb)
Lipcolors can becomecontaminatedwith Pb. Pb frequently comes in contact with skin and some
amount of lead gets absorbed through skin. The use of eye makeup that contains Pb hasbeen
combined with increased levels of Pb in bloodin women and children‘s(Sprinkle, 1995). Little
ones are specificallyliablebecause it can pass through the umbilical cord with contentment and
pass into the embryobrain. It can also be relocated to newbornsthroughkept in bones and
breastfeeding. Pbrevelation hasalso been inter-linked to miscarriage,hormonal
changes,menstrualirregularities,infertility in women and men, adjournments in adolescence onset
in girls (Rothenberg et al., 2000).Inorganic lead compounds and lead have beenclassified as a
suspectedcarcinogenic to humans (Ayenimo et al., 2010).
4.2 Cadmium (Cd)
In the environmentCd present certainly. Cd exist in body and creams used in hairs are engrossed
into the body over cuticular contact; deposited in the kidney and the liver,though it can be
existing in around all adult cells. It is measured to be ―mutagenic to humans‖ by the IARC and
its components, characterized as known human oncogenes by the United State Department of
Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 3, 2021, Pages. 1773 - 1794
Received 16 February 2021; Accepted 08 March 2021.
1779
http://annalsofrscb.ro
Health and Human Services.High levels of absorption of Cd can activate to Spartan abdominal
irritation, diarrhoea and vomiting, while contact to inferior levels for a extensive time can cause
bone deformity, kidney damage and the capability of bones to breakdown smoothly (Chauhan et
al., 2010; Al-Saleh I and Al-Doush, 2007).
4.3 Mercury (Hg)
It is one of the verycommunalcomponents which isexisting in skin complexion fairingcreams and
soaps.Hgis also used in other cosmetic products, like as eye cleansing products and beautifying
agentsand mascara. Skin complexion fairing soaps and creams are widelyfound in specific
African and Asian countries. These products are also used in North America and Europe.
Hginhibits the concentration of melanin, which results in brighter skin complexion.In cosmetics
inorganic mercury and organic mercury is present.Skin lightening creams and soaps are made up
of organic mercury and preservatives in eye makeups, mascara and cleaning product. The major
conflicting ramification of the inorganic mercury accommodates in skin fairing creams and soaps
in renal failure.Hg is used as a skin lightening agent in cosmetic products and leads skin
discoloration, skin rashes and scaring as well as a contraction in the skin resistant to fungal and
bacterial infections (Biebl and Warshaw, 2006).
4.4 Nickel (Ni)
Due to the affluence of this metal in the environment, everybody is bare to very less amounts,
usuallyvia air, food, soil, skin contact and portable water, including cosmetics (Sprinkle, 1995).
High levels of disclosure can lead to health hazard rely on route and the type of Ni exposed to.
Specific kindsof Ni are studied to be ―toxic‖ because of their mutagenicity. Metallic alloys and
nickels have been classified as conceivably cancer-causing to humans. Hypersensitivity to Ni is
also common and it might be cause acute contact dermatitis. The 1st case of Ni hypersensitivity
caused by eye makeup has been reported; although as one ppm of it may provoke a pre-existing
allergy (Khalid et al., 2013).
5. Regulations Related to Chemicals in Cosmetics
Regulatory authorities have been banned or given guidelines for use of chemicals in any form
which are been followed in some countries and some don‘t abide to rules and regulations.
Likewise, Formaldehyde isrestricted in the EU
(http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredient/726229/ETHYLENE_OXIDE)and banned in Japan,
benzene is banned in the EU; coal tar is banned in the EU; ethylene oxide is banned in the EU;
cadmium compounds are banned in Japan and the EU; chromium is banned in the EU; arsenic is
banned in the EU
(http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/cosmetics/cosing/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.details_v2&id=29
456).
6.Side Effects Caused by Cosmetics and studies related to them
Skincare products such as nail polish,perfumes, make up, etc., can cause skin irritation and
allergic reactions; these products can endure on the body for an extended period of time and
cause substantial adverse reactions (Nigam, 2009). Moisturizers raise the hygroscopic stuffs of
the skin specifically when the amount of these materials is high in the body. It can cause
Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 3, 2021, Pages. 1773 - 1794
Received 16 February 2021; Accepted 08 March 2021.
1780
http://annalsofrscb.ro
exfoliation and irritation. Skin lessening agents such as hydroquinone (HQ) is one of the life-
threatening harmful chemicals. However, there have been reports of potential mutagenicity and
ochronosis. Ochronosis is an unusual contrary effect of HQ, categorized by liberal darkening of
the part to which the cream holding high concentrations of HQ is useful for many years (Nigam
and Saxena, 1998; Shalom et al., 2013).
Sun-screening agents can cause allergic,irritant, photo-allergic reactions or phototoxic.
Benzophenones are the utmost common while dibenzoyl methane‘s,sensitizers, cinnamates may
cause photo-allergic dermatitis and para-aminobenzoicacid (PABA) (Johansen et al., 1996).
The sensitive reactions associated with anti-perspirants / deodorants and fragrances are
frequently caused by the other ingredients or fragrances.Fragrances can arrive the body through
lungs, air ways, skin(adsorption), ingestion and through pathways from the nose directly to the
brain and can cause dizziness,headaches, irritation to eyes, fatigue, throat and nose, forgetfulness
and other symptoms. Fragrances scattered in the air or present in air can cause air-borne contact
dermatitis. Chemicals like phethleugenol, coumarin found in fragrances are supposed
carcinogens, while phthalates are assumed hormones disrupters (Anderson and Anderson, 1998;
Bridges, 2002).All the studies done are mostly done on animals like mice and rabbits before
getting to final conclusion that makes it have ethical issues related to animals. More detailed
discussion has been given below.
6.1 Allergy
Allergy is one of the hypersensitivity disorders which is caused by our immune system and
substances those are responsible of allergy are known as allergens. The major symptoms of
allergy include itchiness, red eyes, eczema, contact dermatitis and may cause life threating
reaction which is known as anaphylaxis (Kay, 200). Fix testing with a wide screening
arrangement, enhanced by patients' own corrective items cause contact hypersensitivity or
dermatitis on face, eyelids, neck and lips have been demonstrated in different studies. Study on
Undesirable Effects (UE) by beauty care products detailed that among the functions (n = 45)
announced by dermatologists, 22 were analyzed as Allergic Contact Dermatitis (ACD) and 18 as
Irritant Contact Dermatitis (ICD). Facial consideration items (19.7%), trailed by body care items
(16.9%), aromas (12.7%) and eye care items (11.3%) were cosmetics answerable for the watched
functions. Periorbital and perioral zone, brow, visual mucous film and lips, trailed by whole body
(n = 9) are included in this exploration body parts which primarily influenced were face (n = 37).
(Sportielloaet al., 2009; Michelle et al., 2014).
In 6621 female and 3440 male patients, 1582 female (23.8%) and 611 of male (17.8%) patients
had at any rate one unfavorably susceptible fix test response related with a restorative source,
this has demonstrated in an examination. Females were 1.21 occasions bound to have a
hypersensitive response related with a corrective source than male patients. Head and neck
association was essentially higher in female (49.3%) than in male patients (23.7%) considering
inside the restorative unfavorably susceptible gathering (n = 2243) (Groota and Herxheimer,
1989) A combination of methyl isothiazolinone and methyl chloro-isothiazolinone (1·5%) as
their additive framework is found in assortment items, for example, saturating creams which are
Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 3, 2021, Pages. 1773 - 1794
Received 16 February 2021; Accepted 08 March 2021.
1781
http://annalsofrscb.ro
the significant reason for corrective allergy. Allergy to nail makeup is less successive as
contrasted and different beautifying agents. the eyelids, cheeks, sides of the neck, hands,
periungual and perianal territories are influenced by the Sensitivity contact dermatitis from nail
polish regularly. For this investigation at days 2 and 4 a patient with perianal, eyelid pruritus and
dermatitis was fix tried and results demonstrated that +2 positive hypersensitive reactions were
seen by nail finish. Mono acrylates and monometha - crylates are utilized in nail beauty care
products has been shown in a research. Patient had erythema and difficult pruritic vesicles of the
paronychial tissue as he was turned out to be occupationally sharpened to photobon-ded designed
nails. Itemized fix testing and examination of the patient's nail beautifying agents containing
mono (meth) acrylates explained the reason for her hand and face dermatitis. (Lazarov, 1999;
Malik and Claoué, 2012)
6.2 Cytotoxicity
Cytotoxicity is the nature of being poisonous to cells. Treating cells with the cytotoxic
compound can bring about an assortment of cell destinies like they will close down digestion or
the phones can initiate a hereditary program of controlled cell passing (apoptosis). Cells may go
through corruption in which they lose film integrity and pass on quickly because of cell lysis.
Nanoparticles which are progressively being utilized in cosmetic items are Titanium dioxide
nanoparticles. An investigation of harmfulness of TiO2 nanofibers (TiO2NFs) was assessed in
human cervical adenocarcinoma HeLa cells. Presentation of HeLa cells to TiO2NFs actuated
critical cytotoxicity even at portions as low as 2μg/ml. Intracellular take-up of TiO2NFs in cells
was appeared by Alizarin Red S (ARS) marked nanofibers. G2/M cell cycle capture in the cells
presented to TiO2NF is shown in cell cycle analysis. (Riss, 2004) Expanded articulation of
proapoptotic proteins bax with an expansion in cytosolic cytochrome-C and restraint of hostile to
apoptotic protein Bcl-2 is brought about by TiO2NFs treatment to HeLa cells which brings about
acceptance of cell oxidative pressure as uncovered by raised ROS levels decreased cancer
prevention agent levels and expanded lipid peroxidation prompting apoptosis (Ramkumar et al.,
2012). Some inorganic salts, for example, sodium sulfite, ammonium sulfite, sodium bisulfite,
potassium bisulfite, ammonium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite and potassium metabisulfite are
available in hair care items and this have been announced by research, and that work as lessening
operators in corrective details. These inorganic salts entered in vertebrates by means of ingestion,
inward breath or infusion and convert sulfite oxidase to sulfate which came about in hyperplastic
changes in the gastric mucosa. (Cohen et al.,2013) For assessing skin poisonousness of metal
oxide particles (nanoparticles) ordinarily found in restorative and dermatological arrangements
an investigation tended to the natural impacts of topically applied copper oxide (CuO)
nanoparticles in human skin organ societies, utilizing light and electron microscopy and
biochemical tests. Nanoparticles were more poisonous than miniature estimated particles and
CuO nanoparticles actuated incendiary cytokine emission and necrosis. (Nabeshiet al., 2011)
Consequence of an examination recommended that the all-around scattered undefined nano silica
of molecule size 70 nm (nSP70) infiltrated the skin obstruction and caused foundational
introduction in mouse.15 An exploration uncovered that lung changes happen in creatures
Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 3, 2021, Pages. 1773 - 1794
Received 16 February 2021; Accepted 08 March 2021.
1782
http://annalsofrscb.ro
presented to powder vaporized fixations that brought about lung over-burden and granulomatous
sores due to powder on careful gloves.(Wehner, 1994) health risk are caused because of Talc
based beauty care products as they have quality of powder nanoparticles. In an investigation two
assortments of powder nanoparticles, indigenous and commercial were evaluated for their
potential in vitro poisonousness on A549 cells which shows that the two assortments of powder
nanoparticles differentially prompted Lipid Peroxidation (LPO), which was corresponded with
the example of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) spillage, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) age and
glutathione (GSH) depletion. Indigenous nano talc indicated moderately higher cytotoxicity
credited to its higher substance of iron when contrasted with commercial nanotalc. (Akhtar et al.,
2010).
6.3 Clastogenicity and genotoxicity
In science, a mutagenic specialist which causes interruption or breakages of chromosomes,
prompting segments of the chromosome being erased, included or reworked is called a clastogen.
This cycle is a type of mutagenesis and can prompt carcinogenesis as cells that are not murdered
by the clastogenic impact may become cancerous.18 A property controlled by certain substances
that makes them harmful to the DNA, RNA and other hereditary materials present in an
organism is called Genotoxicity. (Charoensinet al., 2012) Genotoxin is a substance that has the
property of genotoxicity. Comet examines were completed to assess DNA harm in human
lymphocytes from 20 volunteers when hair coloring. DNA harm in lymphocytes was discovered
to be somewhat higher in volunteers after hair dyeing. Hair color fixings regularly produce
positive outcomes in present moment in vitro genotoxicity tests. Various biomonitoring
investigations of people presented to hair colors have been directed utilizing either cytogenetic
modifications or DNA harm as proportions of genotoxicity or urine mutagenicity as a proportion
of introduction to genotoxic compounds. The two essential regular color fixing contained in the
leaves of Henna (Lawsoniainermis) are 2-Hydroxy-1, 4-Naphthoquinone (HNQ). Distributed
genotoxicity concentrates on HNQ recommended it was a feeble bacterial mutagen for
Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 and all the more plainly mutagenic for strain TA2637.22
TiO2-NPs are being utilized progressively for different modern also, customer items which
includes makeup and sunscreens in light of their photoactive properties. (Kim et al., 2013) The
genotoxicity of 10nm uncoated circle TiO2-NPs with an anatase glasslike structure study was
surveyed utilizing the Salmonella turn around change examine (Ames test) and the single-cell gel
electrophoresis (Comet) assay. With the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97a, TA98, TA100
and TA102 to decide the mutagenic capability of TiO2 nanoparticles were come about in
genotoxic nature of the designed NP-TiO2 and a NP-TiO2 result from a sunscreen
nanocomposite.24Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) is broadly used as basic part in sunscreens and
different beauty care products. In vitro investigations have demonstrated the endocrine disturbing
limit of BP-3. BP-3 has demonstrated solid enemy of androgenic and hostile to estrogenic
movement as well. (Jominiet al., 2012).
The boundless utilization of BP-3 has brought about its delivery into the water climate and
consequently sway on the amphibian environment. An investigation has demonstrated that
Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 3, 2021, Pages. 1773 - 1794
Received 16 February 2021; Accepted 08 March 2021.
1783
http://annalsofrscb.ro
restorative items like lotions, creams, showers or salves applied to axilla or chest or bosom
regions may cause bosom disease occurrence in females. Common item in restorative detailing to
be specific p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters or parabens have been tried in vitro and in vivo and
they have indicated oestrogenic impact and now have been identified in human bosom tumor
tissue.26 Some phthalates, for example, di 2-ethyl Hexyl Phthalate (DEHP) and Dibutyl
Phthalate (DBP) and their metabolites are associated with creating teratogenic or endocrine-
upsetting impacts. An investigation has been done to foresee conceivable human introduction to
phthalates in beautifiers. The degrees of DEHP, Diethyl Phthalate (DEP), DBP and Butyl Benzyl
Phthalate (BBP) were dictated by HPLC in 102 marked hair splashes, aromas, antiperspirants
and nail shines. DBP was identified in 19 of the 21 nail shines and in 11 of the 42 scents and
DEP was recognized in 24 of the 42 fragrances and 2 of the 8 antiperspirants. An Optical
Brightener (OB) powder (INCI : Sodium silicoaluminate and glycidoxypropyl trim-
ethyloxysilane/PEI-250 crosses fluorescent brightener 230 salt and polyvinyl liquor
crosspolymer) that is utilized in restorative facial items were tried utilizing the Micronuclei test
(MNT) which came about in their genotoxic nature. (Harvey and Dabre, 2004; Dayan et al.,
2011)
Conditioners and Shampoos do not have much interaction with the skin; they are only valid to
the hair and as such, cause fewer adverse effect. However, they can be a problematic when they
come in contact with the eyes during wash of the hair. The most communal effect of using
shampoo is the matting of the scalp hair (also referred to as tangling of hair) (Wilson et al.,
1990). Active ingredients in hair bleaching product such as Ammonium persulfate, Hydrogen
peroxide solutions, may cause Types IV and I allergic contact reactions.Table 2 given below
summarizes ingredients, their effects on health and regulation rules related to them in some
countries.
Conclusion
Cosmetics in word itself present the function they exhibit that is ‗to embellish‘. Several cosmetic
products have been used in daily life by most of the population around the world without being
aware of the side effects they could cause in long run. Adverse effects have been observed on the
recurrence basis attributed with the use of such toxic chemicals in cosmetics. Even after several
cases and supporting epidemiological data to ban of such products most of the countries and
companies still don‘t follow them. Strict rules and regulations have been implied but the need for
rigorous vigilance could be still felt.
Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflict of interest.
Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 3, 2021, Pages. 1773 - 1794
Received 16 February 2021; Accepted 08 March 2021.
1784
http://annalsofrscb.ro
References
1. Ababneh FA, Abu-Sbeih KA, Al-Momani IF (2013) Evaluation of allergenic metals and
other trace elements in personal care products. Jordan Journal of Chemistry 8(3): 179-
190.
2. Acheson ED, Gardner MJ, Pippard EC, Grime LP (1982) Mortality of two groups of
women who manufactured gas masks from chrysotile and crocidolite asbestos: a 40-year
follow-up. British J Ind Med39: 344–348.
3. Agency of Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, ―Toxicological Profile for Cadmium,‖
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp.asp?id=48&tid=15, 2008.Retrieved, March 10,
2015.
4. Ahn KC, Zhao B, Chen J, Cherednichenko G, Sanmarti E, Denison MS, Lasley B, Pessah
IN, Kültz D, Chang DP, Gee SJ, Hammock BD (2008) In vitro biologic activities of the
antimicrobials triclocarban, its analogs, and triclosan in bioassay screens: receptor-based
bioassay screens. Environment Health Perspect 116 (9): 1203-1210.
5. Akhtar MJ, Kumar S, Murthy RC, Ashquin M, Khan MI and Patil G (2010) The primary
role of iron-mediated lipid peroxidation in the differential cytotoxicity caused by two
varieties of talc nanoparticles on A549 cells and lipid peroxidation inhibitory effect
exerted by ascorbic acid. Toxicology in Vitro 24(4): 1139–1147.
6. Al-Qutob MA, Alatrash HM, Abol-Ola S (2013) Determination of different heavy metals
concentrations in cosmetics purchased from the Palestinian markets by ICP/MS. AES
Bioflux; 5(3).
7. Al-Saleh I, Al-Doush I (2007a) Mercury content in skin-lightening cream and potential
hazards to the health of Saudi women. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health:
Current Issues 51(2): 123-130.
8. Al-Saleh I, Al-Enazi S, Shinwari N (2009) Assessment of lead in cosmetic products.
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 54: 105–113.
9. Anderson RC, Anderson JH (1998) Acute toxic effects of fragrance products. Archives
of Environmental Health 53(2): 138–146.
10. Ayenimo G, A Yusuf M, Adekunle AS (2010a) Heavy Metal Exposure from Personal
Care Products. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 84 (1): 8–14.
11. Ayenimo JG, Yusuf AM, Doherty WO, Ogunkunle OA (2010b) Iron, lead, and nickel in
selected consumer products in Nigeria: A potential public health concern. Toxicological
& Environmental Chemistry 92(1): 51–59.
12. Barel AO, Paye M, Maibach HI (2006) Handbook of Cosmetic Science and
Technology.Taylor & Francis Group; Boca Raton, FL, USA.
13. Beane FLE, Blair A, Lubin J, et al (2009) Mortality from lymphohematopoietic
malignancies among workers in formaldehyde industries: The National Cancer Institute
Cohort. Journal of National Cancer Insttitute 101(10): 751–761.
14. Biebl KA, Warshaw EM (2006) Allergic contact dermatitis to cosmetics. Dermatology
Clinical 24: 215-232.
Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 3, 2021, Pages. 1773 - 1794
Received 16 February 2021; Accepted 08 March 2021.
1785
http://annalsofrscb.ro
15. Bocca B, Forte G, Petrucci F, Cristaudo A (2007) Levels of nickel and other potentially
allergenicmetals in Ni-tested commercial body creams. Journal of Pharmaceutical and
Biomedical Analysis 44: 1197–1202.
16. BondiCAM , Marks JL, WroblewskiLB,Heidi RS, Shannon LR, Gebhardt and Kay E
(2015) Human and Environmental Toxicity of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS): Evidence
for Safe Use in Household Cleaning Products. Environment Health Insights 9: 27–32.
17. Booth M, Beral V, Smith P (1989) Risk factors for ovarian cancer: A case-control study.
Br J Cancer 604: 592–598.
18. Bridges B (2002) Fragrance: emerging health and environmental concerns. Flavour
Fragrances Journal 17: 361–71.
19. Brinch A (COWI A/S) Jensen AA(NIPSECT) Christensen F(COWI A/S): The Danish
Environmental Protection Agency / Risk assessment of fluorinated substances in
cosmetic product 2018; ISBN: 978-87-93710-94-98
20. Butler H (1993) Microbiological control of cosmetics. In: Butler H., editor. Poucher‘s
Perfumes, Cosmetics and Soaps.Volume 3. Springer; Dordrecht, The Netherlands 572–
606.
21. Calafat A et al. (2003) Urinary Concentrations of Triclosan in the U.S. Population: 2003-
2004.‖ Environment Health Perspection 116: 303-307.
22. Charles AK, Darbre PD (2014) Combinations of parabens at concentrations measured in
human breast tissue can increase proliferation of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells.
Journal of Applied Toxicology 335: 390–398.
23. Charoensin S, Taya S, Wongpornchai S and Wongpoomchai R (2012) Assessment of
genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity of an aqueous extract of Cleistocalyxnervosum var.
paniala in vitro and in vivo models, Interdiscip. Toxicology 5(4): 201-206.
24. Chauhan SA, Rekha B, Atul KS, Sharad SL, Dinesh KC, Vinayak ST (2010)
Determination of Lead and Cadmium in cosmetic products. Journal of Chemical and
Pharmaceutical Research; 2(6): 92-97.
25. Cohen D, Soroka Y, Ma‘or Z, Oron M, Portugal-Cohen M, Bregegere FM, Berhanu D,
Valsami-Jones E, Hai N and Milner Y (2013) Evaluation of topically applied copper (II)
oxide nanoparticle cytotoxicity in human skin organ culture. Toxicology in Vitro 27(1):
292–298.
26. Darbre PD (2005) Aluminium, antiperspirants and breast cancer.Journal of Inorganic
Biochemistry 999: 1912–1919.
27. Darbre PD (2009) Underarm antiperspirants/deodorants and breast cancer.Breast Cancer
Research11(3): S5.
28. Darbre PD, Aljarrah A, Miller WR, Coldham NG, Sauer MJ, Pope GC (2004)
Concentrations of parabens in human breast tumours. Journal of Applied Toxicology241:
5–13.
29. Dayan N, Shah V and Minko T, Genotoxic potential evaluation of a cosmetic insoluble
substance by the micronuclei assay. Journal of Cosmetic Science 62 (1): 29- 39.
Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 3, 2021, Pages. 1773 - 1794
Received 16 February 2021; Accepted 08 March 2021.
1786
http://annalsofrscb.ro
30. Dureja H, Kaushik D, Gupta M, Kumar V, Lather V (2005) Cosmeceuticals: An
emerging concept. Indian J Pharmacol 37: 155-159.
31. European Commission.Cadmium and its compounds. Available online:
http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/cosmetics/cosing/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.details_v2
&id=29456 July 23, 2014.
32. European Commission.Chromium trioxide. Available online:
http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/cosmetics/cosing/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.details_v2
&id=28884 July 23, 2014.
33. EWG‘s Skin Deep Cosmetics Database. Formaldehyde. Available online:
http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ingredient/726229/ETHYLENE_OXIDE/ July 28, 2014.
34. Golden R, Gandy J, Vollmer G (2005) A review of the endocrine activity of parabens and
implications for potential risks to human health. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 35(5):
435-458.
35. Gondal MA, Seddigi ZS, Nasr MM, Gondal B (2010) Spectroscopic detection of health
hazardous contaminants in lipstick using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy.
Journal of Hazardous Materials 175: 726–732.
36. Graham J, Graham R (1967)Ovarian cancer and asbestos. Environmental Research1:
115–128.
37. Groota A. and Herxheimer A (1989) Isothiazolinonepreservative : Cause of a continuing
epidemic of cosmetic dermatitis. Lancet 1(8633): 314–316.
38. Harvey PW and Darbre P (2004) and Endocrine disrupters and human health: Could
oestrogenic chemicals in body care cosmetics adversely affect breast cancer incidence in
women? Journal of Applied Toxicology 24 (3): 167–176.
39. Health Canada, ―Report on Human Biomonitoring of Environmental Chemicals in
Canada: Results of the Canadian Health Measures,‖ Survey Cycle 1 (2007–2009),
Ottawa, 2010.
40. Jacob SE, Breithaupt A (2009) Environmental Exposures-A pediatric perspective in baby
and cosmetic products. Journal of the Dermatology Nurses‘ Association 1: 211-214.
41. Jacob SL, Cornell E, Kwa M, Funk W E, Xu S (2018) Cosmetics and Cancer: Adverse
Event Reports Submitted to the Food and Drug Administration. JNCI Journal of National
Cancer Institute 0(0): 1-7.
42. Johansen JD, Rastogi SC and Menne T (1996) Threshold responses in cinnamic-
aldehyde-sensitive subjects: Results and methodological aspects. Contact Dermatitis 34:
165–1171.
43. Jomini S, Labille J, Bauda P and Pagnout C (2012) Modifications of the bacterial reverse
mutation test reveals mutagenicity of TiO2 nanoparticles and byproducts from a
sunscreen TiO2 based nanocomposite. Toxicology Letters 215(1): 54-61.
44. KandutiD, Petra S,Barbara A:Fluoride (2016) A Review Of Use And Effects On Health.
Mater Sociomed 28(2): 133–137.
Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 3, 2021, Pages. 1773 - 1794
Received 16 February 2021; Accepted 08 March 2021.
1787
http://annalsofrscb.ro
45. Kay AB (2000) Overview of allergy and allergic diseases with a view to the future.
British Medical Bulletin 56(4): 843–864.
46. Khalid A, Bukhari IH, Riaz M, Rehman G, Ain QU, Bokhari TH, Rasool N, Zubair M,
Munir S (2013) Determination of lead, cadmium, chromium and nickel in different
brands of lipsticks. IJBPAS 2(5): 1003–1009.
47. Kim TM, Rebel VI and Hasty P (2013) Defining a genotoxic profile with mouse
embryonic stem cells. Experimental Biology and Medicine 238 (3):285-293.
48. Langseth H, Kjaerheim K (2004)Ovarian cancer and occupational exposure among pulp
and paper employees in Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment &
Health30: 356–361.
49. Llanos AAM, Rabkin A, Bandera EV (2017) Hair product use and breast cancer risk
among African American and white women.Carcinogenesis389: 883–892.
50. Lopaciuk A, Loboda M (2013) Global beauty industry trends in the 21st century.
International Conference, Zadar, Croatia
51. Malik A. and Claoué C (2012) Transport and interaction of cosmetic product material
within the ocular surface: Beauty and the beastly symptoms of toxic tears. Contact Lens
and Anterior Eye 35(6): 247–259.
52. Maneli MH, Smith P, Khumalo NP (2014) Elevated formaldehyde concentration in
―Brazilian keratin type‖ hair-straightening products: A cross-sectional study, Journal of
American Academy of Dermatology 70(2): 276–280.
53. Michelle EP and Jonathan HZ (2014) Allergic contact dermatitis to cosmetics.
Dermatologic Clinics 32(1): 1–11.
54. Mitsui T, (1997) New Cosmetic Science. Elsevier; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Preservation of cosmetics 199–208.
55. Moennich JN, Hanna DM, Jacob SE (2009) Environmental Exposures-A pediatric
perspective on allergic contact dermatitis. Skin & Aging: 28-36.
56. N.J. Barlow, B.S. McIntyre and P.M. Foster (2004) Male reproductive tract lesions at 6,
12, and 18 months of age following in utero exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate. Toxicolgy
Pathology 32(1): 79–90.
57. Nabeshi H, Yoshikawa T, Matsuyama K and Nakazato Y (2011) Systemic distribution,
nuclear entry and cytotoxicity of amorphous nanosilica following topical application.
Biomat 32(11): 2713–2724.
58. Newhouse ML, Berry G, Skidmore JW (1982)A mortality study of workers
manufacturing friction materials with chrysotile asbestos. Annals of Occupational
Hygiene26: 899–809.
59. Niel V: Top 10 Harmful Effect of Using Cosmetics,‖ listCrux.4, http://www.list
crux.com/top-10-harmful-effects-ofusing-cosmetics, 2014. Retrieved March 10, 2015
60. Nigam PK (2009) Adverse Reaction to cosmetics and method of testing. Indian J
DermatolVenerolLeprol 75(1): 10–9.
Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 3, 2021, Pages. 1773 - 1794
Received 16 February 2021; Accepted 08 March 2021.
1788
http://annalsofrscb.ro
61. Nigam PK and Saxena AK (1998) Allergic contact dermatitis from henna. Contact
Dermatitis l8: 55–66.
62. Nnorom IC, Igwe JC, Oji-Nnorom CG (2005) Trace metal contents of facial (make-up)
cosmetics commonly used in Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology 4(10): 1133-
1138.
63. Onwordi CT, Orizu CO, Wusu AD, Ogunwande IA (2011) Potentially Toxic Metals
Exposure From Body Creams Sold In Lagos, Nigeria. Researcher 3(1): 30-37.
64. Piccinini P, Piecha M, Torrent SF (2013) European survey on the content of lead in lip
products. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 76: 225-233.
65. Pierce JS, Abelmann A, Spicer LJ, et al (2011) Characterization of formaldehyde
exposure resulting from the use of four professional hair straightening products. Journal
of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 8 (11): 686–699.
66. Popoola E, Bisi-johnson MA, Abiodun A, Ibeh OS (2013) Heavy metal content and
antimicrobial activities of some naturally occurring facial cosmetics in Nigeria. Ife
journal of science 15(3): 637–644.
67. Ramakant S, Poornima S, Sapina J, Mathur HB, Agarwal HC (2014) Heavy metal in
cosmetics. Centre for science and Environment 45: 23–28.
68. Ramkumar KM, Manjula C, Gnana KG, Muzafar A, Kanjwal TV, Sekar PR and
Rajaguru P (2012) Oxidative stress-mediated cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction by
TiO2 nanofibers in HeLa cells. Europeun Journal of. Pharmaceutics and
Biopharmaceutics 81(2): 324–333.
69. Riss TL and Moravec RA (2004) Use of multiple assay endpoints to investigate the
effects of incubation time, dose of toxin and plating density in cell-based cytotoxicity
assays. Assay guidance manual 2(1): 51– 62.
70. Rollison DE, Helzlsouer KJ, Pinney SM (2006) Personal hair dye use and cancer: a
systematic literature review and evaluation of exposure assessment in studies published
since 1992. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B: Critical Review
9(5): 493–500.
71. Rothenberg SJ, Khan F, Manalo M, Jiang J, Cuellar R, Reyes S, et al (2000) Maternal
Bone Lead Contribution to Blood Lead during and after Pregnancy. Environmental
Research 82(1): 81–90.
72. Sainio EL, Jolanki R, Hakala E, Kanerva L (2000) Metals and arsenic in eye shadows.
Contact Dermatiti 42:5-10.
73. Schrader TJ, Cooke GM (2008) Examination of selected foodadditives and
organochlorine food contaminants forandrogenic activity in vitro. Toxicological Sciences
53(2): 278–288.
74. Schultes L, VestergrenR, Volkova K R, Westberg E, Jacobson T and BenskinJP
(2018)Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and fluorine mass balance in cosmetic
products from the Swedish market: implications for environmental emissions and human
exposure.Environmental science Processes Impacts20:1680-1690.
Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 3, 2021, Pages. 1773 - 1794
Received 16 February 2021; Accepted 08 March 2021.
1789
http://annalsofrscb.ro
75. Shafer N, Shafer RW (1976) Potential of carcinogenic effects of hair dyes. New York
State Journal of Medicine 76: 394–396.
76. Shai A, Baran R, Maibach HI (2009) editors.Cosmetics and Cosmetic Preparations: Basic
Definitions. Informa UK Ltd.; London, UK 1–3.
77. Shalom NC, Dominic EA, Victor CO, Iweala EJ, Afolabi SI, Uhuegbu CC and Oranusi
SU (2013) Skincare product usage; implication on Health and wellbeing of Africans.
Journal of Applied Science 13(3): 430–436.
78. Shohreh N. Silica Nanoparticles for Increased Cosmetic Ingredient Efficacy
http://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/research/chemistry/SilicaNanoparticlesforIncreas
edCosmeticIngredientEfficacy300987651.html
79. Siemer E (1991) Preparations for cleansing and caring for blemished skin. In: Umbach
W., editor. Cosmetics and Toiletries—Development, Production and Use. Ellis Horwood;
New York, NY, USA, 124–128.
80. Silvia L. Cruz et al. Review of toluene action: clinical evidence, animal studies and
molecular targets, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4211428/
81. Sontag JM (1981) Carcinogenicity of substituted-benzenediamines
(phenylenediamines)in rats and mice. Journal of National Cancer Institute 66(3): 591–
502.
82. Sportielloa L, Cammarotab S, Portub S and Sautebin L (2009) Notification of unde-
sirable effects of cosmetics and toiletries. Pharmacological Research 59(2): 101–106.
83. Sprinkle RV (1995) Leaded eye cosmetics: a cultural cause of elevated Lead levels in
children. Journal of Family Practice 40 (4): 358 – 362.
84. Stahlhut RW (2007) Concentrations of urinary phthalate metabolites are associated with
increased waste circumference and insulin resistence in adult U.S. males. Environmental
Health Perspectives 115:126.
85. Straif K, Loomis D, Guyton K et al, (2014) Future priorities for the IARC Monographs.
Lancet Oncology 15: 683–694
86. Ullah H, Noreen S, Ali RF, Waseem A, Zubair S, Adnan M, Ahmad I (2013)
Comparative study of heavy metals content in cosmetic products of different countries
marketed in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Arabian Journal of Chemistry.
87. Ulrich G. (2004) Sensitaization to petrolatum: an unusual cause of false-positive drug
patch-tests. Allergy 59(9): 1006–1009.
88. Volpe MG, Nazzaro M, Coppola R, Rapuano F, Aquino RP (2012) Determination and
assessments of selected heavy metals in eye shadow cosmetics from China, Italy, and
USA. Microchemical Journal 101: 65–69.
89. Wehner AP (1994) Biological effects of cosmetic talc. Food and Chemical Toxicology 32
(12): 1173– 1184.
90. Whitteore AS, Wu M, Paffenbarger R et al (1988) Personal and environmental
characteristics related to epithelial ovarian cancer. II. Exposures to talcum powder,
tobacco, alcohol, and coffee. American Journal of Epidemiology 1286:1228–1240.
Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 3, 2021, Pages. 1773 - 1794
Received 16 February 2021; Accepted 08 March 2021.
1790
http://annalsofrscb.ro
91. Willhite CC, Karyakina NA, Yokel RA (2014) Systematic review of potential health risks
posed by pharmaceutical, occupational and consumer exposures to metallic and
nanoscale aluminum, aluminum oxides, aluminum hydroxide and its soluble salts.
Critical Reviews in Toxicology44(4): 1–80.
92. Wilson CL, Ferguson DJ and Dawber RP (1990) Matting of scalp hair during
shampooing: A new look. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 15: 139–142.
93. Woo Jingang, Kim Soyeon , Kim Haesoon, JeongKyoungSook, Kim EunMee, Ha
Eunhee (2019) Systematic Review on Sanitary Pads and Female Health. Ewha Medicinal
Journal 42(3): 25-38.
94. Xu L, Shi Y, Liu N, Cai Y (2015) Methyl siloxanes in environmental matrices and human
plasma/fat from both general industries and residential areas in China. Science Total
Environment505: 454–63
95. Zhang Y (2008) Personal use of hair dye and the risk of certain subtypes of non-Hodgkin
lymphoma. American Journal of Epidemiology 167(11): 1321–1331.
96. Ziarati P, Moghimi S, Arbabi-Bidgoli S, Qomi M (2013) Risk Assessment of heavy
metal contents (lead and cadmium) in lipsticks in Iran. International Journal of Chemical
Engineering and Applications 3(6).
97. Zorrilla L, Gibson EK, Jeffay SC, Crofton KM, SetzerWr, Cooper RL, and Stoker TE
(2009) The effects of Triclosan on Puberty and Thyroid Hormones in Male Wistar Rats.
Toxicological Sciences 107(1): 56-64.
Table 1: Most Common Toxic Chemicals Found in Daily Care Products and Cosmetics
Chemicals reported in
Cosmetics
Products
Purpose
Concerns
References
(BHA)
Butylatedhydroxy
anisole and (BHT)
butylatedhydroxytoluene
eye makeups,
lipstick
antioxidant,
preservative,
fragrance
ingredient stabilizer
hormone disruption,
skin irritation and
human carcinogen
[Niel,
2014;
Schrader
and Cooke,
2008]
DEA (Diethanolamine)
variety of hair
products and face
makeup
foaming agent, pH
adjuster
possible organ system
toxicity, skin irritation,
contamination
concerns
[Zhang,
2008]
Phthalates
hair sprays, nail
polish, lotions,
perfumes, soaps,
shampoos, iaper,
sanitary napkins and
tampons
solvent, plasticizer,
fragrance
ingredient
damage of male and
female reproductive
system and cause
cancer
[Stahlhut,
2007;
Bridges ,
2002]
Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 3, 2021, Pages. 1773 - 1794
Received 16 February 2021; Accepted 08 March 2021.
1791
http://annalsofrscb.ro
Formaldehyde
eyelash glue, nail
products, hair-
smoothing and
straightening
products, hair gel,
color cosmetics,
baby shampoo, body
soap
preservative
skin irritations, rashes,
carcinogenic impurity,
high rates of skin
allergy reactions
[Beane et
al., 2009;
Maneli et
al., 2014;
Pierce et
al., 2011]
Chemicals in perfumes
(Benzaldehyde, Benzyl
acetate, Styrene,Ethyl
acetate,etc )
most personal
skincare products,
mainly perfumes
and cologne for
desired fragrances
Used as perfumes
allergic responses,
irritation in eyes,
reproductive cancers,
skin irritation, nausea,
disrupt hormones
[Survey
Cycle 1
(2007–
2009),
Ottawa,
2010;
Anderson
and
Anderson,
1998]
PEGs (cetrarate or
polyethylene glycol)
makeup products
and a variety of
skin-care
Cleaning agents
and conditioning
contamination
concerns and
carcinogenic in nature
[Bridges,
2002]
Parabens ( isopropyl-,
propyl-, isobutyl-, butyl-
parabens)
moisturizers,
makeup,
conditioners, lotions,
shampoos, shaving
and facial products,
shower cleansers.
preservative
hormone-disrupters
[Darbre et
al., 2004;
Charles
and Darbre,
2014]
Sodium lauryl sulfate
and sodium laureth
sulfate
shampoo, handsoap,
toothpaste.
emulsifying agent
and cleansing
skin irritation,
contamination in nature
leading to
biomagnification
[Bondi et
al., 2015]
Synthetic colors
all product types
especially in hair
colors
dyes
Carcinogenic, irritating
for eyes and skin, can
even cause blindness
[Shafer and
Shafer,
1976;
Rollison et
al., 2006]
Siloxane
deodorants, hair
products
Moisturizing,
smoothing,
softening.
Hormone imbalance
[Xu et al.,
2015]
Triclosan
shaving products,
antimicrobial agent
bacterial resistance
Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 3, 2021, Pages. 1773 - 1794
Received 16 February 2021; Accepted 08 March 2021.
1792
http://annalsofrscb.ro
oral products,
creams, and color
cosmetics
development, disrupt
thyroid and
reproductive hormones
[Calafat et
al., 2003;
Ahn et al.,
2008]
Dioxin and its
derivatives
Bleaching agent
Carcinogenic, can alter
metabolism, affects
fetal development
[Langseth
and
Kjaerheim,
2004; Woo,
2019]
Fluorine and its
derivatives
Toothpaste
Whitening agent
Neurotoxin and
decrease bone density
and leads to
discoloration
[Kanduti et
al., 2016]
Table 2: Ingredients/ Contaminants with Their Side Effects
Ingredien
t/
Contami
nant
Health Concerns
Countries Or
Intergovernmental
Organizations With
Bans Or Restrictions
In Personal Care
Products
Status of Bans
Or Restrictions
Source in
cosmetics
Referenc
es
Pfas (Per-
And
Polyfluor
oalkyl
Substance
s)
harmful for
developing fetus,
carcinogenic,
affect the immune
system and
disrupt hormones
Eu Restricts
Manufacturing And
Sale Of One Pfas,
Perfluorooctanoic
Acid (Pfoa), Under
The Reach Law, By
2020
No Retail
Restrictions
Found In
Sunscreen,
Foundation,
Concealer,
Eyeliner,
Shaving
Cream And
Hairspray.
[Brinch,
2018;
Schultes
et al.,
2018]
Lead And
Related
Compoun
ds
affects brain
development in
children and
cause permanent
nervous system
damage, harms
organ systems
(cardiovascular
system)
Eu, Asean and Canada
has recommended
max Level Of
Contamination to be
10 Ppm
No Retail
Restrictions
Lipsticks,loti
ons
[Piccinini
et al.,
2013;
Ziarati et
al., 2013]
Asbestos
carcinogenic and
can cause lung
Eu and Asean has
banned Asbestos
No Retail
Restrictions.
Found in
Talcum
[Graham
and
Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 3, 2021, Pages. 1773 - 1794
Received 16 February 2021; Accepted 08 March 2021.
1793
http://annalsofrscb.ro
diseases if inhaled
(Blue Asbestos, Or
Crocidolite
Powder And
Talc
Products.
Graham,
1976;
Acheson
et al.,
1982;
Newhouse
et al.,
1982]
Triclosan
affects the thyroid
and reproductive
hormones
Restricted in Eu,
Asean, Canada, Japan,
Australia, U.S. Fda
Ban For Store
Brand Products
ex Cvs, Rite
Aid,Walgreens,
Whole Foods
Is An
Antimicrobia
l Compound
Used In
Deodorants,
Mouthwash,
Hand
Sanitizer,
Shaving
Cream And
Toothpaste
[Zorrilla
et al.,
2009]
Toluene
toxic to the brain
and the nervous
system; harms the
developing fetus
Restricted by Eu and
Asean
Ban For Store
Brand Products
ex Cvs, Rite
Aid,Walgreens,
Whole Foods
Used In Nail
Polish, Nail
Treatments
And Hair
Dye.
[Silvia et
al., 2014]
Carbon
Black
carcinogenic to
humans
Restricted in Eu,
Asean, U.S. Fda
No Retail
Restrictions
Pigment
Used In
Eyeliner,
Mascara,
And Lipstick
[Willhite
et al.,
1988]
Parabens
(Butylpar
aben,
Propylpar
aben,
Isopropyl
paraben)
endocrine
disruptor that can
harm male
reproductive
system
development
Restricted in Eu,
Asean, Japan
Ban For Store
Brand Products
ex Cvs, Rite
Aid,Walgreens,
Whole Foods
As
preservatives
in all kind of
products
[Darbre,
2009]
Dibutyl
Phthalate
and
Diethylhe
is an endocrine
disruptor and a
developmental
toxicant harmful
Banned in Eu, Asean,
Australia
Ban For Store
Brand Products
ex Cvs, Rite
Aid,Walgreens,
Used As A
Solvent And
Fixative In
Perfumes,
[Barlow et
al., 2004]
Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 3, 2021, Pages. 1773 - 1794
Received 16 February 2021; Accepted 08 March 2021.
1794
http://annalsofrscb.ro
xyl
Phthalate
for male
reproductive
system
development. it
can cause early
puberty in boys
and other changes
in the
reproductive
system.
Whole Foods
And As A
Plasticizer In
Nail Polish
Formalde
hyde and
Formalde
hyde
Releasers
formaldehyde is
carcinogenic; it
also causes
allergic reactions
and irritates the
eyes and
respiratory
system.
Banned in Japan Eu,
Asean, Canada,
Australia
Ban For Store
Brand Products
ex Cvs, Rite
Aid,Walgreens,
Whole Foods
Used as Hair
Straightener,
Nail
Hardener
And
Preservative
[Beane et
al., 2009;
Maneli et
al., 2014]
