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Low-Code Development Platforms – A Literature Review
Abstract
Market research institutes forecast a growing relevance of Low-Code Development Platforms (LCDPs) for organizations. Moreover, the rising number of scientific publications in recent years shows the increasing interest of the academic community. However, an overview of current research focuses and fruitful future research topics is missing. This paper conducts a first scientific literature review on LCDPs to close this gap. The socio-technical system (STS) model, which categorizes information systems into a social and a technical system, serves to analyze the identified 32 publications. Most of current research focuses on the technical system (technology or task). In contrast, only three publications explicitly target the social system (structure or people). Hence, this paper enables future research to address the identified research gaps. Additionally, practitioners gain awareness of technical and social aspects involved in the development, implementation, and application of LCDPs.
... 1 LCDPs are predicted by industry experts to become an increasingly popular method for developing custom software solutions for both internal and external users. 6 According to Prinz et al., 13 more than 65% of all software development will soon take place via LCDPs. Key LCDP vendors like Outsystems, Microsoft (Power Platform), UiPath, and Mendix provide environments where users with basic programming skills can develop and deploy fully functional web, mobile, and client applications. ...
... A significant motivation for adopting LC development is the shortage of skilled software engineers. 13 Another motivation is to promote participatory involvement in software development, thus enabling domain experts and other stakeholders to be more integrated into the development process and empowering them to define their tools and transition to become entry-level programmers. Collaborative development involving both skilled engineers and domain participants is also highlighted to foster innovation and locally created solutions. ...
... In the future, the LC/NC platform will make important progress in the high degree of integration and automation of AI combined with machine learning. 13 These technologies will help optimize code generation and automatic error correction, simplifying development complexity and improving product reliability. In addition, improvements to automated testing and deployment processes can also allow companies to accelerate product time-to-market while maintaining high quality. ...
This article assesses the quality of low-code/no-code development platforms through the lens of ISO 25010:2023. While these platforms enable usability and reduce development speed, there are challenges in complexity and customizable business needs limiting their effectiveness for high-performance and high-risk environments.
... LNCPs, as cloudbased platform-as-a-service (PaaS) tools, enable users with low or no programming expertise to engage in software development (Frosch andLevina 2023, Tisi et al. 2019), a phenomenon that Binzer and Winkler (2022) refer to as the democratisation of IT. These users, known as citizen developers, are primarily part of business departments but can also be distributed throughout an organisation (Prinz et al. 2021). As organisations strive to enhance their innovation capabilities and foster a culture of (bottomup) employee-driven innovation (EDI) (Leible et al. 2023, Opland et al. 2020, the adoption of CD offers a promising approach to overcoming the idea-to-implementation gap . ...
... While the adoption of CD within an organisation may appear promising, its instantiation and management present complex challenges and uncertainties (Elshan et al. 2023a, Prinz et al. 2021. Iho et al. (2021) highlight the critical importance of establishing guidelines and governance frameworks for the organisational instantiation of CD and LNCPs to proactively mitigate risks such as the emergence of shadow IT (Kopper et al. 2018), the misuse of (sensitive) live data (Käss et al. 2022), and to ensure the (technical) quality of resulting software (Heuer et al. 2022). ...
... Another definition perspective is the driving entity and the goals of CD in an organisation. CD is often driven by business departments (Li et al. 2022, Prinz et al. 2021) and aimed at implementing moderate changes to applications as well as developing new ones (Naqvi et al. 2023). Conversely, other literature views CD as a reinforcement for the IT department , aligning with the business operations (BizOps) approach, which focuses on synchronising IT initiatives directly with business goals to enhance performance and outcomes (Elshan et al. 2023a). ...
Citizen development (CD) is increasingly recognised as a promising approach to addressing the shortage of IT experts and empowering non-IT employees to drive digital innovations within organisations. This approach can enhance agility and responsiveness in today's rapidly evolving business landscape. However, the adoption and management of CD within organisations present complexities that demand careful consideration of various influencing factors and their characteristics. Despite their significance, there is a notable knowledge gap regarding these factors and the strategic directions organisations adopt in real-world instantiations. In this paper, we conducted a systematic literature review and identified nine key factors that shape CD within organisations. Furthermore, we derived four strategic archetypes based on the analysis of these factors and recurring patterns found in conceptual and practical cases. The findings of this paper offer insights for researchers and practitioners, providing explanatory knowledge of CD instantiations and practical guidance for navigating CD adoption and management.
... These distinct applications for specific use cases often must change or be integrated quickly and resiliently to fit changing market requirements. Therefore, a low-code approach could be an enabler for digital transformation in the industry because users with limited programming knowledge could handle many tasks themselves (Prinz et al., 2021). According to the CECE's work, citizens probably used HTML in school because they should be fluent with standard IT tools such as web browsers (CECE, 2017). ...
... The evolution of low-code development platforms will significantly transform software engineering tasks and help business developers build applications themselves without being too deep into coding (Prinz et al., 2021). Low-code development platforms (LCDPs) offer a visual approach to application development, primarily through model-driven design and declarative programming (Elshan et al., 2023;Prinz et al., 2021). ...
... The evolution of low-code development platforms will significantly transform software engineering tasks and help business developers build applications themselves without being too deep into coding (Prinz et al., 2021). Low-code development platforms (LCDPs) offer a visual approach to application development, primarily through model-driven design and declarative programming (Elshan et al., 2023;Prinz et al., 2021). The LCDPs also provide web applications as an output, such as the low-code platform Xelence by Sagitec Software (Arora et al., 2020). ...
In our digitalized world and under the economic pressure of competition, every company must react flexibly to opportunities and problems that arise. One way to cope with these challenges is to use web-based Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) or Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Systems, which provide significant functionality inside their system range. Third-party systems often have to be integrated with ERP or CRM systems but cannot be connected, for instance, because of limited Application Programming Interfaces (API) or data structures. Therefore, such tasks are complex and time-consuming and must be done by software engineers , who are limited resources in today's enterprise context. However, HTML documents can be integrated with web-based systems such as ERP or CRM, and HTML creation is not limited to the software engineering workforce. Our low-code environment, which is based on W3C web components standards and RESTful web services with state-of-the-art authentication approaches, could solve the shortage because we empower business developers to embed dynamic database content declaratively in static HTML pages or web-based systems such as WordPress or SoftEngine ERP-Suite. Our system also allows the declarative integration of forms for creating/modifying and deleting data records (CRUD functionality). The low-code web components access the database via the RESTful service. The API of the RESTful service abstracts the database manufacturer-specific characteristics, such as the storage format of the metadata.
... Die zunehmende Praxisrelevanz von LCDPs spiegelt sich auch in der Wissenschaft wider. Die Anzahl wissenschaftlicher Publikationen ist in den letzten Jahren exponentiell gestiegen (Prinz et al. 2021;Bucaioni et al. 2022;Käss et al. 2022). Erkenntnisse zu praktischen Aspekten bei der Nutzung von LCDPs liegen in Form von 1 Im weiteren Verlauf nutzt der Artikel für eine bessere Lesbarkeit in einigen Fällen den Begriff IT als Synonym für die IT-Abteilung. ...
... Mit der zunehmenden Bedeutung der LCDPs für die Praxis hat in den letzten Jahren auch die Zahl der wissenschaftlichen Publikationen zugenommen (Prinz et al. 2021;Bucaioni et al. 2022). Dieser Anstieg zeigt somit ein wachsendes Interesse der akademischen Gemeinschaft. ...
... Neben den beschriebenen Publikationen beschäftigen sich die meisten der weiteren Forschungsarbeiten vor allem mit technologischen Aspekten von LCDPs, wie z. B. den technischen Eigenschaften oder den verschiedenen Programmiersprachen hinter den entsprechenden Plattformen (Prinz et al. 2021). Eine umfassende qualitative Untersuchung des Begriffs sowie aktueller praktischer Implementierungs-und Anwendungsansätze -insbesondere aus der Managementperspektive -auf Basis von Experteninterviews liegt bislang nicht vor. ...
Zusammenfassung
Low-Code Development Plattformen (LCDPs) fördern die digitale Transformation von Organisationen, indem sie die Applikationsentwicklung durch FachbereichsmitarbeiterInnen ohne tiefgreifende Programmierkenntnisse – sogenannte Citizen Developer – ermöglichen. Marktforschungsinstitute prognostizieren, dass in den nächsten Jahren mehr als die Hälfte aller Applikationen mit LCDPs entwickelt werden. Nichtsdestotrotz stehen Organisationen vor der Herausforderung, sich für die richtigen Implementierungs- und Anwendungsansätze von LCDPs zu entscheiden. Dieser Artikel liefert daher ein umfassendes Bild über das praktische Verständnis und aktuelle Ansätze in verschiedenen Organisationen und leitet daraus Handlungsempfehlungen ab. Dafür wurden 16 Experteninterviews durchgeführt und wissenschaftlich analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Praxis grundsätzlich ein ähnliches Verständnis des Begriffs LCDP hat. Die Initiative für die Einführung kommt meist aus den Fachbereichen, die Entscheidung für oder gegen die LCDP-Implementierung wird jedoch meist von der Geschäftsführung in Kooperation mit der IT-Abteilung getroffen. Dabei unterscheiden sich die aktuellen Anwendungsansätze: Unternehmen nutzen entweder einen Self-Service-Ansatz durch die Fachbereiche oder integrieren die Entscheidung über eine potenzielle LCDP-Entwicklung durch die Citizen Developer in das bestehende Demand-Management der IT-Abteilung. Eine etablierte und adaptive Governance ist für beide Ansätze eine wichtige Voraussetzung. Die Erkenntnisse des Beitrags tragen zur wissenschaftlichen Diskussion bei, da dieser Artikel eine der ersten umfassenden und wissenschaftlich fundierten qualitativen Analysen über aktuelle praktische Adoptionsansätze der Praxis liefert. PraktikerInnen erfahren zudem, wie andere Unternehmen mit aktuellen Herausforderungen umgehen und welche Ansätze erfolgversprechend sind.
... To represent the technical aspects, we considered results from previous cloud computing (CC) adoption research. We justified this by the Platform as a Service (PaaS) cloud delivery model used by LCDPs [12]- [14]. We included factors from agile software development method (SDM) adoption to consider the transformed application development approach [12]. ...
... Therefore, LCDPs are easy to start with for developers with and without prior knowledge [11], [18], [19]. LCDPs operate as a PaaS cloud delivery model [12]- [14] and enable citizen developers to quickly develop various applications [18]. As such, LCDPs fit the broader trend of technology democratisation (i.e., traditionally required coding for application development can now be accomplished by citizen developers) [18]. ...
... This is the author's version which has not been fully edited and content may change prior to final publication. In the context of LCDPs, these sub-systems are already defined by [14]: The structure sub-system is the nature of an organisation's communication, authority, and setup; the people sub-system comprises all stakeholder-specific factors; the task sub-system includes all application development-specific factors, whereas the technology sub-system includes all platform-specific issues [14]. Based on the STS theory, we can assume that for work systems to achieve their goals (i.e., adopting a technology), the social and technical sub-systems must be balanced and jointly optimised [12], [59]. ...
Although adopting Low Code Development Platforms (LCDPs) promises significant efficiency and effectiveness improvements for application development, its adoption still needs further empirical research. This paper uses a combinatorial approach to research LCDP adoption and presents the results of a multiple mini case study with 36 cases on LCDP adoption. A combination of the Socio-Technical Systems theory and the Technology-Organisational-Environment model is used as a theoretical lens. In this paper, we show that LCDP adoption is a multifaceted phenomenon and identify three archetypes for LCDP adoption (i.e., IT Resource Shortage Mitigators, Application Development Democratisers, and Synergy Realisers) and one archetype for LCDP non-adoption (i.e., Intricacy Adversaries). Each archetype can be interpreted as an individual path towards LCDP (non-)adoption. Based on these archetypes, we derive seven starting points for practitioners to adopt LCDPs in work systems. Moreover, by using the theoretical lenses, the paper shows that for an LCDP adoption to occur, an optimisation of the social and technical sub-systems is required.
... Today, digital technologies strongly affect society and how companies run their businesses, encouraging the increasing adoption of new technologies to stay competitive. In this respect, implementing LCDPs and NCDPs (Prinz et al., 2021;Ihirwe et al., 2020;Richardson & Rymer, 2014) is important for those companies that aim to speed up the software and application development process but lack knowledge about programming languages. LCDPs and NCDPs offer a development experience based on visual and dragand-drop techniques rather than traditional programming languages (Outsystem, 2019), which is heavily reduced, favoring a faster deployment of software and applications and the predisposition of multi-level workflows (Prinz et al., 2021). ...
... In this respect, implementing LCDPs and NCDPs (Prinz et al., 2021;Ihirwe et al., 2020;Richardson & Rymer, 2014) is important for those companies that aim to speed up the software and application development process but lack knowledge about programming languages. LCDPs and NCDPs offer a development experience based on visual and dragand-drop techniques rather than traditional programming languages (Outsystem, 2019), which is heavily reduced, favoring a faster deployment of software and applications and the predisposition of multi-level workflows (Prinz et al., 2021). Such technologies have the potential to democratize IT by accelerating programmers' activity and allowing the participation of several stakeholders in the software and applications development process. ...
... The current literature underlines that the importance of these technologies is directly related to their impact on companies' experience in developing software and applications, as they encourage a more flexible process and, consequently, a significant change in the company's daily activity. According to Prinz et al. (2021), most literature focuses on the benefits of LCDPs and NCDPs and their challenges, mainly referring to technical aspects (e.g., specific LCDPs/NCDPs features, tools offered by specific LCDPs/NCDPs) more than the social ones. These authors highlight the need to develop more studies on the impact of these platforms on social aspects to provide "a more holistic view" (p. ...
The importance of Low-code and No-code technologies is increasing due to the lack of companies' internal knowledge about traditional programming languages and the difficulty in recruiting professional programmers to speed up the applications' development process. This study aims to understand the impact of Low-code and No-code development platforms (LCDPs and NCDPs) on business dynamics as tools that potentially enable bridging the collaborative gap between business and Information technology (IT) experts. The topic's novelty encourages an explorative research approach designed by following a case study strategy and adopting a qualitative semi-structured interview and the card-based game method to support data collection. Two companies in different countries and sectors were involved, and four key informants were interviewed. The evidence of the analysis shows the primary reasons that have encouraged companies to adopt such tools. The reasons mainly reside in the possibility of speeding process automation and applications development and learning how to use the platform autonomously, empowering collaboration among business experts and IT professionals, and increasing customer satisfaction. The study represents an additional contribution to the importance of LCDPs and NCDPs as tools that allow faster automation of processes and easier development of software and application in different sectors.
... The Visual Workflow Designer represents a significant advancement in democratizing process automation, providing an intuitive interface that has demonstrated substantial improvements in workflow implementation efficiency. Studies show that business users utilizing visual workflow designers can develop and deploy complex service processes up to five times faster than traditional development methods [6]. The Integration Layer establishes a robust foundation for system connectivity through an API-first architecture that has proven highly effective in enterprise environments. ...
... The Integration Layer establishes a robust foundation for system connectivity through an API-first architecture that has proven highly effective in enterprise environments. Research indicates that organizations implementing this architectural approach have achieved integration success rates exceeding 95% across diverse system landscapes [6]. ...
This comprehensive article explores AI-driven customer care systems and examines the transformative impact of artificial intelligence on service delivery and operational efficiency. The article delves into key architectural components, including smart routing mechanisms, low-code workflow management, analytics platforms, and implementation considerations. The article reveals how AI integration enhances customer experience through improved intent recognition, automated workflow processing, and predictive analytics while maintaining robust security and compliance standards. The framework demonstrates significant advancements in service personalization, operational agility, and resource optimization across enterprise environments.
... Auch in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung zeichnet sich ein stark wachsendes Interesse an den Themenbereichen Low-Code und Business Unit Development ab (Naqvi et al. 2024;Prinz et al. 2021). Dabei konzentrieren sich die meisten aktuellen Veröffentlichungen jedoch vorwiegend auf die technischen Aspekte der LCDPs und analysieren dabei unter anderem die technischen Merkmale von LCDPs (Bock und Frank 2021), vergleichen verschiedene Low-Code Plattformen miteinander Sahay et al. 2020;Sanchis et al. 2019), beleuchten die Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede zu ähnlichen Technologien wie dem Model-Driven-Development (Di Ruscio et al. 2022) oder behandeln den Einsatz von Low-Code in anderen Bereichen der Informatik, bspw. ...
... im Bereich des Machine Learning (Maiya 2022; Sundberg und Holmström 2023). Wie jedoch Low-Code im Rahmen von Business Unit Development in Unternehmen eingeführt werden kann, gilt als offener Forschungsbereich (Käss et al. 2022;Prinz et al. 2021;Viljoen et al. 2023). Ein zentraler Bestandteil ist dabei die individuelle Wahrnehmung und Einstellung der Mitarbeitenden zu ihrer Rolle als Business Unit Developer (Binzer und Winkler 2022 (Strauss und Corbin 1990). ...
Zusammenfassung
Der anhaltende Mangel an Fachkräften in der IT-Branche stellt eine zentrale Herausforderung für Unternehmen dar und erschwert den Fortschritt bei der digitalen Transformation. Infolgedessen gewinnt der Einsatz von Low-Code/No-Code (LCNC) sowohl in der Praxis als auch in der Wissenschaft zunehmend an Interesse, um auch Mitarbeiter außerhalb der IT-Abteilung dazu zu befähigen, als sog. Business Unit Developer eigenständig Digitalisierungs- und Automatisierungslösungen zu entwickeln. Bisher konzentriert sich die wissenschaftliche Literatur auf die technischen Aspekte von LCNC, während Fragen zur optimalen Einführung in Unternehmen unbeantwortet bleiben. Diese Forschungsarbeit untersucht die praktische Implementierung von Business Unit Development Programmen in Unternehmen, um Auswirkungen auf beteiligte Mitarbeitende zu identifizieren. In Kooperation mit den Stadtwerken München (SWM) wurde eine umfassende Einzelfallstudie durchgeführt, bei der die Umsetzung einer Business Unit Development Initiative untersucht wurde. Die Ergebnisse zeigen unter anderem, wie das Business Unit Development von teilnehmenden Mitarbeitern wahrgenommen wird sowie welche individuellen Vorteile sich für diese ergeben. Zudem wird ersichtlich, mit welchen Herausforderungen Mitarbeitende im Rahmen des Business Unit Developments konfrontiert sind und wie sich die Entwicklung und der Einsatz von LCNC-Anwendungen auf deren Arbeitsalltag auswirkt. Die Ergebnisse tragen zu einem besseren Verständnis über den praktischen Einsatz von LCNC in Unternehmen bei und zeigen neue Forschungsfelder auf. Zudem können die Ergebnisse Unternehmen dabei unterstützen, organisatorische und strategische Entscheidungen im Rahmen des Aufbaus und der Skalierung einer Business Unit Development Initiative zu treffen.
... Prinz et al. [20], Bucaionni et al. [8], and Pinho et al. [21] offer recent literature reviews about low-code. These studies highlight the limited literature on low-code as well as underline the growing interest of the academic community to fill the gap and assimilate the knowledge generated by the industry. ...
... These studies highlight the limited literature on low-code as well as underline the growing interest of the academic community to fill the gap and assimilate the knowledge generated by the industry. Prinz et al. [20] point out that most of research focuses on the technical aspects of lowcode platforms. However, social aspects related to roles and responsibilities, alignment of processes, and communication related to the deployment of low-code in business environment has received little attention. ...
... When it is allowed for those independent modules to be published in a federated manner [186,135], a freedom of innovation is introduced: third parties can create and publish a module for new media types or ontologies allowing flexible linking of heterogeneous multi-model data at a fraction of the development cost of 'monolithic' (Web) applications and without the approval of a single authority. Modules may then be published as libraries, to use while developing a dedicated application, or as a module that can be wired together with other modules in a configuration, as a 'low code / no code' [142] environment for non IT-specialists (i.e., the large majority of domain experts). ...
... This yields a challenge for interface development and management: how to provide an industry specialist, mostly with little background in data models and schemas, with the means to interact with such heterogeneous multi-model? The concept of the 'citizen developer' [120,106] and the upcoming of low-code [142] environments bring inspiration here. Low-code platforms lower the threshold for the configuration and use of organisation-specific IT solutions, which can now be easier configured by people with less coding experience, e.g., domain specialists. ...
... The topic of LCDPs has become increasingly important in scientific research, as evidenced by the significant rise in publications in recent years (e.g., Käss et al., 2022). Early literature focuses primarily on technology-related components of LCDPs (Prinz et al., 2021). Meanwhile, scientific publications also investigate the phenomena of LCDPs on a higher level: Some academics examine general drivers and challenges of implementing and using LCDPs (Elshan et al., 2023;Käss et al., 2022;Prinz et al., 2022). ...
... The onset of the first ADR stage occurs when a problem is identified in practical situations and/ or when researchers anticipate its occurrence (Moloney & Church, 2012;Sein et al., 2011). We identified and conceptualized the research opportunity and formulated our research question based on both scientific and practical findings: Literature highlights the challenge of lack of knowledge and familiarity with this new technology and its usage (Creatio, 2021) and that research should provide a more holistic view of this research topic (Prinz et al., 2021). Additionally, we followed the approach of Sein et al. (2011) to identify the occurring practical problem by conducting semi-structured expert interviews, focus group discussions, and qualitative surveys with several stakeholders of the involved company: Their interest in adopting LCDPs stems from a rise in shadow IT due to their overcharged IT department. ...
Given the increasing demand for application development and process automation, Low-Code Development Platforms (LCDPs) have become highly relevant in recent years. However, the lack of familiarity with the implementation and application of LCDPs in organizations poses a challenge. This publication therefore aims to shed light on the essential organizational capabilities that companies must master to overcome this obstacle. Using action design research, this study develops a model-based framework of 21 organizational capabilities for successful LCDP adoption. It underscores the importance of conceptual development as a prerequisite for effective management and long-term application of the technology. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of considering both technical and social aspects of the LCDP information system. The findings contribute to academia by providing a model-based capability framework, which serves as a structure for driving future research. Moreover, practitioners benefit from a practice-oriented and evaluated summary of initialization tasks and capabilities required for successful adoption.
... Market and scientific literature forecast that low-code and citizen developers will play a fundamental role in enabling the digitalization of different industries (Prinz et al., 2021). Lowcode has been already explored to improve processes in different business scenarios, such as manufacturing and supply chain management. ...
... In fact, the Project Management Institute (PMI) has launched an educational program to prepare the next generation of citizen developers (PMI, 2021). Scientific interest on low-code is also rising (Prinz et al., 2021), with some research projects focusing entirely on preparing future engineers make low-code scalable (e.g., Tisi et al., 2019). ...
Low-code is a new technology paradigm used to support digitalization in different industries. Nevertheless, there are no studies analyzing the implications of this technology in the construction industry context. Through action research, this paper explores the potential of low-code to support continuous improvement of construction processes. The authors present the development and implementation of a low-code/artificial intelligence (AI)-based solution to automate data processing from paper delivery notes on-site. The as-is process was measured and compared against the low-code/AI powered process to verify efficiency gains. The development process of the digital solution was also analyzed to derive the findings of the study. The implementation of the digital solution resulted in 78% process time savings. The study also reveals the importance of involving people closer to operations in the development process, which resulted in efficient elicitation of requirements and the delivery of a solution meeting the needs of the end users. This paper highlights the potential of low-code productive development practices to support the digitalization in the construction industry. It also enlightens areas for further research and encourages the development of additional case studies to provide evidence of the benefits and limitations of using low-code to support continuous improvement in the construction industry.
... Literature reviews: We found 2 studies analysing literature. Prinz et al. [66] use a socio-technical systems framework to analyse 32 publications. Coincidently with the results of our literature review, Prinz et al. [66] conclude that most of the research focuses on the technical aspects of low-code platforms. ...
... Prinz et al. [66] use a socio-technical systems framework to analyse 32 publications. Coincidently with the results of our literature review, Prinz et al. [66] conclude that most of the research focuses on the technical aspects of low-code platforms. The authors point out that social aspects related to roles and responsibilities, alignment processes, and communication related to the deployment of low-code in business environments have received little attention. ...
Low-code development is a technology enabling people with no advanced computing or coding skills to develop custom-made applications and digital solutions to address specific operational needs. Low-code has gained significant momentum in the last years and some studies have already reported the use of this technology to digitalize workflows and processes in a variety of business scenarios. Nevertheless, to-date there is no research evaluating the implications of this technology to support digitalization in construction industry. Based on a hybrid research approach combining literature review, case study, and surveys, this paper addresses this gap by evaluating the benefits and limitations of using low-code in the construction industry context. The study reveals that low-code productive application development practices have the potential to enable different degrees of digitalization and innovation in specific construction processes. The study also recognizes the relevance of adopting a strategic approach to fully leverage low-code at an organizational construction firm level and identifies several areas for further research. This includes leveraging synergies with industry-relevant subjects such as lean construction, Building Information Modelling, the Internet of Things, and Industry 4.0, among others.
... While regulatory frameworks set the minimum standards for data handling, ethical data practices represent a proactive approach to addressing consumer concerns and expectations. Ethical practices go beyond compliance, focusing on the responsible use, storage, and analysis of consumer data [36]. Data minimization is a key principle of ethical data handling. ...
As data privacy regulations evolve and consumer expectations shift, digital marketers face the challenge of maintaining personalization while respecting user privacy. The decline of third-party cookies, stricter data protection laws, and increased demand for transparency require innovative approaches to audience engagement. This paper explores strategies such as first-party data collection, AI-powered contextual advertising, and privacy-preserving technologies like differential privacy and federated learning. By analyzing industry trends and successful case studies, this study highlights how brands can navigate the changing landscape, balancing innovation and compliance to foster consumer trust and drive marketing success in a privacy-first world.
... While regulatory frameworks set the minimum standards for data handling, ethical data practices represent a proactive approach to addressing consumer concerns and expectations. Ethical practices go beyond compliance, focusing on the responsible use, storage, and analysis of consumer data [36]. Data minimization is a key principle of ethical data handling. ...
The evolving digital landscape presents a paradox for marketers: delivering personalized experiences while adhering to stringent data privacy regulations. As third-party cookies phase out and regulatory frameworks like GDPR and CCPA redefine data usage, brands must embrace innovative, privacy-conscious strategies. This paper explores creative approaches, including AI-powered contextual targeting, first-party data utilization, and privacy-enhancing technologies such as federated learning and differential privacy. By analyzing case studies and industry shifts, this study provides a roadmap for marketers to maintain engagement, build consumer trust, and drive results in a privacy-first era. The findings emphasize the need for ethical data practices and transparency to sustain competitive advantage.
... React, used by 39.5% of front-end developers, integrates seamlessly with advanced interfaces, making it a leading choice for creating responsive, component-based UIs 14 . These frameworks highlight the stark contrast in user experience between traditional modeling tools (all first released before), often emphasizing technical rigor, and modern low-code development platforms (LCDPs) [25,26], which prioritize usability, real-time collaboration, and seamless adaptability. ...
Jjodel is a cloud-based reflective platform designed to address the challenges of Model-Driven Engineering (MDE), particularly the cognitive complexity and usability barriers often encountered in existing model-driven tools. This article presents the motivation and requirements behind the design of Jjodel and demonstrates how it satisfies these through its key features. By offering a low-code environment with modular viewpoints for syntax, validation, and semantics, Jjodel empowers language designers to define and refine domain-specific languages (DSLs) with ease. Its innovative capabilities, such as real-time collaboration, live co-evolution support, and syntax customization, ensure adaptability and scalability for academic and industrial contexts. A practical case study of an algebraic expression language highlights the ability of Jjodel to manage positional semantics and event-driven workflows, illustrating its effectiveness in simplifying complex modeling scenarios. Built on modern front-end technologies, Jjodel bridges the gap between theoretical MDE research and practical application, providing a versatile and accessible solution for diverse modeling needs.
... While regulatory frameworks set the minimum standards for data handling, ethical data practices represent a proactive approach to addressing consumer concerns and expectations. Ethical practices go beyond compliance, focusing on the responsible use, storage, and analysis of consumer data [36]. Data minimization is a key principle of ethical data handling. ...
As digital marketing continues to evolve, privacy legislation such as GDPR, CCPA, and emerging global frameworks have introduced new complexities for businesses striving to maintain competitive edge while adhering to stringent data protection standards. This paper investigates the dual challenge of fostering innovation and ensuring compliance in digital marketing. It explores the transformative impact of privacy laws on data collection, consumer targeting, and campaign personalization, as well as the opportunities for businesses to build trust through transparent and ethical practices. By examining industry trends and successful adaptations, this study provides a roadmap for marketers to navigate the intersection of privacy and innovation, highlighting strategies to thrive in a rapidly changing regulatory landscape.
... While regulatory frameworks set the minimum standards for data handling, ethical data practices represent a proactive approach to addressing consumer concerns and expectations. Ethical practices go beyond compliance, focusing on the responsible use, storage, and analysis of consumer data [36]. Data minimization is a key principle of ethical data handling. ...
The rise of privacy legislation, such as GDPR and CCPA, has redefined the boundaries of digital marketing. These regulations challenge marketers to rethink traditional approaches while fostering innovation within the constraints of compliance. This paper examines the transformation of digital marketing in response to privacy-centric laws, focusing on the challenges of limited data access and the opportunities presented by ethical, consumer-focused strategies. Through case studies and industry trends, the study highlights how businesses can leverage transparency, first-party data, and emerging privacy-preserving technologies to maintain effectiveness, enhance trust, and adapt to a rapidly evolving regulatory landscape.
... In this sense it contributes to a more manageable and sustainable development process. Finally, it is important to mention that the dependence on specialized IT staff is reduced, since the creation of low complexity applications using LCD requires limited knowledge and skills in coding [6]. ...
... One of the major obstacles to integrating CD in an organization is the absence of or inadequate governance (McKendrick 2017), which can lead to several pitfalls. These pitfalls stem from the circumstance that CDs, without proper guidance, processes, and frameworks, are hindered by the lack of clearly defined responsibilities and roles across all organizational levels (Prinz et al. 2021). This encompasses micro-level decisions, such as user interface design, and macro-level decisions, like embedding standards for the application architecture. ...
As the digital landscape evolves, so does the complexity of cyber threats, underscoring the need for skilled cybersecurity professionals. This study focuses on integrating SAP's Authorization and Trust Management Service (XSUAA) into the cybersecurity curriculum at FH Aachen - University of Applied Sciences. This strategic move aims to improve practical skills and streamline training for employers. A mixed methods evaluation showed moderate student enthusiasm, with interest and perceived career relevance scoring 3.8 and 3.65 out of 5, respectively. However, students struggled with basic concepts, scoring an average of 2.47 out of 5. Feedback called for more hands-on experiences and better access to resources. These insights have led to curriculum revisions that better integrate theory with practical application using real-world tools such as SAP's XSUAA. Such improvements are critical to preparing students for immediate entry into the workforce and enhancing graduates' employability in the dynamic field of cybersecurity.
... With our study, we aim to expand this understanding by conceptualizing collaboration in terms of mechanisms and measures within the context of large-scale citizen development programs. Additionally, we emphasize the importance of the social aspect of citizen developers, echoing prior research that this aspect remains underexplored in the context of LCNC (Prinz et al., 2021). This emphasis also resonates with Brancheau and Brown (1993), who consider EUD as 'social learning phenomenon'. ...
As low-code/no-code citizen development programs become more prevalent, aiming to upskill the workforce and enhance digital literacy, a new approach to collaboration between business units and IT units is essential. To explore the nature and architecture of these programs, we conducted a multi-case study involving 18 firms and interviewed 22 individuals leading or shaping their respective initiatives. Our analysis revealed 20 measures, categorized into five key collaboration mechanisms: self-empowerment, ideation generation, coordinated scaling, project execution, and professional catalyst. Additionally, we identified four distinct modes of business-IT collaboration within the context of citizen development. Our contribution is twofold: this study provides comprehensive insights into the operational dynamics of citizen development programs, which remain under-explored, and it offers practical guidance for fostering business-IT collaboration.
... In accordance with established methodologies for systematic literature reviews [34,53], a comprehensive examination of existing research on the role of GANs and CV in B2C retail promotions was conducted. Additionally, to provide a more comprehensive understanding, the authors quantitatively categorized the selected papers into the three distinct phases of the consumer journey. ...
This research investigates the transformative impact of ArtificialIntelligence (AI), specifically Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and computer vision (CV), on B2C retail promotions within the evolving digital landscape. Accelerated by the pandemic, retail digitization emphasizes the integration of AI for personalized advertising materials, overcoming limitations of traditional printed promotions. Despite the potential, the widespread adoption of AI tech- nologies in retail remains constrained. Our study addresses this gap by employing a systematic literature review and qualitative content analysis within the socio- technical systems (STS) model. The analysis assesses existing research, emphasiz- ing the need for a holistic understanding of the social and technical implications. Research questions delve into the adequacy of current research and the range of perspectives examined in AI-driven retail promotions. The paper concludes with a comprehensive framework integrating STS and the consumer journey, paving the way for competitive retail strategies.
... In [113], the Socio-Technical System (STS) model is used to conduct a review of the literature and categorize existing publications into technical and social system components. It demonstrates that the majority of research focuses on the technical system, even though a few articles have focused on the social system. ...
Low-Code Development Platforms (LCDPs) empower users to create and deploy custom software with little to no programming. These platforms streamline development, offering benefits like faster time-to-market, reduced technical barriers, and broader participation in software creation, even for those without traditional coding skills. This study explores the application of LCDPs in Precision Agriculture (PA) through a systematic literature review (SLR). By analyzing the general characteristics and challenges of LCDPs, alongside insights from existing PA research, we assess their feasibility and potential impact in agricultural contexts. Our findings suggest that LCDPs can enable farmers and agricultural professionals to create tailored applications for real-time monitoring, data analysis, and automation, enhancing farming efficiency. However, challenges such as scalability, extensibility, data security, and integration with complex IoT systems must be addressed to fully realize the benefits of LCDPs in PA. This study contributes to the growing knowledge base in agricultural technology, offering valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers looking to leverage LCDPs for sustainable and efficient farming practices.
... One of the major obstacles to integrating CD in an organization is the absence of or inadequate governance (McKendrick 2017), which can lead to several pitfalls. These pitfalls stem from the circumstance that CDs, without proper guidance, processes, and frameworks, are hindered by the lack of clearly defined responsibilities and roles across all organizational levels (Prinz et al. 2021). This encompasses micro-level decisions, such as user interface design, and macro-level decisions, like embedding standards for the application architecture. ...
In today's strong competition for skilled workers, the vocational training of new employees plays a key role in the future of companies. Where traditional training approaches are increasingly reaching their limits, companies must address the question of how to prepare new and future generations of trainees for more dynamic conditions. Recent studies have shown that the competition-based learning (CBL) approach is a promising tool in this respect. This study investigates the arising question to which extend CBL impacts workplace learning of trainees through a semi-structured literature review. As a theoretical foundation, the 3-P model of workplace learning according to Tynjälä (2013) will be included. Consequently, empirical findings on the effects of CBL will be collected in the literature review and related to Tynjälä's model if effects are present. The final results display a broad applicability of the CBL-concept on multiple professions of vocational trainees in the higher education sector. A modified 3-P model was derived to conclude the collected findings on the effectivity of the CBL approach on the workplace learning of vocational trainees. This adapted 3-P Model can be used to leverage the CBL-method onto multiple vocational training contexts and learning tracks at the workplace that companies steer.
... In [103], the Socio-Technical System (STS) model is used to conduct a review of the literature and categorize existing publications into technical and social system components. It demonstrates that the majority of research focuses on the technical system, even though a few articles have focused on the social system. ...
Low-Code Development Platforms (LCDPs) empower users to create and deploy custom software with little to no programming. These platforms streamline development, offering benefits like faster time-to-market, reduced technical barriers, and broader participation in software creation, even for those without traditional coding skills. This study explores the application of LCDPs in Precision Agriculture (PA) through a systematic literature review (SLR). By analyzing the general characteristics and challenges of LCDPs, alongside insights from existing PA research, we assess their feasibility and potential impact in agricultural contexts. Our findings suggest that LCDPs can enable farmers and agricultural professionals to create tailored applications for real-time monitoring, data analysis, and automation, enhancing farming efficiency. However, challenges such as scalability, extensibility, data security, and integration with complex IoT systems must be addressed to fully realize the benefits of LCDPs in PA. This study contributes to the growing knowledge base in agricultural technology, offering valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers looking to leverage LCDPs for sustainable and efficient farming practices.
... More recently, research on the phenomena of LCNC has gained momentum. However, it has been observed that most of this research primarily concentrates on the technical dimensions, often overlooking softer aspects such as governance and people [PRH21]. ...
IT departments are finding it challenging to keep up with the fast-paced need for digital solutions due to a shortage of skilled software developers. As a response, many companies are adopting low-code and no-code approaches to cultivate and empower a new cohort of employees: the citizen developers. While the practice community has been discussing the Citizen Development phenomenon for some time now, research lags behind, leading to a dearth of conceptual clarity in understanding the terms low-code, no-code, and Citizen Development. This paper connects the dots and proposes a more harmonized conceptual understanding of these related but distinct terms. Additionally, we explore the practical difficulties associated with Citizen Development approaches as identified by professionals in the field. Our key contribution is a clearer terminology and understanding of Citizen Development that can enhance both scholarly inquiry and practical application, facilitating clearer communication and more precise discussions.
... With our study, we aim to expand this understanding by conceptualizing collaboration in terms of mechanisms and measures within the context of large-scale citizen development programs. Additionally, we emphasize the importance of the social aspect of citizen developers, echoing prior research that this aspect remains underexplored in the context of LCNC (Prinz et al., 2021). This emphasis also resonates with Brancheau and Brown (1993), who consider EUD as 'social learning phenomenon'. ...
As low-code/no-code citizen development programs become more prevalent, aiming to upskill the workforce and enhance digital literacy, a new approach to collaboration between business units and IT units is essential. To explore the nature and architecture of these programs, we conducted a multi-case study involving 18 firms and interviewed 22 individuals leading or shaping their respective initiatives. Our analysis revealed 20 measures, categorized into five key collaboration mechanisms: self-empowerment, ideation generation, coordinated scaling, project execution, and professional catalyst. Additionally, we identified four distinct modes of business-IT collaboration within the context of citizen development. Our contribution is two-fold: this study provides comprehensive insights into the operational dynamics of citizen development programs, which remain under-explored, and it offers practical guidance for fostering business-IT collaboration.
... Testing and deployment, conducting system tests and performance assessments and deploying the system to the target environment. Market research institutes forecast a growing relevance of LCDPs for organizations [7]. ...
This paper presents a low-code system development method centered on forms and processes. The relationships among users, organizations, roles, and permissions within information systems are analyzed. An overview of the functions of forms and processes is provided, where forms are used for inputting and displaying information, and processes are utilized to control the flow of information. A case study based on a low-code platform is conducted to validate the feasibility of the proposed method.
... One of the major obstacles to integrating CD in an organization is the absence of or inadequate governance (McKendrick 2017), which can lead to several pitfalls. These pitfalls stem from the circumstance that CDs, without proper guidance, processes, and frameworks, are hindered by the lack of clearly defined responsibilities and roles across all organizational levels (Prinz et al. 2021). This encompasses micro-level decisions, such as user interface design, and macro-level decisions, like embedding standards for the application architecture. ...
The emergence of low-code and no-code platforms (LNCPs) has led organizations to increasingly employ so-called citizen developers (CDs), empowering ordinary employees, commonly business employees or domain experts, to develop their own software applications. However, this integration poses significant risks. Unrestricted access to software development by CDs can result in the emergence of shadow IT, IT security issues, and the lack of quality in software applications across the organization. Proper governance mechanisms for LNCPs and CDs can mitigate these risks, preventing the creation of shadow IT and maintaining transparency. Given the scarcity of research on such mechanisms, we conducted an integrative literature review and expanded our findings with practical frameworks proposed by incumbent organizations. We synthesized four recommendations based on ten identified best practices and eight pitfalls. Our findings provide guidance for practitioners aiming to develop and integrate governance frameworks for LNCPs and CDs, achieving a secure and transparent application ecosystem.
... Low-Code-Entwicklungsplattformen verändern die Art und Weise, wie Softwareanwendungen entwickelt und bereitgestellt werden (Prinz et al. 2021). Durch die verstärkte Nutzung grafischer Benutzeroberflächen und vorgefertigter Vorlagen minimieren sie die Komplexität der Anwendungsentwicklung und erleichtern die Erstellung digitaler Anwendungen Sahay et al. 2020). ...
Zusammenfassung
Low-Code-Entwicklungsplattformen gewinnen zunehmend an Bedeutung in der digitalen Transformation von Unternehmen. Diese Plattformen ermöglichen es, Softwareanwendungen mit minimalem Programmieraufwand zu erstellen, wodurch die Komplexität der Softwareentwicklung reduziert und Personal aus IT-fernen Geschäftsbereichen in die Anwendungsentwicklung einbezogen wird. In diesem Grundlagenbeitrag werden die Prinzipien, Vorteile und Herausforderungen der Low-Code-Entwicklung untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, wie Low-Code-Entwicklungsplattformen Geschäftsinnovationen fördern, indem sie die Effizienz und Flexibilität der Softwareentwicklung erhöhen und eine schnellere Anpassung an Marktveränderungen ermöglichen. Unsere Analyse basiert auf umfassender Literaturrecherche und über 30 Interviews mit Vertretern aus über 20 Unternehmen. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass Low-Code-Plattformen nicht nur die Entwicklungszeit und -kosten reduzieren, sondern auch eine Kultur der Innovation und Zusammenarbeit innerhalb der Unternehmen fördern. Darüber hinaus werden konkrete Handlungsempfehlungen vorgeschlagen, die für eine erfolgreiche Implementierung von Low-Code-Plattformen erforderlich sind. Abschließend geben wir einen Ausblick auf zukünftige Forschungsthemen, einschließlich der Integration von Künstlicher Intelligenz und Machine Learning in Low-Code-Plattformen, um deren Potenzial weiter zu maximieren.
... Also, proponents of domain-specific languages argue for a systems-development life-cycle that begins with (a) defining a domain language [16], then (b) modeling & executing that system via that language. Low code proponents then add some visual editor to allow for rapid changes to the model [17]). ...
A “partial ordering” is a way to heuristically order a set of examples (partial orderings are a set where, for certain pairs of elements, one precedes the other). While these orderings may only be approximate, they can be useful for guiding a search towards better regions of the data. To illustrate the value of that technique, this paper presents iSNEAK, an incremental human-in-the-loop AI problem solver. iSNEAK uses partial orderings and feedback from humans to prune the space of options. Further, in experiments with a dozen software models of increasing size and complexity (with up to 10,000 variables), iSNEAK only asked a handful of questions to return human-acceptable solutions that outperformed the prior state-of-the-art. We propose the use of partial orderings and tools like iSNEAK to solve the information overload problem where human experts grow fatigued and make mistakes when they are asked too many questions. iSNEAK mitigates the information overload problem since it allows humans to explore complex problem spaces in far less time, with far less effort.
... At the heart of LCD lies the Low-Code Development Platform (LCDP), which integrates pre-existing components and declarative techniques to simplify application design and construction with minimal manual coding. The primary objective is to expedite the development process and democratize application creation [3]. Notably, LCDPs are accessible to a broader audience, including individuals with limited programming experience, and offer versatility across setup, management, and deployment stages. ...
This work explores the initial interactions and perceptions of computer engineering students who have no prior experience with low-code platforms. Specifically, undergraduate computer engineering students participated in a comprehensive experiment at the Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory at the University of Patras, adhering to a structured experimental protocol encompassing questionnaire completion, exposure to an introductory video on low-code concepts, eye-tracking analysis, interaction with the platform, and interview. The investigation aims to uncover the perspectives of computer engineering students as they encounter a low-code platform for the first time, leveraging concurrent eye-tracking data to gain insights into their focal areas, the patterns that emerged in their approaches to tasks, and the elements that captured their attention. The findings suggest that students demonstrated efficient and swift recognition skills, showcasing various patterns in their task approaches, unveiling a spectrum of strategies and preferences. Interviews conducted post-interaction unveiled positive sentiments, with the majority acknowledging the low-code platform's effectiveness in minimizing application development time. Notably, ease of use emerged as a prominent aspect, with a substantial number finding the platform exceptionally user-friendly.
... Initially, scientific literature on LCDPs predominantly focused on technical components (Prinz et al., 2021). Recently, scholarly work has adopted a broader perspective, investigating drivers and barriers to LCDP implementation and application (e.g., Käss et al., 2023b). ...
Low-Code Development Platforms (LCDPs) enable business and information technology (IT) employees to develop and operate IT solutions. However, adopting LCDPs is challenging as organizations lack strategic orientation and experience. To achieve an organizational maturity that realizes LCDP opportunities and mitigates risks, a structured management approach is necessary. This publication aims to provide a starting point of such an approach by developing a maturity model and deriving key consideration for LCDP adoption. We conduct an exploratory study, involving both practitioners and scientists. The findings indicate that LCDP adoption requires the maturation of 23 capabilities. Initial steps in a practical adoption roadmap include establishing an adaptive LCDP governance and organizational structures. Organizations can then select and operate LCDP(s), empower usage, and integrate them into their enterprise architecture management. The study enhances LCDP research by proposing a theory-based framework and future research considerations. Practitioners can apply the findings to start company-specific LCDP management.
... Much of the LCDP literature has focused on technical implementations that do not address the "social" aspects of LCDPs (Prinz et al. 2021). Individual-level studies on barriers to the adoption of LCDPs, e.g., by Alamin et al. (2023), focus on technical barriers to adoption, but not any social or contextual ones that may also be helpful in understanding resistance to LCDP adoption. ...
Low-code development platforms (LCDPs) significantly increase software development productivity by enabling users to develop and deploy applications with minimal coding required. However, despite LCDPs' productivity benefits and widespread adoption by individuals with no formal coding background ("citizen developers"), professional developers remain skeptical about implementing LCDPs for their own tasks, questioning LCDPs' capability for "real" development. This study explores this skepticism through 18 interviews with professional developers. We find that professional developers' willingness to adopt LCDPs can be explained by constructs of established technology acceptance theory and by different types of software development tasks that professionals believe LCDPs can take over (namely repetitive and conceptual tasks). Based on our findings, we contribute to LCDP and technology adoption literature and provide recommendations to make LCDPs more appealing to professional developers. These guidelines aim to assist LCDP providers and organizations in broadening LCDPs' appeal and encouraging adoption among professional users.
... Based on a survey conducted by OutSystems in 2019, 39% of businesses have invested in low-code application development platforms to speed up application delivery processes [3], as shown in Figure 1. Market research firms predict that these platforms will become more important to businesses [4]. The LCNC, along with agile methodologies like Scrum, are critical for success since these approaches greatly expedite app development and increase the overall efficiency, quality, and speed of a business organization. ...
The growing need for new applications and software has driven developers to seek quick development options. As a result, the low-code/no-code technology platform emerges as a potential option, leading to the adoption of low-code and no-code technologies in enterprises becoming a focus of inquiry. This study aims to examine users' behavioral intentions toward the adoption of the low-code/no-code technology platform, considering the increasing need for new applications. The Extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model serves as the theoretical framework for understanding the factors influencing individuals’ intentions to adopt low-code or no-code technologies. The study focused on the five key components of the model: Performance Expectation (PE), Effort Expectation (EE), Social Influence (SI), Perceived Risk (PR), and Perceived Cost (PC). Based on the surveys and data analysis techniques, the findings show relationship between these five categories with an individual's Behavioral Intention (BI) to adopt low-code/no-code technologies. Furthermore, the analysis identifies the most significant BI construct. These findings are beneficial to businesses seeking to enhance efficiency and expedite application development processes in response to increasing digital demands. In general, this study contributes to the topic of technology adoption and improves our understanding of the practicality of the Extended UTAUT model. Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2024-05-01-07 Full Text: PDF
... ), it did only rarely produce tightly coupled platforms to support domain experts in contributing software-based value. low-code tools (LCTs) 1 [3], [4], [5] aim to reduce this gap by combining selected modeling languages, transformations, editors, and further tooling to provide a tightly integrated software to produce a specific kind of application (e.g., B2B, mobile, web) using MDD. Hence, lowcode is a success story of MDD [6]. 1 Not every low-code tool is a "platform". ...
... T HE NEED to use low-code platforms comes from the need for companies and enterprises to develop digital tools easily, cheaply and quickly [13]. Currently, digital tools are developed by teams of developers. ...
... Market research firms predict that LCDPs will become increasingly important for organisations. Additionally, the growing number of scientific publications in recent years indicates a rising interest from the academic community, mainly concentrating on their advantages and drawbacks [13]. ...
Low-code development platforms allow to reduce the time and resources required for developing business applications; thus, many companies are increasingly adopting them. However, they often use proprietary languages making it challenging to interoperate with other systems or switch to different low-code platforms, resulting in vendor lock-in situations. This research proposes to combine a model-driven approach based on rigorous requirements specifications defined in the ITLingo-ASL language with the Microsoft PowerApps technology to generate quasi-complete enterprise applications semi-automatically. This research analyses the ITLingo-ASL and Microsoft PowerApps metamodels, mainly focusing on concepts related to DataEntities, UI elements, Actors and Use cases to find similarities indicating that transforming one model is possible. It also pinpoints differences so that the ITLingo-ASL language can be extended to support software enterprise application specifications better.
... Our theoretical contribution lies in the empirical investigation of a large dataset of job postings in the area of LCNC and citizen development. Hence, we respond to calls for exploring the nature of LCNC users (Prinz et al., 2021;Binzer & Winkler, 2022). This study is thus the first empirical work that focuses solely on individual LCNC users, thereby extending the literature with a framework of 34 identified KSA topics. ...
The emergence of low-code/no-code (LCNC) platform technologies and the resulting increase in citizen development programs are facilitating the democratization of the design, development, and deployment of digital solutions. Citizen developers, non-technical employees who leverage LCNC platforms, are at the heart of this trend. While many firms perceive LCNC and citizen development as a crucial component of their digital transformation strategy, little is known about the evolving roles in this field or the necessary knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSA). To address this knowledge gap, we processed 113,106 job postings published on Indeed.com. Our topic modeling methodology identified 34 KSA topics and classified them into the three domains platform, business, and technology. We contribute to research by empirically demonstrating which competencies are required to successfully work in the LCNC field. Our findings can guide individual professionals and organizations alike.
... Tension Area 2: Low code development platforms provide citizen developers with pre-developed modules, oftentimes shown as graphical plug-and-play representations (Bock and Frank, 2021). This encapsulates software code that has been tried and tested and allows the "developer" to focus on the desired application output rather than code quality, trusting in the LCDP-provider's responsibility to provide only high-quality software modules (Prinz et al., 2021). This diminishes the importance of commenting code or code refactoring while reducing time needed for debugging. ...
Recent years have seen a growing adoption of Low Code Development Platforms (LCDPs) in organizations. The increasing affinity for technology development across all user groups, consumerization of development, and advancing digitalization are opening up a new target group for the low code movement. This change in software development allows bottom-up user innovators within a company to leverage their domain knowledge and quickly deploy much-needed digital services. However, a clear understanding of this paradigm of software development in organizations and the influence on end-user acceptance is still missing. In this paper, we present the results of an interview study conducted with 18 LCDP experts and discuss the implications of our findings, highlighting the role of LCDPs and context in bottom-up innovation as well as user-centricity. Our research contributes to the literature on LCDPs and offers valuable insights for organizations looking to leverage their workforce's innovative potential.
To meet the increasing demand for digital transformation in government operations, this research focuses on developing and evaluating a smart office system for enhanced efficiency and service delivery. The PSD Smart Office system, implemented through a LINE Official Account for the Public Sector Development Group of the Department of Medical Services, is designed with two user levels: General users, who can access information and submit various requests, and Administrators, who manage data and oversee the LINE Official Account using CRUD operations in Google Sheets. A low-code approach was employed, utilizing Google Apps Script to develop a Webhook API, enabling seamless interactions and automated responses. The findings reveal that the PSD Smart Office system effectively supports the operational needs of both general users and administrators. The system's usability, assessed using the System Usability Scale (SUS), received a high score of 88.43, indicating that the system is both functional and highly efficient. These results highlight the system's potential to significantly enhance digital service capabilities within the Public Sector Development Group.
Zusammenfassung
Die rasante Entwicklung digitaler Technologien hat den Bedarf an schneller und effizienter Softwareentwicklung in Organisationen verstärkt. In diesem Kontext haben No- und Low-Code Plattformen (NLCPs) transformative Potenziale entfaltet, indem sie Mitarbeitenden ohne umfassende Programmierkenntnisse und außerhalb der IT-Abteilung ermöglichen, eigenständig digitale Innovationen zu entwickeln. Diese Mitarbeitenden, als Citizen Developer (CD) bezeichnet, nutzen NLCPs als primäre digitale Tools, was Organisationen ermöglicht, ihre Innovationsfähigkeit durch den Einbezug von CD in das Konzept von mitarbeitergetriebenen Innovationen bottom-up zu fördern. Dieser Artikel untersucht die Problematik an der Schnittstelle zwischen Ideengenerierung und -umsetzung, bei der reguläre Mitarbeitende zwar Ideen entwickeln, diese aber mangels Programmierkenntnissen nicht ohne Unterstützung, beispielsweise der IT-Abteilung, umsetzen können. Durch eine systematische Literaturrecherche wurden die Befähigung von CD zur Entwicklung von mitarbeitergetriebenen Innovationen sowie die dabei auftretenden Wirkfaktoren analysiert. Zu den zentralen Erkenntnissen zählen die Identifizierung und Beschreibung von jeweils vier Förderfaktoren (zum Beispiel geringere Einstiegshürden) und Hemmfaktoren (zum Beispiel begrenzte Funktionalität von NLCPs) im Bottom-up-Entwicklungsprozess von CD. Zudem wurden fünf praxisorientierte Handlungsempfehlungen zur Integration von NLCPs für CD in Organisationen abgeleitet. Diese Empfehlungen umfassen die Etablierung eines IT-Governance-Rahmenwerks, die Förderung CD-unterstützender Organisationsstrukturen, der Sicherstellung von IT-Kollaboration und abteilungsübergreifender Zusammenarbeit sowie das Angebot von Schulungsmaßnahmen. Darüber hinaus wurden fünf Anwendungsbereiche generativer künstlicher Intelligenz ermittelt, die CD unterstützen und befähigen können. Diese umfassen die Beschreibung und Generierung von Programmcode, die Erstellung von Prototypen(-designs), die Automatisierung von Routineaufgaben sowie die Unterstützung kreativer Prozesse zur Lösungsfindung.
Decarbonization calls for efficient and trustworthy monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This article proposes a collaborative approach and exemplifies a concrete scenario: the biogas plant scenario. We propose a consortium blockchain as platform and aim to reduce costs and efforts by collaboration and automation in up-scaling GHG management. We present a demonstrator which employs an industry-grade radio frequency identification (RFID) security approach to manage certificate material, a low-code interface for interaction, and the operation of Hyperledger Fabric on industrial edge devices.KeywordsBlockchainBusiness websIndustrial edge
Low-code development platforms (LCDPs) permit developers that do not have strong programming experience to produce complex software systems. Visual environments permit to specify workflows consisting of sequential or parallel executions of services that are directly available in the considered LCDP or are provided by external entities. Specifying workflows involving different LCDPs and services can be a difficult task. In this paper, we propose the adoption of concepts and tools related to the composition of model transformations to support the specification of complex workflows in LCDPs. We elaborate on how LCDPs services can be considered as model transformations and thus, workflows of services can be considered as model transformation compositions. The architecture of the environment supporting the proposed solution is presented.
National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) are dedicated networks that provide a backbone for the collaboration and data exchange between academic organizations. However, the lack of a domain-specific bridging application, lack of interoperability and data integration are serious challenges in educational technologies, hampering collaboration and resource sharing even within existing agreements. NRENs are cost-effective backbones of large scale networks aimed to deliver convergence and promote educational opportunities beyond individual institutions. In this paper we prototype an inter-organization bridging application based on an abstract NREN architecture based on a broker pattern. The ability to communicate is also an essential precondition for the easy adoption of Open Education Resources. The motivating case study is the Afghanistan Research and Educational Network (AfgREN). To enhance ease of adoption, adaptation, and evolution, the prototype is designed following an eXtreme Model-Driven Development (XMDD) paradigm, using a low-code development environment for modeling data, processes, user interfaces in an agile rapid prototyping fashion. We generalize the results to the (federated) collaboration of regional and global NRENs, to enable the delivery of easy collaboration, data integration, high accessibility, and resource sharing across educational organizations on a national and cross-national level.
Chatbot (and voicebot) applications are increasingly adopted in various domains such as e-commerce or customer services as a direct communication channel between companies and end-users. Multiple frameworks have been developed to ease their definition and deployment. While these frameworks are efficient to design simple chatbot applications, they still require advanced technical knowledge to define complex interactions and are difficult to evolve along with the company needs (e.g. it is typically impossible to change the NL engine provider). In addition, the deployment of a chatbot application usually requires a deep understanding of the targeted platforms, especially back-end connections, increasing the development and maintenance costs. In this paper, we introduce the Xatkit framework. Xatkit tackles these issues by providing a set of Domain Specific Languages to define chatbots (and voicebots and bots in general) in a platform-independent way. Xatkit also comes with a runtime engine that automatically deploys the chatbot application and manages the defined conversation logic over the platforms of choice. Xatkit’s modular architecture facilitates the separate evolution of any of its components. Xatkit is open source and fully available online.
Change may be introduced into an organization a variety of ways – implementing new technology, employing new people, or in establishing new organizational structures, new policies, or new procedures. Just as change is made up of different components, it comes in varying degrees. A three-level classification of change can help IS managers gain control over the variable components and nature of change.
Changes in scholarly publishing have resulted in a move toward openness. To this end, new, open models of peer review are emerging. While the scholarly literature has examined and discussed open peer review, no established definition of it exists, nor are there uniform implementations of open peer review processes. This article examines the literature discussing open peer review, identifies common open peer review definitions, and describes eight common characteristics of open peer review: signed review, disclosed review, editor-mediated review, transparent review, crowd-sourced review, pre-publication review, synchronous review, and post-publication review. This article further discusses benefits and challenges to the scholarly publishing community posed by open peer review and concludes that open peer review can and should exist within the current scholarly publishing paradigm.
"Three lists of 10 food stimuli were selected so that the lists varied in the heterogeneity of the stimuli. Preference ratings were collected from 278 Ss using rating scales with 2, 3, 4, or 5 categories. Rating reliability was highest with the most heterogeneous list and with the 4-category scale and was lowest with the most homogeneous list and the 2-category scale. Rater bias results were more tentative, with the list of intermediate stimuli heterogeneity and the 4-category scale most subject to systematic rater error on the part of the Ss." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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